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Journal articles on the topic 'Supercapacitors'
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1
Nagarajarao, Sumedha Harike, Apurva Nandagudi, Ramarao Viswanatha, Basavanakote Mahadevappa Basavaraja, Mysore Sridhar Santosh, Beekanahalli Mokshanatha Praveen, and Anup Pandith. "Recent Developments in Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Mini Review." ChemEngineering 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6010005.
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The use of nonrenewable fossil fuels for energy has increased in recent decades, posing a serious threat to human life. As a result, it is critical to build environmentally friendly and low-cost reliable and renewable energy storage solutions. The supercapacitor is a future energy device because of its higher power density and outstanding cyclic stability with a quick charge and discharge process. Supercapacitors, on the other hand, have a lower energy density than regular batteries. It is well known that the electrochemical characteristic of supercapacitors is strongly dependent on electrode materials. The current review highlights advance in the TMOs for supercapacitor electrodes. In addition, the newly discovered hybrid/pseudo-supercapacitors have been discussed. Metal oxides that are employed as electrode materials are the focus of this study. The discovery of nanostructured electrode materials continues to be a major focus of supercapacitor research. To create high-performance electrode materials from a morphological standpoint, various efforts have been attempted. Lastly, we analyze the supercapacitor’s evolving trend and our perspective for the future generations of supercapacitors.
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Satpathy, Sambit, Neeraj Kumar Misra, Vishal Goyal, Sanchali Das, Vishnu Sharma, and Shabir Ali. "An AI-Based Newly Developed Analytical Formulation for Discharging Behavior of Supercapacitors with the Integration of a Review of Supercapacitor Challenges and Advancement Using Quantum Dots." Symmetry 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15040844.
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A supercapacitor is a type of electrical component that has larger capacitance, due to asymmetric behavior with better power density, and lower ESR (effective series resistance) than conventional energy-storage components. Supercapacitors can be used with battery technology to create an effective energy storage system due to their qualities and precise characterization. Studies have shown that the use of quantum dots as electrodes in supercapacitors can significantly increase their effectiveness. In this research article, we have used a Drude model based on free electrons (asymmetric nature) to describe the supercapacitor’s discharging characteristics. Commercially available Nippon DLA and Green-cap supercapacitors were used to verify the Drude model by discharging them through a constant current source using a simple current mirror circuit. The parameters of both the fractional-order models and our suggested method were estimated using the least-squares regression fitting approach. An intriguing finding from the Drude model is the current-dependent behavior of the leakage-parallel resistance in the constant current discharge process. Instead of using the traditional exponential rule, supercapacitors discharge according to a power law. This work reflects the strong symmetry of different aspects of designing a hybrid supercapacitor with high efficiency and reliability.
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Zheng, Mei Na, Yan Song Li, and Jun Liu. "Thermal Analysis on Symmetric Rectangular Stackable Supercapacitors." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.539.
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In this paper, thermal model of the symmetric rectangular stackable supercapacitors are established. By using the finite element method, the temperature distribution of the supercapacitor is simulated. Then the supercapacitor's thermal behavior under the ambient temperature, but with different current density is analyzed. The simulation results show that the maximum temperature during the discharge process occurs in the center of the supercapacitor. The maximum temperature is associated with the applied current, and the higher the applied current is, the higher the maximum temperature is. It's necessary to control the maximum temperature within the allowable values, by establishing reasonable thermal management systems and cooling systems.
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Martynyuk, Valeriy, Oleksander Eromenko, Juliy Boiko, and Tomasz Kałaczyński. "Diagnostics of supercapacitors." MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818201009.
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The paper represents the mathematical model for diagnostics of supercapacitors. The research objectives are the problem of determining a supercapacitor technical condition during its operation. The general reliability of diagnostics is described as the methodological and instrumental reliabilities of diagnostics. The instrumental diagnostic reliability of supercapacitor includes the probabilities of errors of the first and second kind, α and β respectively. The methodological approach to increasing the reliability of supercapacitor diagnostic has been proposed, in terms of multi-parameter supercapacitor diagnostic by applying nonlinear, frequency dependent mathematical models of supercapacitors that take into account nonlinearity, frequency dispersion of parameters and the effect of transient processes in supercapacitors. The more frequencies, operating voltages and currents are applied in the supercapacitor diagnostics, the more methodological reliability of diagnostics will increase in relation to the methodological reliability of supercapacitor diagnostics when only one frequency, voltage and current are applied.
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Pour, Ghobad Behzadi, Hassan Ashourifar, Leila Fekri Aval, and Shahram Solaymani. "CNTs-Supercapacitors: A Review of Electrode Nanocomposites Based on CNTs, Graphene, Metals, and Polymers." Symmetry 15, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15061179.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to mechanical, electrical, and surface area properties and their ability to adapt to different nanocomposite structures, are very substantial in supercapacitor electrodes. In this review, we have summarized high-performance, flexible, and symmetry CNT supercapacitors based on the CNTs/graphene, CNTs/metal, and CNTs/polymer electrodes. To present recent developments in CNT supercapacitors, we discuss the performance of supercapacitors based on electrical properties such as specific capacitance (SC), power and energy densities, and capacitance retention (CR). The comparison of supercapacitor nanocomposite electrodes and their results are reported for future researchers.
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Ma, Ning, Dongfang Yang, Saleem Riaz, Licheng Wang, and Kai Wang. "Aging Mechanism and Models of Supercapacitors: A Review." Technologies 11, no. 2 (March 3, 2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020038.
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Electrochemical supercapacitors are a promising type of energy storage device with broad application prospects. Developing an accurate model to reflect their actual working characteristics is of great research significance for rational utilization, performance optimization, and system simulation of supercapacitors. This paper presents the fundamental working principle and applications of supercapacitors, analyzes their aging mechanism, summarizes existing supercapacitor models, and evaluates the characteristics and application scope of each model. By examining the current state and limitations of supercapacitor modeling research, this paper identifies future development trends and research focuses in this area.
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Xia, Jingjie, Ronghao Wang, Chengfei Qian, Kaiwen Sun, He Liu, Cong Guo, Jingfa Li, Feng Yu, and Weizhai Bao. "Supercapacitors of Nanocrystalline Covalent Organic Frameworks—A Review." Crystals 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2022): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101350.
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Due to their highly changeable porosity and adaptable skeletons, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been frequently used in supercapacitors. Additionally, COFs are a wonderful match for supercapacitors’ requirements for quick carrier migration and ion catalysis. COFs exhibit significant potential and limitless opportunities in electrochemical storage supercapacitors. The applicability of COFs has, nonetheless, been limited because the primary organic component prevents electron conduction and the interior active sites are challenging to fully utilize. The conductivity enhancement of COFs has been the subject of extensive research to solve these challenges. This review begins by outlining the features of COFs in the context of their use in supercapacitors and their methods of synthesis. The application of previously published COF materials in supercapacitors were evaluated including electrode materials and solid-state devices. Finally, essential aspects and potential problems are discussed as the exceptional performance characteristics of COFs are illustrated from a supercapacitor standpoint. This review also forecasts the future of COF-based supercapacitor development.
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Ren, Jiahui, Wenli Lin, Xinbo Liu, Shuiyuan He, Zhonghao Dongye, and Lijun Diao. "Full Current-Type Control-Based Hybrid Energy Storage System." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 2910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082910.
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With greater power density, a hybrid power source that combines supercapacitors and batteries has a wide range of applications in pulse-operated power systems. In this paper, a supercapacitor/battery semi-active hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with a full current-type control strategy is presented. The studied HESS is composed of batteries, supercapacitors, and a bidirectional buck–boost converter. The converter is controlled such that supercapacitors supply load power pulses, and batteries provide the power in steady state. To realize the fast compensation of the supercapacitors to the load power pulses, a power distribution module based on hysteresis control theory is designed in the control system. Moreover, the control strategy does not require the model parameters of the converter and supercapacitors, so the control system is simplified. A complete configuration scheme and cost analysis of the proposed HESS are also presented. Obtained results show that the proposed supercapacitor/battery semi-active HESS has good performance in terms of dynamic response, weight, and energy utilization coefficient (EUC).
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Pampana, Venkatesh, Daniel Lavin, Markus Duchon, and Ankit Srivastava. "Supercap-Python: An Open-Source Python Based Super Capacitor Modelling Package." International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering 9, no. 4 (December 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijeee.9.4.93-99.
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Supercapacitors have attained high power density and exceptional durability with the recent advancement in terms of their materials and chemistries. The potential scientific and industrial applications of supercapacitors are being explored continually. This instigates the need for model-based analysis and synthesis tools, which can describe dynamic phenomena, support multiphysics problems, and allow for immediate use in design and advanced control analysis. For these aspects, modelling of supercapacitors would be beneficial. However, there are no open-source simulation tools on supercapacitors available for the scientific community to work with. This paper presents the development of an open-source supercapacitor modelling package in python language. The proposed package is evaluated by comparing the results with a standard MATLAB/Simulink supercapacitor model. The simulation results have shown that both models yielded similar envelope.
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Abdul Razak, Muhammad Nizam, Zulkarnain Ahmad Noorden, Farid Nasir Ani, Zulkurnain Abdul Malek, Jasrul Jamani Jamian, and Nouruddeen Bashir. "Electrochemical properties of kenaf-derived activated carbon electrodes under different activation time durations for supercapacitor application." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp1105-1112.
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<span>The electrochemical properties of supercapacitors with kenaf-derived activated carbon electrodes under different activation time durations were evaluated. The study aims to determine the optimum activation time required that contributes to highest supercapacitor’s perfomance. Kenaf fibre was firstly carbonized at 400 °C to remove its water content and any volatile substances. The resulted kenaf-derived carbon was then impregnated in potassium hydroxide (KOH) with 4:1 impregnation ratio and left overnight. After the impregnation process, the carbon sample was activated at 600 °C with different heating time durations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours and named as A600-1, A600-2, A600-3 and A600-4, repectively. Four supercapacitors with the kenaf-derived activated carbon samples as the electrodes were fabricated based on two-electrode symmetrical test cell system. Specific capacitances of 108, 189, 242, and 126 F/g for supercapacitors with activated carbon A600-1, A600-2, A600-3 and A600-4 electrodes, respectively were achieved. These were much higher than previously reported values of only up to 37 F/g. </span><span>The finding suggests that an inexpensive fibrous carbon material derived from kenaf by a facile pyrolysis process may be a remarkable choice to construct high performance supercapacitor.</span>
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Szewczyk, Arkadiusz. "Measurement of Noise in Supercapacitors." Metrology and Measurement Systems 24, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0059.
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AbstractA developed method and measurement setup for measurement of noise generated in a supercapacitor is presented. The requirements for noise data recording are considered and correlated with working modes of supercapacitors. An example of results of low-frequency noise measurements in commercially available supercapacitors are presented. The ability of flicker noise measurements suggests that they can be used to assess quality of tested supercapacitors.
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Liang, Ruibin, Yongquan Du, Peng Xiao, Junyang Cheng, Shengjin Yuan, Yonglong Chen, Jian Yuan, and Jianwen Chen. "Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review of Recent Developments." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051248.
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In the past decades, the energy consumption of nonrenewable fossil fuels has been increasing, which severely threatens human life. Thus, it is very urgent to develop renewable and reliable energy storage devices with features of environmental harmlessness and low cost. High power density, excellent cycle stability, and a fast charge/discharge process make supercapacitors a promising energy device. However, the energy density of supercapacitors is still less than that of ordinary batteries. As is known to all, the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors is largely dependent on electrode materials. In this review, we firstly introduced six typical transition metal oxides (TMOs) for supercapacitor electrodes, including RuO2, Co3O4, MnO2, ZnO, XCo2O4 (X = Mn, Cu, Ni), and AMoO4 (A = Co, Mn, Ni, Zn). Secondly, the problems of these TMOs in practical application are presented and the corresponding feasible solutions are clarified. Then, we summarize the latest developments of the six TMOs for supercapacitor electrodes. Finally, we discuss the developing trend of supercapacitors and give some recommendations for the future of supercapacitors.
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El-Kady, Maher F., Melanie Ihns, Mengping Li, Jee Youn Hwang, Mir F. Mousavi, Lindsay Chaney, Andrew T. Lech, and Richard B. Kaner. "Engineering three-dimensional hybrid supercapacitors and microsupercapacitors for high-performance integrated energy storage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 14 (March 23, 2015): 4233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420398112.
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Supercapacitors now play an important role in the progress of hybrid and electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and military and space applications. There is a growing demand in developing hybrid supercapacitor systems to overcome the energy density limitations of the current generation of carbon-based supercapacitors. Here, we demonstrate 3D high-performance hybrid supercapacitors and microsupercapacitors based on graphene and MnO2 by rationally designing the electrode microstructure and combining active materials with electrolytes that operate at high voltages. This results in hybrid electrodes with ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of over 1,100 F/cm3. This corresponds to a specific capacitance of the constituent MnO2 of 1,145 F/g, which is close to the theoretical value of 1,380 F/g. The energy density of the full device varies between 22 and 42 Wh/l depending on the device configuration, which is superior to those of commercially available double-layer supercapacitors, pseudocapacitors, lithium-ion capacitors, and hybrid supercapacitors tested under the same conditions and is comparable to that of lead acid batteries. These hybrid supercapacitors use aqueous electrolytes and are assembled in air without the need for expensive “dry rooms” required for building today’s supercapacitors. Furthermore, we demonstrate a simple technique for the fabrication of supercapacitor arrays for high-voltage applications. These arrays can be integrated with solar cells for efficient energy harvesting and storage systems.
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Sirimanne, Don Charles Uvindra, Nihal Kularatna, and Nadee Arawwawala. "Electrical Performance of Current Commercial Supercapacitors and Their Future Applications." Electronics 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2023): 2465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112465.
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From the first patent of supercapacitors, the industry has experienced the commercialization of supercapacitors happening rapidly after the year 2000. Within the last 5 years, the electronics industry has gained access to at least four different types of commercially available supercapacitor families, namely, electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), hybrid supercapacitors, battery capacitors and pseudo capacitors. Over the same period after year 2000, there has been huge developments in the electrochemistry of supercapacitors based on new materials such as graphene and mechanisms such as tailoring pore sizes for electrolyte ion exchange to increase volumetric energy density. This paper compares the characteristics of three different types of supercapacitors for large energy applications and how supercapacitors can be useful in future DC-DC converters in renewable and micro-grid applications.
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Liang, Jun Sheng, Shuang Chao Xu, Tong Qun Ren, and Da Zhi Wang. "High Performance Electrodes for All-Solid-State Supercapacitor Prepared by Using E-Jet Deposition Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 868 (July 2017): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.868.230.
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Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) deposition technique was used to prepare thin film porous electrodes for all-solid-state electrochemical supercapacitors. The performance of thin film graphene/PANI electrodes separately prepared by E-jet deposition and brush-coating were comparatively studied in supercapacitors. Results show that the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor by E-jet deposition can reach 228F·g-1 at 0.5A·g-1and remain 92% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles. Compared to those electrodes made by traditional brush coating techniques, the capacitance and cycling stability of the supercapacitors in this work were respectively increased by 11% and 7%, means that E-jet deposition can be an ideal technique for fabrication of high performance supercapacitor electrodes.
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Kim, Kyoungho. "High Operating Voltage Supercapacitor Using PPy/AC Composite Electrode Based on Simple Dipping Method." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/314893.
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As various wearable devices are emerging, self-generated power sources, such as piezoelectric generators, triboelectric generators, and thermoelectric generators, are of interest. To adapt self-generated power sources for application devices, a supercapacitor is necessary because of the short generation times (1–10 ms) and low generated power (1–100 μW) of self-generated power sources. However, to date, supercapacitors are too large to be adapted for wearable devices. There have been many efforts to reduce the size of supercapacitors by using polypyrrole (PPy) for high energy supercapacitor electrodes. However, these supercapacitors have several disadvantages, such as a low operating voltage due to the use of an aqueous electrolyte, and complex manufacturing methods, such as the hydrogel and aerosol methods. In particular, the low operating voltage (~1.0 V) is a significant issue because most electronic components operate above 3.0 V. In this study, we successfully demonstrated the high operating voltage (3.0 V) of a supercapacitor using a PPy/activated carbon (AC) composite electrode based on the chemical polymerization of the PPy by simple dipping. In addition, a twofold enhancement of its energy density was achieved compared with conventional supercapacitors using AC electrodes.
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Corti, Fabio, Michelangelo-Santo Gulino, Maurizio Laschi, Gabriele Maria Lozito, Luca Pugi, Alberto Reatti, and Dario Vangi. "Time-Domain Circuit Modelling for Hybrid Supercapacitors." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 6837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206837.
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Classic circuit modeling for supercapacitors is limited in representing the strongly non-linear behavior of the hybrid supercapacitor technology. In this work, two novel modeling techniques suitable to represent the time-domain electrical behavior of a hybrid supercapacitor are presented. The first technique enhances a well-affirmed circuit model by introducing specific non-linearities. The second technique models the device through a black-box approach with a neural network. Both the modeling techniques are validated experimentally using a workbench to acquire data from a real hybrid supercapacitor. The proposed models, suitable for different supercapacitor technologies, achieve higher accuracy and generalization capabilities compared to those already presented in the literature. Both modeling techniques allow for an accurate representation of both short-time domain and steady-state simulations, providing a valuable asset in electrical designs featuring supercapacitors.
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Dekanski, Aleksandar, and Vladimir Panic. "Electrochemical supercapacitors: Operation, components and materials." Chemical Industry 72, no. 4 (2018): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind180515016d.
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Supercapacitors are the best choice when there is a need to deliver high power to the consumer or to store energy. Hybrid supercapacitors with their beneficial characteristics can somewhat overcome the basic lack of batteries, that is the low power density, and when supercapacitors are combined with batteries, the current maximum power can be increased and the lifetime extended. The number of research studies on development of new materials and construction technologies for supercapacitors has been increasing steadily in recent years. As a result, production of commercial devices and their applications are constantly growing, with improved product properties. Here we present the current state of development of supercapacitors as highly promising energy storage systems by an overview of operation principles, main components and various electrode materials and electrolytes, as well as description of different modes of production. A special attention was paid to the need of a good match of the active material and electrolytes, in order to achieve high capacity of the device. The electrode/electrolyte phase optimization is the key to maximizing characteristics of a supercapacitor, especially the capacitance. In selecting the materials, requirements of the final application must be considered, such as the specific energy and power, energy and power density, and service life-time. In addition to material selection, design and optimization of the cell configuration provide new opportunities for development of hybrid battery/supercapacitor systems. Demand for such systems will increase in future, when using a battery or a supercapacitor alone will not be able to meet specific needs, such as the energy density, number of charge and discharge cycles or voltage. Finally, equally important as the development of materials and cells, are the electrode production technology and the cell construction, which need to be optimized in order to improve supercapacitor properties.
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Worsley, Eleri Anne, Serena Margadonna, and Paolo Bertoncello. "Application of Graphene Nanoplatelets in Supercapacitor Devices: A Review of Recent Developments." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203600.
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As worldwide energy consumption continues to increase, so too does the demand for improved energy storage technologies. Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that are receiving considerable interest due to their appealing features such as high power densities and much longer cycle lives than batteries. As such, supercapacitors fill the gaps between conventional capacitors and batteries, which are characterised by high power density and high energy density, respectively. Carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene nanoplatelets, are being widely explored as supercapacitor electrode materials due to their high surface area, low toxicity, and ability to tune properties for the desired application. In this review, we first briefly introduce the theoretical background and basic working principles of supercapacitors and then discuss the effects of electrode material selection and structure of carbon nanomaterials on the performances of supercapacitors. Finally, we highlight the recent advances of graphene nanoplatelets and how chemical functionalisation can affect and improve their supercapacitor performance.
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CHEN, KUNFENG, FEI LIU, XITONG LIANG, and DONGFENG XUE. "SURFACE–INTERFACE REACTION OF SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRODE MATERIALS." Surface Review and Letters 24, no. 03 (March 30, 2017): 1730005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17300052.
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Facing the challenge of low energy density of conventional electric double layer supercapacitors, researchers have long been focusing on the development of novel pseudocapacitive electrode materials with higher energy densities. Since capacitive charge storage reaction mostly occurs on the interface of electrode and electrolyte, the interface chemistry determines the achievable power and energy densities of a supercapacitor. Consequently, understanding of surface–interface reaction mechanism is a key towards efficient design of high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. In this paper, we have reviewed the recent advances in the understanding of surfaces–interfaces in the system of pseudocapacitive supercapacitors. With significant research advancements in the understanding of surface–interface of supercapacitors, novel colloidal electrode materials with improved surface–interface structures have been developed in our previous work, which have the potential to deliver both high energy and power densities. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis on the surface–interface control approaches to improve the energy and power densities of supercapacitors.
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Adedoja, Oluwaseye Samson, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, and Yskandar Hamam. "An Overview of the Emerging Technologies and Composite Materials for Supercapacitors in Energy Storage Applications." Polymers 15, no. 10 (May 12, 2023): 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102272.
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Energy storage is one of the challenges currently confronting the energy sector. However, the invention of supercapacitors has transformed the sector. This modern technology’s high energy capacity, reliable supply with minimal lag time, and extended lifetime of supercapacitors have piqued the interest of scientists, and several investigations have been conducted to improve their development. However, there is room for improvement. Consequently, this review presents an up-to-date investigation of different supercapacitor technologies’ components, operating techniques, potential applications, technical difficulties, benefits, and drawbacks. In addition, it thoroughly highlights the active materials used to produce supercapacitors. The significance of incorporating every component (electrode and electrolyte), their synthesis approach, and their electrochemical characteristics are outlined. The research further examines supercapacitors’ potential in the next era of energy technology. Finally, concerns and new research prospects in hybrid supercapacitor-based energy applications that are envisaged to result in the development of ground-breaking devices, are highlighted.
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Melethil, Krishnakumar, Munusamy Sathish Kumar, Chun-Ming Wu, Hsin-Hui Shen, Balaraman Vedhanarayanan, and Tsung-Wu Lin. "Recent Progress of 2D Layered Materials in Water-in-Salt/Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Liquid Electrolytes for Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2023): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13071257.
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Supercapacitors are candidates with the greatest potential for use in sustainable energy resources. Extensive research is being carried out to improve the performances of state-of-art supercapacitors to meet our increased energy demands because of huge technological innovations in various fields. The development of high-performing materials for supercapacitor components such as electrodes, electrolytes, current collectors, and separators is inevitable. To boost research in materials design and production toward supercapacitors, the up-to-date collection of recent advancements is necessary for the benefit of active researchers. This review summarizes the most recent developments of water-in-salt (WIS) and deep eutectic solvents (DES), which are considered significant electrolyte systems to advance the energy density of supercapacitors, with a focus on two-dimensional layered nanomaterials. It provides a comprehensive survey of 2D materials (graphene, MXenes, and transition-metal oxides/dichalcogenides/sulfides) employed in supercapacitors using WIS/DES electrolytes. The synthesis and characterization of various 2D materials along with their electrochemical performances in WIS and DES electrolyte systems are described. In addition, the challenges and opportunities for the next-generation supercapacitor devices are summarily discussed.
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Yang, Yanchun, Yinghui Han, Wenkun Jiang, Yuyang Zhang, Yanmei Xu, and Ayman Mahmoud Ahmed. "Application of the Supercapacitor for Energy Storage in China: Role and Strategy." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010354.
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Supercapacitors are widely used in China due to their high energy storage efficiency, long cycle life, high power density and low maintenance cost. This review compares the differences of different types of supercapacitors and the developing trend of electrochemical hybrid energy storage technology. It gives an overview of the application status of supercapacitors in China’s smart grid and Energy Internet in detail. Some strategies and constructive suggestions are put forward to solve the existing problems. With the improvement of the grid-connected capacity of new energy power generation during the 14th Five-year Period of China, the supercapacitor market in China will usher in a good development opportunity. The role of the supercapacitor in achieving carbon peak carbon neutralization is prospected.
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Ren, Zhi Meng, Jian Yu Di, Zhen Kun Lei, and Rui Mao. "Fabrication and Performance Test of Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Three-Dimensional Graphene Hydrogel." Materials Science Forum 1058 (April 5, 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3juu45.
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Flexible supercapacitors have attracted more and more attention and research because they can be used as energy storage devices for future flexible electronic devices. In the existing research, graphene has been used to make supercapacitor electrodes, but usually these electrodes have very low specific capacitance or flexibility. Here, a three-dimensional graphene hydrogel for the fabrication of flexible supercapacitors was presented, and the preparation of flexible supercapacitors based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogels was given. Through the research, we find that the prepared flexible supercapacitor has excellent capacitance characteristics, such as high specific capacitance of 168F/g and excellent mechanical flexibility. This study shows that the three-dimensional graphene macro structure has great potential in the preparation of high-performance flexible energy storage devices.
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Al Fath, Yusril, Istiqomah, Nasikhudin, Markus Diantoro, Siti Zulaikah, Agus Subagio, Thathit Suprayogi, and Zurina Osman. "Various Low Magnetic Field Effect on Electrochemical Performance of Asymmetric Supercapacitor MnO<sub>2</sub>- Carbon-Based Composites." Materials Science Forum 1080 (January 30, 2023): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-l96ngv.
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Application of energy storage systems such as supercapacitors can not be separated from the magnetic fields effect. In the last decade, it’s rare to find research reports about various low magnetic field effects on supercapacitor performance. Asymmetric supercapacitors based on MnO2-Carbon were made to analyze its electrochemical performance changes by magnetic field in 0-50 mT. Magnetic field was applied in flow direction from cathode (MnO2-C) to anode (C) during electrochemical performance test using Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (C-D) instrument. The electrochemical performance was increasing in charging (91%) and discharging (22%) time of asymmetric supercapacitors. Impressively, the 50 mT magnetic field showed a high specific capacitance of 61.9 F/g at 0.1 A/g. The supercapacitor system delivers specific energy (17.8 Wh/kg), specific power density (329.72 W/kg), and outstanding stability (79% in 50 cycles). The electrochemical improvement by magnetic field indicates a highly promising application of this method in future supercapacitor devices.
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Latham, Kenneth G., Anjali Achazhiyath Edathil, Babak Rezaei, Sihui Liu, Sang Nguyen, Stephan Sylvest Keller, Felice Torrisi, Emile S. Greenhalgh, and Maria‐Magdalena Titirici. "Challenges and opportunities in free-standing supercapacitors research." APL Materials 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 110903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123453.
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The design of commercial supercapacitors has remained largely unchanged since the 1970s, comprising powdered electrodes housed in rigid metal cylinders or pouches. To power the next generation of integrated technologies, an evolution in supercapacitor materials and design is needed to create multifunctional materials that allow energy storage while imparting additional material properties (e.g., flexibility and strength). Conductive free-standing electrodes produced from fibers or 3D printed materials offer this opportunity as their intrinsic mechanical properties can be transferred to the supercapacitor. Additionally, their conductive nature allows for the removal of binders, conductive agents, and current collectors from the supercapacitor devices, lowering their economic and environmental cost. In this Perspective, we summarize the recent progress on free-standing supercapacitors from new methods to create free-standing electrodes to novel applications for these devices, together with a detailed discussion and analysis on their electrochemical performance and physicochemical and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the potential directions and prospects of future research in developing free-standing supercapacitors are proposed.
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Gonsalves, Tayara Correia, Franks Martins Silva, Ligia Silverio Vieira, Julio Cesar Serafim Casini, and Rubens Nunes de Faria. "Electrochemical Characteristics and Microstructures of Activated Carbon Powder Supercapacitors for Energy Storage." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.597.
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In recent years, extensive investigations have focused on the study and improvement of supercapacitor electrode materials. The electric devices produced with these materials are used to store energy over time periods ranging from seconds to several days. The main factor that determines the energy storage period of a supercapacitor is its self-discharge rate, i.e., the gradual decrease in electric potential that occurs when the supercapacitor terminals are not connected to either a charging circuit or electric load. Self-discharge is attenuated at lower temperatures, resulting in an increased energy storage period. This paper addresses the temperature-dependence of self-discharge via a systematic study of supercapacitors with nominal capacitances of 1.0 and 10.0 F at DC potentials of 5.5 and 2.7 V, respectively. The specific capacitances, internal resistances, and self-discharge characteristics of commercial activated carbon electrode supercapacitors were investigated. Using cyclic voltammetry, the specific capacitances were determined to be 44.4 and 66.7 Fg−1 for distinct carbon electrode supercapacitors. The self-discharge characteristics were investigated at both room temperature and close to the freezing point. The internal resistances of the supercapacitors were calculated using the discharge curves at room temperature. The microstructures of the electrode materials were determined using scanning electron microscopy.
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Li, Jing, Tongtong Xiao, Xiaoxi Yu, and Mingyuan Wang. "Graphene-based composites for supercapacitors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2393, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2393/1/012005.
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Abstract Smart devices that are portable and wearable have advanced significantly over the years. Further research on compatible storage devices with tiny, light and flexible properties is required to make wearable electronic devices more versatile, lightweight, smart, and commercially viable. Because of their advantages of having a high-power density, long cycle longevity, superior mechanical strength, good safety, and ease of assembly, supercapacitors have sparked a great deal of interest. Nevertheless, if the conventional supercapacitor is distorted by an external force, the power storage qualities would be significantly diminished or perhaps even eliminated. The primary component of capacitors is the electrode material, hence it is essential to produce extremely flexible electrode materials with superior energy-storage capabilities. This study introduces the supercapacitor energy storage theory and the current state of graphene applications in flexible supercapacitors. Additionally, a succinct summary of the research on pseudo, double-layer, and asymmetric capacitors is provided. Future progress and the difficulties that flexible supercapacitor electrode materials still confront are explored.
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Rekioua, Djamila, Khoudir Kakouche, Abdulrahman Babqi, Zahra Mokrani, Adel Oubelaid, Toufik Rekioua, Abdelghani Azil, Enas Ali, Ali H. Kasem Alaboudy, and Saad A. Mohamed Abdelwahab. "Optimized Power Management Approach for Photovoltaic Systems with Hybrid Battery-Supercapacitor Storage." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (September 22, 2023): 14066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914066.
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The paper addresses the ongoing and continuous interest in photovoltaic energy systems (PESs). In this context, the study focuses on an isolated photovoltaic system with hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage (HBSS). The integration of supercapacitors (SCs) in this system is particularly important because of their high specific power density. In photovoltaic (PV) systems, multi-storage systems use two or more energy storage technologies to enhance system performance and flexibility. When batteries and supercapacitors are combined in a PV system, their benefits are maximized and offer a more reliable, efficient, cost-effective energy storage option. In addition, effective multi-storage power management in a PV system needs a solid grasp of the energy storage technologies, load power demand profiles, and the whole system architecture. This work establishes a battery-supercapacitor storage system (HBSS) by combining batteries and supercapacitors. The primary objective is to devise a novel management algorithm that effectively controls the different power sources. The algorithm is designed to manage the charge and discharge cycles of the hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy storage system (HBSS), thereby guaranteeing that the state of charge (SOC) for both batteries and supercapacitors is maintained within the specified range. The proposed management algorithm is designed to be simple, efficient, and light on computational resources. It efficiently handles the energy flow within the HBSS, optimizing the usage of both batteries and supercapacitors based on real-time conditions and energy demands. The proposed method ensures their longevity and maximizes their performance by maintaining the SOC of these energy storage components within the specified limits. Simulation results obtained from applying the management strategy are found to be satisfactory. These results show that the proposed algorithm maintains the SOC of batteries and supercapacitors within the desired range, leading to improved energy management and enhanced system efficiency.
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Partridge, Julius, and Dina Ibrahim Abouelamaimen. "The Role of Supercapacitors in Regenerative Braking Systems." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2019): 2683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142683.
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A supercapacitor module was used as the energy storage system in a regenerative braking test rig to explore the opportunities and challenges of implementing supercapacitors for regenerative braking in an electric drivetrain. Supercapacitors are considered due to their excellent power density and cycling characteristics; however, the performance under regenerative braking conditions has not been well explored. Initially the characteristics of the supercapacitor module were tested, it is well known that the capacitance of a supercapacitor is highly dependent on the charge/discharge rate with a drop of up to 9% found here between the rated capacitance and the calculated value at a 100 A charge rate. It was found that the drop in capacitance was significantly reduced when a variable charge rate, representative of a regenerative braking test, was applied. It was also found that although supercapacitors have high power absorbing characteristics, the state-of-charge significantly impacts on the charging current and the power absorbing capacity of a supercapacitor-based regenerative braking system. This owed primarily to the current carrying capacity of the power electronic converters required to control the charge and discharge of the supercapacitor module and was found to be a fundamental limitation to the utilisation of supercapacitors in a regenerative braking system. In the worst cases this was found to impact upon the ability of the motor to apply the desired braking torque. Over the course of the tests carried out the overall efficiency was found to be up to 68%; however, the main source of loss was the motor. It was found that measurement of the state-of-charge using the rated capacitance significantly over-estimates the efficiency of the system.
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Neelamma, M. K., Sowmya R. Holla, M. Selvakumar, P. Akhil Chandran, and Shounak De. "Bentonite Clay Liquid Crystals for High-Performance Supercapacitors." Journal of Electronic Materials 51, no. 5 (February 20, 2022): 2192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09469-y.
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AbstractAs the human population increases, there is invariably excessive demand for energy sources, thus making it a fundamental need. The basic use of supercapacitors is the storage of energy. But self-discharge is caused when no external power or internal battery is charging them. This clearly reduces their efficiency. It has been found that self-discharge can be reduced to a great extent by employing liquid crystals (LC). But the effect of LC in enhancing the supercapacitor properties has not been discussed. So here, the naturally available bentonite clay is analyzed for its lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) properties. It showed liquid crystalline properties at 0.055 g/cm3 in 0.2 M Na2SO4 solvent. It is characterized by a polarised optical microscope (POM). These LCs are added as an additive electrolyte to the supercapacitors. The electrode materials used for supercapacitors are a composite of activated carbon and polyaniline. When compared, the supercapacitor properties were enhanced with a decrease in IR drop in supercapacitors containing bentonite lyotropic liquid crystal, producing a specific capacitance of 237.5 F/g at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm3. The electrochemical behavior of the supercapacitors is determined by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling techniques. Graphical Abstract
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Yan, Ai-Lan, Xin-Chang Wang, and Ji-Peng Cheng. "Research Progress of NiMn Layered Double Hydroxides for Supercapacitors: A Review." Nanomaterials 8, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8100747.
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The research on supercapacitors has been attractive due to their large power density, fast charge/discharge speed and long lifespan. The electrode materials for supercapacitors are thus intensively investigated to improve the electrochemical performances. Various transition metal layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with a hydrotalcite-like structure have been developed to be promising electrode materials. Earth-abundant metal hydroxides are very suitable electrode materials due to the low cost and high specific capacity. This is a review paper on NiMn LDHs for supercapacitor application. We focus particularly on the recent published papers using NiMn LDHs as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The preparation methods for NiMn LDHs are introduced first. Then, the structural design and chemical modification of NiMn LDH materials, as well as the composites and films derived from NiMn LDHs are discussed. These approaches are proven to be effective to enhance the performance of supercapacitor. Finally, the reports related to NiMn LDH-based asymmetric supercapacitors are summarized. A brief discussion of the future development of NiMn LDHs is also provided.
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Adam, Abdullahi Abbas, John Ojur Dennis, Yas Al-Hadeethi, E. M. Mkawi, Bashir Abubakar Abdulkadir, Fahad Usman, Yarima Mudassir Hassan, I. A. Wadi, and Mustapha Sani. "State of the Art and New Directions on Electrospun Lignin/Cellulose Nanofibers for Supercapacitor Application: A Systematic Literature Review." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122884.
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Supercapacitors are energy storage devices with high power density, rapid charge/discharge rate, and excellent cycle stability. Carbon-based supercapacitors are increasingly attracting attention because of their large surface area and high porosity. Carbon-based materials research has been recently centered on biomass-based materials due to the rising need to maintain a sustainable environment. Cellulose and lignin constitute the major components of lignocellulose biomass. Since they are renewable, sustainable, and readily accessible, lignin and cellulose-based supercapacitors are economically viable and environmentally friendly. This review aims to systematically analyze published research findings on electrospun lignin, cellulose, and lignin/cellulose nanofibers for use as supercapacitor electrode materials. A rigorous scientific approach was employed to screen the eligibility of relevant articles to be included in this study. The research questions and the inclusion criteria were clearly defined. The included articles were used to draw up the research framework and develop coherent taxonomy of literature. Taxonomy of research literature generated from the included articles was classified into review papers, electrospun lignin, cellulose, and lignin/cellulose nanofibers for use as supercapacitor electrode materials. Furthermore, challenges, recommendations, and research directions for future studies were equally discussed extensively. Before this study, no review on electrospun lignin/cellulose nanofiber-based supercapacitors has been reported. Thus, this systematic review will provide a reference for other researchers interested in developing biomass-based supercapacitors as an alternative to conventional supercapacitors based on petroleum products.
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Bogdanov, E. S., O. R. Sukhova, and A. G. Vorontsov. "ON THE PROCESS OF ELECTROSTATIC SUPERCAPACITORS DISCHARGE." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Mathematics. Mechanics. Physics" 13, no. 3 (2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/mmph210308.
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Despite the growing popularity of supercapacitors (supercondensers), the common model of discharge and the unified method of describing their characteristics are not available as of yet. This is explained by the complexity of the physical and chemical processes occurring there. This work provides an analysis of the charge/discharge curves for a laboratory-manufactured and an industrial supercapacitor. It has been shown that a two-step discharge mechanism is typical for the supercapacitors under study, unlike for usual capacitors, and time constants differ by approximately one order of magnitude. Fast discharge is determined by the internal parameters of a supercapacitor, and the time constant of this process does not depend on the external resistance. For a slow process, the time constant is in linear dependence with the external resistance, that is why this process is analogous to the discharge of a usual capacitor. Using the parameters of the slow process, it is possible to determine the effective internal resistance of the supercapacitor and its capacity. The ratio of speeds of the fast and slow discharge in case of a laboratory-manufactured and an industrial supercapacitor is approximately equal, what is indicative of the similarity of the processes occurring there. A significant difference between supercapacitors is observed in the ratio of voltage amplitudes corresponding to the fast and slow processes. For an industrial supercapacitor, the contribution of the voltage of the slow process (which depends on the external circuit parameters) is considerably higher, what proves its higher efficiency during operation in electric circuits.
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KIAMAHALLEH, MEISAM VALIZADEH, SHARIF HUSSEIN SHARIF ZEIN, GHASEM NAJAFPOUR, SUHAIRI ABD SATA, and SURANI BUNIRAN. "MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES BASED NANOCOMPOSITES FOR SUPERCAPACITORS: A REVIEW OF ELECTRODE MATERIALS." Nano 07, no. 02 (April 2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292012300022.
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Electrode materials are the most important factors to verify the properties of the electrochemical supercapacitor. In this paper, the storage principles and characteristics of electrode materials, including carbon-based materials, transition metal oxides and conducting polymers for supercapacitors are depicted in detail. Other factors such as electrode separator and electrolyte are briefly investigated. Recently, several works are conducted on application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs-based electrode materials for supercapacitors. MWCNTs serve in experimental supercapacitor electrode materials result in specific capacitance (SC) value as high as 135 Fg-1. Addition of pseudocapacitive materials such as transition metal oxides and conducting polymers in the MWCNTs results in electrochemical performance improvement (higher capacitance and conductivity). The nanocomposites of MWCNTs and pseudocapacitive materials are the most promising electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their good electrical conductivity, low cost and high mass density.
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Logerais, Pierre-Olivier, Olivier Riou, Mohamed Ansoumane Camara, and Jean-Félix Durastanti. "Study of Photovoltaic Energy Storage by Supercapacitors through Both Experimental and Modelling Approaches." Journal of Solar Energy 2013 (September 4, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/659014.
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The storage of photovoltaic energy by supercapacitors is studied by using two approaches. An overview on the integration of supercapacitors in solar energy conversion systems is previously provided. First, a realized experimental setup of charge/discharge of supercapacitors fed by a photovoltaic array has been operated with fine data acquisition. The second approach consists in simulating photovoltaic energy storage by supercapacitors with a faithful and accessible model composed of solar irradiance evaluation, equivalent electrical circuit for photovoltaic conversion, and a multibranch circuit for supercapacitor. Both the experimental and calculated results are confronted, and an error of 1% on the stored energy is found with a correction largely within ±10% of the transmission line capacitance according to temperature.
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Xu, Chengjun, Feiyu Kang, Baohua Li, and Hongda Du. "Recent progress on manganese dioxide based supercapacitors." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 8 (August 2010): 1421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0211.
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The increasing worldwide interest in MnO2 for supercapacitor applications is based on anticipation that MnO2-based high-voltage aqueous supercapacitors will ultimately serve as a safe and low-cost alternative to state-of-the-art commercial organic-based electrochemical double-layer capacitors or RuO2-based acid systems. In this paper, the physicochemical features, synthesis methods, and charge storage mechanism of MnO2 as well as the current status of MnO2-based supercapacitors are summarized and discussed in detail. The future opportunities and challenges related to MnO2-based supercapacitors have also been proposed.
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Farooq, Farhan, Asad Khan, Seung June Lee, Mohammad Mahad Nadeem, and Woojin Choi. "A Multi-Channel Fast Impedance Spectroscopy Instrument Developed for Quality Assurance of Super-Capacitors." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041139.
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Conventional experimental methods for testing the performance of super-capacitors include the measurement of capacitance through charge and discharge, measurement of equivalent series resistance (ESR) and measurement of self-discharge and the equivalent circuit model (ECM) by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). However, the methods are not suitable for the mass production line of supercapacitors since they require a long time for the test and several kinds of different instrument. EIS is an attractive method to evaluate the performance of supercapacitors except that it takes a long time for a single test. In this paper a fast EIS instrument suitable for quality assurance for the mass production of supercapacitors is proposed. In order to reduce the time for the test, a multi-sine sweeping method is used for the EIS test and the results are analyzed by extracting the parameters of the ECM to evaluate the performance of the supercapacitors. The proposed instrument is developed to have multi-channel to further decrease the time for the test with a supercapacitor. It is also presented as to how the extracted parameter values of the ECM can be used to evaluate the performance of the supercapacitor.
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Bououchma, Zoubida, and Jalal Sabor. "Online diagnosis of supercapacitors using extended Kalman filter combined with PID corrector." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1521-1534.
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<span>Supercapacitors are electrical energy storage devices with a high specific power density, a long cycle life and a good efficiency, which make them attractive alternative storage devices for various applications. However, supercapacitors are subject to a progressive degradation of their perfor-mance because of aging phenomenon. Therefore, it is very important to be able to estimate their State-of-Health during operation. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a very recog-nized technique to determine supercapacitors’ state-of-health. However, it requires the interrup-tion of system operation and thus cannot be performed in real time (online). In this paper, a new online identification method is proposed based on extended Kalman observer combined with a complementary PID corrector. The proposed method allows to accurately estimating supercapacitor resistance and capacitance, which are the main indicators of supercapacitor state-of-health. The new online identification method was applied for two voltage/current profiles using two different supercapacitors. The resistance/capacitance estimated by the new method and the conventional EKF were compared with those obtained by an experimental offline method. In comparison with conventional EKF, the capacitance obtained by the new method is significantly more accurate.</span>
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Javaid, A., KKC Ho, A. Bismarck, JHG Steinke, MSP Shaffer, and ES Greenhalgh. "Improving the multifunctional behaviour of structural supercapacitors by incorporating chemically activated carbon fibres and mesoporous silica particles as reinforcement." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 22 (March 14, 2018): 3085–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318761216.
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Novel structural supercapacitors have been fabricated which can simultaneously carry mechanical loads as well as store electrochemical energy. Structural supercapacitors are fabricated by impregnating activated carbon fibre mat electrodes and glass fibre mat separator with crosslinked polymer electrolytes using the resin infusion under flexible tooling method. Mesoporous silica particles are also used as reinforcements to further improve the electrochemical and mechanical performance of structural supercapacitors. The fabricated structural supercapacitors have been characterised through chronoamperometry method and impedance spectroscopy to evaluate the electrochemical performance and in-plane shear properties to evaluate the mechanical performance. A multifunctional structural supercapacitor, exhibiting simultaneously a power density of 34 W kg−1, an energy density of 0.12 Wh kg−1 and a shear modulus of 1.75 GPa, has been fabricated.
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Forouzandeh, Parnia, Vignesh Kumaravel, and Suresh C. Pillai. "Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review of Recent Advances." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10090969.
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The advanced electrochemical properties, such as high energy density, fast charge–discharge rates, excellent cyclic stability, and specific capacitance, make supercapacitor a fascinating electronic device. During recent decades, a significant amount of research has been dedicated to enhancing the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors through the development of novel electrode materials. In addition to highlighting the charge storage mechanism of the three main categories of supercapacitors, including the electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors, and the hybrid supercapacitors, this review describes the insights of the recent electrode materials (including, carbon-based materials, metal oxide/hydroxide-based materials, and conducting polymer-based materials, 2D materials). The nanocomposites offer larger SSA, shorter ion/electron diffusion paths, thus improving the specific capacitance of supercapacitors (SCs). Besides, the incorporation of the redox-active small molecules and bio-derived functional groups displayed a significant effect on the electrochemical properties of electrode materials. These advanced properties provide a vast range of potential for the electrode materials to be utilized in different applications such as in wearable/portable/electronic devices such as all-solid-state supercapacitors, transparent/flexible supercapacitors, and asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors.
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Naeem, Sajid, Arun V. Patil, Arif V. Shaikh, U. P. Shinde, Dilawar Husain, Md Tanwir Alam, Manish Sharma, et al. "A Review of Cobalt-Based Metal Hydroxide Electrode for Applications in Supercapacitors." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (April 12, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1133559.
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Supercapacitors are the cutting-edge, high performing, and emerging energy storage devices in the future of energy storage technology. It delivers high energy and produces higher specific capacitances. This research study provides insights into supercapacitor materials and their potential applications by examining different battery technologies compared with supercapacitors’ advantages and disadvantages. Transition metal hydroxides (cobalt hydroxides) have been studied to develop electrodes for supercapacitors and their use in various fields of energy and conversion devices. Cobalt-based metal oxides and hydroxides provide high-capacitance electrodes for supercapacitors. Metal hydroxides combine high electrical conductivity and excellent stability over time. The metal oxides used to prepare the electrodes for supercapacitors are cobalt-based metal oxides and hydroxides. It is stronger than most of the other oxides and has tremendous electrical conductivity. Cobalt hydroxides are also used in supercapacitors instead of other metal hydroxides, such as aluminum hydroxide, copper hydroxide, and nickel hydroxide. This study gives a complete overview of the preparation, synthesis, analysis, and characterization of cobalt hydroxide thin film electrodes by using the electrochemical deposition technique, parameters measurements, important characteristics, material properties, various applications, and future enhancement in supercapacitors.
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Rajagopal, Sivakumar, Rameez Pulapparambil Vallikkattil, M. Mohamed Ibrahim, and Dimiter Georgiev Velev. "Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Current Progress." Condensed Matter 7, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat7010006.
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For hybrid electric vehicles, supercapacitors are an attractive technology which, when used in conjunction with the batteries as a hybrid system, could solve the shortcomings of the battery. Supercapacitors would allow hybrid electric vehicles to achieve high efficiency and better power control. Supercapacitors possess very good power density. Besides this, their charge-discharge cycling stability and comparatively reasonable cost make them an incredible energy-storing device. The manufacturing strategy and the major parts like electrodes, current collector, binder, separator, and electrolyte define the performance of a supercapacitor. Among these, electrode materials play an important role when it comes to the performance of supercapacitors. They resolve the charge storage in the device and thus decide the capacitance. Porous carbon, conductive polymers, metal hydroxide, and metal oxides, which are some of the usual materials used for the electrodes in the supercapacitors, have some limits when it comes to energy density and stability. Major research in supercapacitors has focused on the design of stable, highly efficient electrodes with low cost. In this review, the most recent electrode materials used in supercapacitors are discussed. The challenges, current progress, and future development of supercapacitors are discussed as well. This study clearly shows that the performance of supercapacitors has increased considerably over the years and this has made them a promising alternative in the energy sector.
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Lim, Jiseok, Jungho Hwang, and Jeong Hoon Byeon. "Utilizing deactivated catalysts from the nitric oxide removal process for the fabrication of metal oxide/carbon supercapacitors." Green Chemistry 21, no. 3 (2019): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc03345e.
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The utilization of catalyst waste from nitric oxide removal at thermoelectric power plants for supercapacitor fabrication is proposed; the electrochemical performance of the resultant supercapacitors is comparable to that of current state-of-the-art supercapacitor systems.
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Wang, Xiaonan, Peiquan Xu, Pengyu Zhang, and Shuyue Ma. "Preparation of Electrode Materials Based on Carbon Cloth via Hydrothermal Method and Their Application in Supercapacitors." Materials 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 7148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237148.
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Supercapacitors have the unique advantages of high power density, fast charge and discharge rates, long cycle life, high safety, and reliability, and are increasingly being used for applications including automobiles, rail transit, communication equipment, digital electronics, and aerospace equipment. The supercapacitor industry is currently in a stage of rapid development; great breakthroughs have also been made in improving the performance of supercapacitors and the expansion of their application. Electrode technology is the core of supercapacitors. Transition-metal compounds have a relatively high theoretical capacity and have received widespread attention as electrode materials for supercapacitors. In addition, there is a synergistic effect between the different components of various electrode composite materials. Due to their superior electrochemical performance, supercapacitors are receiving increasing research attention. Flexible supercapacitors have been hailed for their good plasticity, resulting in a development boom. This review article mainly outlines the development process of various electrode materials, including carbon materials, conductive polymers, metal compounds, and composite materials, as well as flexible electrode materials based on carbon cloth.
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Wang, Kai, Yuan Gao, and Yu Fan. "A Numerical Controlled Constant Current Source Based on Power MOSFET." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 1859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.1859.
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Supercapacitor is widely used in high power energy storage device, and its charge and discharge properties decide the energy storage devices of important performance indicators. In this paper, in order to research the charging performance of supercapacitors, a constant current test system which is based on microcontroller was designed. The system use a program-controlled constant current source which focuses on high-power MOSFET in accordance with the current data gotten from the sampling circuit, adjust the output current by PID algorithm, and thereby enhance the controlling precision of the output of the constant current. Under the combined control between upper machine and lower machine, the test system can map out potential function curve following time-varying, so that the supercapacitor’s charge process implement visualization. The result which tests the supercapacitor shows that the circuit has a simple structure and the current is very stable, which can be applied to all kinds of energy storage device which requires high current for charge and property test.
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Yang, Jingjing, Zhaofei Mao, Ruiping Zheng, Hao Liu, and Lei Shi. "Solution-Blown Aligned Nanofiber Yarn and Its Application in Yarn-Shaped Supercapacitor." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 3778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173778.
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Yarn-shaped supercapacitors with great flexibility are highly anticipated for smart wearable devices. Herein, a device for continuously producing oriented nanofiber yarn based on solution blowing was invented, which was important for the nanofiber yarn electrode to realize mass production. Further, the yarn-shaped supercapacitor was assembled by the yarn electrode with the polypyrrole (PPy) grown on aligned carbon fiber bundles@Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (CFs@PAN NFs). Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the yarn electrode can be improved by the carbon fiber bundles. The specific surface area of the yarn electrode can be enlarged by PPy. The yarn-shaped supercapacitors assembled by the PVA/LiCl/H3PO4 gel electrolyte showed high areal specific capacitance of 353 mF cm−2 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, and the energy density was 48 μWh cm−2 when the power density was 247 μW cm−2. The supercapacitors also exhibited terrific cycle stability (82% after 20,000 cycles). We also proved that this yarn-shaped supercapacitor could easily power up the light emitting diode. This yarn-shaped supercapacitor was meaningful for the development of the smart wearable devices, especially when combined with clothing or fabrics.
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Kho, Anderson Ngap Chai, Kama Sherab Khee Yong Si, Wei Hua Jun, Suh Cem Pang, and Hong Siang Chua. "Implementation of a Test Bed for Supercapacitor Testing and Evaluation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 833 (April 2016): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.833.126.
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Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 2.5 cm (0.98 in), right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in)This paper is based on a project is entitled “Implementation of a Test Bed for Supercapacitor Testing and Evaluation” that is intended to perform tests and evaluate the behavior and characteristics supercapacitors. The test bed can perform charging and discharging of different types of supercapacitors. This implementation serves to automatically acquire the data from the testing procedure and plot in real time the graphs for monitoring the charging and discharging behaviour. From there, the test bed can determine the two significant characteristics of the supercapacitor, which are the capacitance value in Farad and the equivalent series resistance (ESR) in Ohm. The capacitance value is obtained using the measurements taken during the discharging process while the ESR is determined by measurements taken when it is charged using a constant current. The test bed can select between different modes of charging depending of the type of supercapacitor put to test. It can measure and evaluate capacitance ranges from 0.1F to 10F. This paper will discuss the methodologies that the test bed implements for testing the supercapacitors, and the results obtained from evaluation of several types of supercapacitors. We shall be able to publish your paper in electronic form on our web page http://www.scientific.net, if the paper format and the margins are correct. Your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. Please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc. It is found the test bed can approximately read the values of supercapacitors that have low ESR ranges.
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Tadesse, Melkie Getnet, and Jörn Felix Lübben. "Review on Hydrogel-Based Flexible Supercapacitors for Wearable Applications." Gels 9, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9020106.
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Smart hydrogels with high electrical conductivity, which can be a real source of power while also collecting and storing the diverse sources of energy with ultrahigh stretchability, strong self-healability, low-temperature tolerance, and excellent mechanical properties, are great value for tailored wearable cloths. Considerable effort has been dedicated in both scientific and technological developments of electroconductive hydrogels for supercapacitor applications in the past few decades. The key to realize those functionalities depends on the processing of hydrogels with desirable electrochemical properties. The various hydrogel materials with such properties are now emerging and investigated by various scholars. The last decade has witnessed the development of high-performance supercapacitors using hydrogels. Here, in this review, the current status of different hydrogels for the production of flexible supercapacitors has been discussed. The electrochemical properties such as capacitance, energy density and cycling ability has been given attention. Diverse hydrogels, with their composites such as carbon-based hydrogels, cellulose-based hydrogels, conductive-polymer-based hydrogels and other hydrogels with excellent electromechanical properties are summarized. One could argue that hydrogels have played a central, starring role for the assembly of flexible supercapacitors for energy storage applications. This work stresses the importance of producing flexible supercapacitors for wearable clothing applications and the current challenges of hydrogel-based supercapacitors. The results of the review depicted that hydrogels are the next materials for the production of the flexible supercapacitor in a more sustainable way.
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Brahim, Sean, Sanliang Zhang, and Stefan Maat. "High Energy Density Carbon Nanotube-Based Supercapacitors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0112mtgabs.
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We have developed supercapacitors utilizing electrodes made of binder-free carbon nanotube (CNT) / activated carbon (AC) composites. Due to the absence of organic binder our supercapacitors exhibit a significantly higher volumetric capacitance of ~20 F/cc compared to conventional supercapacitors while maintaining low resistance. This results in higher energy in the same package or smaller, more compact package size (lower volume) with same energy. Our cells pass 1,000 hour float tests at 2.7V between -35°C and 70°C, as well as high voltage operation at 3V and 70°C. Operation for 100,000 continuous cycles at 85°C was also achieved. Flat format supercapacitor pouch cells > 100 F have been demonstrated that can be integrated into automotive panels for autonomous power. Notable features of our CNT/AC composite supercapacitor technology include: Scalable R2R coating of CNT/AC electrodes without additives. Option of water-based process with no solvent recovery Binder-free CNT/AC electrodes provide 20% higher energy density than conventional AC-based electrodes (50% higher energy density at 3V) CNT/AC supercapacitor technology is 100% packaging agnostic Fabrication of 18650 EDLC cells rated at ~ 100 F demonstrated, and pouch cells rated at ~ 350 F demonstrated The flat pouch-cell format allows installation in automotive panels as power sources for emergency door lock/unlock applications. Figure 1