Journal articles: 'Superheated liquid detector'

1

Harper, M. J., and M. E. Nelson (INVITED). "Experimental Verification of a Superheated Liquid Droplet (Bubble) Neutron Detector Theoretical Model." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, no. 1-4 (May 1, 1993): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/47.1-4.535.

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Harper, M. J., and M. E. Nelson (INVITED). "Experimental Verification of a Superheated Liquid Droplet (Bubble) Neutron Detector Theoretical Model." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, no. 1-4 (May 1, 1993): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a081802.

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3

Das, Mala, R. Sarkar, P. K. Mondal, S. Saha, B. K. Chatterjee, and S. C. Roy. "Nucleation efficiency of R134a as a sensitive liquid for superheated drop emulsion detector." Pramana 75, no. 4 (October 2010): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-010-0147-z.

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4

Merlin, R. "A heuristic approach to the quantum measurement problem: How to distinguish particle detectors from ordinary objects." International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, no. 22 (September 7, 2015): 1530011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921530011x.

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Elementary particle detectors fall broadly into only two classes: phase-transformation devices, such as the bubble chamber, and charge-transfer devices like the Geiger–Müller tube. Quantum measurements are seen to involve transitions from a long-lived metastable state (e.g., superheated liquid or a gas of atoms between charged capacitor plates) to a thermodynamically stable condition. A detector is then a specially prepared object undergoing a metastable-to-stable transformation that is significantly enhanced by the presence of the measured particle, which behaves, in some sense, as the seed of a process of heterogeneous nucleation. Based on this understanding of the operation of a conventional detector, and using results of orthogonality-catastrophe theory, we argue that, in the thermodynamic limit, the pre-measurement Hamiltonian is not the same as that describing the detector during or after the interaction with a particle and, thus, that superpositions of pointer states (Schrödinger’s cats) are unphysical because their time evolution is ill defined. Examples of particle-induced changes in the Hamiltonian are also given for ordinary systems whose macroscopic parameters are susceptible to radiation damage, but are not modified by the interaction with a single particle.

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Pullia, A. "Searches for Dark Matter with Superheated Liquid Techniques." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/387493.

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Harper, Mark J., and Jeremy C. Rich. "Radiation-induced nucleation in superheated liquid droplet neutron detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 336, no. 1-2 (November 1993): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)91101-r.

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Archambault, S., F. Aubin, M. Auger, M. Beleshi, E. Behnke, J. Behnke, B. Beltran, et al. "New insights into particle detection with superheated liquids." New Journal of Physics 13, no. 4 (April 7, 2011): 043006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/13/4/043006.

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8

Ivanov, V. I., N. N. Semashko, N. S. Smirnova, and A. K. Salomatov. "Neutron dosimetry with the aid of detectors based on a superheated liquid." Soviet Atomic Energy 63, no. 1 (July 1987): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01125162.

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9

Chang, K. H., and L. C. Witte. "Liquid-Solid Contact During Flow Film Boiling of Subcooled Freon-11." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910401.

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Liquid-solid contacts were measured for flow film boiling of subcooled Freon-11 over an electrically heated cylinder equipped with a surface microthermocouple probe. No systematic variation of the extent of liquid-solid contact with wall superheat, liquid subcooling, or velocity was detected. Only random small-scale contacts that contribute negligibly to overall heat transfer were detected when the surface was above the homogeneous nucleation temperature of the Freon-11. When large-scale contacts were detected, they led to an unexpected intermediate transition from local film boiling to local transition boiling. An explanation is proposed for these unexpected transitions. A comparison of analytical results that used experimentally determined liquid-solid contact parameters to experimental heat fluxes did not show good agreement. It was concluded that the available model for heat transfer accounting for liquid-solid contact is not adequate for flow film boiling.

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Pink, David A., Marjorie Ladd-Parada, Alejandro G. Marangoni, and Gianfranco Mazzanti. "Crystal Memory near Discontinuous Triacylglycerol Phase Transitions: Models, Metastable Regimes, and Critical Points." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 5631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235631.

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It is proposed that “crystal memory”, observed in a discontinuous solid-liquid phase transition of saturated triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules, is due to the coexistence of solid TAG crystalline phases and a liquid TAG phase, in a superheated metastable regime. Such a coexistence has been detected. Solid crystals can act as heterogeneous nuclei onto which molecules can condense as the temperature is lowered. We outlined a mathematical model, with a single phase transition, that shows how the time-temperature observations can be explained, makes predictions, and relates them to recent experimental data. A modified Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation is used to predict time-temperature relations for the observation of “crystal memory” and to show boundaries beyond which “crystal memory” is not observed. A plot of the lifetime of a metastable state versus temperature, using the modified VFT equation, agrees with recent time-temperature data. The model can be falsified through its predictions: the model possesses a critical point and we outline a procedure describing how it could be observed by changing the hydrocarbon chain length. We make predictions about how thermodynamic functions will change as the critical point is reached and as the system enters a crossover regime. The model predicts that the phenomenon of “crystal memory” will not be observed unless the system is cooled from a superheated metastable regime associated with a discontinuous phase transition.

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11

Zhou, Chao, and Li Na Hu. "Investigation of Viscosity Measurements of Molten Cu-Zr-Al Alloys." Materials Science Forum 745-746 (February 2013): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.745-746.781.

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Viscosity reflects kinetic behaviors of metallic glass liquids, as well as the changes of structures of liquids with temperature. In the present work, the viscosity of superheated Cu-Zr-Al alloys has been detected by a torsional oscillating viscometer, and the experimental parameters have been explored. The experimental results indicate that Cu-Zr-Al alloys react with corundum crucibles and are not oxidated easily in the viscometer. In addition, the influence of thermal history on viscosity measurements is not inconsiderable. By eliminating the above factors, an abnormal three-stage trend of viscosity changes is observed finally. Analysis shows that this abnormal dynamic phenomenon probably is attributed to the transition of clusters in different temperature ranges of the glass liquids, and might correspond to the abnormal thermodynamic behavior observed in Cu-Zr-Al liquids.

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12

Felizardo, M., T. Morlat, J. G. Marques, A. R. Ramos, TA Girard, A. C. Fernandes, A. Kling, I. Lázaro, R. C. Martins, and J. Puibasset. "Fabrication and response of high concentration SIMPLE superheated droplet detectors with different liquids." Astroparticle Physics 49 (September 2013): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.08.006.

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13

Novak, Jakob. "Molecular dynamics simulation of aluminium melting." Materials and Geoenvironment 63, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rmzmag-2016-0002.

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AbstractSolid–liquid phase transition has been simulated by the molecular dynamics method, using isobaric–isoenthalpic ensemble. For interatomic potential, glue potential has been selected. The original algorithm for bookkeeping of the information on neighbouring relationships of the atoms has been developed and used in this research. Time consumption for calculation of interatomic forces has been reduced from o(N2) to o(N) by the use of this algorithm.Calculations show that phase transition from solid to liquid occurs between 1,000 K and 1,300 K. The simulated temperature of phase transition is higher than the experimental value due to the absence of crystal defects. If constant heat flux is supplied, temperature decreases during melting because the superheated state becomes unstable. During the cooling process, no significant changes of the observed variables were detected due to the high cooling rate, which prevents crystallisation.

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14

Morales-Muñoz, S., J. L. Luque-García, M. J. Ramos, A. Fernández-Alba, and M. D. Luque de Castro. "Sequential superheated liquid extraction of pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products with different polarity from marine sediments followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry detection." Analytica Chimica Acta 552, no. 1-2 (November 2005): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.07.042.

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15

Priego Capote, Feliciano, José Manuel Luque Rodríguez, and María Dolores Luque de Castro. "Determination of phenolic compounds in grape skin by capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous dual fluorescence and diode array absorption detection after dynamic superheated liquid leaching." Journal of Chromatography A 1139, no. 2 (January 2007): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.010.

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16

Ardid, M., A. Baschirotto, N. Burgio, M. Corcione, L. Cretara, M. De Matteis, I. Felis, et al. "Effects of the thermodynamic conditions on the acoustic signature of bubble nucleation in superheated liquids used in dark matter search experiments." European Physical Journal C 79, no. 11 (November 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7485-x.

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AbstractIn the framework of the search for dark matter in the form of WIMPs using superheated liquids, a study is conducted to establish a computational procedure aimed at determining how the thermodynamic conditions kept inside a particle detector affect the acoustic signal produced by bubble nucleation. It is found that the acoustic energy injected into the liquid by the growing vapour bubble increases as the liquid pressure is decreased and the superheat degree is increased, the former effect being crucial for the generation of a well-intelligible signal. A good agreement is met between the results of the present study and some experimental data available in the literature for the amplitude of the acoustic signal. Additionally, the higher loudness of the alpha-decay events compared with those arising from neutron-induced nuclear recoils is described in terms of multiple nucleations.

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17

Webster, Jeffrey A., Alexander Hagen, Brian C. Archambault, Nicholas Hume, and Rusi Taleyarkhan. "High-Efficiency Gamma-Beta Blind Alpha Spectrometry for Nuclear Energy Applications." Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 1, no. 3 (May 20, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029926.

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A novel, centrifugally tensioned metastable fluid detector (CTMFD) sensor technology has been developed over the last decade to demonstrate high selective sensitivity and detection efficiency to various forms of radiation for wide-ranging conditions (e.g., power, safeguards, security, and health physics) relevant to the nuclear energy industry. The CTMFD operates by tensioning a liquid with centrifugal force to weaken the bonds in the liquid to the point whereby even femtoscale nuclear particle interactions can break the fluid and cause a detectable vaporization cascade. The operating principle has only peripheral similarity to the superheated bubble chamber-based superheated droplet detectors (SDD). Instead, CTMFDs utilize mechanical “tension pressure” instead of thermal superheat, offering a lot of practical advantages. CTMFDs have been used to detect a variety of alpha- and neutron-emitting sources in near real time. The CTMFD is blind to gamma photons and betas allowing for detection of alphas and neutrons in extreme gamma/beta background environments such as spent fuel reprocessing plants. The selective sensitivity allows for differentiation between alpha emitters including the isotopes of plutonium. Mixtures of plutonium isotopes have been measured in ratios of 1∶1, 2∶1, and 3∶1 Pu-238:Pu-239 with successful differentiation. Due to the lack of gamma-beta background interference, the CTMFD is inherently more sensitive than scintillation-based alpha spectrometers or SDDs and has been proved capable to detect below femtogram quantities of plutonium-238. Plutonium is also easily distinguishable from neptunium, making it easy to measure the plutonium concentration in the NPEX stream of a UREX reprocessing facility. The CTMFD has been calibrated for alphas from americium (5.5 MeV) and curium (∼6 MeV) as well. Furthermore, the CTMFD has, recently, also been used to detect spontaneous and induced fission events, which can be differentiated from alpha decay, allowing for detection of fissionable material in a mixture of isotopes. This paper discusses these transformational developments, which are also being considered for real-world commercial use.

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18

Apfel, Robert E. "Neutron-Induced Vaporization of Superheated Liquids: Theory and Experiment." MRS Proceedings 57 (1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-57-57.

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AbstractMy interest in neutron-induced nucleation began with a simple and elegant demonstration in one of David Turnbull's classes in which a drop of water was superheated to about 250°C as it rose in a column of heated oil. As David Glaser, the inventor of the bubble chamber, so ably demonstrated, such superheated liquids are radiation sensitive. Our test system is a simple one. Halocarbon and hydrQcarbon drops are introduced into an aqueous holding gel under pressure at room temperature. As the pressure is released, the drops become superheated. Neutrons of sufficient energy will trigger vaporization of these moderately superheated drop detectors (SSDs), but gammas and x-rays will not unless the homogeneous nucleation limit is approached. We have performed measurements on the neutron energy threshold to produce nucleation in a number of different superheated materials at different temperatures. We have also developed a theory which indicates that of the energy deposited in a critical radius, only about 5% is effective in producing bubble formation. Both theory and experiment are discussed.

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19

Seth, Susnata, Sunita Sahoo, Pijushpani Bhattacharjee, and Mala Das. "Probing low-mass WIMP candidates of dark matter with tetrafluoroethane superheated liquid detectors." Physical Review D 101, no. 10 (May 5, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.101.103005.

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20

Zhou, Kan, Hua Zhu, Wei Li, Junye Li, Kuang Sheng, Shuai Shao, Haiwang Li, and Zhi Tao. "Heat Transfer Characteristics and Flow Pattern Visualization for Flow Boiling in a Vertical Narrow Microchannel." Journal of Electronic Packaging 141, no. 3 (May 17, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4043476.

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Recently, microchannel heat sinks have been emerged as a kind of high performance cooling scheme to meet the heat dissipation requirement of electronics packaging and integration. In this study, an experimental investigation of subcooled flow boiling in a high-aspect-ratio rectangular microchannel was conducted with de-ionized water as the working fluid. In the experimental operations, the mass flux was varied from 200 to 400 kg/m2s and the imposed heat flux from 3 to 20 W/cm2 while the fluid inlet temperature was regulated constantly at 90 °C. The boiling curves, onset of nucleate boiling (ONB), and flow patterns of subcooled flow boiling were investigated with the aid of instrumental measurements and a high-speed camera. The slope of the boiling curves increased sharply once the superheat needed to initiate the onset of nucleate boiling was attained, with lower superheat required of boiling incipience for lower mass fluxes. Meanwhile, the initiative superheat and heat flux of onset of nucleate boiling were compared with the existing correlations in the literature with good agreement. As for the flow visualization images, slug flow and reverse backflow were observed, where transient local dryout as well as rewetting occurred. A facile image processing tool was developed to profile the transient development and progression of the liquid–vapor interface and partial dryout patches in microchannels, which proved that the physical quantities of bubble dynamics for the elongation period during subcooled boiling could be well detected and calculated.

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21

Däges, J., H. Gleiter, and J. H. Perepezko. "Superheating of Metallic Crystals." MRS Proceedings 57 (1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-57-67.

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AbstractFor crystals that melt into fluid liquids, superheating of the solid has been detected in only a few cases. In these cases, a crystal was subjected to focused heating in the center. Under a high thermal gradient some interior superheating was possible, but usually only a few degrees or less. A new approach is reported for preparing samples which can exhibit superheating under more uniform thermal conditions. To exclude the vapor from contact with the crystal a continuous coating is developed with a melting temperature in excess of that for the pure core crystal. For single crystal spherical Ag samples with a diameter of about 130 μm the free surface was coated with a continuous higher melting point layer of Au to inhibit surface initiated melting of silver at its melting point. The coated Ag crystals were observed to exhibit superheating of at least 7.5 K above the melting point of pure Ag for time periods of the order of one minute. Under the experimental conditions used, internal stresses could be excluded as the reason for the observed increase in the melting onset temperature of Ag. The superheating duration is related to the interdiffusion between the coating layer and the core crystal. Some microstructural observations and electron microprobe composition scans also relate to the observed superheating behavior. The results seem to disagree with lattice stability models of melting and may open the way to the study of crystals in the metastable superheated state.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Superheated liquid detector'

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