Journal articles: 'Sundarban'

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Rahman, MR, and M. Asaduzzaman. "Ecology of Sundarban, Bangladesh." Journal of Science Foundation 8, no. 1-2 (April 16, 2013): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14618.

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Sundarban is the largest mangrove wetland in the world. It covers an area of about 1mha, of which 60% is located in Bangladesh and the remaining western portion, comprising 40%, lies in India. Mangrove ecosystems are of great ecological significance in the tropical and sub-tropical coast. They protect our coast from heavy wind, tidal waves, coastal erosion and sea water intrusion, generate substantial quantities of fishery resources and provide many useful forestry products. The Sundarban ecosystem supports rich fisheries diversity. This ecosystem support 27 families and 53 species of pelagic fish, 49 families 124 species of demersal fish, 5 families and 24 species of shrimps, 3 families and 7 species of crabs, 8 species of lobster. A total 334 plants, 165 algal, 13 special orchids, 17 fern, 87 monocotyledon and 230 dicotyledon belonging to 245 genera and 75 families from the sundarbans and adjacent area are found available. The principal tree species is Sundry (Heritiera fomes) which covers about 73% to total landmass and the second species is Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha) which covers about 16% of total forest area. The plant species include 35 legumes, 29 grasses, 19 sedges, and 18 euphorbias. Of the 50 true mangrove plant species recorded throughout the globe, the Sundarbans alone contain 35 species. The magnificent among the animals on land is Royal Bengal Tiger, Spotted deer, barking deer and wild boars are there in plenty. Besides those jungle cats, fishing cat, civet cat, monkey, bengal fox, jackle, water monitor, monitor lizard and snakes are important faunal spp. Moreover, abundant of the Sundarbans are purple heron, pond heron, cattle egret, little egret, open billed stork, smaller adjutant stork, brahmini kite, spotted dove, rose ringed parakeet, crow pheasant, wood pecker, bee eater, drongo, pide myna, jungle myna, bulbul, tailor bird, magpie robin, sparrow etc., Otherwise, recorded that wild Buffalo, 2 species of deer, javan rhinoceros extinct and presently 2 species of amphibians, 14 species of reptiles 25 species of birds and 5 species of mammals are considered as endangered species. This paper is to produce a new assessment of the mangroves ecology of Sundarbans. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14618 J. Sci. Foundation, 8(1&2): 35-47, June-December 2010

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Mukhopadhyay, Prama. "‘Bonbibi’ Could Wait Till Our Boss Decides: Looking at the Changing Face of the Indian Sundarbans." Society and Culture in South Asia 7, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 270–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23938617211014663.

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Internal migration constitutes a major source of steady flow of population in India, and reports published by the World Economic Forum (WEF),1 2017 state that interstate migration in the country has doubled during 2001–2011, compared to the previous decade.2 In developing countries, such migration is often considered to be an effective way for income diversification for the economically marginalised sections of the society, even though its effect on ‘human development’ is oft debated. This article would engage with this debate and bring out how migration from the Indian part of the Sundarbans to other parts of the country is not only changing the demography of the region but is also having a strong impact on the local perception and attachment towards the deltaic landscape. By bringing in ethnographic details from a village in the Indian Sundarbans, which was predominately inhabited by the fishing community earlier, this article would bring out how traditional occupations like fishing are slowly losing their popularity in the face of the lure of out-migration, as the very identity of the ‘indigenous’ Sundarban fisher folks—who were once rightfully considered to be the true conservator of the forests—is changing. From there, this article would engage with the broader debate of rethinking whether migration can be considered as a positive indicator of development in such ecologically fragile areas like the Sundarban deltas, which used to indeed have a distinct economic, social and cultural life of its own.

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Sarker, A. H. M. Raihan, Mohammad Nur Nobi, Eivin Roskaft, David J. Chivers, and Ma Suza. "Value of the Storm-Protection Function of Sundarban Mangroves in Bangladesh." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 3 (May 30, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n3p128.

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Globally mangrove forests are among the most severely threatened ecosystems. The protection value of mangrove forests is important for policy makers as a means of increasing forestation in coastal areas. Only a few economic studies have estimated the protective value of mangrove ecosystems. None have estimated the value of this service in the Sundarban of Bangladesh. In this study, we estimated the economic value of storm-protection services of the Sundarban Reserve Forest during cyclone Sidr in 2007 by valuing and comparing the economic damage and losses of households at two sites (i.e., near the Sundarban and far from the Sundarban). In total, 1,525 households from 9 upazillas (sub-districts) were sampled, all located within 1 km distance of the embankment. Applying the Damage-Cost-Avoided (DCA) method, the storm-protection value of the Sundarban is estimated at USD 543.30 million. The estimated value of the damage cost avoided per household (as of 2015 consumer price) also implies that the installation of a one-km width of intact mangrove forest can save USD 396 to each household during cyclones and storm surges. Conservation and restoration of the ecological status of Sundarban is, therefore, urgently needed for the continued existence and sustainable use of Sundarban’s ecosystem services in the long term.

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Afroz, Rizwana, E. M. Tanvir, Nurul Karim, Md Sabir Hossain, Nadia Alam, Siew Hua Gan, and Md Ibrahim Khalil. "Sundarban Honey Confers Protection against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Wistar Rats." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6437641.

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The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of Sundarban honey (SH) in rats with isoproterenol- (ISO-) induced myocardial infarction. Adult male Wistar Albino rats were pretreated with Sundarban honey (5 g/kg) daily for a period of 6 weeks. After the treatment period, ISO (85 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into the rats at 24 h intervals for 2 days. ISO-induced myocardial damage was indicated by increased serum cardiac specific troponin I levels and cardiac marker enzyme activities including creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. Significant increases in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were also observed, along with a reduction in the serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. In addition to these diagnostic markers, the levels of lipid peroxide products were significantly increased. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly decreased in the hearts after ISO-induced myocardial infarction. However, pretreatment of ischemic rats with Sundarban honey brought the biochemical parameters to near normalcy, indicating the protective effect of Sundarban honey against ISO-induced ischemia in rats. Histopathological findings of the heart tissues further confirmed the biochemical findings, indicating that Sundarban honey confers protection against ISO-induced oxidative stress in the myocardium.

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Basu, Binita. "The Mauleys of Sundarban." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 12, no. 1 (June 2012): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976343020120105.

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Chattopadhyay, K., S. Gayan, I. Mondal, SK Mishra, Ak Mukherjee, JN Reddy, BC Marndi, and RK Sarkar. "Stress Tolerant Rice And On-Farm Seed Production Ensure Food Security And Livelihood To Small And Marginal Farmers Of Sundarbans (Indian Site)." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i2.45300.

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Natural calamities have adverse effects on the life of marginal and small farmer practicing rice cultivation in Sundarban areas. Through discussion and questionnaires opinion of farmers were obtained that was applied to mitigate the problem of rice cultivation. Rice varieties tolerant to stagnant flooding, submergence and salinity had great promise to improve food security and livelihoods of the poor farmers of Sundarban area. The study revealed that small and marginal farmers accepted the new varieties very readily if seeds were produced locally. Informal seed systems had better promise for small and marginal farmers live in fragile ecosystem of Sundarban. SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 127-139 (2019)

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Roy, Suvra, Vikash Kumar, R. K. Manna, and V. R. Suresh. "Sundarbans mangrove deltaic system â€“ An overview of its biodiversity with special reference to fish diversity." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1090–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.926.

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World heritage site-Sundarbans were declared as the worldâ€™s 560th Ramsar Wetlands site in 1992. Sundarbans ecosystem supports rich fisheries diversity and also natural biodiversity hot spot, because it is natural habitat of many endangered species. The Sundarbans is a home to a variety of faunal species, the total of 1586 species has been recorded which includes 481 Vertebrate species (30%), 1104 Invertebrate species (70%). Mangroves are the nursery and breeding grounds for several commercially important species of aquatic fauna like fish, shrimps and prawns etc. Mangrove ecosystems are of great ecological significance in the tropical and sub-tropical coast. Sundarbans mangrove provides a variety of ecosystem services. However, the Sundarban mangrove forest is the most threatened habitats in the world, increased population with few alternative livelihood opportunities poses a serious threat as it is the main cause of mangrove destruction. The total value of Sundarbans is not recognized and therefore often neglected in development planning. As a result Sundarbans conservation issue is getting less importance at the national level. The study reveals that major ecosystem services of Sundarbans are timber, fuel wood, fish, ecotourism, cyclone and storm protection, biodiversity, and habitat for flora and fauna. Timber, fuel wood and fish are more economical provisioning services in Sundarbans. It is noticed that there is decreasing tendency of overall revenue collection from the mangrove over the period of 2001-02 to 2009-10. The attention from national and international communities is needed for sustainable management and conservation of the Sundarbans. The study suggests that further research on total economic value of Sundarbans is needed for providing comprehensive scientific information for policy as well as for decision makers.

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Afroz, Rizwana, E. M. Tanvir, Md Fuad Hossain, Siew Hua Gan, Mashud Parvez, Md Aminul Islam, and Md Ibrahim Khalil. "Protective Effect of Sundarban Honey against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Hepatonephrotoxicity in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/143782.

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Honey, a supersaturated natural product of honey bees, contains complex compounds with antioxidant properties and therefore has a wide a range of applications in both traditional and modern medicine. In the present study, the protective effects of Sundarban honey from Bangladesh against acetaminophen- (APAP-) induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in experimental rats were investigated. Adult male Wistar rats were pretreated with honey (5 g/kg) for 4 weeks, followed by the induction of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity via the oral administration of a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg). Organ damage was confirmed by measuring the elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total protein (TP), total bilirubin (TB), urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Histopathological alterations observed in the livers and the kidneys further confirmed oxidative damage to these tissues. Animals pretreated with Sundarban honey showed significantly markedly reduced levels of all of the investigated parameters. In addition, Sundarban honey ameliorated the altered hepatic and renal morphology in APAP-treated rats. Overall, our findings indicate that Sundarban honey protects against APAP-induced acute hepatic and renal damage, which could be attributed to the honey’s antioxidant properties.

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Gupta, Sandipan, Sourabh Kumar Dubey, Raman Kumar Trivedi, Bimal Kinkar Chand, and Samir Banerjee. "Indigenous ornamental freshwater ichthyofauna of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India: status and prospects." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 9 (August 26, 2016): 9144. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1888.8.9.9144-9154.

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Ornamental fishes are the most popular pet throughout the world and high demand for these fishes has made them an important component of the world fish trade. India contributes a very meager percentage to the world ornamental fish trade; but considering the high ichthyofaunal diversity it has the potential to compete with the world’s leading ornamental fish producers in the near future. Sundarban Biosphere Reserve has abundant waterbodies with rich fish diversity. Although some research has been carried out on ichthyofaunal resources of the Sundarban; detailed documentation on freshwater indigenous ornamental ichthyofaunal resources of this region is still not available. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study has been conducted to list the indigenous ornamental ichthyofaunal resources of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve along with their conservation status and their prospective utilization for improved livelihood of local communities. Eighty four species belonging to 11 orders, 28 families and 59 genera were collected from the study area with species representing the order Cypriniformes dominating the ichthyofauna. Nine species have been listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™. Indigenous fish species of the Sundarban having great potential to support domestic as well as the international ornamental fish trade from India in near future. The ornamental fish species would also be able to generate alternate livelihood options for the impecunious communities of the Sundarban. However, serious concern must also be paid to the conservation of these fish species as some of them are under near threatened categories of IUCN Red list.

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Neogi, Sucharit Basu, Mouri Dey, SM Lutful Kabir, Syed Jahangir H. Masum, German Kopprio, Shinji Yamasaki, and Rubén Lara. "Sundarban mangroves: diversity, ecosystem services and climate change impacts." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 4 (January 23, 2017): 488–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i4.30988.

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The Bengal delta coast harboring the famous Sundarban mangroves is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Already, salinity intrusion, increasing cyclones and anomalies in rainfall, and temperature, are causing many social and livelihood problems. However, our knowledge on the diversified climate change impacts on Sundarban ecosystems services, providing immense benefits, including foods, shelters, livelihood, and health amenities, is very limited. Therefore, this article has systematically reviewed the major functional aspects, and highlights on biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, and services of the Sunderban mangroves, with respect to variations in climatic factors. The mangrove ecosystems are highly productive in terms of forest biomass, and nutrient contribution, especially through detritus-based food webs, to support rich biodiversity in the wetlands and adjacent estuaries. Sundarban mangroves also play vital role in atmospheric CO2 sequestration, sediment trapping and nutrient recycling. Sea level rise will engulf a huge portion of the mangroves, while the associated salinity increase is posing immense threats to biodiversity and economic losses. Climate-mediated changes in riverine discharge, tides, temperature, rainfall and evaporation will determine the wetland nutrient variations, influencing the physiological and ecological processes, thus biodiversity and productivity of Sundarban mangroves. Hydrological changes in wetland ecosystems through increased salinity and cyclones will lower the food security, and also induce human vulnerabilities to waterborne diseases. Scientific investigations producing high resolution data to identify Sundarban?s multidimensional vulnerabilities to various climatic regimes are essential. Sustainable plans and actions are required integrating conservation and climate change adaptation strategies, including promotion of alternative livelihoods. Thus, interdisciplinary approaches are required to address the future climatic disasters, and better protection of invaluable ecosystem services of the Sunderban mangroves.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2016, 2(4): 488-507

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Dutta, Joystu, Kakoli Banerjee, Sangita Agarwal, and Abhijit Mitra. "Soil Organic Carbon (soc): A Proxy to Assess the Degree of Anthropogenic and Natural Stress." Journal of Interrupted Studies 2, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25430149-00201002.

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The carbon budget of planet earth is regulated by the soil compartment in all types of ecosystems. We conducted a first order analysis of soc in November 2017 both in the mangrove dominated Indian Sundarbans and the highly urbanized city of Kolkata with the aim of identifying the natural and anthropogenic contributions of organic carbon in soil. We also attempted to analyze the spatial variation of soc between these two significantly different ecosystems. We observed a comparatively higher mean value of soc in Kolkata (2.06%) than in the Sundarbans (1.25%). The significant spatial variation in soc between Kolkata and the Sundarbans (p < 0.05) may be attributed to anthropogenic stress, which is of greater magnitude in the city of Kolkata. The significant spatial variation in soc between north and south Kolkata (p < 0.05) is due to the efficiency of the drainage system in the north and the magnitude of city limit expansion in the south. In the Sundarban deltaic complex, a natural phenomenon like erosion seems to be a determining factor in the domain of soil carbon dynamics. soc analyses of all major metropolises around the world, of which Kolkata is one, are essential to understand the carbon sequestration potential of urban soils.

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Ahmed, Fakhruddin Ali, Anisur Rahman, Sanzida Mubassara, and Gazi Mosharof Hossain. "Ethnobotany and antibacterial potentiality of Blumea lacera L. from Sundarban Mangrove forest of Bangladesh." Jahangirnagar University Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 19, 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jujbs.v3i2.28282.

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Indigenous knowledge on the utilization of Blumea lacera L. by the interim people as well as ethnic communities living at the vicinity of Sundarban mangrove forest of Bangladesh were documented through survey, interview, collection and identification. Native people of Sundarban use the herb in bleeding piles. Leaf of the plant was found to be the most useful part for ethnomedicinal use. Generally, leaves of B. lacera have been used to treat most kinds of colds. Warm leaf paste used as diuretic whereas leaf paste with black pepper powder was found to apply in dog bite. Furthermore, B. lacera collected from Sundarban mangrove habitat as well as from natural plain land habitat (JU campus) were subjected to a comparative analysis of antibacterial activity. Antibacterial study from the present experiment suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction of B. lacera, irrespective of habitat choice, was active against the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus. The methanol fraction of Sundarban sample showed significant dose dependent increase in antibacterial activity against the gram-negative bacteria Serratia sp., Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholera while the JU sample did not produce any inhibition zone. The n-hexane fractions of both type plant samples were entirely non-responsive to the bacterial growth.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 3(2): 17-24, 2014 (December)

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Chowdhury, Arabinda N., Sohini Banerjee, Arabinda Brahma, and Mrinal K. Biswas. "Participatory Research for Preventing Pesticide-Related DSH and Suicide in Sundarban, India: A Brief Report." ISRN Psychiatry 2013 (April 23, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/427417.

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Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is a major public health problem in the Sundarban region, India. This study is aimed to develop a DSH-suicide prevention programme based on the principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR). Perception and opinion of community about the problem of pesticide-related DSH and suicide were elicited in a series of facilitated focus group discussions in Namkhana block of Sundarban region. Based on their suggestion, a broad preventive programme was launched involving the development of information, education, and communication (IEC) and training modules and training of the stakeholders of the block. Most of the members of each target group found that the IEC materials were culture fair (message is acceptable, understandable, and meaningful in the local context) and very useful. Analysis of Dwariknagar BPHC, DSH admission data showed a definite reduction of DSH incidents after this CBPR approach to prevention was initiated. Similar model of DSH prevention in the other blocks of Sundarban region or in agricultural community may help to reduce the enormous mortality and morbidity from pesticide-related DSH and suicide.

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Khan, Md Shohel, Shahriar Abdullah, Mohammed Abdus Salam, Tanwee Rani Mandal, and Md Rajib Hossain. "REVIEW ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS OF SUNDARBAN FOREST: HIGHLIGHTS ON CAUSES AND IMPACTS." Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2021.8.1.85-97.

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Sundarban, the world biggest mangrove forest, was announced as a World Heritage in 1997 and Ramsar Site in 2007. It's 62% lies in Bangladesh (Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira, Pirojpur, and Barguna Regions) and 38% in India, which become a vanguard for coastal communities. This ecosystem's floral and faunal structure incorporates 334 floral, 300 birds, 120 fish, 35 reptiles, and 32 mammals species. It contributes 41% of the total forest income of Bangladesh. This paper is intended to recognize the significant reasons for biodiversity calamity and its related effects on lives and degradation of the environment. A total of 105 published articles and reports were identified by searching four keywords: degradation, biodiversity, Sundarban, and Bangladesh. By considering the scope, 28 articles and 17 reports were incorporated to satisfy the objectives. The study revealed that the prominent causes of biodiversity loss of Sundarban might be due to intensified shrimp cultivation, increased dependency on forest and illicit felling, changing land use pattern, oil spillage, and pollution, forest fire, improper management practices, plant diseases, tourism activities, upstream withdrawal of river water, salinity intrusion, climate change, and some natural causes. The impacts were the loss of diversity of floral and faunal species subjected to regionally extinct, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, and least concern condition. Occupational change and deterioration of the quality of life of surrounding communities are identified as impacts. Finally, the study recommended the formulation of a special mangrove forest policy and proper management practices of Sundarban with several environmental protection strategies that should be adopted to conserve this unique ecosystem.

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Ganguly, Dipnarayan, Anirban Mukhopadhyay, Rahul Krishna Pandey, and Debasish Mitra. "Geomorphological study of sundarban deltaic estuary." Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 34, no. 4 (December 2006): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02990928.

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Bhattacharyya, Somenath, John Pethick, and Kakoli Sen Sarma. "Managerial response to sea level rise in the tidal estuaries of the Indian Sundarbans: a geomorphological approach." Water Policy 15, S1 (March 1, 2013): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.205.

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Tidal estuaries constrained by embankments in the Sundarbans have failed to respond to a >1 m sea level rise over the past 100 years since their construction. This paper shows that this has led to a disequilibrium morphology leading to channel erosion that has undermined embankments, causing mass failure, breaching and subsequent flooding during surge events. Predicted future sea level rise will exacerbate this trend and managed realignment of embankments will be needed to accommodate it. Management practices have, however, modified this underlying process of erosion. The increasing practice of severing tributary channels from the main channel using flap sluices to create freshwater storage ponds has, in many cases, reduced tidal flow in the main channels so that they are not only accreting rather than eroding, but capable of accommodating future sea level rise without erosion. In contrast, the rapid spread of salt water aquaculture in the Sundarbans, flooding previous paddy land, has led to an increase in tidal discharge and accelerated erosion of the embankments in estuary channels conveying water to the ponds. This paper concludes that existing management practices may have a more significant impact on flooding in the Sundarban than the predicted sea level rise due to global warming.

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Marcinko, Charlotte L. J., Robert J. Nicholls, Tim M. Daw, Sugata Hazra, Craig W. Hutton, Chris T. Hill, Derek Clarke, et al. "The Development of a Framework for the Integrated Assessment of SDG Trade-Offs in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve." Water 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040528.

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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their corresponding targets are significantly interconnected, with many interactions, synergies, and trade-offs between individual goals across multiple temporal and spatial scales. This paper proposes a framework for the Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM) of a complex deltaic socio-ecological system in order to analyze such SDG interactions. We focused on the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR), India, within the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta. It is densely populated with 4.4 million people (2011), high levels of poverty, and a strong dependence on rural livelihoods. It is adjacent to the growing megacity of Kolkata. The area also includes the Indian portion of the world’s largest mangrove forest––the Sundarbans––hosting the iconic Bengal Tiger. Like all deltaic systems, this area is subject to multiple drivers of environmental change operating across scales. The IAM framework is designed to investigate socio-environmental change under a range of explorative and/or normative scenarios and explore associated policy impacts, considering a broad range of subthematic SDG indicators. The following elements were explicitly considered: (1) agriculture; (2) aquaculture; (3) mangroves; (4) fisheries; and (5) multidimensional poverty. Key questions that can be addressed include the implications of changing monsoon patterns, trade-offs between agriculture and aquaculture, or the future of the Sundarbans’ mangroves under sea-level rise and different management strategies. The novel, high-resolution analysis of SDG interactions allowed by the IAM will provide stakeholders and policy makers the opportunity to prioritize and explore the SDG targets that are most relevant to the SBR and provide a foundation for further integrated analysis.

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Mandal, Krishna. "Economic Variabilty and Change in Sundarban Delta." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 6, no. 1 (January 2006): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976343020060112.

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Mahalakshmi, D. V., A. Paul, D. Dutta, M. M. Ali, C. S. Jha, and V. K. Dadhwal. "Net surface radiation retrieval using Earth Observation Satellite data and machine learning algorithm." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-8 (November 27, 2014): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-8-9-2014.

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We present a method to estimate net surface radiation (NSR) from Terra MODIS data using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique. For this purpose, we trained the ANN model using MODIS atmospheric profile product of air temperature, dew point temperature, solar zenith angle and land surface temperature from Terra as independent parameters and the net surface radiation from eddy flux tower measurements at Bonnie camp location of Sundarban region as the dependent variable. The NSR is estimated with a root mean square accuracy of 64 w/m2 and the square of the correlation coefficient (R2) is 0.75 respectively. This technique is extended to estimate NSR over the entire Sundarban area and has a potential for climate and agricultural water management studies.

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Chowdhury, Arabinda N., Sohini Banerjee, Arabinda Brahma, and M. G. Weiss. "Pesticide Practices and Suicide among Farmers of the Sundarban Region in India." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, no. 2_suppl2 (June 2007): S381—S391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265070282s218.

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Background Deliberate self-poisoning by ingesting pesticides is a serious health problem among farmers, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Preventing these suicides is a priority for a public mental health agenda. Objective To examine the role of pesticide poisoning in suicide and nonfatal deliberate self-harm, and clarify awareness of risks, safe practices concerning storage and use of pesticides, and associated self-injury, both unintentional and intentional, within farmer households of the Sundarban region, India. Methods Retrospective record review of adult cases of deliberate self-poisoning at the Block Primary Health Centres of 13 Sundarban Blocks was performed to analyze the relative roles of various methods of self-harm and their lethality. Focus group discussions, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews were undertaken in a community study of farmer households to examine pesticide-related views and practices, with particular attention to storage, use, and health impact. Results Pesticide poisoning was the most common method of deliberate self-harm in both men and women. Pesticide storage in most households was unsafe and knowledge was inadequate concerning adverse effects of pesticides on health, crops, and the environment. Conclusions An intersectoral approach linking the interests of public health, mental health, and agriculture is well suited to serve the collective interests of all three agendas better than each in isolation. Such an approach is needed to reduce morbidity and mortality from unintentional and intentional self-injury in low-income agricultural communities like those of the Sundarban region.

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Sakib, Mohiuddin, Fatin Nihal, Anisul Haque, Munsur Rahman, and Mansur Ali. "Sundarban as a Buffer against Storm Surge Flooding." World Journal of Engineering and Technology 03, no. 03 (2015): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2015.33c009.

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Das, Subhajit, Dipnarayan Ganguly, Abhishek Mukherjee, Sabyasachi Chakraborty, and Tarun Kumar De. "Soil Urease Activity of Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem, India." Advances in Microbiology 07, no. 08 (2017): 617–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2017.78048.

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Mondal, Biraj. "Spatial exploration of the literacy intensity of Sundarban." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 65, no. 1 (2015): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi1501107m.

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Sen, Amrita, and Sarmistha Pattanaik. "How can traditional livelihoods find a place in contemporary conservation politics debates in India? Understanding community perspectives in Sundarban, West Bengal." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20971.

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Abstract We document the economic and socio-cultural vulnerability of a forest-dependent community inhabiting the forest fringe island of Satjelia in the Indian Sundarban. Using simple artisanal methods, they have practiced traditional livelihoods like fishing and collecting wild honey from the forests for more than a century. Despite having established cultural integrity and traditional occupations, this group is not indigenous, and are therefore treated as 'others' and 'settlers.' An ethnographic study describes these various forms of livelihoods and the ways that threatens local subsistence. We also document the bureaucratic and hierarchical structure of protected area (PA) management, showing it has little or no accommodation of this community's local traditional knowledge. Finally, we ask whether there is any scope for integrating 'non-indigenous' environmental knowledge, for a more egalitarian transformation of socio ecological relations within these communities. Keywords: Conservation, conflict, indigenous, political ecology, Sundarban, traditional livelihoods

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Bera, Mohan Kumar. "Collective efforts of people to reduce disasters in the Indian Sundarban islands." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 691–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-02-2018-0058.

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Purpose People from chronic flood-affected areas in the Sundarban islands understand that individual efforts are not sufficient to deal with the floods of increasing magnitude caused by tidal waves in coastal areas and take proactive measures to minimise the impact of floods before turning to the government for support. Their perception of disaster risk influences them to engage in collective activities and develop strategies to mitigate flood disasters. However, many villagers do not participate in collective disaster management activities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors of homogeneity that motivate people to work together to reduce the impact of natural hazards. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative research has been conducted in Sibpur and Gobordhanpur villages of Indian Sundarban islands. Participant observation and in-depth interview have been applied to explore the collective activities of disaster reduction. Affected, non-affected villagers, representatives of the local government and government administrative officers have been interviewed to understand the disaster management efforts of the government and local people. Findings The research has found that drivers of homogeneity and leadership are important for collective activities in disaster management. Threat of disasters, potential loss of livelihood and damages of properties, emotional attachment with the village and ties with extended family members influence villagers to engage in collective activity. Collective activities of villagers help to address the local needs of disaster reduction to the government in a better way. Originality/value The study has revealed that strong leadership is required in effective collective activities to manage disaster in the Indian Sundarban islands.

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Sarker, A. H. M. R., Eivin Roskaft, Ma Suza, M. M. Abdullah Al-Mamun, and Mohammad Nur Nobi. "Perceptions of the Quality of Nature-Based Tourism in Sundarban in Local and Foreign Visitors: A Case Study from Karamjal, Mongla." Environment and Natural Resources Research 7, no. 1 (January 8, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v7n1p1.

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The recreational behaviour of visitors to Karamjal Forest Station in Sundarban, Bangladesh, was determined by interviewing 150 visitors. The majority of visitors were locals from Bangladesh (90%); however, recreational behaviour varied significantly between local and foreign visitors. More than half of the visitors reported coming to Sundarban for the first time. Most of the visitors were travelling for recreation and derived satisfaction from watching wildlife, particularly deer and crocodiles, and the beauty of the forest. Foreign visitors expressed more satisfaction with boat journeys than local visitors, while less educated visitors expressed more dissatisfaction with boat travel than highly educated visitors. To the question, ‘How would you describe the quality of the recreational benefits of nature-based tourism in Karamjal?’ most visitors answered “poor” or “very poor”. Visitor perception varied significantly by income level, and people of higher financial status were more satisfied than people of lower financial status with the recreational benefits of nature-based tourism in Karamjal.

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NASKAR, SAIKAT, and RUMA BHADRA. "Typification and notes on fruit colour of Viscum orientale (Santalaceae)." Phytotaxa 326, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.326.1.8.

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The name Viscum orientale is here lectotypified. For precise application of the name, an epitype is also designated. Fruit colour of the species as stated in the protologue differs from our observation from Indian Sundarban. The probable reasons for incorrect information in the protologue have been clarified.

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Chakraborty, A., A. Basu, N. Mukherjee, N. Chaudhary, and K. Chakraborty. "PROJECTING CHANGES IN COASTAL MORPHOLOGY BY SATISFYING PREREQUISITE CONDITIONS OF SLAMM SOFTWARE IN CONTEXT OF SUNDARBAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-503-2018.

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Abstract. RS and GIS data have been acquired as a primary source for study. The satellite images mainly show the temporal changes in coastal morphology and shorelines of the area. The main aim is to analyze the applicability of a platform called SLAMM or Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model to predict the changes related to the different kinds of ecosystems in the Sundarbans with the eustatic rise in sea level. A satellite image (LANDSAT) of the year 2001 of the study area was used as a base map. Using this base map, an attempt has been made to forsee the morphological changes to the ecosystems up to the year 2016 using SLAMM (Payo, et al., 2016). It has investigated the changes in coastal scenario and also its effect on the vegetation and other factors of sundarban. The results indicate that tidal flats are increasing along with the year thus degrading the ocean beach and the amount of vegetation coverage, especially that of mangroves which has degraded between these years and may predict its changes up till the end of 21st century. The SLAMM software will also show the accuracy depending on the calibration and SLR depending on MSL and MTL to that of the real world scenario. Hence the final output will facilitate us with certain future scope which may help for better and bigger approaches of study towards the development of coastal management.

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Tung, Smita, Kaustuv Bhattacharya, Gupinath Bhandari, Sibapriya Mukherjee, Ancuţa Rotaru, and Vasile Boboc. "Stability Analysis of the Earth Embankments Subjected to Natural Cyclic Processes." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.389.

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The paper brings out the stability analysis of the earth embankments subjected to specific natural cyclic processes such as tides in India and freeze-thaw in Romania. The Sundarban, along the Bay of Bengal, is a low tide-dominated deltaic plain of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin (GBM) spreading over India and Bangladesh around 25,500 sq.km. The 3520km of riverside embankments had been erected to protect the deltaic plain from tidal flooding. The tidal cycle in this region is twice high tide and low tide daily. Presently, the Indian Sundarban Delta is under the threat to embankment failure. The study analyses the stability of an 8 m height embankment in the Gosaba region of Sundarban considering a 2m wide earth filled berm at 6m from the bottom of varying clay core thickness under the transient groundwater flow. Pore pressure, Flow net and Phreatic surface have been obtained by numerical models using FLAC 2D software, thus the factor of safety being analysed. In Romania, built on the of the highway A1 Orăştie-Sibiu section crossing the clayey hills from Aciliu and Apoldu known for their instability, the embankment around the abutment pier from Apoldu broke up at the entry to the Aciliu Viaduct. The layers of permeable soil soaked with water become heavy instead the waterproof layers keep the water above them creating sliding surfaces. The water is channelled to dozens of springs that appear or disappear depending on each micro-slip or fallen water amount. By freezing the water expands on the ground determining additional efforts, the cycle iterating with each rain and freeze-thaw.

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Chy, A. B. M. Tausif Ullah, Saurav Barua, and Mehedi Ahmed Ansary. "Effectiveness of Geogrid for Protecting Polder in Sundarban Coastal Region." Advanced Engineering Forum 28 (June 2018): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.28.96.

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Numbers of large scale polders are constructed to protect low-lying coastal area of Sundarban in Bangladesh during 1960s. At present, there are number of polders occupying an area of about 1.2 million hectares, which are vulnerable to breach and cause immense misery to millions of people every year. The purpose of this study is to assess the safety factors (FoS) of those Polder embankments during diurnal tidal cycle in coastal area and provide solution to improve the stability of embankment through installation of geogrid layers. To investigate vulnerability of the embankment failure, soil samples are collected from several borehole locations in Satkhira, a coastal site of Sundarban area. Field test—SPT and several Laboratory tests—direct shear test and Sieve analysis test have been carried out to determine shear strength, angle of internal frictions and grain size distribution. Slope stability analysis are performed using Geo5 software under several conditions—high water table (HWT), low water table (LWT) and rapid drawdown (RD) with side slope are 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 and embankment height are 5m, 7.5m and 10m. The safety factor has been found lowest at rapid drawdown condition because of rapid recession of external water level. The lower FoS have been found 0.68, 0.89 and 0.92 which can be improved to 1.23, 1.34 and 1.24 respectively by installing several geogrid layers. Simplified Bishop Method have been used in Geo5 to perform the stability analysis under various conditions. In our investigation, HDPE biaxial geogrid have been taken to strengthen of polder embankments, which are timesaving, cost effective and efficient, side by side suitable for Sundarban area. The findings and solutions proposed by the study will help geotechnical engineers to reduce the vulnerability of Polder embankment under similar coastal conditions.

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Hossain, Mostafa Ali Reza, M. Niamul Naser, M. Golam Quader Khan, Mst Kaniz Fatema, Muhammad Abdur Rouf, Selina Sultana, and Muhammed Noman. "First record of the Blue Striped Hermit Crab, Clibanarius longitarsus (decapoda, crustacea) from Sunderbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 43, no. 1 (December 29, 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v43i1.26145.

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Blue Stripped hermit crab, Clibanarius longitarsus (De Haan, 1849) was collected from Kalagachhia, Satkhira Forest Range of Sundarban Mangrove Forest on 18 April 2015 during an exploration of the IUCN Crustacean Exploration Team. This crustacen decapod was recorded for the first time from Bangladesh geographical area.Bangladesh J. Zool. 43(1): 131-135, 2015

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Khan, MZ, and MS Amin. "Macro nutrient status of Sundarbans forest soils in Southern region of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 54, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v54i1.40732.

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An attempt has been made to evaluate the condition of soil of the Sundarban mangrove forest of Bangladesh by applying standard method. Soil pH was varied from 6.63 to 7.87. Organic carbon of soil was found 4.06, 4.79, 5.59, 9.38 and 9.80 (gKg-1) at Kotka, Kochikhali, Hironpoint, Harbaria, and Dublarchar, respectively. The electrical conductivity of soil was varied from 14.39, to 42.89 (dSm-1) in the study areas.The cation exchange capacity in the soils was varied from 22.32 to 27.2 Cmolckg-1 in the study area. The average percentages of total nitrogen content in the soil were varied from 0.04 to 0.08%. The soils of Oligohaline zone of Sundarban mangrove forest are rich in water soluble and exchangeable magnesium followed by calcium and the potassium. The percentages of silt and clay were higher than sand in all study areas. Dissolved chloride in the soil was found 7010, 4186,11750 and 16389 (μg g-1) at Hironpoint, Harbaria, Dublarchar and Kotka respectively. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(1), 67-72, 2019

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Ghosh, Priyanka. "Conservation And Conflicts In The Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India." Geographical Review 105, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12101.x.

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Gopal, Brij, and Malavika Chauhan. "Biodiversity and its conservation in the Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem." Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 3 (September 4, 2006): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-006-0868-8.

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MANDAL, SUMIT, and SOUMYA DEB. "Ancistrosyllis matlaensis n. sp. (Polychaeta: Pilargidae) from the Sundarban Estuarine System, India." Zootaxa 4531, no. 3 (December 13, 2018): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4531.3.6.

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A new species of family Pilargidae, Ancistrosyllis matlaensis n. sp. is described from the Sundarban Estuarine System, India. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters: absence of median antenna and eyes, shape of tentacular and dorsal cirri, structure of notopodia and neuropodia, and first appearance of notopodial hooks. The new species closely resembles Ancistrosyllis falcata.

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Hossain, Gazi Mosharof, Saleh Ahammad Khan, Sayedur Rahman, Sandeep Sharma, Md Abdur Rahim, and Md Rakibul Islam Khan. "New records of three species and a genus of angiosperms for Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i2.44575.

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Three species viz., Cayratia maritima Jackes of family Vitaceae Juss., Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. of Apocynaceae Juss. and Oberonia disticha (Lam.) Schltr. of Orchidaceae Juss. have been reported here for the first time from Sundarban Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh. The genus Leptadenia R.Br. is a new addition to the Angiosperms of Bangladesh. Taxonomic description, photographs and illustrations of these species have been provided.

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Mondal, Tapan Kumar, Hukam Chand Rawal, Kishor Gaikwad, Tilak Raj Sharma, and Nagendra Kumar Singh. "First de novo draft genome sequence of Oryza coarctata, the only halophytic species in the genus Oryza." F1000Research 6 (September 25, 2017): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12414.1.

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Oryza coarctata plants, collected from Sundarban delta of West Bengal, India, have been used in the present study to generate draft genome sequences, employing the hybrid genome assembly with Illumina reads and third generation Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. We report for the first time that more than 85.71 % of the genome coverage and the data have been deposited in NCBI SRA, with BioProject ID PRJNA396417.

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Mondal, Tapan Kumar, Hukam Chand Rawal, Kishor Gaikwad, Tilak Raj Sharma, and Nagendra Kumar Singh. "First de novo draft genome sequence of Oryza coarctata, the only halophytic species in the genus Oryza." F1000Research 6 (December 15, 2017): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12414.2.

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Oryza coarctata plant, collected from Sundarban delta of West Bengal, India, has been used in the present study to generate draft genome sequences, employing the hybrid genome assembly with Illumina reads and third generation Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. We report for the first time the draft genome with the coverage of 85.71 % and deposited the raw data in NCBI SRA, with BioProject ID PRJNA396417.

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Sen, Shilpa, and Sumit Homechaudhuri. "Spatial distribution and population structure of fiddler crabs in an Indian Sundarban mangrove." Scientia Marina 79, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04121.15a.

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Ghosh, Soumen, and Biswaranjan Mistri. "Geo-historical Appraisal of Embankment Breaching and Its Management on Active Tidal Land of Sundarban: A Case Study in Gosaba Island, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal." Space and Culture, India 7, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v7i4.587.

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The embankments act as a life line for deltaic people of the Sundarbans. The reclamation of immature land through the construction of embankment without proper planning has been increasing the vulnerability of embankment breaching due to various natural and anthropogenic causes. The construction and maintenance of embankments are difficult tasks without prior knowledge about the mode of vulnerability and ground situations of the sites. To understand the scenario of embankment breaching and its recent management strategy, an intensive field survey was conducted to comprehend the underlying reasons for embankment breaching and its management techniques at the ground level. The modern techniques were also incorporated to identify the vulnerable sites of river bank erosion. The study reveals that the southern part of the delta is more vulnerable due to intensive river bank erosion. To understand potential capabilities of these embankments to combat against fluvio-hydrological challenges, a sequential change of embankment construction from historical past to present and recent scientific engineering model of Aila Dam has been chalked out in this study. The present study is an attempt to understand the geo-historical perspectives of embankment construction and to identify the vulnerable coastal zone of Gosaba Island of Sundarban. The study also aims to illustrate the modern techniques of embankment management for its longevity in such a dynamic land.

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Small, Christopher, and Daniel Sousa. "Spatiotemporal Characterization of Mangrove Phenology and Disturbance Response: The Bangladesh Sundarban." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2019): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11172063.

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This work presents a spatiotemporal analysis of the phenology and disturbance response in the Sundarban mangrove forest on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh. The methodological approach is based on an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the new Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) BRDF and atmospherically corrected reflectance time series, preceded by a Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) separation of Low Rank and Sparse components of the image time series. Low Rank components are spatially and temporally pervasive while Sparse components are transient and localized. The RPCA clearly separates subtle spatial variations in the annual cycle of monsoon-modulated greening and senescence of the mangrove forest from the spatiotemporally complex agricultural phenology surrounding the Sundarban. A 3 endmember temporal mixture model maps spatially coherent differences in the 2018 greening-senescence cycle of the mangrove which are both concordant and discordant with existing species composition maps. The discordant patterns suggest a phenological response to environmental factors like surface hydrology. On decadal time scales, a standard EOF analysis of vegetation fraction maps from annual post-monsoon Landsat imagery is sufficient to isolate locations of shoreline advance and retreat related to changes in sedimentation and erosion, as well as cyclone-induced defoliation and recovery.

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Chowdhury, Arabinda N., Ranajit Mondal, Arabinda Brahma, and Mrinal K. Biswas. "Eco-psychiatry and Environmental Conservation: Study from Sundarban Delta, India." Environmental Health Insights 2 (January 2008): EHI.S935. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ehi.s935.

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Kwokal, Željko, Santosh Kumar Sarkar, Stanislav Frančišković-Bilinski, Halka Bilinski, Asokkumar Bhattacharya, Bhaskar Deb Bhattacharya, and Mousumi Chatterjee. "Mercury Concentration in Sediment Cores from Sundarban Mangrove Wetland, India." Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 21, no. 4 (May 2012): 525–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2012.664185.

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Rahman, Mohammad Sayedur, Gazi Mosharof Hossain, Saleh Ahammad Khan, and Sarder Nasir Uddin. "Rediscovery of Gonostegia Pentandra (Roxb.) Miq. (Urticaceae) from Bangladesh Sundarban." Jahangirnagar University Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jujbs.v7i2.40752.

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Manna, Suman, Kaberi Chaudhuri, Somenath Bhattacharyya, and Maitree Bhattacharyya. "Dynamics of Sundarban estuarine ecosystem: eutrophication induced threat to mangroves." Saline Systems 6, no. 1 (2010): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-1448-6-8.

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Basu, Krishna. "Ecology and Adaptation: A Study in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 6, no. 1 (January 2006): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976343020060108.

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Gibb, Herman, Keri Grace O’Leary, Santosh Kumar Sarkar, Jing Wang, Lisa Liguori, Holly Rainis, Katy A. Smith, and Mousumi Chatterjee. "Hair mercury concentrations in residents of Sundarban and Calcutta, India." Environmental Research 150 (October 2016): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.028.

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Banerjee, Kakoli, Kasturi Sengupta, Atanu Raha, and Abhijit Mitra. "Salinity based allometric equations for biomass estimation of Sundarban mangroves." Biomass and Bioenergy 56 (September 2013): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.010.

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Chaudhuri, Punarbasu, Nabanita Naskar, and Susanta Lahiri. "Measurement of background radioactivity in surface soil of Indian Sundarban." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 311, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 1947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-016-5158-x.

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Ray, R., N. Majumder, C. Chowdhury, S. Das, and T. K. Jana. "Phosphorus Budget of the Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem: Box Model Approach." Estuaries and Coasts 41, no. 4 (October 16, 2017): 1036–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0332-0.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sundarban'

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