Relevant bibliographies by topics / Supermartensitic stainless steel

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Supermartensitic stainless steel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Supermartensitic stainless steel"

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Akhmed'yanov, A. M., S. V. Rushchits, and M. A. Smirnov. "Hot Deformation of Martensitic and Supermartensitic Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.259.

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The deformation behavior of supermartensitic and martensitic stainless steels was investigated through compression test using Gleeble-3800 thermo-mechanical simulator within the temperature range of 900 – 1200 оС and the strain rates range of 0.01 – 10 s-1. The results showed that the flow stress and the peak strain increase with the drop in the deformation temperature and the rise in the strain rate. Flow stress of SMS steel exceeds flow stress of MS steel for same regimes of deformation. The difference in flow stress increases with the increase in Zener-Hollomon parameter, but does not exceed 15 MPa. The critical deformation, required to start dynamic recrystallization, for supermartensitic stainless steel is slightly lower than for martensitic stainless steel. The hot deformation activation energy of steels is also investigated, their values are similar and equal to 432 and 440 kJ/mol for MS and SMS steel, respectively.
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Li, Jun, Dong Ye, Yong Mei Chen, Jie Su, and Kun Yu Zhao. "Effect of Chloric Ions and Temperature on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel in CO2-Saturated Chloride Solution." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2342.

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Abstract. The pitting corrosion behavior of two kinds (W and Cu-free; W and Cu-bearing) of supermartensitic stainless steels (SMSS) were studied in CO2-saturated chloride solution with three chloric ion concentration: 21200, 50000, 100000ppm, and four different temperatures:19, 40, 60, 80°C by potentiodynamic polarization measurement. The results indicate that the pitting potential decreased with temperature increasing, and in a logarithmic relation with the chlorine concentration in both alloys. The pitting potential of supermartensitic stainless steel is increased by together adding tungsten and copper.
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Souto Maior Tavares, Sérgio, Adriana da Cunha Rocha, Manoel Ribeiro da Silva, Carlos Augusto Silva de Oliveira, and Rachel Pereira Carneiro da Cunha. "Microstructural Characterization of New Super-Ferritic-Martensitic Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 257 (October 2016): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.257.52.

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The demand for high strength materials with improved corrosion resistance boosted the development of supermartensitic steels from conventional martensitic stainless steels The first alloys were designed with 11-13%Cr, extra-low carbon and nickel addition. More recently, experimental alloys with higher Cr (15-17%) and other ferritizing elements (Mo, W, Nb,…) were developed with the aim of obtain higher corrosion resistance in high chloride environments. In this work, the microstructure features of a new 17%Cr stainless steel were investigated.
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Kurelo, Bruna C. E. S., Gelson B. de Souza, Silvio L. Rutz da Silva, Francisco C. Serbena, Carlos E. Foerster, and Clodomiro Alves. "Plasma nitriding of HP13Cr supermartensitic stainless steel." Applied Surface Science 349 (September 2015): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.04.202.

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Zou, Dening, Ying Han, Dongna Yan, Duo Wang, Wei Zhang, and Guangwei Fan. "Hot workability of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel." Materials & Design 32, no. 8-9 (September 2011): 4443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.067.

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Aquino, J. M., C. A. Della Rovere, and S. E. Kuri. "Anodic behaviour of supermartensitic stainless steel weldments." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (April 2010): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174327813x13789818950663.

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Bacchi, Linda, Fabio Biagini, Serena Corsinovi, Marco Romanelli, Michele Villa, and Renzo Valentini. "Influence of Thermal Treatment on SCC and HE Susceptibility of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel 16Cr5NiMo." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071643.

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A 16Cr5NiMo supermartensitic stainless steel was subjected to different tempering treatments and analyzed by means of permeation tests and slow strain rate tests to investigate the effect of different amounts of retained austenite on its hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. The 16Cr5NiMo steel class is characterized by a very low carbon content. It is the new variant of 13Cr4Ni. These steels are used in many applications, for example, compressors for sour environments, offshore piping, naval propellers, aircraft components and subsea applications. The typical microstructure is a soft-tempered martensite very close to a body-centered cubic, with a retained austenite fraction and limited δ ferrite phase. Supermartensitic stainless steels have high mechanical properties, together with good weldability and corrosion resistance. The amount of retained austenite is useful to increase low temperature toughness and stress corrosion cracking resistance. Experimental techniques allowed us to evaluate diffusion coefficients and the mechanical behaviour of metals in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) conditions.
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Bojack, Andrea, Lie Zhao, and Jilt Sietsma. "Thermodynamic Analysis of the Effect of Compositional Inhomogeneity on Phase Transformations in a 13Cr6Ni2Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.899.

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Supermartensitic stainless steels possess an excellent combination of strength, toughness and corrosion resistance and have attracted an increased industrial attention especially from the offshore oil and gas industry, where those materials are already successfully in use. It is well known that the mechanical properties of this type of steels are strongly dependent on the fraction of retained austenite, which is controlled by heat treatment. Because the products manufactured out of these steels are in large sections, temperature gradients and corresponding compositional inhomogeneities are inevitable. Also during heat treatment partitioning of elements between the phases will give local concentrations far removed from the bulk levels. In the present work a 13Cr6Ni2Mo supermartensitic stainless steel is thermodynamically analyzed using the Thermo-Calc®software package where the influence of compositional variations on phase transformations is investigated, in particular the effect of changes in the Ae3-temperature is discussed.
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Wang, Duo, De Ning Zou, Chang Bin Tang, Kun Wu, and Huan Liu. "Studies on Corrosion Behavior of S-165 and HP Supermartensitic Stainless Steels in Cl- Environment." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.425.

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Supermartensitic stainless steel grades are widely used in oil and gas industries to substitute duplex and super duplex stainless steels these years. In this paper the corrosion behavior of supermartensitic stainless steels with different chemical compositions, S-165 and HP, was investigated in Cl-environment. All the samples were treated by quenching at 1000 °C followed by tempering at 630 °C for 2h. After heat treatment, potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were determined on both kinds of samples. Polarization curves shows that the metastable pitting nucleuses were formed in passive area and the Cr content is the most important factor leading to the differences of pitting potential. The potentiodynamic polarization curves were conducted at various NaCl contents (5000, 15000 and 35000 ppm) and emphasized the need to account for the Cl-sensitivity of samples under corrosion environment. The results show that, the pitting potential decrease with the increase of chloride contents. The behavior of passive film was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Rodrigues, C. A. D., P. L. D. Lorenzo, A. Sokolowski, C. A. Barbosa, and J. M. D. A. Rollo. "Titanium and molybdenum content in supermartensitic stainless steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 460-461 (July 2007): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.016.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Supermartensitic stainless steel"

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Moshaweh, Abdulaziz. "Unstable passivity and activation of supermartensitic stainless steel." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708524.

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Ren, Gang. "Corrosion and passivity of 13Cr supermartensitic stainless steel." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609807.

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Enerhaug, Jakob. "A Study of Localized Corrosion in Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Weldments." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-32.

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This doctoral thesis is concerned with pitting corrosion in super martensitic stainless steel (SMSS) weldments in slightly sour service. Thee main objective with the present thesis has been to find out why pitting corrosion occurs in the heat affected zone (HAZ) at ambient rather than at elevated temperatures and how the corrosion mechanism depends on the welding process.

The thesis is divided into six parts. Part I gives a general introduction to martensitic stainless steels, focusing on the metallurgical and corrosion properties.

Part II is concerned with the conditions for initiating of pitting corrosion in two SMSS weldments. Optical microscopy in combination with sputtered neutral mass spectrometry has been used to examine the conditions, and it is shown that the corrosion resistance depends mainly on the nature of the surface oxide and less on the underlying microstructure. In the absence of H2S the initiation is associated with spalling of the iron-enriched chromium oxide within a narrow region approximately 6mm from the fusion boundary, where the contaminated oxide layer is thinnest. As H2S is introduced, the region close to the fusion boundary become susceptible to localised corrosion because of the more extensive metal oxidation. Thus, the high temperature oxidation and iron oxide scale formation accompanying the welding operation appears to be the main factor affecting the pitting corrosion initiation in SMSS weldments.

In Part III, a comparative study of the dissolution and repassivation behaviour of a Fe-12.3Cr-6.5Ni-2.6Mo SMSS alloy and other stainless grades has been carried out. The SMSS alloy is characterised by means of the so-called “artificial pit technique”, and a diffusion model has been developed and employed for calculation of the pit surface concentration of dissolved species during the potential step experiments. For concentrations close to the saturation level, the dissolution kinetics are adequately described by a Tafel slope of approximately 57mV/dec and a current density of 0.5mA/cm2 at –300mV SCE. On the other hand, repassivation of the active pit surface occurs when the concentration of the dissolved species drops below 30% of the saturation value. Based on a comparison with relevant literature data it is concluded that the observed response of the SMSS to localised corrosion is similar to that reported for other high-alloyed steels. This result is to be expected if the dissolution and repassivation kinetics are controlled by the content of Cr, Ni and Mo in the parent material.

In Part IV, the specific effects of H2S on the pitting corrosion behaviour of a Fe-12.3Cr-6.5Ni-2.6Mo SMSS alloy have been examined by means of the “artificial pit technique”. Addition of a critical amount of H2S is found to hinder repassivation and accelerate active dissolution in the SMSS pit within the stability domain of the adsorbed sulphur. Above the redox potential of H2S/S, the effect of H2S is found to cease, whereby dissolution and repassivation kinetics similar to H2S-free solutions are observed. Activated pits show no signs of repassivation, not even at low surface concentration of dissolved species. It is concluded that the resistance to pitting corrosion depends both on the potential and the H2S concentration and the effect of H2S is most significant at low potentials.

Part V is concerned with the occurrence and appearance of pitting corrosion in SMSS girth welds in the presence of H2S. Galvanostatic and potentiodynamic measurements were carried out at ambient temperature and pressure, using both a deaerated solution and a 1mM H2S solution. In conjunction with this study, a descriptive pitting corrosion model is proposed to explain the effect of the root surface condition and the role of H2S. The oxidized pipe surface close to the fusion boundary is found to be extremely vulnerable to pitting corrosion in the presence of H2S, while the same zone appears to behave inert in the deaerated solution. In the latter case the oxidised surfaces were found to repassivate. In the H2S solution, localized corrosion occurred in the most oxidized region of the HAZ, about 0 to 3mm from the fusion boundary. Moreover, it was found that a modification of the as-welded root surface by grinding hindered any initiation of pitting corrosion in this region, again highlighting the important role which high temperature oxidation and oxide scale formation play in controlling the corrosion properties of SMSS weldments.

Finally, in Part VI of the thesis, the practical implications of the above findings for choice and development of relevant corrosion test procedures have been considered. A key issue here is the effect of pre-exposure on the corrosion resistance of SMSS weldments in the presence of H2S. Pre-exposures have been simulated in test solutions resembling the conditions in a flowline. It is shown that the quality (i.e. passivity) of SMSS root surfaces can be largely improved by the use of an appropriate pre-exposure procedure. It is therefore recommended that all samples in the future are pre-exposed to an H2S-free solution before they are subjected to actual corrosion testing in solutions containing H2S to avoid pitting corrosion in the oxidized part of HAZ. This is deemed to be important in order to achieve realistic results.

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Walters, Matthew. "Sulphide stress cracking test development for a weldable 13%cr supermartensitic stainless steel in simulated seabed environments." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6726/.

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Weldable 13%Cr supermartensitic stainless steels are commonly used for subsea pipelines in the oil and gas industry. Although classified as corrosion resistant alloys, these steels can be susceptible to Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) when exposed to wet environments containing chlorides, carbon dioxide and low levels of hydrogen sulphide. Standard guidelines stipulate that laboratory SSC tests are performed at 24 °C and at the maximum design temperature, however some studies suggest that the risk of SSC could be greater at temperatures below 24 °C. Seabed temperatures can be as low as 5 °C, so in-service cracking could occur following shut-down conditions even if the material has been qualified at 24 °C. Four-point bend SSC tests performed at 5 °C and 24 °C in simulated seabed environments showed the material was more susceptible to SSC at 5 °C, but only when the as-received pipe surface was compromised. A supporting stress and strain investigation highlighted strain concentrations on the test surface which were coincident with the location of cracking observed in the SSC tests. Finite element simulations were used to demonstrate that tensile stress-strain data should be used over flexural bend data to load four-point bend specimens to the desired loading strain.
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Dabah, Eitan [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Böllinhaus. "Hydrogen interaction with supermartensitic stainless steel studied by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction / Eitan Dabah. Betreuer: Thomas Böllinhaus." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076589898/34.

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Viyanit, Ekkarut [Verfasser], Hans [Gutachter] Hoffmeister, Gobboon [Gutachter] Lothongkum, and Thomas [Gutachter] Böllinghaus. "Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Welds / Ekkarut Viyanit ; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ; Gutachter: Hans Hoffmeister, Gobboon Lothongkum, Thomas Böllinghaus." Berlin : Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 2005. http://d-nb.info/1122836619/34.

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[Verfasser], Ekkarut Viyanit, Hans [Gutachter] Hoffmeister, Gobboon [Gutachter] Lothongkum, and Thomas [Gutachter] Böllinghaus. "Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Welds / Ekkarut Viyanit ; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ; Gutachter: Hans Hoffmeister, Gobboon Lothongkum, Thomas Böllinghaus." Berlin : Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1542.

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Gayton, Clément. "Mécanismes de fragilisation de l’acier inoxydable super-martensitique X4CrNi16-4 Virgo™38 : Effets couplés des traitements thermiques et des milieux corrosifs contenant Na2S ou H2S." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEM004/document.

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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude de divers mécanismes de fragilisation d’un acier inoxydable supermartensitique 16Cr-4Ni à basse teneur en carbone (Virgo™38) utilisé pour la fabrication des compresseurs centrifuges produits par GE Oil&Gas.Il a été montré que la microstructure fine, polyphasée et morphologiquement très complexe de cet alliage était sensible aux conditions de traitement thermique. Notamment, la proportion et la répartition de l’austénite de réversion, la présence de carbure de chrome et la ségrégation intergranulaire d’éléments fragilisant tel que le phosphore ont été mis en évidence suite à plusieurs traitements thermiques. La ségrégation du phosphore aux joints de grain (SPJG) est l’un des mécanismes entrainant la fragilisation du Virgo™38 sous certaines conditions de traitement thermique.La présence d’austénite de réversion n’entraine pas seulement une amélioration de la ténacité de l’alliage mais également le piégeage de l’hydrogène dans cette phase. Etant donnée la grande instabilité mécanique de l’austénite, sa transformation sous contrainte provoque la libération de cet hydrogène piégé et ainsi une surconcentration locale en hydrogène. La fragilisation par hydrogène est le deuxième mécanisme entrainant la fragilisation du Virgo™38 étudié dans cette thèse.Les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de la formation de l’austénite de réversion conduisent à la répartition hétérogène des éléments d’alliage. L’une des conséquences de cette répartition hétérogène est la corrosion sélective de l’une ou l’autre des phases de l’alliage en fonction du pH de l’environnement et de la charge appliquée. La dissolution préférentielle est le dernier mécanisme abordé
This PhD thesis is focused on the study of embrittlement mechanisms in a 16Cr-4Ni low carbon supermartensitic stainless steel (Virgo™38) used for the construction of rotating parts of centrifugal compressors produced by GE Oil&Gas.It is shown that the morphologically complex multiphase microstructure of this alloy is very sensitive to the heat treatment conditions. In particular, the fraction and repartition of retained austenite, the presence of chromium carbides and the phosphorous grain boundary segregation (PGBS) are evidenced consecutive to several heat treatments. PGBS is one of the mechanisms leading to brittle failure of Virgo™38 after specific heat treatments.The presence of retained austenite is not only beneficial for toughness but also leads to hydrogen trapping in this phase. Due to the mechanical instability of retained austenite, its transformation under applied stress leads to the release of trapped hydrogen into newly formed martensite and thus to a local overconcentration of hydrogen. Hydrogen embrittlement is the second mechanism studied in this report.Mechanisms involved during the formation of retained austenite lead to the heterogeneous repartition of alloying elements (partitioning). One of the consequences being the selective dissolution of one or the other phase of the alloy as a function of the pH of the environment and of the load applied. Preferential dissolution is the third mechanism studied
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Sømme, Astri. "Secondary Hardening in Two Supermartensitic Stainless Steels." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18535.

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Since the late nineties weldable supermartensitic stainless steels (SMSS) has been used in subsea flowlines, and more than 400 km is installed. Hydrogen related problems in the weld fabrication stage or hydrogen induced stress cracking (HISC) due to hydrogen embrittlement under cathodic protection have been reported and testing to better understand the behavior of these materials is of interest. The present work is focusing on the effect of double heat cycles on carbide precipitation and secondary hardening in two high grade SMSS, one alloyed with Ti and one not (0.007% Ti). The experimental work included heat treatment of both steels in single and double cycles in both oven and in induction heating weld simulator. All specimens were heated to 1000 degrees celsius for 30 min to austenize the material and air cooled before simulating second heat cycles of 1-60 min in the temperature range 500-600 degrees celsius. The microstructures resulting from the heat treatments were characterized by standard metallographic techniques, hardness testing and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results from hardness testing show a secondary hardening effect in both steels for all temperatures tested, with a maximum for samples treated at 550 degrees celsius. For all samples there was also a significant drop in hardness from the hardness of the single cycle sample to the 1 min tempered double cycle samples. From investigation in TEM it was found that, in the steel alloyed with titanium TiC precipitate during tempering and in the steel not alloyed with titanium Cr23C6 precipitate during tempering at 550. The difference in secondary hardening found is explained by the difference in carbide precipitation mechanism. In the steel alloyed with titanium a higher secondary hardening effect was found. No carbide precipitation was found in the single cycle heat treated state of the steels.
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Carrouge, Dominique. "Phase transformations in welded supermartensitic stainless steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/219194.

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Supermartensitic stainless steels have recently been introduced in the oil and gas industries to substitute more expensive duplex stainless steels for onshore and offshore tubing applications. Although easily joined by arc welding processes, the service life of the supermartensitic welded joint in corrosive environments relies to a large extent on the behaviour of the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The microstructure of the HAZ in these new materials has, until now, received little attention. The work presented in this thesis is concerned with the experimental study of the microstructure developing in the HAZ of a range of supermartensitic stainless steels, with particular attention to the retention of the potentially detrimental δ-ferrite phase, and the development of a model to facilitate the choice of a suitable post-weld heat-treatment temperature. The microstructural examination of a variety of welds revealed the presence of retained δ-ferrite in dual-phase and grain-coarsened HAZ regions. Under normal welding conditions, δ-ferrite retention was more pronounced in dual-phase HAZ and in molybdenum containing alloys. However, in multipass welds, δ-ferrite distribution was non-uniform as a result of reheating effects. A number of methods of estimating δ-ferrite retention have been employed. The most corrosion-resistant alloys were successfully predicted to be more prone to δ-ferrite retention. Charpy impact toughness tests performed on simulated heat-affected zones revealed a weak effect of δ-ferrite on the HAZ ductile to brittle transition temperature. In fact, due to its larger grain size, the coarse-grained HAZ determined the impact properties of the tested HAZ. Finally, a neural network in a Bayesian framework has been created to estimate the temperature of the onset of austenite formation as a function of the employed heating rate. The model helps the determination of the appropriate tempering temperature of welded joints to avoid partial austenitisation and can be applied to martensitic stainless steels and low-alloy steels.
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Books on the topic "Supermartensitic stainless steel"

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Institute, Belgian Welding, ed. Supermartensitic stainless steels '99: Proceedings : Brussels, Belgium, May 27-28, 1999. Brussels: Belgian Welding Institute, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Supermartensitic stainless steel"

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Boellinghaus, Th, and D. Eliezer. "Hydrogen Trapping in Supermartensitic Stainless Steel TIG Welds." In Cracking Phenomena in Welds IV, 457–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28434-7_20.

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dos Santosh, Tatiane A. A. "In-Situ High Temperature X-ray Analysis of a Supermartensitic Stainless Steel." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2014, 565–71. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888056.ch66.

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Nouri, A., and M. Bouabdallah. "Weldability of a Supermartensitic Stainless Steel 12Cr4Ni1Mo Pipeline and the Effect of Welding Current on Precipitated Ferrite δ in the HAZ." In Integrity of Pipelines Transporting Hydrocarbons, 91–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0588-3_7.

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Dietzel, W., P. Bala Srinivasan, and S. W. Sharkawy. "Hydrogen assisted stress-cracking behaviour of supermartensitic stainless steel weldments." In Environment-Induced Cracking of Materials, 295–304. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044635-6.50027-3.

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"Diffusion and Effusion Behavior of Hydrogen in Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Studied by Synchrotron Radiation." In International Hydrogen Conference (IHC 2012), 497–504. ASME Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.860298_ch53.

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Conference papers on the topic "Supermartensitic stainless steel"

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Woollin, P., and A. Kostrivas. "Use of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Pipe for Offshore Flowline Applications." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92351.

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Supermartensitic stainless steels (SMSS) have high strength and good resistance to corrosion in produced fluids containing CO2 and are cheaper than other competing corrosion resistant alloys. Hence, they are attractive flowline materials and they have been successfully used in a number of offshore applications. Nevertheless, service failures have occurred and two failure mechanisms in particular have caused difficulties at welds: (i) hydrogen embrittlement/ hydrogen induced stress cracking resulting from hydrogen picked-up under cathodic protection and (ii) intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). This paper presents experimental data on each of these two failure phenomena and gives details of the currently available ways of avoiding these problems, highlighting where further information is required.
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Aune, Ragnhild, Hans Fostervoll, and Odd Magne Akselsen. "High Heat Input Welding of 12Cr-6Ni-2.5Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37280.

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In conventional welding of 13% Cr supermartensitic stainless steels, the normal microstructure that forms on cooling is martensite. Although high heat input tends to give a certain coarsening of the final microstructure, the eventual accompanying loss in toughness is not known. The present study was initiated to examine the effect of heat input on weld metal and heat affected zone mechanical properties of a 12Cr-6Ni-2.5Mo grade. The results obtained showed that the notch toughness is low (25 J) and independent of heat input for the weld metal, while it is reduced with increasing heat input for fusion line and the heat affected zone locations. Subsequent post weld heat treatment gave a substantial increase in toughness for all notch locations. Based on these results, indications are that a specified maximum heat input is not applicable in welding of supermartensitic stainless steels, allowing more production efficient techniques to be used, both in longitudinal seam and girth welding.
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Contreras, A., M. A. Espinosa-Medina, and M. Salazar. "Assessment of SCC Susceptibility of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Through Slow Strain Rate Tests." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64334.

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The 13%Cr supermartensitic stainless steels (SMSS) are a new group used as pipelines for oil and gas transport. The optimized microstructure of these materials offers good corrosion resistance in environments containing CO2 and H2S. In addition to reducing carbide precipitation, the low carbon content (about 0.01 wt-%) of supermartensitic steels SMSS provides good weldability with conventional arc welding techniques. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) through slow strain rate tests (SSRT) of SMSS and its comparison with a Hastelloy C-22 in substitute ocean water was carried out. Tests were supplemented by potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SSRT were performed in air and in a chloride solution at 5, 15, 25 and 35°C. The susceptibility to SCC was evaluated considering the reduction in area ratio and time to failure ratio. According to these considerations it is clear that all the specimens tested in the chloride solution exhibited high resistance to chloride SCC. The specimens tested in air exhibited a ductile fracture. In the corrosive solution, the fracture was a combination of both, ductile and brittle fracture with a transgranular appearance. An evident temperature effect on the steel was observed. The major susceptibility to SCC was presented to the lower temperature (5°C). According to EIS evaluations, the corrosion rate increased with the temperature, which promoted an increase in the SCC susceptibility at a low temperature. The corrosion mechanism observed on the material under dynamic stress was a combination of high activation resistivity in combination with a diffusive process on the metallic interface given by a thin film of a protector layer of chromium oxide.
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4

Aune, Ragnhild, Hans Fostervoll, and Odd Magne Akselsen. "Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Welding of 13% Cr Supermartensitic Stainless Steels." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37282.

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Supermartensitic stainless steels are known to be prone to hydrogen induced cold cracking. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the susceptibility to hydrogen cracking in Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) with use of matching base and filler materials (supermartensitic stainless steel), using the Instrumented Restraint Cracking (IRC) test. Root welding in the IRC test did not result in hydrogen induced cracking, neither for low nor high weld metal hydrogen content. Because of the martensitic transformation, the global residual stresses are very low after welding (below 100 MPa). Since the yield strength (Rp0.2%) of the material is about 600–720 MPa, it implies that the IRC test method is not very suitable for supermartensitic stainless steels. However, by performing IRC test multi-layer welding, micro-cracks were found in the last pass. An increase in the weld metal hydrogen content resulted in reduced fracture stress and ductility, as observed in tensile testing of IRC test specimens directly after welding. Investigation of the fracture surfaces of the specimens with high hydrogen contents showed fish eyes, which are strong indications of hydrogen embrittlement. By performing heat treatment (225°C for 24 hours) of specimens with high hydrogen contents and subsequent tensile testing, the fracture stress and ductility were restored to the initial base metal level. Slow Strain Rate Testing (SSRT) with and without Cathodic Protection (CP) was performed on test specimens sampled transverse to the welding direction. CP has detrimental effect on the fracture stress and ductility due to the high weld metal hydrogen pick up.
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Woollin, P., S. J. Maddox, and D. J. Baxter. "Corrosion Fatigue of Welded Stainless Steels for Deepwater Riser Applications." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67498.

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Steel risers for deepwater offshore oil and gas field developments are subject to seawater on the external surfaces, produced fluids on the internal surfaces and to fatigue loading. This paper reviews current knowledge of the corrosion fatigue behaviour of welded stainless steel for risers and presents results of testing of supermartensitic, duplex and superduplex grades in relevant environments.
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Olden, V., R. Aune, G. Ro̸rvik, and O. M. Akselsen. "Hydrogen Pick Up and Diffusion in TIG Welding of Supermartensitic 13% Cr Stainless Steel With Superduplex Wire." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67530.

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Supermartensitic 13% Cr stainless steels have been in use in offshore satellite flowlines for several years. Since they contain microstructure that is susceptible to hydrogen cracking, the pick up of hydrogen in welding with subsequent transport to critical areas may be very important, also with respect to hydrogen embrittlement when hydrogen is coming from other sources than welding (e.g., cathodic protection). In the present investigation the pick up of hydrogen has been assessed using mechanized TIG welding with superduplex 25% Cr wire. The WM and HAZ hydrogen levels were analyzed. With addition of hydrogen in the shielding gas in multipass welding, the mean WM hydrogen contents were found to be approximately 10 and 6 ppm in the cap layer and root pass, respectively. The corresponding mean HAZ concentration was 3.1 ppm (scatter between 1.3 and 4.8) immediately after welding. Post weld hydrogen diffusion heat treatment showed that hydrogen diffusion was retarded at room temperature, even for 1 month storage. Limited diffusion took place at 90°C, particularly for the cap region. The results indicate that superduplex weld metal with high hydrogen content (6–10ppm) will act as a hydrogen reservoir supplying H to the 13% Cr HAZ as long as 2–3 years after welding. Fitting the data by using the uniaxial diffusion model gave diffusion coefficients in the range of ∼3–5×10−13m2/s at room temperature for the superduplex WM. At 90°C a diffusivity of 5.5×10−12 m2/s for the cap area and 2.5×10−11 m2/s for the root area were found. For a holding temperature of 150°C, diffusion from the WM was much more significant. The hydrogen WM cap content was reduced from an initial level of 10 ppm down to 2 ppm within 3 months giving a diffusion coefficient of 1.0×10−11 m2/s. The supermartensitic HAZ samples contained up to 5 ppm hydrogen a short time after welding. This is an important observation, since it may provide sufficient amount of hydrogen in the HAZ to cause cold cracking in the as welded condition. The uniaxial model indicated diffusivities of D = 8.0×10−11 m2/s at 20°C and D = 2.0×10−10 m2/s at 90°C in the HAZ.
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7

Aune, Ragnhild, Hans Olav Knagenhjelm, and Ansgar S. Ha˚rsvær. "Hydrogen and Oxygen Pick-Up in Hyperbaric TIG Welding of Supermartensitic 13% Cr Stainless Steel With Matching Filler Wire." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67544.

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The possible sources causing weld metal hydrogen and oxygen pick-up during offshore hyperbaric tie-in TIG welding have been identified and simulated at a hyperbaric chamber pressure of 12 bar, i.e. 110 meter sea depth. The base material was supermartensitic 13% Cr stainless steel. Matching filler wire was used. The weld metal hydrogen and oxygen pick-up from water vapor in the shielding and chamber gases has been investigated by girth welding of pipes. Moist chamber gas seems to have insignificant effect on hydrogen and oxygen pick-up. The largest contribution is from moist shielding gas. Most of the hydrogen content in the supermartensitic welds is diffusible. By applying post-heat, it is possible to reduce the hydrogen content in the weld metal. Microcracks in the cap were observed for welds deposited with 14 mbar water vapor in the shielding gas (117 ppm) and above. Microcracks in the root welds were not observed, which was also confirmed for self restrained cracking tests. During constant load test at 150 MPa simulating hydrostatic testing of pipelines, the microcracks grew, and for the weld deposited with fully moistened shielding gas (175 ppm), a macrocrack appeared in the centre of the capping pass longitudinally to the welding direction. Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) values based on Single Edge Notched Bend (SENB) testing were all low, and the high constraint of the SENB specimen did not show any effects of hydrogen on fracture toughness. CTOD values based on Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) testing decreased with increasing shielding gas moisture contents. For specimens without microcracks it was possible to increase the CTOD (SENT) values by post-heat, close to the toughness observed for specimens deposited with dry shielding gas.
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Motarjemi, A. K., M. Koc¸ak, R. Segar, and S. Riekehr. "Fracture Assessment of the High Strength Super-Martensitic Stainless Steel Welds by SINTAP Defect Assessment Procedure." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2048.

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13% Cr supermartensitic stainless steel is an adequate substitute material for the conventional carbon and duplex stainless steel pipes for mild corrosive environments in the oil and gas industries. By development of these new steel and respective welding technologies, structural integrity analysis of the welded pipes, is essential and a challenging task. Depending on the welding process, filler wire used, the deformation and failure behaviours of the welded pipes could be different. In this study, fitness for service analysis verified with Submerged Arc welded Middle Tension, M(T), plates as well as for the reeling deformation during the pipe-laying process. This was done by applying analysis Levels 0, I, II and III of a recently developed European Structural Integrity Assessment Procedure (SINTAP). The goal was first of all to verify SINTAP’s load-carrying capacity predictions for welded M(T) specimens (wide plates) by comparing them with corresponding experimental data. SINTAP was also used for estimating the maximum tolerable crack size within the base or weld regions under about 2.7% applied strain, which is the strain equal to the reeling process. The estimated load-carrying capacity of the plates were found on the safe side with acceptable conservatism for all the SINTAP analysis Levels.
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Koc¸ak, Mustafa, Eduard Seib, and Afshin Motarjemi. "Improvements to the Fracture Assessment of Welds Using FITNET Fitness for Service Assessment Procedure." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67568.

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Recent developments of the advanced welding processes such as laser beam welding (LBW), solid state friction stir welding (FSW) and hybrid welding, numbers of advanced structures are being designed and constructed in industries such as aerospace, power generation, oil and gas transmission and transportation. Development of new structural aluminum and magnesium alloys as well as high strength steels provide further possibilities for the welded structures in similar and dissimilar (material-mix) configurations. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for “Fitness-for-Service” (FFS) assessment of those advanced welded structures by considering the specific features of these weld joints (such as narrow weld width, high strength mis-match, etc.). In year 1999, Structural Integrity Assessment Procedure SINTAP has been developed for analysis of flaws to avoid fracture within the European Commission funded project SINTAP. Recently, the European Community funded project FITNET in the form of a Thematic Network (TN) organisation has started to review the existing FFS procedures and develop an updated, unified and verified European FITNET FFS Procedure to cover structural integrity analysis to avoid failures due to fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion. This new FFS Procedure has adopted the SINTAP approach for assessing of the welded structures. This paper describes the FITNET FFS weld assessment route and also aims to demonstrate suitability of weld joint assessment route of the FITNET FFS Procedure in prediction of the critical conditions of various advanced welded joints containing flaw. The welded specimens used in this work cover conventional multi-pass welded Inconel-718 turbine blade (T-joint), center cracked wide plates of electron beam welded 13% Cr supermartensitic stainless steel, laser beam welded shipbuilding C-Mn steel and aluminum alloy. The results are showing that the weld strength mismatch analysis option of the FITNET FFS is conservative and degree of conservatism is similar to the analysis options for the homogeneous materials. This provides confidence in the use of the FITNET FFS procedure for assessing of the structural significance of flaws in welded structures.
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Antunes, Marcio Ribeiro, Tiago Renck, Carlos Fortis Kwietniewski, Bruno Diehl, Eliakin Abreu, Thomas Clarke, José Fonseca, Telmo R. Strohaecker, Fabrício P. Santos, and Carlos J. B. Joia. "Validation Methodology of Crack Growth Measurement Using Potential Drop Method on SENB Specimens." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10902.

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The Brazilian pre-salt oil and gas discoveries brought technical challenges as impressive as the reserves themselves. Besides the concerns with exploration, the oil contamination with CO2, H2S and chloride enriched seawater combined with critical cyclic loads due to the relative movement of the production vessel and high water depths imposes an environment chemically and mechanically aggressive. Suitable materials to work on such harsh conditions are few and one should consider the use of special materials, such as supermartensitic and superduplex stainless steels. Although the corrosion and mechanical properties of these materials are well established, still additional crack growth data in specific environments should be provide to the subsea equipment designer. Indeed, due to the combination of cyclic loading and corrosive ambient the corrosion fatigue phenomenon is a major concern. In order to evaluate the effect of oil contaminants on the corrosion fatigue resistance of candidate materials, one should provide methods for crack growth measurement other than the use of crack gauges since those can not be used in chemically aggressive solutions. The present work aims to validate the potential drop crack growth measurement method comparing the results obtained by this technique with those produced by crack gauges on SEN(B) (Single Edge Notch Bending) specimens in air. This validation effort is essential because the ASTM E647 standard only consider the use of C(T) (Compact Tension) specimens which actually does not represents the real cracks propagation path in crucial subsea equipment, such as risers, drill pipes et cetera, that is through the wall thickness. The results produced by the two tested methodologies have an excellent agreement which makes reliable the use of the potential drop method as an alternative to monitor and measure crack growth in corrosive media.
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