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Rossetti, Lavinia. "Super Air : The asthma inhaler for superheroes." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45143.
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Nobody can live without oxygen. What happens when you have a chronic disorder that prevents the oxygen from reaching your lungs? This condition is called asthma and affects millions of people. Symptoms might be from a wheezing to a severe asthma attack with airways obstruction. It is difficult, above all for children, to accept a condition that might unexpectedly come anytime. The Super-air inhaler is thought as a Super Hero, the worship the child has for the Hero will make the child feel strong and he will not feel ashamed of using it when having an attack. The inhaler has also been designed to make it easy for the child to take his medicine during the day and at night time too.
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Van, de Water Wesley Colin. "The Bat and the Spider: A Folkloristic Analysis of Comic Book Narratives." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4870.
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This thesis examines and argues that superhero narratives, beginning with their comic book origins in the early twentieth century, exhibit many of the qualities found in folklore. Furthermore, these narratives not only demonstrate a folkloric evolution across multi-media formats, including printed work, television, and film, but that they fit within classic hero narrative structures posited by various folklore theorists. The hero theories presented by Lord Raglan, Vladimir Propp, and Joseph Campbell, along with traditional folklore patterns of dynamism and conservatism discussed by Barre Toelken, Alan Dundes, and others, support the assertion that folklore can, and does, exist and propagate in the mass media popular culture sphere. What follows is an academic analysis of core folklore elements, as well as a presentation of how these core qualities can be found in superhero narratives, and how the discipline of folklore may benefit from a study of these narratives.
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Brown, Jeffrey A. "New heroes, gender, race, fans and comic book superheroes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27882.pdf.
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Taylor, James. "Hollywood superheroes : the aesthetics of comic book to film adaptation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/93641/.
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This thesis develops a theoretically-informed approach with which to analyse the aesthetics of the adaptation of superhero comic books into blockbuster films. Pervasive modes of thinking present superhero blockbusters as artistically degraded products that are not worthy of aesthetic analysis. I demonstrate that exploring the ways in which superhero blockbusters adapt comic book style and form reveals aesthetic sophistication and multiplicities of meaning. Engaging with comic book and film history also enables me to identify ways in which superhero blockbusters have contributed to the development of Hollywood’s blockbuster filmmaking paradigm. My approach combines models and concepts from studies of adaptation that employ poststructuralist theory. This theoretical framework explains transformations that content may undergo as it is adapted between the different forms available to comics and film, and enables examination of dialogues occurring in the vast networks of intertexts in which superhero blockbusters are situated. After my review of literature establishes the thesis’ theoretical underpinnings, my chapters undertake close textual analysis of three distinct case studies. The selection of case studies allows me to continue to develop my approach by examining different superhero archetypes, alongside significant contexts, trends and technologies that impact Hollywood blockbusters. Chapter one looks at the first superhero blockbuster, Superman: The Movie (1978). I begin by outlining, and exploring relations between, the range of Superman texts released prior to the film. Doing so reveals the qualities of the intertextual networks that comprise a superhero franchise. I then analyse the strategies that Superman: The Movie deploys to adapt and enter the network of Superman texts, before situating the film in the context of the emerging blockbuster paradigm in 1970s Hollywood. Chapters two and three analyse films produced in the twenty-first century, as superhero blockbusters gained a central position in Hollywood production. Chapter two evaluates the aesthetics of the Spider-Man trilogy (2002, 2004 and 2007) in relation to two contexts that are often considered to have facilitated the superhero blockbuster’s twenty-first century success: the increasing use and sophistication of digital filmmaking technologies in Hollywood, and the contemporary sociopolitical climate. Looking at the representation of bodies and space elucidates the ways in which the films incorporate digital filmmaking technologies into their adaptive practices and offer a sociopolitical commentary. Chapter three examines the strategies that films produced by Marvel Studios, with particular focus on team film The Avengers (2012), deploy to adapt the model of seriality that superhero comic books use to interconnect multiple series in a shared diegesis. The analysis focuses on ways in which The Avengers uses bodies and space to compress the expansive diegetic universe into a single film, and interrogates how these strategies shape the film’s sociopolitical meanings. My case studies demonstrate that the approach developed in this thesis illuminates the complex and equivocal meanings that the adaptive practices of superhero blockbusters generate.
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Woods, Brittany Nicole. "The International Community's Response to the Hypothetical Emergence of Superheroes." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1510.
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In a golden era for comic based media, this paper uses the hypothetical emergence of superheroes to analyze the assumptions and predictions of three international relations theories: realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Comics consistently reflect the real world, paralleling events and concepts discussed in foreign affairs dialogues. The thought experiment, and the comic genre itself, provides a vehicle for thinking broadly about the political and social ramifications of successful or failed problem solving, state interaction, and scientific advances.
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Gillenwater, Chelsea R. "Enemy Mine." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4215.
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This thesis comprises the opening of a novel-in-progress, which takes place in an alternate universe where certain ordinary humans are born with superpowers. One superpowered public hero, Captain Frost, attempts to save a notorious, superpowered criminal called the Terror, in the hopes of interrogating him about a recent spate of superhero deaths—but the Terror’s sudden death casts doubt on Frost’s ability to handle the case. Meanwhile, a team of powered and non-powered criminals, among them a scientist who calls himself Dr. Fiend, scheme to fill the power vacuum left by the Terror. Dr. Fiend commits to a break-in that will allow him to examine the Terror’s body for evidence of how he was able to repeatedly defeat Frost and how his strategy and skills might be used to undermine Frost’s control of the city.
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Mims, Sarah E. "The first adventure of Raspberry and Lime : a futuristic screenplay /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131559243.pdf.
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White, Daniel. "To Be a Hero - First You Must Believe That You Are a Hero." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17999.
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To make an omelette, you must break a few eggs! Some individuals would argue that, to make the world a better place, you must break a few social and legal constraints. The belief that social norms and the law are unjust and hinder social improvement is not uncommon. Most individuals at times imagine how they could make the world a better place if only they were free from the shackles of society and the law. The majority do not follow up these views with behaviour due to the costs involved. A small subset of altruists, however, pursue their prosocial desires and goals via behaviors that would be classified as antisocial. Due to the high costs involved in such behavior, these individuals are Extreme altruists. Comparatively little research has been done on the phenomenon of Extreme Altruism. This research seeks to address that. A literature review of the Dark Triad suggested that individuals high in antisocial personality traits are not incapable of acting prosocial as originally considered. Instead their reliance on cognitive empathy may direct them towards utilitarian approaches of helping others. Furthermore, a systematic review of the positive relationship between prosocial behaviour and antisocial traits suggests that narcissists and psychopaths are capable of altruism, if given the means to express this behaviour. The lack of evidence of such expression may be due to an inherent bias in the reporting of such individuals’ actions. An extreme altruist subculture, the Real Life Superhero movement (RLSH), was used to test the proposed relationship between antisocial traits and extreme altruism. Analysis suggests that components within the narcissism spectrum may be the most likely candidates to be related to extreme altruism. The findings of this thesis not only support the proposal that traits from within the antisocial personality continuum can fuel the extreme altruism but also suggest an exciting new direction for research into altruism as a whole.
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Lewis, A. David. "The superhero afterlife subgenre and its hermeneutics for selfhood through character multiplicity." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/32028.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityComic book superheroes venture frequently into the afterlife, to the extent that the recurring conventions of such tales constitute a superhero subgenre. These generic elements help ensure that the stories can be read normatively by their audience (e.g. one's soul continues separately to function after the death of the body, existence after death is its own reality and discernible from illusion). The new subgenre, however, can also be regarded as masking an alternate understanding of narrative character and suggesting an alternative model of selfhood to readers. Beginning with the genre theory work of Paul Ricoeur, Tzvetan Todorov, and Peter Coogan, this project applies their perceived linkage between generic character and audience models for selfhood to the concerns of Helene Tallon Russell, J. Hillis Miller, and Karin Kukkonen. This second set of theorists warns against narrative characters being understood as whole and unified a priori when the presumably counterfactual idea of a multiple self better matches with the goals of religious pluralism and healthful self-understanding. Through these combined sets of theoretical lenses, the project focuses on popular recent depictions of the afterlife in the word-and-image medium of top-selling comics titles such as Thor, Green Lantern, Fantastic Four, Planetary, and Promethea. The comics, with their dual sign systems and 'low-art' fringe status, provide a consideration of personal multiplicity more naturally than prose does alone. Jeffery Burton Russell and Andrew Delbanco recount modern Americans' declining investment in the afterlife, one steeped in traditionally Augustinian models of singular selfhood. As H.T. Russell champions in Irigaray and Kierkegaard: On the Construction of the Self, this model may serve more as a hindering relic than as a useful system for consideration of one's full selfhood. This superhero subgenre offers a hermeneutic for integrating multiplicity into religious practices and considerations of the afterlife.
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Hubbard, Ariel Elizabeth. "Stagnant Supers: Amplifying the Superhero Genre Through Novelistic Maturity." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6755.
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Few superhero scholars, if any, are discussing physical age or definitions of maturity. It seems Hollywood and consumers are reluctant to associate "adult" content with anything other than pornography, immature language, and excessive violence—a reluctance that should be explored by scholars and critics alike. Most superhero characters only reflect the insecurities of audiences who are currently undergoing the transition between adolescence and young adulthood. There are very few older, middle-aged, or retired superheroes depicted juggling the demands of a family along with their daring rescues. It is possible that superhero films could continue to enjoy longer, lasting success if they include more than the previously targeted immature audience. Live-action superhero films can target all ages more efficiently by avoiding the static "mature" audience narratives and presenting relatable and realistic adulthood with novelistic maturity along with adolescence and childhood.
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Corin, Gemma. "From "ambiguously gay duos" to homosexual superheroes the implications for media fandom practices /." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2367.
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Despite traversing the fine line between homosocial and homosexual (Brooker, 2000) in his controversial text Seduction of the Innocent, Fredric Wertham's (1954) description of Batman and Robin as a 'wish dream of two homosexuals living together' (Lendrum, 2004, p.70) represents one of the first published queer readings of superhero characters. This text can also be interpreted as the commencement of, and subsequent intense interest in the way superhero characters often portray a 'camp' sensibility (Medhurst, 1991) representative of a queer performative identity (Butler, 1993). This is most evident today within comic book fan-communities online where the sexual identity of popular superheroes are continuously explored and debated in discussion forums and expressed through the production of slash fiction and queer-themed fan art. Indeed, the ambiguity inherent in superhero comics has traditionally allowed and encouraged fans to operate as 'textual poachers' (Jenkins, 1992) appropriating these texts for their own means. Today, however, there exist a new generation of comic book superheroes, in the form of the Young Avengers, Uncanny X-Men and The Authority, which contain established 'out' gay characters. This paper will examine the implications of these series on the practice of fandom by analyzing fan reactions and responses to the manner in which the industry has opted to present a gay relationship between its superhero characters Wiccan and Hulkling and, Apollo and The Midnighter. The meaning of the shift from the 'implied' to 'actual' is examined in terms of fans' acceptance, resistance and desire to further appropriate the text.
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Bavlnka, Timothy. "Superheroes and Shamanism: Magic and Participation in the Comics of Grant Morrison." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1302288940.
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Zarate, Tabitha Rose-Ann. "UTILIZING VISUAL RHETORIC: A NEW APPROACH TO COMICS, SUPERHEROES, AND RED SUNS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/827.
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Comics and graphic texts require complex engagement from readers, engagement that relies on a developed understanding of text and image, and how they interact to create meaning. There are several theories about how readers engage with comics, many from comic creators themselves, and some from scholars in literature and composition. This project introduces an approach to comics utilizing visual rhetoric, which reconsiders the stricter text/image dynamics often conceptualized in Comics Studies, includes the reader as creator, and explores comics as collaboratively created texts. This approach is applied to Superman: Red Son, a popular text that focuses in on Superman, and Cold War politics, producing a critical conversation about American and Russian relations and their influences in a global context. This project has several goals: to legitimize the superhero comic as a place of important cultural power, to show the collaborative nature of comics, placing writers and artists in equal standing to the work they produce, and to introduce the reader as creator.
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Rosberg, Caitlin. "Capers: Would you rather we wear spandex?" Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1178290210.
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Milosavljevic, Filip, and Philip Wernersson. "Kvinnliga superhjältar i en maskulin värld : En jämförelse av tre kvinnliga superhjältar på film och i tv-serier mellan 1974 - 2020." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44038.
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In this essay, we examine how three female superheroes in movies are portrayed and how that role has changed over time. We have chosen to examine Wonder woman, Supergirl and Black widow. The time period exanimated was a period between 1974 and 2020. The time period was chosen by availability to material from real feature movies and TV series. The purpose of the essay is to investigate whether there are any general differences in how female superheroes have been portrayed in movies and in TV series during the specified time period. What we examine is whether they have been sexualized, both in appearance and personality. We selected a goal-oriented selection that has been made of the movies and TV series we examined. Our findings indicate that the portrayal of these female super heroes has over time changed by increasing the depth of emotions. Our first analysis showed that the first portrayal did not include emotions but later on in the new movies and TV series we can find that the heroes have a more emotional story line and character. In the first movies and TV series, the superheroes do not encounter any major problems other than having to save the world, in the 2010s the storyline goes in to more depth and they face difficulties in managing their superpowers or having to deal with their past. The category of superpowers has not changed among the characters if we ignore Wonder woman. Clothes are from the beginning something that sexualized the characters and does not change over time, however, the sexualization of the superheroes' clothes is questioned in the later movies and TV series. We can also see a pattern of the female characters having feminine traits. The portrayal of a female as tender and maternal has over time not changed but there is a change over time in giving female characters’ other traits like aggression.
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Hooper, Tegan. "Is it easier to make superhero films with male protagonists? What the X-Men can tell us about the challenges of adapting female superheroes to film." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/88379.
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This research investigates if it is easier to adapt male superheroes to commercially successful films, using the adaptation of X-Men as a case study. Reviewing existing interviews and sales data identifies concerns affecting the selection of film protagonists. These concerns are compared to stereotypical gender differences in X-Men comics that inspired the films. This analysis finds that because of these differences, male superheroes can more easily be adapted than female superheroes, to commercially successful films.
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DeGalan, Anna Jean. "Crescendos of the Caped Crusaders: An Evolutionary Study of Soundtracks From DC Comics' Superheroes." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1598268218822254.
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Rohrdanz, Jessica Lynn. "Superheroes for a Superpower: Batman, Spider-Man and the Quest for an American Identity." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1242442545.
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Cruz, Gabriel Arnoldo. "Superheroes & Stereotypes: A Critical Analysis of Race, Gender, and Social Issues Within Comic Book Material." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1542044502896871.
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Ernsth, Bravell Gunnar. "The Super-Male and the Super-Female : Gender Criticism in Watchmen." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-42767.
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This essay aims to analyze if the graphic novel Watchmen criticizes the conventions of the superhero comic genre in regards to gender. The literary theory applied is gender studies. The essay examines the visual portrayal of male and female characters, as well as the male-dominated narrative. The novel does, to some extent, satirize the genre conventions. This can be seen in the hyperbolic visual portrayals of the characters, as well as the comments made on them. However, as there is a lack of self-aware criticism, the novel could not be considered as a satire of the visual representation of genders within the genre, but rather a reinforcement of them. Furthermore, the male-dominated narrative is present in Watchmen, and Laurie could be seen as satirizing this genre convention, as she is a hyperbolic interpretation of the girlfriend archetype. However, there is little change or self-aware critique against the genre norms here as well, thus it cannot be considered satire. Laurie does, however, show criticism of the violence against women within the genre by making a number of comments on the attempted rape of her mother. This may not be satire but she does provide commentary of this trope. In conclusion, while there are instances of criticism, the novel as a whole cannot be considered satire of the superhero genre.
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Sjöström, Thomas. "Maskerade åsikter: Den popkulturella propagandamaskinen : En överblick av amerikanska serietidningarsom politisk uttryckssätt under åren 1950-2000." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15281.
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Mitt arbetes syfte är att på kronologiskt och tematiskt vis presentera och analysera de olikasätt på vilka politiska åsikter och samhällsmässiga problem har presenterats och beartbetats i amerikanska serietidningar under tiden mellan 1950 och år 2000, samt att undersöka hur serietidningen i sig har utvecklats som medium under samma tidsperiod. Mitt arbete är först uppdelat i tidsperioder om tio år och sedan inom olika tematiska underrubriker som avser att behandla viktiga politiska eller branschrelaterade aspekter. Den tidigare forskningen jag tagit del av är uteslutande engelskspråkig och innefattar bl.a Bradford W. Wrights Comic Book Nation, Paul Lopes Demanding Respect och Fredrik Strömbergs Comic Art Propaganda som alla behandlar den amerikanska serietidningens utveckling och delvis deras politiska innehåll. De källor jag använt mig av är en hel uppsjö avamerikanska seriepublikationer från de tre största förlagen i USA, Marvel Comics, DC Comics och Image Comics med inledande fokus på de två förstnämnda. Jag kommer i mitt arbete fram till att serietidningarna gått från att vara ett politiskt drivetmedie under 50-talet, till att vara ett som lägger mer fokus på de enskilda individerna och karaktärsutveckling. Utvecklingen har också medfört att serietidningarna överlag blivit alltmörkare och hårdare, inte nödvändigtvis med ett större fokus på våld, men i alla fall en större acceptans för det våldsamma. 50-talet har fokus på den allmäna kommunistskräcken och den produktionskod som begränsade och censurerade serietidningarnas innehåll. 60-talet visar på en uppenbar rädsla och osäkerhet för mängden ny teknologi som kom under den här tiden samtidigt som man också lägger stor fokus på medborgarrätt och jämställdhet. Under 70-talet börjar mediets resa mot det mörkare och den produktionskod man hittils följt faller allt mer bort när våld och droger tillåts ta allt större plats samtidigt som de flesta politiska kommentarer försvinner. Under den moderna eran, från mitten av 80-talet och frammåt består den mörka tematikenfrån 70-talet och tar nya intensiva vändningar framförallt med nya religiösa och okulta anspelningar.
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Gillespie, Ian Trent. "Social Supers: A Content Analysis of Non-Physical Aggressions in Popular Superhero Movies." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6127.
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In recent years superhero movies have skyrocketed in popularity, bringing with them plots and characters that tend to exhibit high levels of aggression. As social learners, humans often learn from what they observe, and especially emulate characters they admire – including fictional superheroes and villains. Consequently, this study content analyzed non-physical aggressions (verbal aggression, relational aggression, and violent ideation) in the top 25 highest grossing superhero movies between 2005 and 2015. Results found an average of 171.8 acts of non-physical aggression per movie. Females in these movies were also significantly more likely to engage in verbal and relational aggressions, which contributes to gender stereotypes about aggression. Unfortunately, due to a failure in intercoder reliability testing, these results are unreliable.
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Söderström, Gardevåg Rebecka. "Challenging Adamant Norms : An analysis of the portrayal of childhood and gender in the Handbook for Superheroes books." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Barn, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160208.
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Children’s literature is one of many important influences of childhood socialization and teaches children about contemporary society. Therefore, it is important to understand what messages children’s literature convey. In this thesis, I analyze four contemporary, Swedish graphic novels, aimed at children between the ages of six and nine years old. My research questions are: how do the studied books portray children and childhood? And how do the books portray the intersectional positions of girlhood and boyhood? To gather and analyze my data, I used close reading and thematic analysis. This process resulted in three themes, which I call: ‘a child in need of protection or the competent child’, ‘the gender-neutral superhero or the gendered superhero’ and ‘constructing girlhood and boyhood’. The results show that the books depict children in two ways; either as dependent and vulnerable or as competent agents. This relates to traditional, developmental understandings of children as well as understandings of children as formulated by the new paradigm for the study of childhood. Moreover, the results problematize the role of the superhero, specifically the ways in which the books explicitly gender the superhero in the text and portrays what could either be interpreted as a gender-neutral or an implicitly masculine superhero in the illustrations. Finally, the results indicate that the books depict girlhood and boyhood as contrasting identities. In conclusion, the authors of the books seem interested in challenging conventional norms regarding children and childhood, in line with a larger trend among Swedish children’s literature. At the same time, the books also convey traditional norms regarding both girlhood and boyhood, such as by the clear markers of age and gender in the illustrations.Barnlitteratur är en av många viktiga influenser på barndomssocialisation och lär barn om det samtida samhället. Därför är det viktigt att förstå vilka budskap som barnlitteratur förmedlar. I denna uppsats analyserar jag fyra samtida svenska grafiska noveller riktade till barn mellan sex och nio år. Mina frågeställningar är: hur skildrar de studerade böckerna barn och barndom? Och hur skildrar böckerna de intersektionella positionerna flickskap och pojkskap? För att samla in och analysera min data har jag använt mig av närläsning och tematisk analys. Denna process resulterade i tre teman som jag kallar: ’ett barn i behov av skydd eller det kompetenta barnet’, ’den genusneutrala superhjälten eller den könade hjälten’ och ’att konstruera flickskap och pojkskap’. Resultaten visar att böckerna skildrar barn på två sätt: antingen som utsatta och i beroendeställning eller som kompetenta agenter. Dessa relaterar till traditionella, utvecklingsmässiga förståelser av barn liksom förståelser av barn så som de formulerats av det nya paradigmet för studiet av barndom. Dessutom problematiserar resultaten superhjälterollen, specifikt det sätt på vilket böckerna explicit könar superhjälten i text och porträtterar vad som antingen kan tolkas som en genusneutral eller en implicit maskulin superhjälte i illustrationerna. Till sist så indikerar resultaten att böckerna skildrar flickskap och pojkskap som kontrasterande identiteter. Sammanfattningsvis så verkar författarna av böckerna intresserade av att utmana konventionella normer rörande barn och barndom, i linje med en större trend bland svenska barnböcker. Samtidigt så skildrar böckerna också traditionella normer gällande både flickskap och pojkskap, så som genom de tydliga markörerna för ålder och genus i illustrationerna.
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Jeansonne, Christopher Clemens. "Superheroes in the Classroom, Or: An Autoethnography of Great Power, Responsibility, and Community in a Critical Media Pedagogy." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563466464243994.
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Jeffery, Scott W. "Superhuman, transhuman, post/human : mapping the production and reception of the posthuman body." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19464.
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The figure of the cyborg, or more latterly, the posthuman body has been an increasingly familiar presence in a number of academic disciplines. The majority of such studies have focused on popular culture, particularly the depiction of the posthuman in science-fiction, fantasy and horror. To date however, few studies have focused on the posthuman and the comic book superhero, despite their evident corporeality, and none have questioned comics’ readers about their responses to the posthuman body. This thesis presents a cultural history of the posthuman body in superhero comics along with the findings from twenty-five, two-hour interviews with readers. By way of literature reviews this thesis first provides a new typography of the posthuman, presenting it not as a stable bounded subject but as what Deleuze and Guattari (1987) describe as a ‘rhizome’. Within the rhizome of the posthuman body are several discursive plateaus that this thesis names Superhumanism (the representation of posthuman bodies in popular culture), Post/Humanism (a critical-theoretical stance that questions the assumptions of Humanism) and Transhumanism (the philosophy and practice of human enhancement with technology). With these categories in mind the thesis explores the development of the posthuman in body in the Superhuman realm of comic books. Exploring the body-types most prominent during the Golden (1938-1945), Silver (1958-1974) and contemporary Ages of superheroes it presents three explorations of what I term the Perfect Body, Cosmic Body and Military-Industrial Body respectively. These body types are presented as ‘assemblages’ (Delueze and Guattari, 1987) that display rhizomatic connections to the other discursive realms of the Post/Human and Transhuman. This investigation reveals how the depiction of the Superhuman body developed and diverged from, and sometimes back into, these realms as each attempted to territorialise the meaning and function of the posthuman body. Ultimately it describes how, in spite of attempts by nationalistic or economic interests to control Transhuman enhancement in real-world practices, the realms of Post/Humanism and Superhumanism share a more critical approach. The final section builds upon this cultural history of the posthuman body by addressing reader’s relationship with these images. This begins by refuting some of the common assumptions in comics studies about superheroes and bodily representations. Readers stated that they viewed such imagery as iconographic rather than representational, whether it was the depiction of bodies or technology. Moreover, regular or committed readers of superhero comics were generally suspicious of the notion of human enhancement, displaying a belief in the same binary categories -artificial/natural, human/non-human - that critical Post/Humanism seeks to problematize. The thesis concludes that while superhero comics remain ultimately too human to be truly Post/Humanist texts, it is never the less possible to conceptualise the relationship between reader, text, producer and so on in Post/Humanist terms as reading-assemblage, and that such a cyborgian fusing of human and comic book allow both bodies to ‘become other’, to move in new directions and form new assemblages not otherwise possible when considered separately.
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Monk, Ryan Michael. "Pretty/Violent: Cinematic Action Heroines From 2015 to 2020." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1617382007581432.
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Plencner, Joshua. "Four-Color Political Visions: Origin, Affect, and Assemblage in American Superhero Comic Books." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18748.
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This project develops extant theories of political affect and relational identification and affinity formation by tracing how the visual images of an understudied archive--American superhero comic books--work to build multiple, alternative, fitful, inchoate, and sometimes radically creative spaces for visions of the political to take shape and develop over time. By analyzing and interpreting the generic superhero phenomenon of origin stories in comic books and by mapping the formal and narrative techniques used to construct origin stories, I show how received understandings of power, order, justice, violence, whiteness, masculinity, and heteronormativity often linger outside of language in an analytically untapped relational space between bodies--the space of political affect. Visual images of superheroes thus do more than take up space within political sign-systems; I argue them as material engines of affect, as engines of potential and usefully critical political identities and affinities. Superhero comic books, a cultural form often disregarded as childish or even ideologically dangerous, are thus recovered in this project as theoretically complex, offering speculative feminisms, anti-racism, and queer temporalities that link these popular objects of visual culture to ongoing traditions of utopianism and foundational revisionism within American political culture.
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Moore, Abigail. "With Great Power: A Narrative Analysis of Ethical Decisions in Superhero Films." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/558570.
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Media & CommunicationM.A.
This study examines ethical decision-making processes as practiced by the cultural mythic hero of our time: the superhero. This study conducts a rhetorical narrative analysis of three key superhero films (The Dark Knight, Captain America: Civil War, Avengers: Infinity War) to locate moments when superhero characters make ethical decisions. The study evaluates their decision-making process using three ethical frameworks selected for their popularity in ethics courses as well as their relevance to the subject material; deontology, virtue ethics, and utilitarianism. Superheroes are famous for doing ‘the right thing’, and the purpose of this study is to determine to what degree these films function as an ethics education tool for the public which consumes them. In other words: do these films have a potential to instruct the viewer in answering ‘what is right’? This study looks closely at the ethical decision-making process in superhero films and determines the ways in which superhero films may indicate a potential for teaching ethical theory when these characters make the moral decisions for which they are famed. This study determined that utilitarianism and virtue ethics are both highly visible in superhero films, but rather than serving as a medium for learning, these films build and glorify a cult of personality. Ultimately, these films create messages which encourage the viewer to blindly accept ethical decisions made by the powerful, and to tolerate – and even crave – a tyrannical ruler. Because of the cultural impact these films have, a propagandistic message like this reaches millions of people, and it is vital to understand what the contents of that message are.
Temple University--Theses
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Shively, Bradyn M. "Men in Tights, Women in Tighter Tights: How Superheroes Influence and Inform the Perceptions of Gender and Morality in Children and Adolescents." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1482164420864626.
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Covich, Anna-Maria Ruth. "Alter/Ego: Superhero Comic Book Readers, Gender and Identities." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7262.
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The academic study of comic books - especially superhero comic books - has predominantly focused on the analysis of these books as texts, as teaching and learning resources, or on children as comic book readers. Very little has been written about adult superhero comic fans and their responses to superhero comics. This thesis explores how adult comic book readers in New Zealand engage with superhero comics. Individual interviews and group conversations, both online and face-to-face, provide insights into their responses to the comics and the characters as well as the relationships among fans. Analysis of fans’ talk about superhero comics includes their reflections on how masculinities are represented in these comics and the complex ways in which they identify with superheroes, including their alter egos.
The thesis examines how superhero comic book readers present themselves in their interactions with other readers. Comics ‘geekdom’, fans’ interactions with one another and their negotiation of gendered norms of masculinity are discussed. The contrast between the fan body and the superhero body is an important theme. Readers’ discursive constitution and management of superheroes’ bodies, and their engagement with representations of superheroes are related to analyses of multiplicity in individual identities and current theories of audience reception and identification.
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Edholm, Rosalie. "Portrait: A Graphic Novel and Artist's Book." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/24.
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At this exact moment, graphic novels are enjoying a heyday of popularity, profusion and attention. As the graphic novel medium matures and detaches itself from the “non-serious” reputation of comics, it is becoming clear that graphic novels are a powerful and effective art form, using the both verbal and the visual to relay their narratives. Portrait, the short graphic novel that is my senior art project, is intended to emphasize the artist’s book character of the graphic novel, and serve as an example of how a graphic novel’s artist’s book characteristics allow communication of the artist’s message effectively.
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Cardoso, Pablo Ribeiro. "Biotecnologias e super-heróis: aproximações pós-humanistas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21577.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This research has as its main objective to discuss overcoming the organic limits of the body through biotechnological interventions, taking as basis the superhero characters. Starting from the field of changes in the biopowers listed by Nikolas Rose and the anthropogenic effects of biotechnologies, it initially seeks to understand the emergence of the posthuman concept and how it implies new ways of thinking the body in the contemporary, especially from the proposals for human enhancement. The posthuman is thought of as an umbrella term to refer to a variety of different movements and schools of thought, including scientific, philosophical, artistic, and mystical discussions of the most varied aspects. Aiming to offer contributions on the subject, contemporary projects of human enhancement through biomedical/biotechnology paths are studied, thus excluding from this research transcendental approaches or the ones that preach the total substitution of the biological body for digital. Once these projects have been explored, based on Lucia Santaella's conceptualization of prostheses, ways of overcoming the limits of the human body through biotechnological interventions are discussed, with biotechnological hybridization of the new prostheses as the main focus. Choosing superheroes as interlocutors in this debate, the research rescues their historical and social backgrounds, delineates who these characters are, and analyze the bodies portrayed by them, named by Scott Jeffery as superhuman bodies. It explores, therefore, the different ways in which superheroes illustrate the idea of an improved human body. Finally, to support the role of superheroes as basis of the discussions proposed in the research, the text dialogues with descriptions of adventures and images from comic books or films which these characters are the protagonists
Esta pesquisa tem como seu objetivo central discutir superação dos limites orgânicos do corpo a partir de intervenções biotecnocientíficas, tomando como disparadores os personagens super-heróis. Partindo do campo das mudanças no âmbito dos biopoderes elencadas por Nikolas Rose e dos efeitos antropogênicos das biotecnologias, busca-se inicialmente compreender a emergência do conceito pós-humano e como ele implica novos modos de se pensar o corpo no contemporâneo, especialmente a partir das propostas de melhoramento humano. O pós-humano é pensado como um conceito guarda-chuva que abriga uma multiplicidade de saberes que envolvem tanto discussões científicas quanto filosóficas, artísticas e místicas das mais variadas vertentes. Visando oferecer contribuições acerca do tema, são estudados projetos contemporâneos de melhoramento humano por vias biomédicas/biotecnocientíficas, excluindo, assim, dessa pesquisa as abordagens transcendentais ou que pregam a substituição total do corpo biológico pelo digital. Uma vez explorados tais projetos, fundamentados na conceituação de Lucia Santaella sobre próteses, são discutidos modos de superação dos limites do corpo humano a partir das intervenções biotecnológicas, com principal destaque para o hibridismo biotecnológico das novas próteses. Elegendo os super-heróis como interlocutores desse debate, a pesquisa resgata seus antecedentes históricos e sociais, delimita quem são esses personagens e analisa os corpos retratados por eles, nomeados por Scott Jeffery como corpos super-humanos. Explora-se, portanto, os diferentes modos em que os super-heróis ilustram a ideia de um corpo sobre-humano. Por fim, para sustentar o papel destinado aos super-heróis como disparadores das discussões propostas na pesquisa, o texto dialoga com descrição de aventuras e imagens oriundas de histórias em quadrinhos ou filmes protagonizados por essas figuras
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Mason, Paul James. "‘Page 1, Panel 1…” Creating an Australian Comic Book Series." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367413.
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What methods do writers and illustrators use to visually approach the comic book page in an American Superhero form that can be adapted to create a professional and engaging Australian hero comic?
The purpose of this research is to adapt the approaches used by prominent and influential writers and artists in the American superhero/action comic-book field to create an engaging Australian hero comic book. Further, the aim of this thesis is to bridge the gap between the lack of academic writing on the professional practice of the Australian comic industry. In order to achieve this, I explored and learned the methods these prominent and professional US writers and artists use. Compared to the American industry, the creating of comic books in Australia has rarely been documented, particularly in a formal capacity or from a contemporary perspective. The process I used was to navigate through the research and studio practice from the perspective of a solo artist with an interest to learn, and to develop into an artist with a firmer understanding of not only the medium being engaged, but the context in which the medium is being created. This means both in the American genre and its adaptation in Australia within the context of the local scene.Thesis (Professional Doctorate)
Doctor of Visual Arts (DVA)
Queensland College of Art
Arts, Education and Law
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Åberg, Johan. "Expanderande universum : Den amerikanska serieindustrins superhjälteuniversum och islam." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100018.
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This study examines how the American comic book industry’s output is addressing the issue of Islam and in which manner the portrayal of Islam in the great American comic book universes have changed since 2001. The comic books are examined from the postcolonial perspective as formulated by Chandra Mohanty and the power and resistance-perspective as formulated by Michel Foucault. Examination of the comic books reveals far greater focus on universal values, orthopraxy and inclusive perspectives than it does on dogmatic teachings, orthodoxy and sectarianism while at the same time partly relying on generalizations and archetypes concerning Islam. To change the power balance requires what I call intervention from the objective, that is to say that ambiguity regarding Muslim characters has to be eliminated by the narrative. This reveals the prominence of the so-called white assistance fantasy in superhero fiction.Den här studien granskar hur den amerikanska serieindustrins produktion bemöter ämnet islam och hur porträtteringen av islam i de stora amerikanska serieuniversumen förändrats sedan år 2001. Serietidningarna granskas genom det postkoloniala perspektivet formulerat av Chandra Mohanty och makt- och motståndsperspektivet av Michel Foucault. Granskning av serierna avslöjar långt större fokus på universella värden, ortopraxi och inkluderande perspektiv än dogmatiska läror, ortodoxi och sekterism samtidigt som man delvis förlitar sig på generaliseringar och arketyper rörande islam. För att ändra på maktbalansen behövs det ofta vad jag kallar intervention från det objektiva, det vill säga att tvetydighet om muslimska protagonister måste raderas av narrativet. Detta avslöjar den framträdande företeelsen av så kallade vit assistans-fantasier inom superhjältefiktion.
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Junior, Francisco de Assis Nascimento. "Crise de identidade: gênero e ciência nos quadrinhos de super-heróis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-07082017-155126/.
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Este trabalho analisa a influência das representações do diálogo gênero/ciência presentes na Cultura das Histórias em Quadrinhos de Super-Heróis na construção da identidade de gênero de seus consumidores. Utilizando bases da semiótica , buscamos compreender seus efeitos na construção da identidade de gênero e na relação que seus consumidores desenvolvem com a aprendizagem e o conhecimento das Ciências: em sua origem, os Quadrinhos representavam uma mídia de entretenimento descompromissado, fortemente ligado ao desenvolvimento cultural e econômico de sua sociedade de origem, mas no decorrer dos últimos anos do século XX e início do XXI, seus personagens evoluíram e passaram a convergir entre as muitas mídias de entretenimento disponíveis em nossa sociedade, que passaram a transmiti-los como produto, acompanhados de um discurso carregado por ideologias e valores sociais. Nossa pesquisa iniciou a partir de uma investigação das teorias dos Estudos Culturais e das questões de Gênero, seguida pelo levantamento histórico da origem da Cultura dos Quadrinhos de Super-Heróis até seu ponto focal: a publicação das aventuras dos dois primeiros super-heróis de cada gênero, Superman e MulherMaravilha, uma concepção binária. Com essa base teórica, desenvolvemos uma série de intervenções informais em um ambiente formal, sob a forma de oficinas ministradas a alunos de uma EMEF de tempo integral, no contra turno de suas aulas. A análise do material envolveu o uso de elementos da Semiótica de Greimas e da técnica DAST desenvolvida por Chambers (1983). Os resultados permitem concluir uma forte relação entre as representações de gênero e a propagação de estereótipos masculinos de cientistas na Cultura dos Quadrinhos de Super-Heróis. Indo além, este conhecido universo narrativo de predominância masculina se baseia da interpretação binária para gênero, estabelecendo uma ligação entre os atributos masculino/feminino e um conjunto de valores, no qual a Ciência é ligada somente ao masculino. Ao final, concluímos que a Cultura dos Quadrinhos de Super-Heróis desempenha um papel importante na formação da identidade de gênero de seus consumidores.This Thesis analyses the dialogue between gender / science representations in the Superheroes Comic Book Culture, starting from a semiotic study, to understand its effects on the construction of gender identity of its consumers and the vision they develop about learning and doing Science. In its origin, the Comic Books was an uncompromising entertainment media, with a strong link to the cultural and economic development of its society, present in their narratives. During the last years of the XX century and the arrival of the XXI, its characters evolved and converged between many media platform that become present in our society, thus making their speech, fulfilled with ideologies and social values, kind of omnipresent. Our research started with an investigation about how the Cultural Studies and Gender theories can be applied over the Culture of Comics of Superheroes, chasing its focal point: the publication of the adventures of the first two binary superheroes, Superman and Wonder-Woman. From this theoretical basis, we developed a series of informal interventions in a formal learning space, workshops that was ministered to students of a full-time School. The analysis of our data has been made using elements of the Greimas Semiotics and the Chambers (1983) DAST technique. Our results allow to conclude a strong relationship between gender representations and the propagation of scientists stereotypes in the Culture of Superheroes. Going further, this well-known narrative universe of masculine predominance bases itself on a binary gender interpretation, establishing a connection between masculine / feminine attributes and a set of values, in which Science is viewed as a masculine field of knowledge, acting as an important player in the formation of the gender identity of its readers.
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Buehner, R. James. "“I WARN YOU MING, STAY AWAY FROM MY FRIENDS!”:THE LANGUAGE OF SUPERHERO MYTHOLOGY IN FLASH GORDON." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1462995644.
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Nicosia, Matthew. "Performing the Female Superhero: An Analysis of Identity Acquisition, Violence, and Hypersexuality in DC Comics." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1476751594815625.
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Costa, Thiago Sanches. "O salto transmidiático dos super-heróis: HQ - Filme - Game." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18111.
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-30This research investigates the existent relations between digital transposition phenomenon and transmedia on a mutual influence context of comic book and game culture and its repercussions on digital storytelling structures. The methodological proposal is to read and deepen the relations between different concepts in search of its understanding process as a digital culture phenomenon, identifying as an historical action previous to transmedia storytelling: the transmediatic jump. For this, it uses superheroes, characters born in comic books at the beginning of the twentieth century, to show this path and the passage from the concept of transformation by the transmediatic jump to the transposition phenomenon and the transmedia object. It also show that the model object has philosophical, psychological, cultural and ontological features that made them leading figures on the modern entertainment industry that only exists on transmedia plurality. The research done is theoretical, as it s a study that looks forward to concept rebuilding and to enhance theoretical fundaments. The utilized method is bibliographic research, using prevailing materials about the theme, such as: Scott McCloud and Will Eisner as the main references about comic books structure and language; Gerard Jones research as the most used source about superheroes and its creators History; Joseph Campbell points the mythological way and Richard Reynolds connect it to superhero, central to comprehend storytelling that flows from a media support to other; and Janet Murray is the perfect complement to understand how this structures works at the digital game environment. This is how the superheroes transmedia jump, comics-movie-game, discussion base is formed
A pesquisa investiga a relação entre os fenômenos digitais da transposição e transmídia no contexto da mútua influência entre a cultura dos HQs e games e suas repercussões nas estruturas narrativas digitais. Metodologicamente propõe a leitura e o aprofundamento das relações entre os conceitos buscando o seu entendimento de processo enquanto fenômeno da cultura digital, identificando- os em uma ação história anterior à narrativa transmídia: o salto transmidiático. Para tanto, utiliza-se do movimento e história dos super-heróis, personagens nascidos nas histórias em quadrinhos (HQs) no início do século XX, para demonstrar este caminho e passagem do conceito de transformação do salto transmidiático para o fenômeno da transposição e o objeto transmídia. Mostra ainda que o objeto modelar (HQs) possui características filosóficas, psicológicas, culturais e ontológicas que os tornaram protagonistas da moderna indústria do entretenimento, a qual não existe senão na pluralidade transmídia. A pesquisa realizada é teórica, pois se trata de um estudo com vistas a reconstruir conceitos, para a melhoria de fundamentos teóricos. O método utilizado é a pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizando os materiais existentes acerca do tema, sendo: Scott McCloud e Will Eisner as principais referências sobre a estrutura e linguagem das HQs; os estudos de Gerard Jones a fonte mais utilizada no tocante à História dos superheróis e de seus criadores; Joseph Campbell indicando o caminho mitológico e Richard Reynolds conectando essa visão aos superheróis, fundamental para compreender as narrativas que seguem de um suporte midiático a outro; com Janet Murray sendo o complemento perfeito para o entendimento do funcionamento dessas estruturas no ambiente do game digital. Forma-se assim a base para a discussão do salto transmidiático dos super-heróis: HQ-Filme-Game
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Gomes, João Pedro Fernandes. "A construção intertextual de Mulher-Maravilha : o mítico, o maravilhoso e o super-heroico /." São José do Rio Preto, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192451.
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Orientador: Maria Celeste Tommasello RamosResumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado investiga trechos de duas fases da revista Mulher-Maravilha roteirizadas por George Pérez (1987-1992) e Greg Rucka (2016-2017). O eixo teórico utilizado é o do maravilhoso como gênero narrativo identificado por Marinho. A autora estabelece alguns critérios de inserção de narrativas nesse grupo, sendo um deles o da intertextualidade com outras narrativas maravilhosas. Acreditando que esse seja o principal modo pelo qual Mulher-Maravilha se enquadra nesse gênero, utilizamos os pressupostos Samoyault para explorar a relação da revista com alguns mitos e contos de fadas. Também é feita uma categorização de um dos volumes analisados segundo as funções do conto maravilhoso de Vladimir Propp, outro critério estabelecido por Marinho. As análises são acompanhadas de ponderações a respeito do modo como as esferas mítica e maravilhosa interagem com a super-heroica, bem como uma reflexão que mostra os motivos pelos quais a superaventura em quadrinhos propicia o uso da intertextualidade. A conclusão mostra que a intertextualidade com o maravilhoso é ampla em Mulher-Maravilha, e sempre está atrelada à revisão dos valores presentes nos mitos e contos. Alinha-se, portanto, à tendência presente desde sua criação de usar histórias canônicas de forma revisionista, questionando-as, reinterpretando-as e atualizando seus valores para os novos tempos.
Abstract: This master thesis investigates excerpts of two runs of the Wonder Woman comic book: those written by George Pérez (1987-1992) and Greg Rucka (2016-2017). The theoretical guideline is Marinho’s view of the marvelous as a narrative genre. The author establishes a few criteria for classifying narratives as part of this group, one of them being the intertextuality with other marvelous narratives. This work uses Samoyault’s studies regarding intertextuality to explore how the comic book relates to both myths and fairy tales, as this seems to be the main mode of operation of the marvelous genre in Wonder Woman. One of the volumes of stories is also examined through Propp’s functions of the wonder tale since this method is another of Marinho’s parameters. The analyses are accompanied by discussions on how the mythic and marvelous spheres interact with the superhero one, as well as a reflection about why superhero comics encourage their study through the means of intertextuality. The conclusion shows that the dialogue with marvelous stories is broad in Wonder Woman and that it is always tied to the revision of their values. Therefore, the comic is aligned to a typical tendency of the character since her creation: using canonical stories in a revisionist fashion, questioning and reinterpreting them in a way that updates their values to the new times.
Mestre
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Welty, Justin. "Superfriends for Life: An Analysis of the Relantionship Between the DC Comics "Trinity" in the "New 52" Justice League." Digital Commons @ Butler University, 2017. https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/grtheses/490.
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The focus of this thesis is to look at Geoff John's Justice League in the "New 52" universe. More specifically, the research concentrates on the relationship of the members of DC Comics "Trinity," Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman. The three heroes have a special relationship that spans over 75 years, and now, with the "New 52," there is an opportunity to examine the relationship from its beginning to its end in the modern era of comic book history. The scope of this project will span eight graphic novels and five years of storytelling. To properly evaluate the relationship of "The Trinity" this thesis will look at research on friendship, interpersonal relationships, and management styles, all through the lens of a thorough character study on each hero. In the end, "The Trinity" will grow from uneasy allies to friends to family. They will solidify their relationship through fighting for their lives, making mistakes together, and ultimately saying goodbye to each other. This thesis will find their relationship is unique amongst comic book characters and should be considered the archetype for all the superhero teams that would come after their creation. Moving forward, to build upon this research one should take the analysis approach followed in this thesis and apply it to either the "Rebirth" version of the Justice League or the 2017 Justice League film which also will feature a version of "The Trinity"
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Kilbourne, Kylee. "With Great Power: Examining the Representation and Empowerment of Women in DC and Marvel Comics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/433.
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Throughout history, comic books and the media they inspire have reflected modern society as it changes and grows. But women’s roles in comics have often been diminished as they become victims, damsels in distress, and sidekicks. This thesis explores the problems that female characters often face in comic books, but it also shows the positive representation that new creators have introduced over the years. This project is a genealogy, in which the development of the empowered superwoman is traced in modern age comic books. This discussion includes the characters of Kamala Khan, Harley Quinn, Gwen Stacy, and Barbara Gordon and charts how these four women have been empowered and disempowered throughout their comic canon. It rejects the lens of postfeminism and suggests that an intersectional feminism is still needed in today’s ever-evolving and diversifying world. Popular culture must be representative of everyone, and today’s women authors will be the driving force of diversity in comic books.
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Ghirotti, Joaquim Cardia. "Frank Miller e os quadrinhos pelo que vale a pena morrer." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27154/tde-05092017-092333/.
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As décadas de 1980-1990 marcam um ponto importante da história das revistas de quadrinhos de super-heróis. Mudanças no mercado, no público, na política, nos debates morais e culturais do momento ofereceram um cenário propício para novos desenvolvimentos no gênero super-herói. Esse quadro é cercado pelo pós-modernismo, a urbanização, a contracultura, mudanças nas artes e condições políticas que se desenvolvem da Guerra Fria, geograficamente centrada entre a Europa e os Estados Unidos, para a Guerra do Iraque, o que desloca atenções geopolíticas e conflitos para o Oriente Médio. Os quadrinhos de super-herói passam a oferecer maior liberdade temática para seus autores, e discussões sobre direitos autorais ganham força. Este cenário dispõe das condições para que alguns autores pudessem levar os super-heróis para discussões diferentes das décadas precedentes, permitindo o surgimento de trabalhos significativos, de autores que marcam suas obras abordando os super-heróis de forma pessoal. A presente pesquisa procura entender como o autor de histórias em quadrinhos Frank Miller se posicionou diante de uma determinada área de produção artística, utilizando-se das revistas de super-herói para discutir posicionamentos ideológicos, e reforçar seu caráter mítico e simbólico. Utilizando princípios da história cultural desenvolvidos por autores como Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske e Barzun, contextualiza-se a trajetória das histórias em quadrinhos até os anos 1980 e 1990, estabelecendo as condições da mídia quando do trabalho do artista. Para posicionar Miller em relação a seu mercado e suas relações de produção, são utilizadas as ferramentas analíticas de Michael Baxandall, que oferecem um modelo interpretativo das relações que se dão na produção artística. Finalmente, observam-se as abordagens temáticas e morais de sua obra, com seu contexto dentro de uma trajetória na história cultural. Para isso, traça-se um panorama que discute como a obra de Miller atualiza a jornada do herói de Joseph Campbell, utilizando-se da cultura popular para fazer um diálogo entre discussões morais, históricas e políticas, por meio de uma construção de narrativas heroicas que operam como mitos populares modernos e parâmetros civilizacionais, carregando em si princípios, valores e ideias de uma cultura.The decades of 1980-1990 establish an important point in the history of comic books. Changes in the market, the audience, in politics and in the cultural and moral debates of the time offered a scenario which was welcoming to new developments on the super-hero genre. This moment is marked by post-modernism, urbanization, the counter-culture, changes in arts and the political conditions which develop from the Cold War, geographically centred between the United States and Europe, to the Iraq war, which moves the geopolitical attentions and conflicts to the Middle- East. Super-hero comics start offering wider thematic freedom to their authors, and discussions about creator\'s rights gain momentum. This scenario contains the conditions for some of these authors to take super-heroes to discussions which are different from the ones happening in the preceding decades, allowing the emergence of important works, made by authors which marked their work in a very personal manner. This research seeks to understand how comic-book author Frank Miller has positioned himself before an area of artistic production, using super-hero comics, and comics in general, to discuss moral positions, and to underline their mythical and symbolic character. Exercising principles of cultural history developed by authors like Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske and Barzun, we situate the trajectory of comics from their inception as magazines until the 1980s and 1990s, establishing which were the conditions of this medium when Miller produced the works we look at. To understand Miller in relation to his market and his production, we use the analytic tools of Michael Baxandall, which offer an interpretative model of the relationships which happen in artistic production. Finally, we observe the thematic and moral approaches of his work, with their context within a trajectory in cultural history. In order to perform this, we establish a context which discusses how Miller work updates Joseph Cambell\'s hero\'s journey, using popular culture to make connections between moral, political and historical debates, creating heroic narratives which operate as modern popular myths and as civilizational benchmarks, carrying with them the principles, values and ideas of a culture.
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Junior, Francisco de Assis Nascimento. "Quarteto fantástico: ensino de física, histórias em quadrinhos, ficção científica e satisfação cultural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-23042013-113427/.
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Dentro da área de Ensino de Ciências é possível identificar a existência da linha de trabalho que advoga o ensino de uma Física detentora de valor Cultural dentro de sala de aula. Trabalhos como os de Zanetic (1989) sugerem que a Física, por não ser desprovida de conteúdo ideológico e político seja ensinada nas escolas públicas dentro de um contexto sociocultural. Neste caminho, pretendemos contribuir para o diálogo entre a Física e a Cultura, em especial a Cultura de Massas, apresentando uma análise do potencial didático apresentado pela Leitura de Histórias em Quadrinhos de Ficção Científica dentro da sala de aula em um curso de Física. Utilizamos como referenciais para a relação entre Física e Cultura os trabalhos de George Snyders (1988) C.P. Snow (1959) e do próprio Zanetic (1989). A relação entre História em Quadrinhos e Educação foi analisada a partir dos trabalhos do prof. Waldomiro Vergueiro (2009) da ECA-USP e de outros estudiosos da área. Para iluminar o laço entre a Ficção Científica e o Ensino de Física, nos baseamos na teoria de análise dos pólos temáticos desenvolvida por Piassi (2007). Como demonstraremos adiante, o diálogo entre a Física, as Histórias em Quadrinhos de Ficção Científica e o período histórico-social que as produz é profundo, fazendo com que a leitura deste material em sala de aula possa fornecer o ponto de partida para o estudo de uma Física detentora de um perfil cultural, cujo domínio é capaz de levar o aluno ao questionamento, resultando em uma ação de mudança social. O recorte temático para estudo adotou as histórias do título em quadrinhos \"Quarteto Fantástico\", publicado originalmente desde 1962 e cujo lançamento pode ser considerado uma resposta cultural as sucessivas derrotas enfrentadas pela sociedade norte-americana no campo da corrida espacial. Exploraremos o panorama geral delineado pelos três números iniciais da publicação, responsáveis pela definição de uma matriz narrativa publicada de forma ininterrupta até os dias de hoje. Para fins de comparação adotamos as três primeiras aventuras de sua versão reformulada para o Século XXI após os eventos de 11 de Setembro de 2001, o chamado \"Quarteto Fantástico Ultimate\". Nosso objetivo é apresentar as relações entre a expressão artística da Ciência e os anseios sociais relacionados às descobertas científicas, apresentadas nos dois títulos. O resultado obtido evidencia que discutir uma História em Quadrinhos de Ficção Científica em sala de aula significa discutir a sociedade que as criou, fazendo com que a leitura crítica de um título possibilite ao aluno o contato com uma Física fruto da construção humana e detentora de um papel cultural.Within the area of Science Education it is possible to identify a line of work where several studies advocate the teaching of a Cultural Physics in the classroom. Authors such as Zanetic (1989) suggests that physics can be taught in public schools within a sociocultural context, because it is not devoid of ideological and political content. In this way, we intend to contribute to the dialogue between physics and culture, especially the mass culture, presenting an analysis of the didactic potential represented by reading Sci Fi comics during physics class. We used works such as George Snyders (1988) C.P. Snow (1959) and the very own Zanetic (1989) as references for the relationship between physics and culture. The relationship between Comics and Education was analyzed based on the studies of prof. Waldomiro Vergueiro (2009), ECA-USP and other scholars in the field. To illuminate the link between science fiction and physics teaching, we rely on the theory developed by Piassi (2007) for exploration of thematic poles. As we intend to demonstrate further, the dialogue between physics, sci fi comics and the socialhistorical period which produces it is deep, making the reading material in the classroom provide a starting point for the studies of physics with a cultural profile. This domain leads to questioning the student, which may result in an action for social change. The cutout theme adopted for the stories study is the comic book title \"Fantastic Four\", originally published in 1962 and whose release can be considered as a cultural response to the successive defeats faced by the American society throughout the space race, as will be demonstrated below. We explore the big picture outlined by the first three numbers of the publication, responsible for the definition of a matrix narrative published uninterruptedly up until the present day. For comparison purposes we will adopt the first three adventures of a reformulated version for the twenty-first century after the events of September 11, 2001, called \"Ultimate Fantastic Four\". Our goal is to demonstrate the relationship between expressive artistic science and social expectations related scientific findings, presented in both titles. As a result, we expect to demonstrate that discussing a sci fi comic book in the classroom means discussing the society that created them, making the critical reading of a title possible for the students to make contact with detaining physics that hold a cultural result of the human construction.
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Pinheiro, Victor Souza. "Mito Desmascarado: o super-herói Americano em Ex Machina." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9790.
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The terrorist attack that hit the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001, caused a historical impact in the United States of America, awakening in the country’s cultural industry a massive, patriotic reaction of endorsement of the War on Terror that followed. One of the centerpieces of that period, the American Superhero, however, was also mobilized to articulate criticism to the George W. Bush’s military campaign in some comics of the time, which also problematized the condition of that mythical figure of mass culture, a recognized nationalist symbol, during an increasingly contested government – by both the domestic population and the global community. This study aims to present the Ex Machina series, by Brian K. Vaughan and Tony Harris, as a radical example of this production, invoking the methodological support of Discourse Analysis to reveal the corrupt protagonist Mitchell Hundred (or The Great Machine ) – elected mayor of New York City after saving one of the Twin Towers on a reimagined September 11 – not only as a critical reflection of the Bush administration, but a demythifying appropriation of the American Superhero, one that invests itself with a critical view of the constitutive ideology of the superheroic paradigm and shows it as a reproduction of the redemptive and benevolent facade under which the USA imposes its international authority, in alleged missions for world peace, while obscure abuses and controversial geopolitical ambitions.
O ataque terrorista que atingiu o World Trade Center, em Nova York, no dia 11 de setembro de 2001, causou impacto histórico nos Estados Unidos da América, despertando na indústria cultural do país uma massiva reação patriótica de endosso à Guerra ao Terror que se seguiu. Uma das peças centrais desse período, o Super-herói Americano, porém, também foi mobilizado para articular críticas à campanha militar de George W. Bush em alguns quadrinhos da época, que ainda problematizaram a condição daquela figura mítica da cultura de massa, reconhecido símbolo nacionalista, durante um governo crescentemente contestado – tanto pela população doméstica quanto pela comunidade global. Este estudo se propõe a apresentar a série Ex Machina, de Brian K. Vaughan e Tony Harris, como um exemplar radical dessa produção, invocando o suporte metodológico da Análise do Discurso para revelar o corrompido protagonista Mitchell Hundred (ou A Grande Máquina) – eleito prefeito de Nova York após salvar uma das Torres Gêmeas num reimaginado 11 de Setembro – não apenas como reflexo crítico da administração Bush, mas uma apropriação desmitificadora do Super-herói Americano, que se investe de uma visão crítica da ideologia constitutiva do paradigma super-heroico e o evidencia como uma reprodução da fachada redentora e benevolente sob a qual os EUA impõem sua autoridade internacional, em supostas missões pela paz mundial, enquanto obscurecem abusos e ambições geopolíticas controversas.
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Nyberg, Evelin. "Leadership, assembled : A narrative analysis of the construction of leadership in relation to democracy in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame." Thesis, Jönköping University, HLK, Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53618.
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Superhero film is currently a popular form of entertainment, which during recent years has become political in its content. While research has previously shown that the superhero narrative carries messages of ideology and social issues, little is known of how the film genre communicates regarding leadership. Through examining the narratives in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, this study aims to explore how leadership is constructed in relation to democracy in a democratic context by using the United States as an example. The study utilises theorisations of democracy as well as representation theory, supplemented by three concepts borrowed from the leadership theory trait theory. The narrative analysis and the narrative plot points are used as method with a model of analysis to retrieve the empirical evidence. The study’s results show that the villain, while having a societal motivation which can be considered democratic, mostly represented nondemocratic traits. The superheroes mostly show democratic leadership, but they are not able to solve the conflict with the villain democratically. This suggests that the leadership constructed in a democratic context still contains some limitations, which could be connected to how nondemocratic actions are justified in some situations even in the democratic context.
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Hutton, Zina. "Queering The Clown Prince of Crime: A Look at Queer Stereotypes as Signifiers In DC Comics’ The Joker." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3702.
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The goal of this thesis is to explore the way heterosexism and homophobia are present in the coding that has created an implied and monstrous queer identity for the Joker, present in many versions of the character over the past forty years. Through close readings of several of the Joker’s most iconic appearances, queer theory texts, and analytical essays on pop culture, this paper will analyze the use of queer signifiers present in the comics and the way that these portrayals of the Joker are rife with harmful and heterocentric perceptions of what comic creators have seen as necessary signifiers for queerness. Additionally, I will be using knowledge gleaned from my own preexisting work with fan and cultural studies in order to talk about the way that this portrayal of the Joker has been developed within fandom/fan communities and how it is continually replicated in superhero media.
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Larsson, Vix. "Låt ingen komma undan : Hanteringen av främmande kroppar i Marvels filmuniversum." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25607.
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This essay examines the appearance of non-normative bodies in three films from the Marvel Cinematic Universe; The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), in an attempt to find qualities that might suggest queer, non-binary or gender disruptive attributes, in addition to looking at how the movies handle them. Using a combination of feminist film theory, queer theory and discourse analysis, the Otherness of these bodies are put into contrast with the normative and hegemonic gender expressions employed by the protagonists, the heroes of the films. While the study finds several indications of transgressive bodies and 'gender ambiguity' among the creatures and beings who play the part of inhuman threat, as well as the presence of discourses that paint them as threatening partly because of these qualities, they remain blurred and ill-defined, their queerness inferred rather than overt. The preferred reading, the analysis suggests, offers little in the way of identification, but all the more with regard to oppression. The way these bodies are treated in all three films implies that the tolerance for bodily deviance is virtually non-existent, and that a defining quality of masculine leadership is the ability to banish them from existence.
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Pelissier, Clément. "Quand la multimodalité narrative rencontre l’imaginaire multisensoriel des super-héros." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAL036.
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Les comic books, qui font partie du 9ème art avec la bande dessinée et le manga, constituent un pan important de la culture populaire et de l’imaginaire contemporain. Ils permettent d’attester de la persistance des super-héros, dont les aventures cycliques sont très appropriées à ce moyen d’expression. La variété des modes narratifs qui transmettent aujourd’hui les super-héros, depuis le cinéma jusqu’à nos univers virtuels contemporains, permet de questionner les enjeux de la fiction et sa vitalité. Ainsi les récits audio-visuels sont étudiés au même titre que ceux de papier.Cette multimodalité narrative de nos super-héros doit tenir compte de la vaste fresque que représentent leurs récits ; et ce sont des éléments représentatifs de mouvances éditoriales, historiques, ou encore sociales qui guident le choix de notre corpus d’étude, au travers des « Ages » de nos super-héros. L’imaginaire dynamique des personnages nous amène à retenir trois d’entre eux pour lesquels la multisensorialité et la moto-sensorialité sont l’essence même de leurs narrations. Cela permet de souligner l’apport des sciences cognitives dans l’analyse des ontologies de la fiction, de sorte que ces personnages intègrent parfaitement, en dépit des objections de Sperber & Hirschfeld (2004), les « fondations cognitives » de nos cultures. Nous défendons que les super-héros font partie des êtres fantastiques et nous utilisons pour leur analyse le cadre heuristique proposé dans Armand (2015), qui permet l’étude des êtres fantastiques repérés dans la Folkloristique en s’appuyant sur les acquis de l’Anthropologie Neuro-Cognitive. Ce cadre nous a permis d’analyser les pouvoirs multisensoriels de nos super-héros en termes d’intuitions, contre-intuitions et sur-intuitions, pour mieux approcher les mécanismes cognitifs qui fondent l’imaginaire des auteurs qui nous proposent ces héros tout autant que l’imaginaire de ceux qui y adhèrent.Batman, justicier costumé en chauve-souris, intègre dans sa lutte contre le crime les représentations de cet animal dans ce qu’il a de plus ambivalent dans nos imaginaires. Il reste toutefois incapable d’employer dans sa fiction une perception biologique naturelle du chiroptère : l’écholocation animale. Bien que connue du grand public, cette capacité demeure dans son fonctionnement trop contre-intuitive pour être représentée avec justesse dans les récits.Daredevil nous permet de poursuivre notre approche de la multisensorialité, avec le cas d’un justicier aveugle aux capacités perceptives et attentionnelles décuplées. Mais ce « super-aveugle » est incapable d’avoir recours à la compétence sur-intuitive de l’écholocation humaine, une compétence qui semble au final dépendre très contre-intuitivement des aires corticales visuelles plutôt que des aires auditives (depuis Thaler et al., 2011).Superman enfin possède a priori tous les pouvoirs, mais est particulièrement reconnu par sa capacité à voler sans contraintes. Cette capacité nous a conduit à rechercher dans quel incubateur neural d’ontologies fantastiques le récit puisait la composante génératrice de ce si célèbre pouvoir de vol aptère. Nous avons pour cela dû faire appel aux expériences hors-du-corps (Out-of-Body Experiences ou OBE), rapportées de longue date et universellement dans les narrations d’expérience, et dont l’émergence n’a été vraiment comprise sur le plan neural que récemment (cf. les expériences de stimulation corticale de Blanke et al., 2002). Nous proposons une approche qui permet d’unifier la Formation de l’esprit scientifique de Bachelard (1938), qui donne les bases d’une épistémologie de la contre-intuition, avec sa poétique. Car nous avons pu requalifier la poétique de L’Air et les songes (1943), dans ses apports fondamentaux − ici le vol onirique aptère −, de sur-intuitive. Ce vol sans ailes trouve par ailleurs un réel terrain d’expression par le mouvement imaginé dans les mondes virtuels et l’expérience de corps dissocié dans la Réalité VirtuelleComic books constitute with comic albums and manga the 9th art and represent an important part of popular culture and contemporary imaginary. They bear witness of the persistence of superheroes, whose cyclic adventures are appropriate for this form of expression. The variety of narrative modes (from cinema to our contemporary virtual universes) that convey superheroes today allows us to question the issues of fiction and its vitality. Audio-visual narratives are thus as studied as paper narratives.The narrative multimodality of our superheroes must take into account the large fresco represented by their stories. These elements are representative of editorial, historical or even social movements that have guided the composition of our corpus throughout the “Ages” of ours superheroes. The dynamic imaginary of characters led us to select three of them for whom multisensoriality and motosensoriality are the very essences of their narratives. This gives us the opportunity to underline the contribution of cognitive sciences in the analysis of the ontologies of fiction, so as to have these characters perfectly integrate – despite the objections of Sperber & Hirschfeld (2004) – the “cognitive foundations” of our cultures. We defend the idea that superheroes belong to the category of fantastical creatures and we therefore use, for their analysis, the heuristic frame suggested by Armand (2015) and which allows the study of fantastical beings spotted in Folkloristics with the help of Neurocognitive Anthropology. This frame allowed us to analyze the multisensorial powers of superheroes in terms of intuitions, counter-intuitions, and over-intuitions so as to better understand the cognitive mechanisms on the basis of the imaginary of theirs creators and of those who adhere to it.Batman, a vigilante dressed as a bat, uses in his fight against crime the most ambivalent representations of this particular animal in our imaginaries. He remains, however, unable to use in his fiction a natural biological perception of the chripotera, namely animal echolocation. Although it is well known by the public, the functioning of this capacity remains too counter-intuitive to be accurately represented in the stories.Daredevil allows us to continue our study of multisensoriality with the case of a blind vigilante with increased perceptive and attentional capacities. But this “super-blind” is incapable of using the over-intuitive aspect of human echolocation, a skill that seems, in the end, to depend counter-intuitively on the cortical visual areas rather than on the auditory areas (since Thaler et al., 2011).Finally, Superman apparently possesses all powers but he is particularly well known for his ability to fly. This capacity led us to look for the neural incubator of fantastical ontologies in which the narrative found the generative component of this famous wingless flight. It was thus necessary to use out-of-body experiences (or OBE), which have been reported for a long time and are universally recognized in experience narratives and whose emergence has only been recently understood neurologically (see for the instance the experiences of cortical stimulations in Blanke et al., 2002). We offer an approach that would allow the unification of Bachelard’s Training of the Scientific Mind (1938), and which gives the basis of an epistemology of counter-intuition, with his poetics. Indeed, we have been able to redefine the poetics of his Air and Dreams (1943), in its most important contributions – here the wingless dream flight – as over-intuitive. This wingless flight finds a real mode of expression in the movements imagined in virtual worlds and in the experience of body dissociation offered by Virtual Reality
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Bonadè, Sophie. "Des superhéroïnes à Gotham City : une étude de la (re)définition des rôles genrés dans l’univers de Batman." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE024/document.
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La thèse Des superhéroïnes à Gotham City: une étude de la (re) définition des rôles genrés dans l'univers de Batman s'intéresse à l'apparition et à l'évolution de trois superhéroïnes – Catwoman, Batgirl et Batwoman – dans les comic books de l'éditeur DC Comics. Cette recherche vise à montrer comment le contexte de production a influencé les origines de ces personnages. Ces origines, si elles sont sans cesse réécrites dans les comic books, ne se détachent jamais totalement de ces éléments initiaux, mais construisent des variations à partir de ceux-ci. Depuis les années 1980, alors que le nombre total de superhéroïnes du catalogue de l'éditeur DC Comics augmente significativement, ces personnages se retrouvent soumis à de nouveaux stéréotypes de genre dans des récits où elles sont des personnages secondaires. Les récits parus postérieurement, dans lesquels Catwoman, Batgirl et Batwoman sont protagonistes, héritent de ces stéréotypes qu'ils peuvent reproduire, détourner et/ou dépasser. Catwoman, Batgirl et Batwoman, puisqu'elles apparaissent à différents moments de l'histoire des superhéroïnes et de l'éditeur DC Comics – les débuts des années 1940, la relève des superhéros durant les années 1960 et les questionnements autour des questions de représentativités des années 2000 – nous offrent trois approches différentes de la place des superhéroïnes dans l'univers de BatmanSuperheroines in Gotham City: (Re)Defined Gender Roles in the Batman Universe examines the emergence and evolution of three superheroines - Catwoman, Batgirl and Batwoman - in comic books from the publisher DC Comics. This research aims at showing how the production context has influenced the origin of these characters. Although rewritten time and again in comic books, these origin stories never completely detach themselves from their initial elements, instead creating variations on them. Since the 1980s, when the total number of superheroines in DC Comics' catalogue increased significantly, these characters have found themselves subjected to new gender stereotypes in stories where they are secondary characters. Later stories, where Catwoman, Batgirl and Batwoman are protagonists, inherit these stereotypes either by reproducing, diverting and/or overcoming them. Catwoman, Batgirl and Batwoman are three heroins created at different key moments in the history of both DC comics productions and superheroines : the early 1940s, the resurgence of superheroes in the 1960s, and the 2000s within a context of questioning representation issues in comics. As such, they present us with three different approaches to the role of superheroines in the Batman universe throughout its publication history
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Lucas, Justin. "Beneath the cape and cowl: Batman and the revitalization of comic book films." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1244074493.
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