Relevant bibliographies by topics / Superheated liquid detector

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Superheated liquid detector'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Superheated liquid detector"

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Harper, M. J., and M. E. Nelson (INVITED). "Experimental Verification of a Superheated Liquid Droplet (Bubble) Neutron Detector Theoretical Model." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, no. 1-4 (May 1, 1993): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/47.1-4.535.

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Harper, M. J., and M. E. Nelson (INVITED). "Experimental Verification of a Superheated Liquid Droplet (Bubble) Neutron Detector Theoretical Model." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, no. 1-4 (May 1, 1993): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a081802.

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Das, Mala, R. Sarkar, P. K. Mondal, S. Saha, B. K. Chatterjee, and S. C. Roy. "Nucleation efficiency of R134a as a sensitive liquid for superheated drop emulsion detector." Pramana 75, no. 4 (October 2010): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-010-0147-z.

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Merlin, R. "A heuristic approach to the quantum measurement problem: How to distinguish particle detectors from ordinary objects." International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, no. 22 (September 7, 2015): 1530011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921530011x.

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Elementary particle detectors fall broadly into only two classes: phase-transformation devices, such as the bubble chamber, and charge-transfer devices like the Geiger–Müller tube. Quantum measurements are seen to involve transitions from a long-lived metastable state (e.g., superheated liquid or a gas of atoms between charged capacitor plates) to a thermodynamically stable condition. A detector is then a specially prepared object undergoing a metastable-to-stable transformation that is significantly enhanced by the presence of the measured particle, which behaves, in some sense, as the seed of a process of heterogeneous nucleation. Based on this understanding of the operation of a conventional detector, and using results of orthogonality-catastrophe theory, we argue that, in the thermodynamic limit, the pre-measurement Hamiltonian is not the same as that describing the detector during or after the interaction with a particle and, thus, that superpositions of pointer states (Schrödinger’s cats) are unphysical because their time evolution is ill defined. Examples of particle-induced changes in the Hamiltonian are also given for ordinary systems whose macroscopic parameters are susceptible to radiation damage, but are not modified by the interaction with a single particle.
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Pullia, A. "Searches for Dark Matter with Superheated Liquid Techniques." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/387493.

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Harper, Mark J., and Jeremy C. Rich. "Radiation-induced nucleation in superheated liquid droplet neutron detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 336, no. 1-2 (November 1993): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)91101-r.

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Archambault, S., F. Aubin, M. Auger, M. Beleshi, E. Behnke, J. Behnke, B. Beltran, et al. "New insights into particle detection with superheated liquids." New Journal of Physics 13, no. 4 (April 7, 2011): 043006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/13/4/043006.

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Ivanov, V. I., N. N. Semashko, N. S. Smirnova, and A. K. Salomatov. "Neutron dosimetry with the aid of detectors based on a superheated liquid." Soviet Atomic Energy 63, no. 1 (July 1987): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01125162.

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Chang, K. H., and L. C. Witte. "Liquid-Solid Contact During Flow Film Boiling of Subcooled Freon-11." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910401.

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Liquid-solid contacts were measured for flow film boiling of subcooled Freon-11 over an electrically heated cylinder equipped with a surface microthermocouple probe. No systematic variation of the extent of liquid-solid contact with wall superheat, liquid subcooling, or velocity was detected. Only random small-scale contacts that contribute negligibly to overall heat transfer were detected when the surface was above the homogeneous nucleation temperature of the Freon-11. When large-scale contacts were detected, they led to an unexpected intermediate transition from local film boiling to local transition boiling. An explanation is proposed for these unexpected transitions. A comparison of analytical results that used experimentally determined liquid-solid contact parameters to experimental heat fluxes did not show good agreement. It was concluded that the available model for heat transfer accounting for liquid-solid contact is not adequate for flow film boiling.
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Pink, David A., Marjorie Ladd-Parada, Alejandro G. Marangoni, and Gianfranco Mazzanti. "Crystal Memory near Discontinuous Triacylglycerol Phase Transitions: Models, Metastable Regimes, and Critical Points." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 5631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235631.

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It is proposed that “crystal memory”, observed in a discontinuous solid-liquid phase transition of saturated triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules, is due to the coexistence of solid TAG crystalline phases and a liquid TAG phase, in a superheated metastable regime. Such a coexistence has been detected. Solid crystals can act as heterogeneous nuclei onto which molecules can condense as the temperature is lowered. We outlined a mathematical model, with a single phase transition, that shows how the time-temperature observations can be explained, makes predictions, and relates them to recent experimental data. A modified Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation is used to predict time-temperature relations for the observation of “crystal memory” and to show boundaries beyond which “crystal memory” is not observed. A plot of the lifetime of a metastable state versus temperature, using the modified VFT equation, agrees with recent time-temperature data. The model can be falsified through its predictions: the model possesses a critical point and we outline a procedure describing how it could be observed by changing the hydrocarbon chain length. We make predictions about how thermodynamic functions will change as the critical point is reached and as the system enters a crossover regime. The model predicts that the phenomenon of “crystal memory” will not be observed unless the system is cooled from a superheated metastable regime associated with a discontinuous phase transition.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Superheated liquid detector"

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Chienthavorn, Orapin. "Detection in superheated water chromatography." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32394.

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Superheated water has been used successfully as an eluent in liquid chromatography and has been coupled to various modes of detection, ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). A number of compounds were examined on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-OVB), polybutadiene (PBO), and octadecylsilyl bonded silica (OOS) column with isothermal and temperature programmes.
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Costa, Miguel António Felizardo da. "Advanced instrumentation for superheated liquid detectors in dark matter searches." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8863.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Física
The initial goal of the thesis work was to improve the performance of the instrumentation used in the SIMPLE dark matter search. Consequently, the ultimate objective is to find a possible candidate for Dark Matter or improve the knowledge of its nature. Upon a brief description of Dark Matter and the status of its search, the fundamentals of Superheated Liquid Detectors are presented. This thesis presents a robust acoustic instrumentation together with a new method for the identification of bubble nucleations in Superheated Droplet Detectors. This is accomplished through straightforward signal processing techniques applied to the acoustical recording of the nucleation events, which consists of pulse shape identification procedures. A set of tests are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, as well as the new and more reliable instrumentation. An effort to locate a bubble nucleation in the SDDs is accomplished through some elaborated signal processing techniques applied to the acoustical recording of the nucleation events. These include the application of wavelets, the chirp-z transform and pulse shape identification procedures to locate temporally and validate the nucleation for its spatial localization. Acoustic and SDD associated backgrounds are completely discriminated with the developed signal processing techniques. Results from systematic studies are presented for the instrumentation and SDD response,which are used in the SIMPLE dark matter search experiment and possibly in neutron dosimetry. A new bubble nucleation efficiency is drawn out, together with particle discrimination confirmation determined throughout a-n calibrations. SIMPLE's Phase-II Dark Matter results are presented with the implementation of the complete instrumentation in operation for SDDs. These results are simultaneously presented with the full characterization of the local background scenario and gained knowledge of SDD characteristics and dynamics. Interpretations of these results are laid out. The direct future is given through the R&D of a rejuvenation superheated liquid detector, the Big Droplet Chamber. A prototype of this new Bubble Chamber is shown together with its first results of a more prevailing ultrasound acoustic system. Which can possibly reveal in the near future, unseen aspects such as the bubble formation stage in superheated liquids up to now.
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - (SFRH/BD/46545/2008)
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Bone, Joanne R. "Developments in detection methods and use of superheated water as an eluent for liquid chromatography." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431364.

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Plante, Arthur. "Searching for dark matter with superheated liquid detectors." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22675.

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Laurin, Mathieu. "Recherche de la matière sombre à l’aide de détecteurs à liquides surchauffés dans le cadre de l’expérience PICO/Picasso." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18480.

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La matière sombre compte pour 85% de la matière composant l’univers et nous ne savons toujours pas ce qu’elle est. Depuis plusieurs années, l’expérience Picasso, maintenant devenue l’expérience PICO, tente d’élucider ce mystère. Les fréons de la famille des CXFY sont utilisés comme cibles de choix dans les détecteurs à liquides surchauffés de l’expérience PICO. Situés à SNOLab, en Ontario, ces détecteurs font parties des plus performant de la recherche de la matière sombre. Lors d’interactions de particules avec le liquide en surchauffe, un changement de phase est induit par le dépôt d’énergie engendré par l’interaction. Les bulles créées par l’évènement sont alors détectées par différents capteurs afin de déterminer le type d’interaction qui a eu lieu. Dans ce travail seront présentés les détecteurs à liquides surchauffés dans le cadre de la recherche de la matière sombre. Principalement, nous y verrons trois types de détecteurs utilisés par les expériences PICO et Picasso. Le principe de fonctionnement de chacun des détecteurs sera exposé en premier lieu ainsi que leur fabrication, puis leur mode d’opération et l’analyse des données. Les méthodes de calibration seront par la suite expliquées pour terminer avec une description des résultats obtenus démontrant la performance de ce type de détection.
Dark matter makes up 85% of the matter content of the universe and we still don’t know what it is made of. The Picasso experiment, now named PICO, has been searching for it for several years with the use of superheated liquid detectors. Following the interaction of a particle with a superheated liquid freon of the CXFY family, a bubble is formed through a phase change and is detected with several types of sensors, telling us about the nature of the event. Located at SNOLab, in Ontario, these detectors produce some of the best results in the field. The present work will go through three types of superheated liquid detectors. A full description of the working principles will be presented for each of them. In addition, the fabrication, the operation mode and the data analysis will be shown. Detector calibration techniques will then be presented with different particle sources. Finally, the most recent results will be discussed, demonstrating the performance of the superheated liquid detector technique.
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Book chapters on the topic "Superheated liquid detector"

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"e. The transfer basket containing the items to be cleaned was lowered into the immersion sump , and statically (i.e. no liquid flow) sonicated for a finite pe-riod of time, usually 15 minutes. f. After static sonication, the rinse pump was turned on and the liquid in the immersion bath was circulated through the activated carbon columns at a rate of1,700 ml/minute for a finite period of time. The circulation time ranged fro m 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the purpose of the test. g. The rate of decontamination was monitored by following the concentration of the contaminant in the decontamination liquid (HFE-7100). h . Steps e and f were repeated until the presence of contaminant in the circulat-ing liquid could no longer be detected. i. When the immersion sump liquid was free of contaminant, the transfer basket was moved from the immersion sump to the superheat sump and dried for 30 minutes to remove liquid drag out. j . The transfer basket was removed from the Poly-Kleen™ system. The test pieces were removed from the basket, visually examined, photographed under visible and UV light, reweighed, and archived. I n order to maximize ultrasonic power density, the minimum amount of liquid needed to cover the parts being cleaned was used. Typically, the sump contained from 130 to 180 mm (5 to 7 inches) of liquid, which corresponds to a liquid vol-ume of approximately 15 liters to 30 liters (4 to 8 gallons) and a corresponding ul-trasonic power density of 26 to 18 watts/liter (100 to 70 watts/gallon). In prelimi-nary tests, it was noted that immersing and sonicating the test samples when the immersion sump was filled to the brim (about 53 liters (14 gallons)) did not result in effective cleaning. At that volume, the ultrasonic power density had dropped to a value of 8 watts/liter (30 watts/gallon). While this value would be considered marginal in a stainless steel ultrasonic bath, where the ultrasonic waves can be re-flected from the walls back into the liquid, in a polypropylene bath in which the walls absorb rather than reflect the ultrasonic waves, this power density level is too low. If parts were also contaminated with biological agents, after Step h, they would be sonicated in a fluorinated surfactant/HFE-7100 solution that would be circu-lated through microfilters to remove suspended materials. The parts would then be rinsed in fresh HFE-7100 to remove fluorocarbon surfactant residues, and then dried as described above. Table 3 lists the sensitive equipment decontamination experiments that were carried out in the Poly-Kleen™ system during the course of the program. The combination of equipment processed, contaminants used, and monitoring method(s) examined are listed in this table. The results of the various cleaning re-sults are summarized in Table 4. This table records the weights of the items listed in Table 3, before and after contamination, as well as the post-cleáning weight and visual appearance of these items." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 129–36. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Superheated liquid detector"

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Webster, Jeffrey A., Alexander Hagen, Brian C. Archambault, Nicholas Hume, and Rusi Taleyarkhan. "High Efficiency Gamma-Beta Blind Alpha Spectrometry for Nuclear Energy Applications." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30821.

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A novel, Centrifugally Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detector (CTMFD) sensor technology has been developed over the last decade to demonstrate high selective sensitivity and detection efficiency to various forms of radiation for wide-ranging conditions (e.g., power level, safeguards, security, and health physics) relevant to the nuclear energy industry. The CTMFD operates by tensioning a liquid with centrifugal force to weaken the bonds in the liquid to the point whereby even a femto-scale nuclear particle interactions can break the fluid and cause a detectable vaporization cascade. The operating principle has only peripheral similarity to the superheated bubble chamber based superheated droplet detectors (SDDs); instead, CTMFDs utilize mechanical “tension pressure” instead of thermal superheat offering a lot of practical advantages. CTMFDs have been used to detect a variety of alpha and neutron emitting sources in near real-time. The CTMFD is selectively blind to gamma photons and betas allowing for detection of alphas and neutrons in extreme gamma/beta background environments such as spent fuel reprocessing plants or under full power conditions within an operating nuclear reactor itself. The selective sensitivity allows for differentiation between alpha emitters including the isotopes of Plutonium. Mixtures of Plutonium isotopes have been measured in ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 Pu-238:Pu-239 with successful differentiation. Due to the lack of gamma-beta background interference, the CTMFD’s LLD can be effectively reduced to zero and hence, is inherently more sensitive than scintillation based alpha spectrometers or SDDs and has been proven capable to detect below femtogram quantities of Plutonium-238. Plutonium is also easily distinguishable from Neptunium making it easy to measure the Plutonium concentration in the NPEX stream of a UREX reprocessing facility. The CTMFD has been calibrated for alphas from Americium (5.5 MeV) and Curium (∼6 MeV) as well. The CTMFD has furthermore, recently also been used to detect spontaneous and induced fission events which can be differentiated from alpha decay allowing for detection of fissionable material in a mixture of isotopes. This paper discusses these transformational developments which are also being entered for real-world commercial use.
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Wang, Yonghong, Leren Tao, Jinfeng Wang, Hong Tao, Lihao Huang, Zhigao Zheng, Zhiqiang Yang, and Lei Han. "Experimental Researches on Zero Superheat in Refrigeration Cycle." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18300.

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In a steam-compression refrigeration cycle, optimum heat exchange efficiency is acquired and compressor liquid hammer can be avoided if “zero superheat” arises at dry-evaporator outlet. Therefore zero superheat control study is of value. since refrigeration cycle will not get stable while it tends to hunt nearby zero superheat, expansion valve-dry evaporator regulation loop have to run at a positive superheat; and no fit theory is able to guide the design on the stability of expansion valve-dry evaporator regulation loop until the cause of refrigeration cycle hunting is found. Flow display experiments reveal the mechanism that refrigeration cycle will hunt next to 0 superheat while vapor/liquid two phase flow alternates at expansion valve exit. on the ground that phases can be told apart by thermal sensing rather than superheat, a specialized sensor has been developed to detect 0 superheat signal which serves as the feedback signal of expansion valve-dry evaporator regulation loop, the experiment results prove that the thermal sensor can afford 0 superheat.
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Moghaddam, Saeed, and Kenneth T. Kiger. "Pool Boiling Mechanism of HFE-7100." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56145.

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To study the pool boiling mechanism of HFE-7100, a micro array of forty-four Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD’s) covering a 1mm in diameter circular area was microfabricated around a single cylindrical cavity on a thin silicon membrane. Constant heat flux was applied to the surface using a thin film heater microfabricated on the backside of the membrane. Images of the bubbles and the temperature of the heated wall underneath and around the bubble were recorded during the pool boiling process. Using the images of the bubbles, their volume, velocity, and frequency of departure was calculated. The acquired experimental data provided the fundamental parameters required for evaluating several boiling models whose development was based on the bubble diameter, frequency of departure, and velocity. For the conditions of this experiment, it seems that the current data can be best explained by transient heat conduction to the liquid adjacent to the heated wall and subsequent pumping of the superheated liquid by the bubbles. However, more experimental data in different conditions are required before solid conclusions can be reached. Details of the experimental results, models, and comparison between the two are presented in this paper.
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Ueno, Ichiro, Takahito Saiki, Tomohiro Osawa, and Chungpyo Hong. "Condensation and Collapse of Vapor Bubble Injected to Subcooled Pool." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2013-73190.

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We pay a special attention to the collapsing processes of vapor bubble injected into a subcooled pool; we try to extract the vapor-liquid interaction by employing a vapor generator that supplies vapor at designated flow rate to the subcooled pool instead of using a immersed heated surface to realize a vapor bubble by boiling phenomenon. This system enables ones to detect a spatio-temporal behavior of a single bubble of superheated vapor exposed to a subcooled liquid. We indicate the condensation rates as functions of the injection velocity of the vapor and the degree of subcooling of the pool. We indicate that an abrupt condensation of the injected vapor results in a fine disturbance over the vapor bubble surface before the collapse stage of the bubble. The wave number is sharply dependent on the degree of subcooling of the pool. The threshold of such a fine disturbance formation over the bubble corresponds with that the occurring condition of the maximum volume reduction rate of the vapor bubble.
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Sitaraman, Hariswaran, Gilberto Moreno, Ercan M. Dede, Shailesh N. Joshi, Feng Zhou, and Sreekant Narumanchi. "Local-Scale Simulations of Nucleate Boiling on Micrometer-Featured Surfaces." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4710.

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A high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based model for bubble nucleation of the refrigerant HFE7100 on micrometer-featured surfaces is presented in this work. The single-fluid, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, along with energy transport and natural convection effects, are solved on a featured surface resolved grid. An a priori cavity detection method is employed to convert raw profilometer data of a surface into well-defined cavities. The cavity information and surface morphology are represented in the CFD model by geometric mesh deformations. Surface morphology is observed to initiate buoyancy-driven convection in the liquid phase, which in turn results in faster nucleation of cavities. Simulations pertaining to a generic rough surface show a trend where smaller size cavities nucleate with higher wall superheat. This local-scale model will serve as a self-consistent connection to larger device scale continuum models where local feature representation is not possible.
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Torres, J., A. Perdones, A. Garcia, and F. J. Diez. "Imaging Measurements in Nano-Particle Enhanced Spray Cooling." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31072.

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Thermal control is a major constraint in spacecraft development as increased demand on electronics performance requires large heat dissipation from smaller surfaces which has led to increased challenges for thermal control. Spray cooling has a great amount of application in industrial processes as a heat removal method. It is thought to be the future in thermal management systems in space because of its capability for ‘close’ and accurate control of heat removal. Spray cooling is based on phase change heat transfer generating high heat transfer rates for low superheats. This last term is used to describe the difference in temperature between the heated surface and the cooling fluid. When the temperature of the surface to be cooled rises above the saturation temperature of the fluid splashed to the surface, a phase change occurs at the solid liquid interface during the boiling regime. However, the most interesting phase (regime) is the nucleating boiling where the critical heat flux, CHF, is reached. The CHF is then achieved due to the vapor generation is such as great that the liquid cannot still be in contact with the surface. Thus the heat is transferred through the vapor if there is not enough cold fluid. The thermal conductivity of vapor is lower and so the efficient of the cooling process. This turns out in a decrease on heat flux. Nowadays it is being taken more into account nanofluids as a technique capable of enhancing heat transfer. Nanofluids, a mix of nano-size particles in a base fluid, have been found to have a very high thermal conductivity as compared to the base fluid. In You et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004a; Moreno et al., 2005 water was used with various Al2O3 particle concentration in a flat plate nucleate pool boiling system. They came across with no change in the heat transfer coefficient but a dramatic enhancement in CHF. They also found that high concentrations can degrade nucleate boiling. The aim of this project is study the effects of spray cooling with suspended nano-particles as an enhanced method for heat transfer removal. The working fluid was water with different concentrations of alumina-oxide particles added. The alumina oxide particles were supplied by Nanophase Technologies (Nano Tek® Alumina Oxide AL-01000-003-025) which had a mean diameter of 60 nm. Three different concentrations were used and the following: .5 g/L, 1 g/L, 2 g/L. Since clumping of particles can affect the heat transfer properties of the droplets, the solution was placed on inside an ultrasonic bath and left there for at least 24 hrs and immediately used in the experiments. Two nozzles were used in this experiment to study a wide range of sauter diameter of droplets. The experiment was carried out using three experimental techniques which looked into different characteristics of spray cooling. In the first mode, the fluid was sprayed onto a copper block heater surface while it was imaged with a high speed camera and synchronized with a high speed Nd-YAG laser. 9 thermocouples were positioned inside the copper block heater, as seen on Figure 1, to measure critical heat flux, while a camera was used to record different impact properties and the influence of nano-particles. Some of these properties were pool buildup size, spread, and duration of pool. For the second imaging technique, the spray on the heated surface was also considered to be an impinging jet, so to visualize the flow of this jet and how the heated surface affected it, PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) was used in the study. A third imaging technique was used to study the droplet behavior when in contact with a heated surface. A transparent glass heater made of aluminum silicate glass and coated with an ITO (indium tin oxide) film was used as the heater. The size of the drops had an average diameter of 2.38 mm. When compared to the copper block study, this method allows images to be taken from directly below the clear glass heater. Furthermore, these images allow for a clear edge detection of drops as they spread on the surface and what characteristics they develop when the droplets have different concentrations of nanoparticles, as seen on Figure 2. The experiment used a pulsed laser to provide the background illumination. This project is a continuing research project.
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