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Martinsen, (Sallnäs) Uni. "Green Supply and Demand on the Logistics Market." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Logistik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68843.
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A well-known concept, both in practice and in literature is the logistics market. This market is a place where shippers’ demand for logistics services meets Logistics Service Providers’ (LSPs’) supply of such services. Although this market has been given much attention in previous research, focus has been on shippers, while the LSP perspective has to a large extent been neglected. Several logistics related trends indicate that there is an increasing need for strong relationships between LSPs and supply chains, and one such trend is the “greening” of companies and supply chains. Although it is widely recognised that transports and logistics are a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions, environmental logistics literature has only focused on the interaction between LSPs and their customers to a very limited extent. This is despite the fact that LSPs could include so-called green categories in their offerings, just as shippers could include green categories in their demands and that this interaction could in turn contribute to a decrease of greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the extent to which green categories are taken into account in the logistics market and suggest explanations. This includes identifying those green categories that are relevant for the logistics market, as well as a description of matches and mismatches with regard to these green categories. The matches and mismatches are studied from both a general market perspective and a relationship perspective. Initial explanations for the matches and mismatches in the relationship perspective contribute to the final part of the purpose. There are two basic theoretical starting-points in this thesis. Firstly, it is recognised that the logistics market is important to the purpose and different ways to view this market are therefore discussed. Secondly, general environmental logistics literature provides a basis for the research into green categories that can be offered or demanded on the logistics market. In the exploratoryresearch conducted for the thesis, the insights from literature are combined with empirical datafrom a survey, a homepage scan and four case studies of buyer-supplier relationships. One main contribution of this thesis is the large number of green categories that are identified as relevant for LSPs and shippers on the logistics market. These green categories range from environmental management systems, vehicle technologies and CO2 reports, to reviews of sustainability reports, relationship specific green projects and general desires among shippers to decrease CO2 emissions. A comparison of the supply of and demand for the green categories indicates that from a general market perspective, there appear to be clear mismatches between green supply and green demand. The same comparison made from a relationship perspective also indicates severalmismatches between green supply and green demand, but the buyer-supplier relationships studied show matches between green offerings and green demands to a greater extent than the market perspective does. Interestingly, the LSPs seem to include more in their offerings than the shippers appear to include in their demands for almost all mismatches in both the market perspective and the relationship perspective. Seven propositions are made to account for the matches and mismatches between green categories in buyer-supplier relationships. Three of these propositions are related to the characteristics of those green categories that are found in the relationships. It is suggested that the tangibility level of green categories influences the occurrence of matches and mismatches in the relationships and the more tangible a green category is, the higher is the likelihood of a match between supply and demand in that relationship. The opposite is also suggested, as well as the idea that the more relationship specific green categories are, the fewer the mismatches that appear in that relationship. The remaining four propositions relate to the potential connection between the type of relationship between LSPs and shippers and green matches and mismatches in their relationships. It is suggested that the closer a business relationship is, 1) the greater the number of green categories it has 2) the better green categories are communicated 3) the greater the number of matches compared to mismatches of green categories and 4) the higher the level of green category collaboration is.
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Sjöström, Magnus. "Factor Demand and Market Power." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-279.
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The objective of Paper [I] is to analyze potential effects on the Swedish forest sector of a continuing rise in the use of forest resources as fuel in energy generation. An increasing use of forest resources as an energy input may have effects outside the energy sector. In this paper we consider this by estimating a system of demand and supply equations for the four main actors on the Swedish roundwood market. In Paper [II], we estimate a dynamic factor demand model for the Swedish pulp industry. We find weak evidence of adjustment costs for capital. The results suggest that the user cost of capital is a significant determinant of pulp industry investments. We also find that pulp industry investments are insensitive to variations in the price of electricity. Paper [III] proposes a flexible form of adjustment cost function. An empirical illustration shows that the flexible form can detect both convex and non-convex adjustment costs. Furthermore, the flexible form permits testing for the experience effect on adjustment cost. The objective of paper [IV] is to analyze the price formation for wood fuel used by the Swedish district heating sector. According to previous research there is a significant potential for increasing the use of wood fuel in Sweden. The question raised in this paper is why this potential is not realized. According to our results we cannot reject the efficient market hypothesis for all years. The objective of Paper [V] is to test for market power on the market for biofuels. To achieve our objective we make use of the idea of Granger causality. If past values of quantity contribute significantly to the determination of price, quantity is said to Granger cause price, which we will treat as a sign of market power. According to our findings this effect is present.
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Sum, Kwok-chi. "A study of supply and demand of residential property market /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36438741.
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Sum, Kwok-chi, and 沈國智. "A study of supply and demand of residential property market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4500870X.
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Ostermeier, Richard L. "DEMAND AND SUPPLY MODEL FOR THE U.S. SKI/WAKEBOARD BOAT MARKET." UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/178.
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A simultaneous demand and supply model for the U.S. ski/wakeboard boat market is estimated by three-stage least squares and iterated three-stage least squares methods using publicly available data. The model is used to test if, and to what extent, certain factors impact the annual quantity of new ski/wakeboard boats demanded and supplied. Statistical analysis suggests that the model does a good job of explaining the annual quantity of new ski/wakeboard boats demanded and supplied. The findings are most immediately beneficial to manufacturers and dealers. Dealers can use the results to better forecast demand which in turn will lead to more efficient production planning for manufacturers.
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McRae, Ian Stewart, and ian s. mcrae@anu edu au. "Doctors at Work: Determinants of Supply and Demand in the Australian General Practice Market." The Australian National University. College of Medicine & Health Sciences, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20090520.151351.
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During the period 1996 to 2003 the number of GP services per capita in Australia fell by 14 percent and the proportion of services bulk billed (ie provided at no cost to the patient) fell by 12 percentage points. The Government responded to these trends by outlaying hundreds of millions of dollars to increase Government medical insurance rebates, to increase the number of GPs in Australia, and to provide incentives for GPs to bulk bill.
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There has been no comprehensive modelling of the GP market to assist in understanding the reasons for either the declining trends or whether the Government responses were successful. This thesis aims to fill that gap.
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Previous Australian modelling of the GP market has been cross sectional and mostly demand focused. This thesis uses panel data to minimise the biases caused by unobserved heterogeneity and border crossing, and to estimate explicit supply and demand equations to enable the relationship between supply and demand to be explored.
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This approach estimates the impact on GP market outcomes of both policy decisions regarding rebates and GP numbers, and of external changes such as the trends in social attitudes and age. The likely future paths of the market without further policy change can be considered, and the measures needed to meet given policy targets determined.
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In addressing these questions it is also shown that supplier induced demand does apply in Australian general practice but is not material, that previous cross sectional analysis was biased due to border crossing by patients, that GPs who charge patients with concession cards less than other patients are behaving economically rationally, and that when the Government increases the Medicare rebate payment, 85% of the increase goes to the GP and 15% to the patient. The analysis also shows that GP density has no significant effect on mortality in Australia, and was unable to detect any effect of the business cycle on mortality.
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The demand curve for Australian general practice services is shown to be fundamentally determined by the real value of the MBS rebate in the short term, where the real value adjusted for growth in average weekly earnings.
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The supply curve is determined by aggregate numbers of GPs and by the number of services they each provide. The average number of services provided per GP is determined by GP age and gender, but more importantly by a trend effect thought to be due to attitudinal changes which must be explored further, and must be incorporated into any prediction of GP market outcomes.
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The thesis provides the first empirically based overview of the behaviour of the GP market at end of the twentieth century, and shows how Government policy levers and other trends interact to generate the market outcomes. If the Government has targets for service levels or charging patterns in general practice, these models can facilitate determination of the policy options appropriate to achieve those targets.
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Liu, Zixu. "Integrated demand and supply side management and smart pricing for electricity market." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/integrated-demand-and-supply-side-management-and-smart-pricing-for-electricity-market(2d675c1f-9dc1-469d-9a86-b4c4398154de).html.
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On the one hand, the demand response management and dynamical pricing supported by the smart grid had started to lead to fundamentally different energy consumption behaviours; On the other hand, energy supply has gone through a dramatic new pattern due to the emergence and development of renewable energy resources. Facing these changes, this thesis investigates one of the resulting challenges, which is how to integrate the wholesale market and the retail market into one framework in order to achieve optimal balancing between demand and supply. Firstly, based on the existing mechanisms of the wholesale and retail electricity markets, a simulation tool is proposed and developed. This enables the ISO to find the best balance between supply and demand, by taking into account the different objectives of the generators, retailers and customers. Secondly, a new market mechanism based on the interval demand is proposed in order to address the challenges of the unpredictable demand due to the demand response management programs. Under the proposed new market mechanism, the corresponding approaches are investigated in order to support the retailers to find their profit-optimal pricing strategies, the generators to develop their best bidding strategies, and the ISO to identify the market clearing price function in order to best balance supply and demand. In particular: 1) For the ISO, our designed mechanism could effectively handle unpredictable demand under the dynamic retail pricing. It also enables the realisation of the goals of dynamic pricing by utilising smart meters; 2) In the retail market, we extend the smart pricing model in the current research in order to enable the retailers to find the most-profitable pricing scheme under the proposed new mechanism with the demand-based piecewise cost (i.e., market clearing price) function; 3) For the wholesale market, we developed a pricing forecasting model in order to forecast a market clearing price. Based on this model, we analysed the optimal bidding strategies for a generator under an interval demand from the ISO. Simulation results are provided in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
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Nicolle, Ambre. "Essays in empirical industrial organization : demand and supply in the mobile telecommunications market." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD009/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension des marchés de télécommunications mobiles, en offrant un éclairage sur la façon dont la structure de marché, les investissements technologiques des acteurs et la règlementation ont affecté les prix des services, mais également en mesurant l’ampleur de l’inertie et de myopie du consommateur dans un environnement en mutation rapide. Le premier chapitre explore les déterminants de la baisse des prix en France entre 2011 et 2014.Basée sur une régression prix hédoniques, cette étude montre que l’introduction d’une nouvelle technologie et la concurrence sont à l’origine de la majeure partie de cette baisse des prix. Le deuxième chapitre questionne la façon dont la disponibilité croissante des offres sans terminal associé - sim-only - a affecté l’arbitrage intertemporel des consommateurs lors de leurs choix de forfait et de mobile. En estimant un modèle de choix discret basé sur un ensemble de combinaisons de forfaits et de terminaux,il est possible de capturer une mesure de la myopie des consommateurs. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que le niveau de myopie moyen a fortement diminué avec l’émergence des offres sim-only et converge vers une valeur proche de celles estimées pour des marchés différents, c’est-à-dire un niveau qui témoigne d’une sous-évaluation très modérée du futur. Le troisième chapitre propose une estimation de l’inertie des consommateurs lors de leurs choix de terminaux mobiles. En se basant sur un échantillon de consommateurs sim-only et en observant leurs choix de changement de terminal entre2012 et 2014, un modèle de choix discret permet d’estimer les coûts de changement entre marques de terminaux mais aussi entre systèmes d’exploitation. Un contrefactuel est ensuite réalisé pour simuler les parts de marchés de ces derniers en l’absence d’inertie des consommateurs. Celui-ci indique que la part de marché d'Android et celles des systèmes d'exploitation mineurs augmenteraient aux dépends de la part de marché d'IOSThis thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of mobile telecommunication markets, in exploring how structure, technological investments of players and regulation have affected prices of services; but also in measuring the magnitude of consumer inertia and myopia in a rapidly evolving environment. The first chapter investigates determinants of mobile services price drop in France between 2011 and 2014.Based on a hedonic price regression, this study provides evidence of introduction of a new technology and competition being responsible for most of the price reduction. The second chapter questions howinter-temporal trade-off of consumers selecting a handset and a tariff has been affected by the increasing availability of sim-only contracts. Estimating a discrete choice model based on choice setswhich combine extensive number of tariffs and handsets, it is possible to capture an average level of consumer’s myopia. Results show myopia decreased along with emergence of sim-only contracts and converge towards a value which is close to what has been estimated in other markets, meaning consumers only exhibit a modest undervaluation of future. The third chapter measures the magnitude inertia in repeated choice of smartphones. Exploiting data of handset switchings between 2012 and 2014 of sim-only consumers, we estimate discrete choice models to estimate switching costs between brandsand operating systems. We then rely on our model to simulate market shares without inertia and showthat the market share of Android and smaller operating systems would increase at the expense of the market share of iOS
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Dasso, Michael W. "Analysis of the United States Hop Market." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1419.
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Hops are one of the four main ingredients used to produce beer. Many studies have been done to analyze the science behind growing and harvesting hops, creating hop hybrids, and how to brew beer with hops. However, there has been little research done revolving around the economic demand and supply model of the hop market. The objectives of this study are to create an econometric model of supply and demand of hops in the United States from 1981 to 2012, and to identify important exogenous variables that explain the supply and demand of hops using the two-stage least squares (2SLS) method of analysis. Using the 2SLS method, the demand model yielded that the US beer production variable is significant at the 10 percent level. For every 1 percent change in US beer production, there will be a 6.25 percent change in quantity of hops demanded in the same direction. The supply model showed that US acreage is significant at the 1 percent level. For every 1 percent change in US acreage, there will be a 0.889 percent change in quantity of hops supplied in the same direction. The implications of this study are viewed in relation to both producers and consumers.
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Ganguli, Alakananda. "Globalization of financial markets and the demand for international reserves : the case of the industrialized countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28447.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explain theoretically and empirically the demand for international reserves by the major industrialized countries in the context of the present highly integrated and extremely volatile international financial system. The reserves demand behaviour of each of the G7 countries along with seven non-G7 industrialized countries have been empirically examined. The demand functions are estimated using the cointegration approach on autoregressive distributed lag and simple distributed lag models.This study has revealed that a country's reserve demand is significantly influenced by its level of capital flows in addition to the traditionally used trade flow variables. It is shown that the greater the external vulnerability of an economy as measured by its net capital flows in relation to its GNP, the higher is its demand for international reserves. The results have striking similarity for all the 14 industrialized countries despite their structural and institutional differences.
This study points to the need of international monetary policy coordination to reduce large fluctuations in exchange rates and lessen massive flows of speculative capital which carry a potential threat of becoming inflationary.
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Liu, Danyuan. "Housing market and urban growth in China: what are the factors affecting housing prices?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18414.
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A rapid urbanization process facilitated an enormous expansion of the cities and stimulated the development of the urban housing markets in China. The primary purpose of this thesis is to find factors influencing the urban housing prices. Based on the supply and demand theory, I examine housing prices in 95 cities in 2010 related to population growth, wages, manufacturing employment, human capital, pollution, and housing investment using a cross section data analysis. The empirical results indicate that all those factors are significantly related to the housing prices. I focus on population growth, a proxy for the urbanization process, as the core determinant to analyze housing prices in China. In addition, the results also find that cities located in the eastern area have averagely a higher productivity than the ones located in the mid-west, and the higher housing prices in the eastern area are explained by the higher level of population growth and wages.
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Planello, Débora Rosche Ferreira. "Estudo exploratório do mercado da tilápia no estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74134/tde-05102015-093142/.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um estudo exploratório sobre o mercado da tilápia no estado de São Paulo, identificando os tipos de produtos oferecidos, estimando as quantidades comercializadas e consumidas, analisando os preços dos produtos e propondo melhorias no processo de comercialização. Para tanto, os determinantes de oferta e demanda foram levantados por meio de duas abordagens, uma exploratória e outra descritiva, baseadas em dados primários e secundários. Além das consultas feitas às referências disponíveis na literatura, pesquisas a campo, entrevistas e aplicação de questionário junto a consumidores foram realizadas. Para a análise dos resultados obtidos, a teoria da organização industrial (OI) foi utilizada para auxiliar nas conclusões de como os processos de mercado estão orientando os produtores a atenderem a demanda por tilápia, o que parece está falhando, e o que poderia ser ajustado para atingir um padrão satisfatório. Em suma, o estado de São Paulo produz aproximadamente 50.000 t de tilápia anualmente e, os seus consumidores consomem menos de 100 g de tilápia por semana. O estado é o quarto maior consumidor desta espécie de peixe, segundo dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar de 2008-2009 e o maior consumo está concentrado nas classes com renda abaixo de R$ 2.490,00. O produto mais comercializado e consumido é a tilápia inteira e o motivo mais apontado por consumidores como sendo a causa de não consumirem mais foi \"não ter o hábito de comprar\". Além dessas conclusões, verificou-se que o país ainda não participa de forma significativa do mercado exportador de tilápia, apesar de uma demanda internacional grande e crescente, principalmente pelos Estados Unidos. Considerando que a carne desta espécie de peixe é bem aceita pelos consumidores devido suas características nutricionais, sensoriais e ausência de espinhas em \"Y\", e considerando as perspectivas do varejo, conclui-se que a demanda interna deve aumentar nos próximos anos. Há oportunidade de reduzir o custo de produção, elevar a rentabilidade da indústria via aproveitamento dos subprodutos e investir em processamento e inovação para atender às exigências do consumidor. Para tanto, é preciso que mais dados e estatísticas sejam gerados, com maior periodicidade, para que pesquisas e análises de viabilidade de negócios e investimentos sejam possíveis de serem realizadas, refletindo a realidade e permitindo projeções mais plausíveis.This study aimed to develop an exploratory study on the tilapia market in the state of Sao Paulo, identifying the types of products offered, estimating the quantities sold and consumed, analyzing the product´s prices and proposing improvements in the commercialization process. Therefore the supply and demand determinants were raised through two approaches, exploratory and other descriptive, based on primary and secondary data. In addition to the research on the references available in the literature, field research, interviews, and an application of questionnaires to end-consumers were carried out. From the analysis of the results obtained, the industrial organization theory was used to aid the findings of how market processes are driving producers to meet the demand for tilapia, what seems to be failing, and what should be adjusted to an ideal standard. In short, the state of Sao Paulo produces about 50.000t tilapia annually and the population consumes, generally less than 100g of tilapia per week. The state is the fourth largest consumer of this kind of fish, according to the Household Budget Survey of 2008-2009, and the highest consumption is concentrated in the classes with income below R$ 2,490.00. The product most marketed and consumed is the whole tilapia, and the reason most mentioned by consumers as being the cause of not consuming more was \"not have the habit of buying\". In addition to these conclusions, it was found that the country still does not participate significantly in the tilapia exporter market, despite a large and growing international demand, especially by the United States. Whereas the meat of this fish species is well accepted by consumers because of its nutritional characteristics, sensory and absence of spines on \"Y\" and, considering the retail perspective, it is concluded that the domestic demand for this fish shall increase in the coming years. There is an opportunity to reduce production costs, increase profitability via the use of industrial by-products and investments in processing and innovation to meet consumer demands. Therefore, it is necessary that more data and statistics are generated with greater frequency, so that the research and business feasibility analysis and investment in this sector are able to be made, reflecting the reality and allowing projections more plausible.
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Kennedy, Carrie M. "The Role of Information in Agricultural Marketing Decisions: Using Virginia's Soft Red Winter Wheat, Grain Sorghum and Barley, and Cotton Markets to Illustrate Three Different Aspects." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36894.
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Participants in the agricultural marketing system include commodity producers, grain elevators, feed processors, flour millers, bakers, exporters, and retail outlets. Every firm in the marketing system is concerned with creating expectations regarding supply, demand, quality, and price in the physical market. The role of market information plays in the agricultural marketing system is considered in the three chapters of this thesis. Chapters 1 and 2 were completed with financial support from the Virginia Small Grains Board and the Virginia Agricultural Council.
The futures market is used by a number of firms, private and public, to create price expectations. Firms rely on the futures market to provide market signals and manage risk. Chapter 1 examines what might happen in the soft red winter wheat marketing system if the price signals from the futures market become less accurate because Federal grades fail to account for all of the grain characteristics desired by millers and bakers.
Expected returns from competing crops are a factor in a producer's decision-making process. Chapter 2 examines the role first-level handlers play in expanding the market share of grain sorghum and barley in Virginia. The objective of the first-level handler survey was to determine if factors, such as limited market information, prevented the expansion of the grain sorghum and barley markets. Contrary to a priori expectations that price risk would be the limiting factor, results showed that inconsistent local supply was the main barrier to the expansion of grain sorghum and barley.
Chapter 3 is an example of a pricing guide written for Virginia cotton producers. It uses a balance sheet approach, which illustrates how information regarding the cotton crop can be translated into price expectations.Master of Science
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Bautista, Maria Cristina Ginson. "Markets in health care : an analysis of demand, supply and the market structure of health care in the Philippines." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1995. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682284/.
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This study sought to examine the economic structure of the Philippine health care system, in the light of recent legislative initiatives in the country and global managed market reforms. In the context of a market-orientated system in the Philippines, the study modelled the interaction of health care agents in three markets: regulations, financing or insurance and health services. The bulk of the research examined the nature of exchange in the health services market, using neo-classical economics. Theories in industrial organization and public choice served as organizing frameworks for explaining other market elements. The study' s methodology used primary and secondary data analysis, as well as findings of other research, to bring together a coherent picture of the market structure of health care in the Philippines. The analysis of the regulatory market showed that the rent-seeking nature of Philippine social, political and medical institutions has weakened regulatory structures in health care. Compared to its Asian neighbours, the relative position of the country in the 60s in terms of major health indicators, has been eroded. Limited resources and allocative inefficiencies have affected the government's ability to fulfil its constitutional mandate to ensure minimum levels of care, especially for the poor. The performance of the market was examined in terms of health policy objectives of efficiency and equity in the financing of health care. Private sources, with households forming the bulk, comprised 64 percent of health care expenditures. The position of concentration curves drawn to illustrate the equity of household financing, showed inequities in health and health expenditures. The largely fee-for-service system operating in the health insurance market had caused risks to be borne largely by consumers and funders. Low coverage of the population and weak utilization rates, may have encouraged some providers to behave opportunistically. An examination of the prospects for an alternative system of compulsory health insurance, illustrated through a project with health maintenance organizations indicated the problems of contracting. Estimates of health service market conditions on the demand-side, from an outpatient provider choice model, showed low price and time cost elasticities, with the poor being more responsive than the rich. Simulations showed that the introduction of user fees in public services were likely to drive demand towards private care in urban areas, and out of the market in rural areas. The welfare effect estimates showed that if public hospitals were to charge one-half the price of private doctors, the welfare loss would be about 10 percent of household budget of the lowest income group. The amounts needed to compensate losers from the policy change can be transformed into contributions for risk -sharing schemes. From the supply-side, the distribution of facilities, productive resources and technology were shown to have wide variations across regions and types of facilities. The study cited research that showed that total cost structures in hospital firms were largely determined by the volume of services rendered. Moreover, variable costs were shown, by other research, to be neither influenced by scale nor by the scope of operations. The analysis of the market structure, based on a modified Hirschman-Herfindahl measure, showed that no hospital-firms had a dominant share of the market. Regression results, from the same research on total cost functions, showed that hospital outputs were unresponsive to actual competition. Price competition appeared to be swamped by nonprice competition. An examination of pricing behaviour showed widespread cost-price mark-ups, reflecting the 'market power' of providers. The co-existence of competitive and monopolistic tendencies in the health care market, combined with weak and/or distortive incentive structures, suggests that the tenets of contestability analysis were not fulfilled. The last chapter showed the limitations of the analysis in providing conclusive evidence on the behavioural underpinnings of the health care market in the Philippines. Conceptual and methodological difficulties, arising from data and measurement problems, imply that the results are at best exploratory; and that further work can use the issues raised as starting points. For health policy reforms in the Philippines, recent legislative initiatives could improve health sector performance from a three-pronged approach: enhancing access, agency and co-ordination.
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Sonoda, Daniel Yokoyama. "Demanda por pescados no Brasil entre 2002 e 2003." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-28022007-151841/.
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O consumo per capita de pescados no Brasil é relativamente baixo quando comparado com as outras proteínas de origem animais. Do lado da oferta, este fenômeno está relacionado com diversos fatores como, por exemplo, a sobre pesca, a baixa produção nacional, a distância entre centros produtores e consumidores etc. Este trabalho aborda os fatores que estão ligados à sua demanda, tais como: a influência dos preços e da renda da população no seu consumo. Inicialmente, caracterizou-se o problema da oferta de pescados no Brasil. Em seguida, foi feita uma revisão sobre a teoria econômica e o método de cálculo da função e de suas elasticidades para a forma funcional conhecida por Almost Ideal Demand System - AIDS. A partir dos microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar - POF 2002-2003, fez-se uma análise descritiva da demanda por pescados no Brasil. Finalmente, foram estimadas as funções demanda e calcularam-se as elasticidades para dois tipos de agrupamentos: um que considerou 5 grupos de proteínas animais e o outro com 7 grupos de alimentos. Estas funções foram estimadas para o Brasil e para duas macro-regiões: Norte-Nordeste e Centro-Sul. Os principais resultados são: o consumo per capita de pescados é baixo porque poucos domicílios consomem pescados. O consumo de pescado da Região Norte-Nordeste é significativamente diferente do padrão observado na Região Centro-Sul do país. Os principais produtos substitutos aos pescados no país são as proteínas mais elaboradas e não as carnes mais tradicionais como a de aves e as vermelhas. Os supermercados são os pontos de vendas mais utilizados pelos consumidores de pescados de renda mais elevada, principalmente na Região Centro-Sul, mas os pequenos estabelecimentos comerciais também possuem grande importância na comercialização de pescados para o consumidor final, principalmente, na Região Norte-Nordeste.Per capita consumption of fish in Brazil is relatively small as compared to other animal proteins. On the supply side, this phenomenon can be explained by several factors such as: low national fish production, the distance between fish supply regions and the main consumptions centers etc. This study analyses the influence of prices and population income on the demand of fish in Brazil. First, the problem of fish supply in Brazil is characterized. It is followed by reviews of the relevant economic theory and the methods of the function and the elasticity calculations for a functional form known by Almost Ideal Demand System - AIDS. A descriptive analysis of fish demand in Brazil using the microdata called the Familiar Budget Research - POF 2002-2003 is presented. Finally, demand functions and their elasticities are calculated for two different cases: one considering 5 groups of animal proteins and other with 7 groups of food categories. These functions are estimated for Brazil as a whole and two macro-regions: Northnortheast and Center-South. The main results are: per capita consumption of fish is low in Brazil because few households consume fish. The pattern of fish consumption in the North-Northeast Region is different as compared to the Center-South. The main substitutes for fish are the processed proteins and not the traditional types of meat as chicken and red meat. For high income households located mainly in Center-South Region, fish are mainly purchased in supermarkets. However, small commercial establishments are still important in the fish retail market, especially in the North-Northeast.
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Syverson, Peter D. "Engineering undergraduate enrollment and the engineering labor market: a lagged-supply analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44088.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between economic and demographic
factors and the flow of new students into undergraduate
engineering programs was investigated. An empirical analysis
was undertaken based on a lagged-supply model developed
earlier by Richard Freeman. The analysis involved the
replication of the Freeman model over the 1948-1972 period,
the extension of the model through 1986, and the forecasting
of first-year engineering enrollments up to the year 2000.
The model developed in this thesis was able to a
accurately mirror the engineering enrollment trends from 1948
to 1986. The economic variables--especially R&D expenditures
and starting engineering salaries relative to median income
of college graduates--were found to be important factors in
the flow of freshmen into engineering. None of the
variables relating to demographic trends were found to
significantly related to first-year engineering enrollment.
The importance of the federal government's role in the
engineering labor market through research and development
funding is discussed, along with forecasts of possible trends
in first-year engineering enrollment.Master of Arts
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Sant'Anna, Ana Cláudia. "Ethanol and sugarcane expansion in the Brazilian Cerrado: farm, industry, and market analyses." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35439.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Jason S. Bergtold
Tian Xia
Brazil is one of the leading producers of ethanol, sugar, and sugarcane. Increasing demand for biofuels aligned with public policies prompted the expansion of sugarcane into the Brazilian Cerrado, particularly, into the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. The overall purpose of this dissertation, comprised of three essays, is to understand the impacts from the sugarcane expansion on farmers, processors, and the market. At the market level, the first essay, estimates the impacts of public policies and market factors on ethanol and sugar, supply and demand, in Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul, using three-stage least squares. Results show that ethanol supply is sensitive to public policies whereas the sugar supply is sensitive to market prices. Sugar and ethanol were found to be complementary outputs. For ethanol expansion to be sustainable the ethanol market must be developed to the extent that it relies on market factors and is no longer dependent on public policies. At the farmer level, the second essay, examines farmers' willingness to sign a sugarcane contract with a mill in the Brazilian Cerrado. A hypothetical stated choice experiment was conducted with farmers in Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. Respondents choose between three contracts (land rental, agricultural partnership and supply) and two optout options ("keep current contract" or "not grow sugarcane"). A single and a two opt-out random parameters models were estimated. The two opt-out model allowed for a better interpretation of the status quo. Willingness to pay, direct and cross-elasticity measures for contract attributes were calculated. Results showed that farmers prefer contracts with higher returns, shorter duration and a lower probability of late payments. Farmers seemed to prefer to renting out their land to the mill than to produce sugarcane themselves, which could lead to consequences for rural development and the sustainability of sugarcane expansion. At the processor level, the third essay investigates the impact of vertical coordination on input-oriented technical efficiency using data envelopment analysis (first stage) and a Tobit censored model (second stage). 204 Brazilian mills were considered. The second stage controlled for vertical integration as well as other characteristics of the mill. Vertical integration was measured as the percentage of total sugarcane used, supplied by mills. A negative, though minimal, relationship between vertical integration and technical efficiency was found. Hence, technical efficiency is not the major driver of vertical integration. Other vertical coordination strategies may bring more benefits in terms of technical efficiency (e.g. contracts). Drivers of vertical integration seem to vary according to the characteristics of the location of the mill.
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Tomazos, Konstantinos. "Volunteer Tourism : an ambiguous phenomenon : an analysis of the demand and supply for the volunteer tourism market." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22005.
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One of the more recent forms of tourism to emerge from the continuing fragmentation of tourism into many different forms is what has become known as Volunteer Tourism. Although itself taking on a number of variations, it is essentially the practice of individuals going on a working holiday and volunteering their labour for worthy causes. The concept of volunteer work has existed for several decades since its origins immediately following the First World War, but the idea of combining this activity with tourism is relatively new and has already changed considerably over a very short period. This thesis reviews the process by which volunteer tourism has developed, focusing on its transformation from an individual altruistic endeavour to a more commercial form of conventional tourism. As such, volunteer tourism has mirrored in many ways the development and commercialisation of opportunities for individuals to engage in ecotourism, another form of tourism which also began on a small scale with compassionate and non-economic priorities. This thesis provides a twin pronged approach to the study of volunteer tourism focusing both on the demand and the supply of volunteer tourism. The demand is investigated through an observation of a group of volunteer tourists in Mexico over a three week period and a new conceptualization of participation in volunteer tourism as a balancing act between commitment and hedonistic pursuits is developed. This thesis also reviews the growth in number of websites devoted to the various forms of volunteer tourism that now exist, and discusses the changes that have taken place in the content and focus of these websites and the organisations they represent over the last two decades. In relation to this analysis, it also examines the location of destinations which are being made available to volunteer tourists and providing the opportunity to engage in this activity. As a part of this analysis, the thesis examines the changes in the distribution of these locations and the relationship between location and the relative need of the respective destinations for assistance. The current distribution pattern of volunteer tourist opportunities now bears little similarity to the acute need for assistance that one might expect if the real motivation for providing this assistance was altruistic rather than commercial. In proposing a new approach of viewing volunteer tourism participation as a balancing act, but also by showing that the organizations involved vary in terms of their commitment and expectations, this study presents clarification on the role, expectations and motivations of the main players in volunteer tourism.
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Hussein, Siti Almafahaza. "Business and Real Estate Cycles The Kuala Lumpur Office Market." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-77472.
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to apply the concept of business cycle and real estate cycle in term of their characteristics, period and sequence of the cycle to the Kuala Lumpur’s office market. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on previous literature review, facts, reports, and data in arriving at the conclusion of the study. Findings - This paper revealed the characteristics, period and sequence between business and real estate cycles to Kuala Lumpur’s office market. Research limitation/ Implications - The framework and flows of this paper act as an introduction for the paper. Lacks of literature and attention on the business and real estate cycles in Kuala Lumpur’s have created difficulties to gains information and data on this paper. Practical implications - This paper is important for the students, government and policy maker in order to further a research and develop a foundation for business and real estate cycles in Kuala Lumpur.
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Paškauskienė, Kristina. "Broilerienos paklausa ir pasiūla Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080319_084649-93512.
Full textAbstract:
Labai svarbu ir savalaikiškai ištirti vartotojų poreikį broilerienai, aktualu nustatyti vartotojų požiūrį į Lietuvoje užauginamą produkciją bei importuotą. ir kokia yra priklausomybė vyrų bei moterų tarpe, ir nuo gaunamo atlyginimo. Vartotojų tyrimai rodo, kad auga paklausa lengvai virškinamiems, greitai paruošiamiems, aukštos maistinės kokybės gyvulininkystės produktams.
Darbo tikslas - Išsiaiškinti broilerienos paklausą ir pasiūlą Lietuvoje, įvertinti broilerienos suvartojimo tendencijas, analizuoti broilerienos rinką, pagrindinius gamintojus. Įvertinti importą ir eksportą, taip pat sužinoti pagrindinius veiksnius, lemiančius broilerienos produktų pasirinkimo apsisprendimą Tyrimui atlikti buvo iškelti uždaviniai.
Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti broilerienos pasiūlą ir paklausą Lietuvoje; 2. Ištirti broilerienos pasirinkimą priklausomai nuo vartotojo atlyginimo; 3. Išanalizuoti pagrindinius veiksnius, lemiančius broilerienos pirkimo apsisprendimą vyrų ir moterų tarpe; 4. Reklamos įtaka broilerienos pirkimui; 5. Išsiaiškinti kliento požiūrį į importuotą ir Lietuvoje pagamintą broilerieną.
Rezultatai: 1. Tyrimu nustatyta, kad didieji prekybos centrai nėra populiaresni už gamintojo parduotuves (P=0,07). Mažmeninės prekybos vietos nėra populiarios, lyginant su didžiaisias prekybos centrais ir gamintojo parduotuvėmis (P<0,001). 2. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad renkantis paukštyno produkciją, vyrai linkę nekreipti dėmesio, kurio paukštyno produkciją perka, o moterys tvirtai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Actuality of the work: A number of the earlier inquiry of customers needs have shown that there is a great demand for the high quality nutrition products, in accordance with their light digestibility and short term of cooking. Therefore the nutrition industry. This might help them to get acquaintance with different use and offer of national and import broiler products by men and women. Goal of the work: Inquiry of possibilities of broiler supply and demand in Lithuania, valuate the tendencies of broiler use, analyze broiler market and the main suppliers. It is very important to valuate the particularities of broiler import and export which could influence the offer and customers use. Tasks to reach the goal:1) Valuate the broiler supply and demand in Lithuania; 2) Inquire the clients‘ choice in accordance with their income and price; 3) Analyze the main factors which can influence the broiler offer and use different choice of customers: between men and women; 4) State the advertisement influence on the broiler sell; 5) Valuate the customers‘ opinion on the offer of national and important broiler products. General conclusion and results: 1. The inquiry (P=0,07) has shown that there is no high difference of popularity by broiler sell in the wide market and in the producer’s shops. The retail are not popular (P<0,001) in accordance with wide market centers and the producer’s shops; 2. The results of this inquiry have shown the men and women choice in accordance with the... [to full text]
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Bohlin, Folke. "The making of a market : supply- and demand-side perspectives on institutional innovation in Sweden's wood fuel use /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6316-5.pdf.
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Planting, Ralf. "The use of the DWV3 classification system in manufacturing companies for evaluating a market-specific supply chain strategy - A case study at Atlas Copco Industrial Technique." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103925.
Full textAbstract:
The research topic of this study is market-specific supply chain strategy, and the research problem is defined as, how manufacturing companies can use the DWV3 classification system to evaluate the opportunity for a market-specific supply chain strategy. What has been written about the DWV3 classification system is somewhat general in its nature and the practitioner is left without detailed instructions on how to proceed with the analytical analysis. Key elements of the DWV3 classification system that is not explicitly described in the literature is (1) how to measure each of the classification variables, (2) how to define a suitable limit for each measure in order to classify the products and (3) how to reason when sequencing the classification variables in the clustering analysis. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to make the DWV3 classification system more available to practitioners, and thus the aim is to illustrate how to tackle the key elements of the framework by applying it on the Atlas Copco Industrial Technique Business Area product portfolio. A single-case study design was chosen as a suitable research approach for this thesis. The application of the DWV3 system to the ITBA product portfolio was considered as the phenomenon under investigation, the case, of this study. Two sets of quantitative data were collected, demand data and product master data. The qualitative data collected was related to the ITBA supply chain set-up and the products as well as the customers’ responsiveness requirements for each assortment included in the study. All qualitative data was collected through interviews. The findings of this study are summarized in a number of conclusions that can serve as guidelines for practitioners that are about to apply the DWV3 system. These are (1) as far as possible use measures at the single product level, (2) use measures that express each classification variable in a way that is relevant to the matching of demand characteristics and supply chain strategy, (3) be prepared to redefine initial measures in order to describe the studied products’ characteristics in the best possible way, (4) develop measures that are based on available data or data that is feasible to attain, (5) adjust the number of codification levels to find the best trade-off between the level of detail in the cluster analysis and the number of populated segments, (6) alter the sequencing and repeat the cluster analysis to gain insight into the demand characteristics of the product portfolio, (7) the final sequencing of the classification variables must produce clusters that are relevant for the chosen production philosophy concepts.
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Spolador, Humberto Francisco Silva. "Impactos dinâmicos dos choques de oferta e demanda sobre a agricultura brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-09052006-170914/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo principal deste trabalho é medir e testar empiricamente a importância dos choques de oferta e demanda no vigoroso crescimento da agricultura brasileira, ao longo dos últimos trinta anos. Pressupõe-se que a agricultura brasileira tem o seu desempenho, relacionado não apenas a fatores microeconômicos ou setoriais como tecnologia e condições específicas de mercado e apoio setorial governamental mas também macroeconômicos: (a) políticas fiscal, monetária/creditícia e cambial e; (b) eventos de ampla repercussão econômica em âmbito nacional e internacional. Nem sempre há uma conjunção claramente favorável ou desfavorável desses fatores de distintas naturezas; assim, por exemplo, a rentabilidade de uma nova tecnologia pode ser prejudicada por uma valorização cambial. Dessa forma métodos especiais são necessários para estimar os efeitos de cada variável. Historicamente a agricultura brasileira sempre teve uma função relevante no que diz respeito ao crescimento econômico do país. A agricultura tinha que crescer em consonância ao crescimento da economia, ou seja, sem que se rompessem de forma severa o equilíbrio interno (nível de preços e grau de abastecimento) e/ou equilíbrio externo (geração de divisas necessárias para financiar importações ou pagamento da dívida externa). Tais equilíbrios nem sempre se verificam simultaneamente, e têm importantes impactos distributivos na economia de modo que: moeda supervalorizada pode ser compatível com abastecimento interno satisfatório, mas desequilíbrio externo grave; um caso como esse, por exemplo, é marcado por forte transferência de renda dos produtores para os consumidores nacionais. A hipótese central deste trabalho é que a maior parte do crescimento da agricultura brasileira, nos últimos trinta anos, pode ser atribuída a dois fatores gerais relacionados a dois tipos de choques sobre a agricultura: de demanda - originado a partir do mercado doméstico (renda) e, também, do mercado externo (taxa de câmbio) e de oferta - relacionado à produtividade do setor agrícola. Ao longo do tempo tanto a produtividade agrícola como a demanda agregada apresentaram tendência crescente; assim, entende-se que se os choques positivos (tendentes a aumentar a produção) de oferta predominarem em relação ao choque positivos de demanda (idem), a agricultura estará cumprindo com folga seu papel. Através da revisão da literatura, é realizado um levantamento sobre a participação da agricultura no equilíbrio macroeconômico do país, cujo interesse é caracterizar os cenários macro e microeconômicos da agricultura. Finalmente, estabelece-se um modelo econométrico, baseado na metodologia de Blanchard e Quah (1989), a fim de se verificar e mensurar os impactos do comportamento das variáveis macroeconômicas e microeconômicas sobre o crescimento da agricultura. Os resultados indicam que tanto os choques de oferta, como os choques de demanda, afetam permanentemente preço e produto agrícolas. As estimativas realizadas permitem concluir que a expansão do produto agrícola é explicado, em grande proporção, pelos aumentos de produtividade. A integração aos mercados internacionais foi essencial para assegurar a lucratividade e adoção contínua de novas tecnologias, que levaram a ganhos de produtividade.The main objective of this work is to measure and to test empirically the importance of the supply and demand shocks in the vigorous growth of Brazilian agriculture in the last thirty years. We hypothesize that Brazilian agriculture has its performance not only related to the microeconomic factors such as technology and specific market conditions and governmental support - but also macroeconomic factors: (a) fiscal policies, monetary/credit policies and exchange rate systems and; (b) events of ample economic repercussion in national and international environment. The conjunction of these factors of distinct natures may be either favorable or unfavorable to agriculture; thus, for example, the yield gain de to a new technology can be more than offset by a appreciation of exchange rate. Then, special methods are necessary to estimate the effects of each variable. Historically, the Brazilian agriculture has had a relevant role in Brazils economic growth. Agriculture had to grow in accordance to the growth of the economy so that internal balance (level of prices and raw material supply) and external balance (generation of foreign currency) are not severely disrupted. For instance, an overvalued currency can be compatible with satisfactory internal supply at the cost of serious external disequilibria with a strong transference of income from producers to consumers. The central hypothesis of this work is that most of the growth of Brazilian agriculture, in last the thirty years, can be attributed to two general factors related the two types of shocks on agriculture: demand - originated from domestic market (income) and, also, of the external market (exchange rate) and supply - related to the productivity of the agricultural sector. It is understood that if the positive supply shocks (tending to increase production) predominate compared to the demand positive shocks (they idem), agriculture will have fulfilled its role. An econometrical model, based in the methodology of Blanchard e Quah (1989), is defined in order to verify and to measure the impacts of the macroeconomic and microeconomic variables on the growth of agriculture. The results indicate that supply shocks and demand shocks permanently affect agricultural price and output. The expansion of the agricultural output is largely explained by productivity increases. The integration to the international markets was essential to assure the profitability and continuous adoption of new technologies that had taken the productivity profits.
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Rhodus, W. Timothy. "Allocative efficiency of experimental markets under conditions of supply and demand uncertainty /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260859495943.
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Kressner, Josephine D. "Leveraging targeted marketing data in travel demand modeling: validation and applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51870.
Full textAbstract:
To date, the collection of comprehensive household travel data has been a challenge for most metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and state departments of transportation (DOTs) due mainly to high costs. Urban population growth, the expansion of metropolitan regions, and the general unwillingness of the public to complete surveys conflict with limited public funds. The purpose of this research is to leverage targeted marketing data, sometimes referred to as consumer data or just simply marketing data, for travel demand modeling applications. This research reveals a first step in exploring the use of targeted marketing data for representing population characteristics of a region.
Four studies were completed: an aggregate validation, a household-level validation for hard-to-reach population groups, an airport passenger model, and a residential location choice model. The two validation studies of this work suggest that targeted marketing data are similar to U.S. Census data at small geographic levels for basic demographic and socioeconomic information. The studies also suggest that the existing coverage errors are at least similar, if not lower than, the levels of those in household travel surveys used today to build travel demand models. The two application studies of this work highlight the benefits of the targeted marketing data over traditional household travel surveys and U.S. Census data particularly well, including the additional behavioral information available at the household-level and the very large sample sizes.
These results suggest that the combination of targeted marketing data with other third-party and non-traditional data could be particularly powerful. It offers tremendous opportunities to enhance, or even transform, existing travel demand modeling systems and data collection practices. Inexpensive, up-to-date, and detailed data would allow researchers and decision-makers alike to better understand travel behavior and to be more equipped to make important transportation-related decisions that affect our lives each day.
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Chawananon, Chadapa. "FACTORS AFFECTING THE THAI NATURAL RUBBER MARKET EQUILIBRIUM: DEMAND AND SUPPLY RESPONSE ANALYSIS USING TWO-STAGE LEAST SQUARES APPROACH." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1219.
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Natural rubber is a major export crop and the sector is an important source of employment in Thailand. Very few rubber studies in the past have examined the demand and supply equations simultaneously and the previously results are dated. The objectives of this study was to estimate the econometric model of demand and supply of natural rubber in Thailand and determine if a relationship exists between the supply of rubber and its determinants. The data contained in the study are secondary time series annual data from 1977-2012. The instrumental variables estimation by two-stage least squares was used to solve and analyze the demand and supply of rubber. Results were statistically significant at 0.01 level, which showed that the U.S. GDP per capita, the estimated price, rainfall and rice price have a significant effect on quantity of rubber production in Thailand with an estimated elasticity of 1.4, 3.3, -3.6 and -2.6, respectively. The implications of the results are assessed through the lens of rubber producers, rubber consumers and agricultural policy makers.
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Caruso, Raquel Castellucci. "Análise da oferta e demanda de açúcar no estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-21082002-145749/.
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Neste trabalho, a oferta e a demanda de açúcar no Estado de São Paulo foram analisadas para o período de janeii-o de 199,5 a outubro de 2000 através de um sistema de equações simultâneas a fim de se obter as elasticidades preço da oferta e as elasticidades preço e renda da demanda, as quais são instrumentos úteis no auxílio à determinação das políticas públicas voltadas ao setor sucroalcooleiro. O período analisado está inserido na fase de desregulamentação do setor sucroalcooleiro, no qual o governo deixou de determinar as cotas de produção de açúcar e de álcool para cada usina ou destilaria, os preços da matéria-prima e dos produtos finais e a operacionalização das exportações de açúcar excedente produzido. As variáveis consideradas na equação da oferta (preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo, preço do açúcar no mercado internacional e preço do álcool) apresentaram sinais coerentes aos esperados e significativas a 10% de probabilidade com exceção da variável preço do álcool hidratado, que apesar de ter apresentado sinal correto, mostrou-se estatisticamente não-significativo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a oferta é elástica a preços, tendo-se encontrado uma elasticidade preço da oferta de 1,8917, indicando que, um aumento de 1% nos preços do açúcar a oferta varia 1,8917% no mesmo sentido. O coeficiente da variável preço do açúcar no mercado internacional foi de -0,4233 indicando que a um aumento de 1% no preço do açúcar no mercado internacional, a oferta de açúcar no mercado interno varia 0,4233% em sentido oposto, pois parte do açúcar ofertado internamente será deslocado para o mercado externo. Esses resultados devem ser analisados, no entanto, com certa cautela visto que os resultados econométricos obtidos não foram satisfatórios. As variáveis consideradas no ajustamento da equação da demanda, preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo e renda, foram estatisticamente não significativos e apenas a variável preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo apresentou sinal coerente ao esperado. Portanto, não foi possível a obtenção das elasticidades preço e renda da demanda. A variável dependente defasada foi incluída para eliminar o problema de autocorrelação de resíduos. A fim de se obter as elasticidades preço e renda da demanda, estimou-se uma equação de demanda de açúcar através do método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, visto que a variável dependente é relativas à quantidade de açúcar comercializada no Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis preço do açúcar no Estado de São Paulo (-0,4703) e renda (0,9960) são significativas a 10% e 1%, respectivamente. Os valores dos coeficientes obtidos, -0,4703 e 0,9960 para as variáveis preço do açúcar e renda respectivamente, indicaram que a demanda é inelástica a preço e renda por ser o açúcar um bem essencial e de necessidade básica.In this paper, the supply and dermand for sugar in the State of Sao Paulo were analyzed for the period of January 1995 to October 2000, using a system of simultaneous equations, in order to obtain price elasticity of supply, as well as price and income elasticities of demand. These are useful instruments to determine public policies for the sugarcane sector. The period analyzed coincides with the deregulation of the sugarcane sector, in which the Brazilian government stopped determining sugar and ethanol production quotas for each sugarmill and ethanol distillery, price of raw material and of the final products and relinquished its control for exporting sugar. The variables considered in the supply equation (price of crystal sugar in the State of Sao Paulo, price of sugar in the international market and price of ethanol) showed expected signs, significant at 10% probability except the 'price of ethanol' which was not statistically significant. Results indicate a price supply elasticity of 1,8917, indicating that a 1 percent price increase would cause a 1,8917 percent increase in supply. The coefficient of the variable 'price of sugar in the international market' was estimated to be -0,4233 indicating that an increase of 1% in the price of sugar in the international market would cause a decrease of sugar supply in the internal market of 0,4233. These results should be taken with caution, since the econometric results obtained were not totally satisfactory. The variables considered in the adjustment of the demand equation: price of granulated sugar in the State of Sao Paulo and income, were not statistically significant and only the variable granulated sugar in the State of Sao Paulo, showed the expected sign. Therefore it was not possible to obtain the price and income elasticities of the demand. The lag dependent variable was included to eliminate the autocorrelation of residues. In order to obtain price and income elasticities of demand an equation for sugar demand, was estimated using ordinary least squares, given that the dependent variable is relative to the amount of sugar marketed in the State of Sao Paulo. Results indicate that the variable price of sugar in the State of Sao Paulo (-0,4703) and income (0,9960) are statistically significant at a probability level of 10% and 1% respectively. These coefficients indicate that the demand is inelastic for price and income, since sugar is a basic good.
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Ren, Qiangguo. "A Novel Market-based Multi-agent System for Power Balance and Restoration in Power Networks." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/506931.
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Electrical and Computer EngineeringPh.D.
Power networks are one of the most complex systems in the field of electrical and computer engineering. In power networks, power supply-demand balancing can be achieved in a static or a dynamic model. In a static model, the power network cannot be easily adapted to intentional or unintentional network topology changes because the network design is predetermined, whereas in a dynamic model, the power network can be dynamically constructed and reconfigured at run-time, which leads to a more nimble, flexible, and stable system. In this dissertation, a novel Market-based Multi-agent System (MMS) is proposed to solve supply-demand balancing and power restoration problems in a dynamic model. The power network is modeled as a market environment consisting of Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) agents representing three characters: 1) consumer, 2) supplier, and 3) middleman. The BDI agents are able to negotiate power supply and demand of the power network, with consumers exploring the market and exchanging power information with neighboring middlemen and suppliers. So long as all consumers and suppliers establish supply-demand relationships represented in tree data structures, a qualified minimal access structure is found as the lower bound of the system reliability. When contingencies occur, the agents can quickly respond and restore loads guided by the relationships using minimum computational resource. Based on case studies and simulation results, the proposed approach delivers more effective performance of contingencies response and better computation time efficiency as the scale of the power network expands. The proposed MMS shows promises for solving various real-world power supply-demand and restoration problems, and serves as a solid foundation for future power networks refinement and improvement.
Temple University--Theses
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Namingit, Sheryll. "Essays on how health and education affect the labor market outcomes of workers." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35807.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Economics
William F. Blankenau
This dissertation consists of three essays on how health and education affect the labor market outcomes of workers. Health and education issues have been key determinants of labor demand and supply. In light of increasing incidence of health problems and the rapid growth of post-baccalaureate certificates in the US, this dissertation seeks to answer questions about labor market outcomes of workers with poor health history and with post-baccalaureate certificates. The first essay which I co-authored with Dr. William Blankenau and Dr. Benjamin Schwab uses a résumé-based correspondence test to compare the employment consequences of an illness-related employment gap to those of an unexplained employment gap. The results of the experiment show that while the callback rate of applicants with an illness-related employment gap is lower than that of the newly unemployed, applicants with illness-related employment gaps are 2.3 percentage points more likely to receive a callback than identical applicants who provide no explanation for the gap. Our research provides evidence that employers use information on employment gaps as additional signals about workers' unobserved productivity. Co-authored with Dr. Amanda Gaulke and Dr. Hugh Cassidy, the second essay tests how employers perceive the value of post-baccalaureate certificates using the same methodology in the first essay. We randomly assign a post-baccalaureate certificate credential to fictitious résumés and apply to real vacancy postings for managerial, administrative and accounting assistant positions on a large online job board. We find that post-baccalaureate certificates are 2.4 percentage points less likely to receive a callback than those without this credential. However, this result is driven by San Francisco, and there is no effect in Los Angeles or New York. By occupation, we also find that there is only significant negative effect in administrative assistant jobs, and there is none in managerial or accounting assistant jobs. A typographical error made in the résumés of certificate holders regarding the expected year of completion of the certificate may also contribute to negative effects of a certificate. Using NLSY79 data, the third essay tests whether the source of health insurance creates incentives for newly-diagnosed workers to remain sufficiently employed to maintain access to health insurance coverage. I compare labor supply responses to new diagnoses of workers dependent on their own employment for health insurance with the responses of workers who are dependent on their spouse's employer for health insurance coverage. I find that workers who depend on their own job for health insurance are 1.5-5.5 percentage points more likely to remain employed and for those employed, are 1.3-5.4 percentage points less likely to reduce their labor hours and are 2.1-6.1 percentage points more likely to remain full-time workers.
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Holmberg, Pär. "Modelling bidding behaviour in electricity auctions : supply function equilibria with uncertain demand and capacity constraints /." Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5882.
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Havemann, Roy Charles. "The demand for labour in South Africa : a theoretical and empirical approach." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50130.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nearly five million South Africans were unemployed in 2002 and creating employment opportunities is a difficult challenge. Before this issue can be tackled, however, it is critical to understand the problem. This thesis opts to contribute to this understanding by considering aspects around the demand for labour. The analysis considers a selection of the theoretical literature on the demand for labour, estimates key labour market parameters and then undertakes a number of simulations using a structural model. There are many conflicting paradigms that can be used to analyse the issue: microeconomic versus macroeconomic; neoclassical versus structuralist; theoretical versus empirical and so forth. Some of these paradigms are considered as part of the attempt to build an empirical framework that can be used to analyse the issue. The empirical results of the thesis suggest that: • Higher real wages lead to lowering of the quantity demanded of labour. The thesis estimates an economy-wide wage elasticity of employment of approximately -0,67; • Higher output stimulates the demand for labour. The single equation estimate of the employment elasticity of output is between 0,66 and 0,75, whilst the economy-wide estimate is approximately 1,1. The latter takes into account feedback effects from other macroeconomic variables, such as productivity and wages; • There is little evidence to show that the efficiency wage hypothesis holds - higher productivity leads to higher wages, but the converse is not true; • Union power increases real wages, indirectly leading to a fall in the demand for labour. This suggests that the labour market has insiders and outsiders; and • The relative price of labour is also important, with a fall in the cost of capital leading to a decrease in the demand for labour. Simulations suggest that job creation can be achieved through policies that encourage wage moderation and increase economic growth. There is also a potential role, albeit limited, for fiscal incentives such as a mooted earned income tax credit.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Byna vyf miljoen Suid-Afrikaners was werkloos in 2002 en werkskepping is 'n moeilike uitdaging. Voordat hierdie kwessie aangepak kan word, is dit egter noodsaaklik om die probleem te verstaan. Hierdie tesis dra by tot hierdie begrip deur te fokus op punte rondom die vraag na arbeid. Die ontleding kyk na 'n verskeidenheid van teoretiese literatuur oor die vraag na arbeid en identifiseer sleutel-parameters vir die arbeidsmark. Daar is soveel teenstrydige paradigmas wat gebruik kan word om die kwessie te ontleed: Mikro-ekonomies teenoor makro-ekonomies; neoklassiek teenoor strukturalisties; teoreties teenoor empiries, ensovoorts. Sommige van hierdie paradigmas word bespreek as deel van die poging om 'n empiriese raamwerk te bou wat gebruik kan word om die kwessie te ontleed. Die empiriese resultate van die tesis toon: • Hoër reële lone lei tot 'n verlaging van die hoeveelheid arbeid aangevra. Die tesis beraam die ekonomiewye loonelastisiteit van indiensneming op sowat - 0,67; • Hoër uitset stimuleer die vraag na arbeid. Die enkelvergelyking-raming van die uitset-elastisiteit van indiensneming is tussen 0,66 en 0,75, terwyl die ekonomiewye raming sowat 1,1 is. Laasgenoemde neem terugvoerinvloede van ander makro-ekonomiese veranderlikes in ag, bv. produktiwiteit en lone. • Daar is min bewyse dat die doeltreffende loon-hipotese water hou: Hoër produktiwiteit lei tot hoër lone, maar die teendeel is onwaar; • Vakbonde se mag verhoog reële lone, wat indirek lei tot 'n daling van die vraag na arbeid. Dit dui daarop dat die arbeidsmark 'n binnekring en buitestaanders het; en • Die relatiewe prys van arbeid is ook belangrik: 'n Afname van die koste van kapitaal veroorsaak 'n daling van die vraag na arbeid. Simulasies toon dat werkskepping bevorder kan word deur beleid wat loonmatiging en ekonomiese groei bevorder. Daar is ook 'n rol, alhoewel beperk, vir fiskale insentiewe, b.v. 'n loonsubsidie.
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Nordvall, Hans-Olof. "Studies on market analysis of forest-based products /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5621-5.pdf.
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Maurer, Julie Ann. "Three Essays: Hybrid Model Based Analysis of the Science Workforce." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543498036220193.
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Connell, Richard Perry. "Opportunities for LNG supply infrastructure and demand growth in US and International markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33428.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-146).
Countries are looking beyond their borders for options to satiate a forecasted increase in natural gas consumption. A strong option for importing natural gas is by way of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply chain where natural gas is liquefied, transported in special tankers, and regasified at the destination. Research was conducted to determine a method of evaluating the feasibility of such a project. A computer-based simulation model was created to calculate financial metrics for potential LNG projects based on unique inputs such as annual production, distance, and natural gas market and commodity price. Potentially feasible projects are based on the resulting metrics as well as interpretations of risk, and a source's ability to meet a consuming market's demand requirements. Financially, the most attractive projects were the short haul routes to countries with high market prices. However, due to risk and supply inadequacy, it was determined that markets with the most growth to satisfy were best supplied by countries with the most adequate resources.
by Richard Perry Connell.
S.M.
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Shivangulula, Shirley Euginia Ndahafa Uvatera. "Employment demand, employability and the supply-side machinery : the case of the children of the liberation struggle of Namibia." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4630.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDOver the past four years, growing volumes of media literature centre staged the Namibian economy with the dilemma of the ‘Children of the Liberation Struggle of Namibia’ (CoLSoN) in their resilient protest for employment. Yet, amid such chronicled portrayal and persistent social, economic and political discourse, the underpinnings of the plight of the CoLSoN for labour market participation received vigorous scholarly inattention and remained scientifically unexplored. This study, therefore, contributes to the body of knowledge on the employability, employment prospects and vulnerability to unemployment, and public policy interventions depicting the unemployed CoLSoN in Namibia. The Researcher situated the study in a post-positivist paradigm. Positioned in the Human Capital Theory, the study utilised the employability theory to examine the employability of the unemployed CoLSoN. The study employed the conceptual framework of employment prospects and vulnerability to unemployment to investigate the domains responsible for the low employment prospects and vulnerability to unemployment of the unemployed CoLSoN. Drawing on the theory of search and match, the study examined the typology of the supply-side effort of Government to establish the controlling of the ensuing disequilibrium of the demand-supply side efforts. The study employed a concurrent mixed method design comprising quantitative and qualitative schemes of inquiry, and drew a sample size of 605 unemployed CoLSoN through the simple random probability sampling procedure to respond to a 76-item survey instrument. Additionally, the study drew a purposive sub sample of 50 CoLSoN and two organisations to amplify the experiences of the unemployed CoLSoN and inform of the policy options directed to their plight through semi-structured interviews. The study analysed the quantitative data utilising the ANOVA, Multiple regression techniques, Spearman correlation and t-test of the SPSS software. Qualitative data analysis occurred through the application of thematic categorisation. The study found that fierce labour market demands and administrative malice delay the transition into the labour market of the unemployed CoLSoN. The interviews revealed intergenerational poverty transmission a distant, but potent dynamic of degenerating individual qualities among the unemployed CoLSoN for employability. The ANOVA sustained the postulation that low employability traits are not equally prevalent in all the age groups of the unemployed CoLSoN. Estimates indicate that a mere investment in the education of the unemployed CoLSoN would improve their generic employability by about 11%. The study recommends the exercise of employability as an Active Labour Market Policy to balance the demand-supply-side inconsistencies of the labour market that exclude the disadvantaged from participating therein. The study further recommends the reinforcement of institutional audit procedures to control the inaptness of intentional administrative barriers to the labour market participation of the CoLSoN. The study also recommends the granting of fiscal incentives to the private sector for a speedy absorption of the CoLSoN into the labour market. That way, the low employment prospects among the unemployed CoLSoN would contract. Their employability for labour market participation would augment, invigorating them to take charge of their lives and curb poverty transmission to the next generations.
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Bernard, Richard. "An examination of a non-managerial internal labour market in a corporate head office : a case study." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61942.
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Holmberg, Pär. "Modelling Bidding Behaviour in Electricity Auctions : Supply Function Equilibria with Uncertain Demand and Capacity Constraints." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5882.
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In most electricity markets, producers submit supply functions to a procurement uniform-price auction under uncertainty before demand has been realized. In the Supply Function Equilibrium (SFE), every producer commits to the supply function that maximises his expected profit given the bids of competitors.
The presence of multiple equilibria is a basic weakness of the SFE framework. Essay I shows that with (i) symmetric producers, (ii) perfectly inelastic demand, (iii) a reservation price (price cap), and (iv) capacity constraints that bind with a positive probability, a unique symmetric SFE exists. The equilibrium price reaches the price cap exactly when capacity constraints bind.
Another weakness is difficulty finding a valid asymmetric SFE with non-decreasing supply functions. Essay II shows that for firms with asymmetric capacity constraints but identical constant marginal costs there exists a unique and valid SFE. Equilibrium supply functions exhibit kinks as well as vertical and horizontal segments. The price at which the capacity constraint of a firm binds is increasing in the firm’s share of market capacity. The capacity constraint of the second largest firm binds when the market price reaches the price cap. Thereafter, the largest firm supplies its remaining capacity with a perfectly elastic segment at the price cap. Essay III presents a numerical algorithm that calculates a similar SFE for asymmetric firms with increasing marginal costs.
Essay IV derives the SFE of a pay-as-bid auction such as the balancing market for electric power in Britain. A unique SFE always exists if the demand’s hazard rate is monotonically decreasing, as for a Pareto distribution of the second kind. Assuming this probability distribution, the pay-as-bid procurement auction is compared to the SFE of a uniform-price procurement auction. Two theorems in Essay V prove that the demand-weighted average price is (weakly) lower in the pay-as-bid procurement auction.
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Kastrat, Merima, and Dilan Tas. "Does immigration affect native's labor market outcomes in Germany?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-88104.
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Germany is one of the several countries in Europe that have opened its borders to immigrants for many years. The admission of immigrants into Germany has contributed to the country being the second largest immigration destination in the world, and this has resulted in both negative and positive outcomes for the natives. In this essay, the effect of immigration on natives’ hourly wages and employment was examined, by using microdata for Germany. Native workers’ educational level attainments and 16 different regions in Germany were taken into account to obtain regional variation. Cross-sectional data was used for the years 2005, 2009 and 2015 in order to measure the effect of the share of immigrants on natives’ hourly wages and employment. The findings showed that the share of immigrants, had a positive effect on natives’ wages and employment in 2005 and 2009. In 2015, however, a negative relationship was found, with the share of immigrants impacting negatively on natives’ wages but not on employment. Thus, the study highlights the importance of immigrants on natives’ hourly wages and employment.
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Ferreira, Thaís Fraga. "Os fatores determinantes do boom do mercado imobiliário residencial do Rio de Janeiro entre 2005 e 2010." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9005.
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O mercado imobiliário brasileiro está passando pelo maior boom que já ocorreu no mundo que, por sua vez, envolve uma complexa interação entre os agentes de oferta e de demanda. Os principais fatores que têm impactado a demanda por imóveis no período recente são o aumento da renda média e a expansão do mercado de crédito. Pelo lado da oferta, é a escassez de terrenos edificáveis, dificultada, ainda, pela legislação de proteção ao meio ambiente, justificando o alto déficit habitacional. O resultado dos três fatores que, juntos, pressionam a demanda para cima e a oferta para baixo, acarreta no aumento dos preços dos imóveis residenciais em todo o país. No caso específico do Rio de Janeiro, levam-se em conta as externalidades positivas geradas pelo aumento dos investimentos em infraestrutura para a realização da Copa do Mundo de 2014 e dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, incluindo a redução da violência em determinadas áreas com a implantação das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs).The Brazilian real estate market is going through the biggest boom ever known in the world that, in turn, involves a complex interaction between the agents of supply and demand. The main factors that have impacted the demand for housing in recent years is the increase in average income and expansion of the credit market. On the supply side, is the lack of "buildable land", hampered also by the law of environment protection, justifying the high housing deficit. The result of three factors that, together, pushing the demand up and supply down, results in increased housing prices across the country. In the specific case of Rio de Janeiro, it takes into account the positive externalities generated by increased investment in infrastructure for holding the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics, including the reduction of violence in certain areas by deploying Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (Pacifying Police Units).
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Wille, Kirstin. "Film production in Cambodia conditions and structure of the Cambodian film production market, demand and supply in consideration of film genre." Erfurt Thüringisch-Kambodschan. Ges, 2009. http://www.tkgev.org/film-production-in-cambodia.html.
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SATO, RENATO C. "Estudo de demanda do radiofármaco sup(18)F-FDG nas regiões metropolitanas de São Paulo e áreas adjacentes." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9300.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Markwardt, Gunther, André Seidel, and Marcel Thum. "Classroom Games: Trading in a Pit Market 2.0." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-210692.
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We have developed a computerized version of Charles Holt’s classical market game that can be used even in classes with a large audience. The Pit market game gives students intuitive access to the interaction of supply and demand in real-world markets. Even though trade can take place at non-uniform prices in the classroom game, the average price and the quantity traded are usually very close to the equilibrium values predicted by supply and demand curves. The classroom game can also be used for a lively discussion about the efficiency of markets or to show the consequences of taxes and regulatory interventions.
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Alhawari, Omar Ibrahim Salem. "Global Supply Chain Design Under Stochastic Demand Considering Manufacturing Operations and the Impact of Tariffs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565388377821285.
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Gallagher, Emily A. "Money market funds, shareholder behavior, and financial stability." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010028.
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Fonds du marché monétaire, comportement des actionnaires et stabilité financièreIn the five business days following the default of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, U.S. prime money market funds (MMFs) experienced outflows totaling over 300 billion of dollars, representing 15% of their total assets. In order to generate cash to service outflows, some MMFs sold assets and stopped rolling their investments. Many have argued that these outflows exacerbated the financial crisis by contributing to a freezing of commercial paper markets. In 2010, in an effort to improve the resiliency of MMFs to withstand severe market stresses, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted a number of substantial reforms. Since 2010, many regulators have called for further reforms of MMFs, citing the eurozone crisis of 2011 as evidence that MMFs remain a financial stability concern. Over June, July and August 2011, MMFs experienced outflows of 162 billion of dollars, representing 10% of their total assets. Some contend that the size and timing of these outflows indicate that MMF investors continue to react to, and perhaps exacerbate, stresses in the financial markets. According to this view, yield sensitive investors incent MMFs to take risk through foreign bank investments and then cut and run once those risks escalate, resulting in a sudden loss of funding available to credit-worthy U.S. firms. Using the eurozone crisis of 2011 as an acid test, this thesis evaluates the validity of this narrative and, more broadly, the stability of U.S. MMFs after the 2008 financial crisis and resulting reforms. (...)
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Castilho, Rafael de Braga. "Estimation of random coefficients logit demand models: an application to the Brazilian fixed income fund market." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11425.
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Estimation of demand and supply in differentiated products markets is a central issue in Empirical Industrial Organization and has been used to study the effects of taxes, merges, introduction of new goods, market power, among others. Logit and Random Coefficients Logit are examples of demand models used to study these effects. For the supply side it is generally supposed a Nash equilibrium in prices. This work presents a detailed discussion of these models of demand and supply as well as the procedure for estimation. Lastly, is made an application to the Brazilian fixed income fund market.
Estimação de demanda e oferta em mercados com produtos diferenciados é uma questão central em organização industrial empírica e tem sido usada para estudar os efeitos de taxas, fusões, introdução de novos bens, poder de mercado, dentre outros. Logit e Logit com coeficientes aleatórios são exemplos de modelos de demanda utilizados para estudar estes efeitos. Para a oferta geralmente é suposto equilíbrio de Nash em preços. Este trabalho apresenta uma discussão detalhada destes modelos de demanda e oferta, assim como o procedimento para estimação. Por fim é feita uma aplicação para o mercado brasileiro de fundos de renda fixa.
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Medaikytė, Justina. "LKKA turizmo ir sporto vadybos specialybės absolventų pasiūla ir paklausa darbo rinkoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060512_222328-54564.
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SUMMARY
Topic: Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (LAPE) tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s supply and demand in the labor market
Keywords: expectations, supply, demand, labor market.
Research problem: is there any causal relationship between LAPE tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s supply and demand in their labor market?
The subject of the research: valedictorian‘s supply and demand in the labor market.
The objective of the research: to examine LAPE tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s supply and demand in the labor market.
Goals of the research:
1. To analyze theoretical aspects of expectations, suply and demand.
2. To analyze specialist‘s of Lithuania with university education situation in labor market.
3. To analyze conception and purport of manager work.
4. To analyze LAPE tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s expectations and their supply and demand in the labor market.
5. To compare the rezults of the research with the investigation „Career progression of Irish tourism and hospitality managment graduates“ done by Limerick University (Ireland) in the year 2005.
The hypothesis of the research: LAPE tourism and sport management speciality valedictorian‘s supply does not correspond with theirs demand in labor market.
After the analysis of scholarly literature and after the research, it was judged that:
1. The facts of the research „Competitivness in labor market of Higher schools... [to full text]
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Šreiderienė, Ingrida, and Renata Rubštaitienė. "Darbo pasiūlos ir paklausos suderinamumas (statybos sektoriaus pavyzdžiu)." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_162055-25523.
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Magistro darbe išanalizuotas darbo pasiūlos ir paklausos suderinamumas darbo rinkoje statybos sektoriaus pavyzdžiu. Pirmoje dalyje analizuojama teoriniai darbo rinkos, darbo bei darbo jėgos sampratos aspektai. Pateikti darbo pasiūlos ir paklausos bei pusiausvyros modeliai, juos įtakojantys veiksniai. Kartu analizuojamos valstybinės darbo rinkos reguliavimo priemonės bei vykdomos politikos kryptys Lietuvoje. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjami rodikliai apibūdinantys dabartinę esamą padėtį darbo rinkoje. Sudaryti darbo pasiūlą ir paklausą (statybų sektoriuje) įtakojančių veiksnių modeliai, kurie leido objektyviai įvertinti darbo pasiūlą ir paklausą šiame sektoriuje. Trečioje dalyje sukonkretinama iki darbo pasiūlos ir paklausos pusiausvyros atitikimo arba suderinamumo numatymo galimybių statybų sektoriuje. Nagrinėjama ar suformuluota darbo autorių mokslinio tyrimo hipotezė pasitvirtina.In the Master’s Paper we analyse labour demand and supply compatibility in the labour market based upon building sector’s example. In the first part we analyse theoretical aspects of labour market, labour and manpower concepts. We present labour supply and demand as well as equilibrium models and the factors, influencing them. Also we analyse the labour market regulation measures applied by the state as well as the directions of politics taken in Lithuania. In the second part we analyse the indices defining current situation in the labour market. We have made patterns of the factors influencing demand and supply in the building sector, which are used to assess objectively the labour supply and demand in the sector. In the third part we concretize down to prediction possibilities of labour supply and demand equilibrium conformity or compatibility in the building sector. We analyze whether the hypothesis formulated by the authors is verified.
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Herabat, Paisit 1973. "Trends in passenger demand and airline supply of top 25 long-haul U.S. dometic [sic] markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46245.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-96).
The thesis examines the effect of deregulation on passenger demand and airline supply of the top 25 long-haul U.S. domestic markets by measuring the annual and overall percentage changes in passenger traffic, airfare, nonstop flight frequency, total nonstop seat capacity, and average aircraft size over the time period between 1987 and 1995, and quantifying the relationships between these parameters. The correlations between these parameters are obtained by developing non-linear regression models. Within this time period, aggregate passenger demand of the total 25 markets increased by 3.5% annually and 30% overall. Inflation adjusted airfares of the majority of the top 25 markets decreased very slightly, only 0.03% annually and 2.32% overall. However, airfares tended to increase for the markets associated with hub airports because the dominant airline at that hub station has greater power to increase fare levels. Nonstop frequency increased at about the same rate as passenger demand across the nine-year period, given that there were approximately 1,000 more flights per week in 1995 than in 1987 in these markets. The total nonstop seat capacity of the total 25 markets increased by 90,000 seats per week since 1987, which represents 1.85% annually and 14.42% overall. Average aircraft size for the top 25 market decreased by 0.88% annually and 7% overall. From the results of the correlation analysis, passenger demand of the top 25 markets is priceelastic, especially of the vacation city-pair markets. On the contrary, passenger demand of the hub-related and business markets is rather insensitive to changes in airfare since both demand and fare increased over time. Interestingly, nonstop frequency has a strong impact on how airlines allocate seat capacity and aircraft size, not passenger demand. Because flight frequency increased at a faster rate than did total nonstop seat capacity in the nine-year period, the shift towards the usage of smaller aircraft is evident, which is consistent with the results of the percentage change analysis.
by Paisit Herabat.
S.M.
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Ji, Yiping. "Strategy Analysis of Real Estate Company Property Development in Medium Size City in China." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48750.
Full textAbstract:
Real estate industry is a new economic growth point and main industry in Chinese gross domestic product nowadays. This paper analyzes the trend of Chinese real estate market development to help investors to understand the current situation of Chinese real estate markets and policies better, so as to make better real estate investment decisions in China in the future. Because of oversaturated with investment and higher cost of investment there are more and more limitations in investing in big cities in China. With the rapid development of the economy, the huge inner demand of real estate is increasing in medium and small sized cities. Some investigations show that there are huge spaces of the appreciation in Chinese real estate market in medium and small sized cities. The author will describe and analyze the investment strategy and development of Fuxing Huiyu Real Estate Corporation as a case study. The demonstrated company is a public company with rapid growth in a medium sized city named Wuhan in the central part of China. Other investment companies or real estate companies could get some ideas by analyzing the development and decision making process of this company.
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Jones, Garett. "Measuring the liquidity effect with daily data /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3023450.
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