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Journal articles on the topic 'Supply Chain Pricing'
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Kumar, Manoj. "Sub-Supplier's Decision Affect Supply Chain Performance." International Journal of Applied Logistics 6, no. 2 (July 2016): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijal.2016070101.
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This paper studies how transfer pricing schemes interact with sub suppliers' opportunistic behaviors to affect supply chain performance. Effective supply chain management requires careful consideration of sub-suppliers', especially with respect to transfer pricing issues. Firms increasingly approach their sub-suppliers to drive compliance with firms' defined transfer pricing schemes. The paper models the supply chain incorporating asymmetric information among all the parties, supplier's innovation activities, sub suppliers' corruption possibility, and transfer pricing schemes. It examines the impact of various transfer pricing schemes on supply chain efficiency. Specifically, it conducts a performance comparison between the variable-cost transfer pricing scheme and the full-cost transfer pricing scheme. The paper finds that the sub supplier's choice of a transfer pricing scheme affects the supplier's sourcing decisions and the supply chain performance, and the variable-cost transfer pricing scheme performs better in achieving supply chain coordination. Therefore, the present research seeks to explore and increase one's understanding of critical factors that contribute to overcome aforementioned complexities and unique challenges of managing sub-suppliers for transfer pricing schemes. The present research expands on the theory of transfer pricing schemes and sub-supplier management context.
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Gao, Taiguang, Kui Wang, Yali Mei, Shan He, and Yanfang Wang. "Supply Chain Pricing Models Considering Risk Attitudes under Free-Riding Behavior." Mathematics 10, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10101723.
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The free-riding behavior of companies that do not act will bring losses to companies that provide services. A market consists of two secondary supply chains: manufacturers and retailers. Each supply chain can choose to adopt promotional strategies to expand its market demand. This paper constructs the centralized decision-making in the supply chain and the Nash game competition model between supply chains and primarily studies the impact of risk aversion and the free-riding coefficient on supply chain pricing, promotion strategy selection, and expected utility. We show that the supply chain with high-risk aversion has relatively low pricing, but the demand and a total expected utility are high. We also identify that, on the premise of the same risk aversion degree of the two supply chains, when the free-riding coefficient between the chains is small and equal, the supply chain tends to implement the promotion strategy. When consumers have the same preference for the products of two retailers, the pricing of the free-riding supply chain increases with the increase in the free-riding coefficient, while the supply chain with a promotion strategy is the opposite. Based on the numerical results, we further give the optimal one-way free-riding coefficient when the two supply chains have the same degree of risk aversion; when there is a bidirectional free-riding behavior in the market, competition among supply chains gradually tends to the first two scenarios.
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RINOJ P K, RINOJ P. K. "The Role of Pricing and Revenue Management in a Supply Chain." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 418–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/august2014/106.
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Xin, Baogui, Le Zhang, and Lei Xie. "Pricing decision of a dual-channel supply chain with different payment, corporate social responsibility and service level." RAIRO - Operations Research 56, no. 1 (January 2022): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021187.
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Strategies such as price, CSR, and service have an important impact on enterprises and supply chains. This paper proposes a two-echelon dual-channel supply chain composed of a manufacturer and a retailer. Considering the product pricing, CSR level, and service level in the supply chain, this paper employs the Stackelberg game to depict supply chain participants’ optimal decisions and analyze the influence of explanatory variables on the optimal decision with retailer’s payment methods. The results state that market share, service level, CSR, and financing interest rate significantly impact the pricing decision of all participants in the supply chain. In addition, strategies of CSR level and service level are also affected by the discount rate of advance payment, financing interest rate, return on investment, and opportunity cost rate. This paper incorporates CSR and service level into the objective function, considers a variety of retailers’ payment methods, enriches the supply chain’s pricing model, and is of great value to scientific decision-making of enterprises and sustainable development of supply chains.
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Formentini, Marco, and Pietro Romano. "Towards supply chain collaboration in B2B pricing." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 36, no. 7 (July 4, 2016): 734–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-03-2015-0124.
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Purpose – Research on business-to-business (B2B) pricing has been mainly focussed on the supplier’s pricing process, thus adopting traditionally an internal perspective and perceiving pricing as a profit distribution parameter rather than an opportunity for collaboration with customers. Recently, the opportunity to develop win-win, collaborative relationships in the B2B pricing process by embracing a supply chain perspective has started to attract the attention of scholars across several research streams, who have highlighted the emergence of this topic using different definitions, perspectives and methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to address the need for integrating the fragmented body of knowledge on B2B pricing toward supply chain collaboration. Design/methodology/approach – This critical literature review adopts an interdisciplinary approach, focussing on industrial marketing and operations and supply chain management areas. Findings – The authors provide a critical synthesis and discussion structured in four streams clustered around two dimensions, i.e. the “extension” of the collaboration in the pricing process along the supply chain and the “direction” of collaboration. Research limitations/implications – Drawing on the literature gaps, the paper concludes by proposing an agenda for future research for a relevant topic both for academics and practitioners. Originality/value – This paper offers a novel comprehensive view of the supply chain collaboration in the B2B pricing process and provides opportunities for intensifying dialogue across different research areas.
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Zhao, Guanbing, Yangyang Qiu, Muhammad Imran, and Fazal Manan. "Customer Knowledge Enabled Innovation: Analyzing Pricing-Promotion Coordination Mechanism." Complexity 2021 (June 21, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5588724.
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Pricing and promotion are two important decisions during the market launch of new consumer electronics products. Nowadays, the pricing and promotion of consumer electronic products are often not made separately but at the same time. This study focuses on the pricing-promotion coordination mechanism of a secondary supply chain of new consumer electronics products (which consists of a manufacturer and a seller). Price and the degree of promotion together affect the demand for products. Manufacturers give sellers a sales target. Manufacturers and sellers set prices and promotions separately, introduce repurchase penalty joint contracts, and establish supply chain profit models to compare and analyze optimal pricing, promotion efforts, and maximum profit of supply chains under different decision-making situations. We prove that the repurchase penalty joint contract can coordinate the supply chain under the assumptions of a single-period game and a multiperiod repeated game. The results show that under the repurchase penalty joint contract, when manufacturers and sellers choose high prices and high promotions at the same time, the supply chain of new consumer electronics products has the largest profit. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to study the influence of parameters on optimal decision-making and supply chain profits.
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ZHAO, JINSHI, and JIAZHEN HUO. "COORDINATION MECHANISM COMBINING SUPPLY CHAIN OPTIMIZATION AND RULE IN EXCHANGE." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 30, no. 05 (October 2013): 1350015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595913500152.
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There are two kinds of option pricing. The option pricing in exchange follows the Black–Scholes rule but does not consider the optimizing of supply chain. The traditional supply chain option contract can optimize supply chain but does not meet the Black–Scholes rule. We integrate the assumption of above two kinds of option pricing, and design a model to combine the Black–Scholes rule and traditional option contract of optimizing in a supplier-led supply chain. Our combined model can guide the enterprises to write or buy option considering both option pricing rule in financial market and the optimization of supply chain. Then we simulate and verify the model in Zinc industry of China. It is proved that our option pricing model is equalized and optimal to supply chain and consistent with Black–Scholes rule.
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Zhang, Xuelong, Yuxin Xu, Xiaofan Chen, and Jiuying Liang. "Pricing Decision Models of Manufacturer-Led Dual-Channel Supply Chain with Free-Rider Problem." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 4087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054087.
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We study the strategic pricing decision models of manufacture-led dual-channel supply chains with the free-rider problem under the service level and cost. We use the Stackelberg model to study the impact of the degree with the free-rider problem of consumers on the optimal pricing strategy and the optimal service level of the dual-channel supply chain under various decision-making modes and carry out a numerical simulation. The main conclusions are as follows: In the retailer’s dual-channel supply chain, the deepening of consumer free-riding behavior will reduce the enthusiasm of retailers, but the weak position of the channel will lead to improved service levels and reduced prices, as well as to increase the wholesale price to cover costs. In the manufacturer’s dual-channel supply chain, the deepening of consumer free-riding behavior will lead to a decline in the retailers’ service level and enthusiasm, as well as to a decrease in the wholesale prices and retailers’ pricing. In the two types of dual-channel supply chains, the demand of manufacturers’ network channels increases, the price increases first and then decreases, and the profits of all supply chain members decrease with the increase in the free-rider coefficient of consumers. Finally, we use numerical simulation to verify the validity of the above conclusions, which provides a scientific basis to make optimal pricing decisions in the manufacturer-led dual-channel supply chain.
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Shen, Liang, and Yu Yan Wang. "The Limit Price Strategy Analysis of Integrated Medicine Supply Chain Based on Government Regulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 2553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.2553.
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Considering the integrated medicine supply chain, and introducing the government limit pricing and subsidy mechanism, the pricing strategy of integrated medicine supply chain was studied in this paper. And the optimal strategy in the face of market fluctuations caused by unconventional emergencies based on government regulation was given. The study shows that, under different subsidy levels, the optimal production volume, retail price and profit of the supply chain are related to production cost, market size, government regulation and government subsidy; governments limit price regulation on medicines is welfare for both consumers and retailers, and it is favorable for medicine supply chains normal development.
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Seppälä, Timo, Martin Kenney, and Jyrki Ali-Yrkkö. "Global supply chains and transfer pricing." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 19, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-01-2014-0049.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to integrate the issue of transfer pricing and logistics costs to understand trade statistics and the operation of supply chains by using invoice-level data for a single globally sourced product of a multinational firm.Supply chains are central to understanding wealth creation and capture in an increasingly globalized production system. The increasing disaggregation and dispersal of supply chains is profoundly affecting the geographical distribution of value added, input costs and profits of multinational firms. This suggests that understanding supply chains and where the activities and accounting for these activities take place is crucial for understanding the causes and consequences of contemporary globalization. Design/methodology/approach – By using a case study of a single product and invoice-level data, it was possible to capture the actual costs incurred by a firm using a relatively simple global supply chain. The authors show how corporate intra-firm transfer pricing determines which business unit and location captures profits. A single firm provided the core data in this paper, including product- and firm-level information on intermediate product prices and input costs for all internal transfers. Findings – This paper advances interesting insights into trade in value added and shows that, though not often considered significant, transfer pricing is a critical issue for understanding the geographical distribution of value added. The authors conclude with some observations about the nature of global supply chains, the value of international trade statistics and a hidden advantage of an integrated firm operating on a global scale the ability to somewhat arbitrarily select the activities to which profits should be allocated. For nation states, as supply chains become more international and complex, critical measures, such as gross domestic product, worker productivity, etc., are becoming ever more imprecise. The economic geography of cost of inputs and profits continue to separate as multinational enterprises drive the disaggregation of value creation and value capture. Research limitations/implications – The case study facilitates an understanding of complex supply chain issues, thereby extending and deepening findings from previous research. This case study of transfer pricing in supply chains will assist other scholars in better formulating testable propositions for their studies and sensitize them to the internal complexities corporate managers face when making operationalizing decisions. Originality/value – The case study suggests that understanding the configuration of and accounting in supply chains is vital for accurately measuring any national economic statistics. This case study provides some bottom-up evidence that national accounts and international trade economics undertaken without a deep understanding of supply chain organization is likely to generate misleading results. The methodology of using invoice-level data can provide a more granular understanding of how supply chains are organized and where the value is added and captured. For practitioners, the data suggest that firms should think very carefully about which of their activities generate the most value, and value those accordingly.
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Zhang, Hengyun, and Dingjun Hong. "Supplier’s Joint Investments in Cost Reduction and Quality Improvement in a Decentralized Supply Chain." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4391475.
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We consider a decentralized supply chain with a downstream manufacturer and an upstream supplier. The upstream supplier sells a product to the manufacturer, who faces a quality and price sensitive demand. The supplier has a chance to invest in both cost reduction and quality improvement of its product. We derive the optimal investment and pricing decisions for the supply chain members. We do so in both the centralized and the decentralized supply chains. We show that the optimal investment and pricing decisions in the decentralized supply chain may deviate from that in the centralized supply chain. We develop a mechanism to coordinate the decentralized supply chain. The developed mechanism contains four policies: wholesale price, sharing of revenue, sharing of cost reduction investment cost, and sharing of quality improvement investment cost. We also show that the developed coordination mechanism can lead to Pareto improvement.
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Peck Jr, Jeffrey Drue, Michael S. Gendron, and Tera Black. "Transforming Logistics Pricing." International Journal of Business Intelligence Research 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbir.2017010103.
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Raw materials and products are moved and created globally through complex supply chains. Within those supply chains, logistics is what enables the goods to move through distribution and to the end consumer. This is what motivates the researchers to examine the logistics portion of the supply chain and attempt to determine the relationship between various market forces and their impact on the cost of logistics. This will be accomplished with transformative analytics techniques, such as multivariate regression modeling, that should enable logistics managers, researchers, and others to better understand the cost of logistics services, and thus impact pricing of goods dependent on those services. In a world where logistics managers rely heavily on “gut feel”, utilizing business intelligence and analytics can better enable decision making.
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Wei, Jie, Tong Shao, and Jing Zhao. "Interactions of Bargaining Power and Introduction of Online Channel in Two Competing Supply Chains." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7952413.
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This paper studies the effect of dual-channel format on supply chain’s competition ability and the effect of different bargaining powers on the competition between two supply chains and the optimal pricing decisions of all supply chain members when one supply chain introduces an online retailing channel. We develop four game models and obtain the optimal pricing decisions in closed form of these models and give some sensitivity analysis through numerical approach. Some new managerial insights are obtained as follows: Regardless of the two supply chain members’ bargaining forms, the optimal price, the maximal demand, and the maximal profit decrease as the self-price sensitivity decreases. The industry holds advantage in getting higher profit when the supply chain without online retailing channel is led by the retailer. In addition, we find that a manufacturer as a leader of its supply chain can get more profit when the competing supply chain’s leader is the manufacturer than when the competing supply chain’s leader is the retailer.
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Salimian, Farhad, Maryam Damiri, Mahyar Ramezankhani, and Saeed Khakshouri Fariman. "Developing a New Interval Type-2 Hesitant Fuzzy TOPSIS-Based Fuzzy Best-Worst Multicriteria Decision-Making Method for Competitive Pricing in Supply Chain." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (April 30, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7879028.
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Corporate social responsibility based on competitive supply chain pricing has been considered the most efficient strategy of a business globally. In an MCDM challenge, a competent supply chain pricing considerations solutions supplier considers multiple possibly competing for qualitative and quantitative criteria. This study presented a new extended decision-making and FBWM method based on type-2 fuzzy sets TOPSIS for ranking the corporate social responsibility criteria based on competitive supply chain pricing factors. The aim of the ranking is to learn how a company and its supply chain may accomplish joint-optimization of economic, environmental, and social performance by transparently and strategically integrating sustainability into business operations. To verify the efficacy of the suggested strategy, it is compared to a benchmarking model. IT2F VIKOR is the subject of this benchmarking model. The significance weights of the competitive supply chain pricing selection criterion are determined from BWM for both techniques. The results show that the most probable dimension of social responsibility in knowledge-based businesses in the oil sector, according to the research, is the environmental dimension in social responsibility, which may produce competitive supply chain pricing mechanisms based on profitability. Other findings revealed that the elements of competitive supply chain pricing factors in oil companies regarding social responsibility are ranked as follows: customer, product, and competitive supply chain pricing procedures. As a result, maintaining customer values is a major price element in establishing contacts, based on the company’s strategic connection with the economy and regional and worldwide partners.
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Saha, Subrata, and Izabela Nielsen. "Strategic Integration Decision under Supply Chain Competition in the Presence of Online Channel." Symmetry 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010058.
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This study explores the pricing decisions of substitutable products for two competing supply chains in the presence of an online channel. Each supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and an exclusive retailer and one of the manufacturers distributes products through the online channel. We examine optimal decisions under five scenarios to explore how the strategic cooperation between two manufacturers at the upstream horizontal level or with the retailer at the vertical level affects product pricing decisions and the performance of two supply chains? The results reveal that decisions for cooperation with competing manufacturers and opening an online channel are correlated. In the absence of an online channel, cooperation with their respective retailer can lead to a higher supply chain profit. However, if a manufacturer opens an online channel, then cooperation with competing manufacturers can lead to a higher supply chain profit. Under the vertical integration, total supply chain profit might be lower compared to a scenario where members in each supply chain remain independent. Consumers also need to pay more for products.
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Faludi, Tamas. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION: THEORETICAL CONTRIBUTION TO USE THE WHOLESALE PRICING CONTRACT IN THE GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 5, Special (June 2020): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe104.
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Because of the eco-consciousness and the environmental protection companies become ’green’, therefore many green supply chains are realized in the business sphere. Companies of green supply chain take care on the environmental protection. These companies try to decrease the pollution, so they implement some eco-conscious processes. The green supply chains contain these companies. The biggest problem is the coordination of these chains. Nowadays, supply chains have many members, so the cooperation is getting more and more difficult. It could be a potential good solution, if the chain members use the different contract types to coordinate the chain. Contract tries to handle the inequality between the chain members and gives a framework to the cooperation of chain members. This paper introduces the wholesale pricing contract, which can be used in the case of green supply chain and its different settings effectively. The wholesale pricing contract is one of the traditional contract types but it produces different performance in the case of centralized and decentralized setting. Centralized setting has a chain leader – this member operates and coordinates the whole chain and defines common goals for the members. In decentralized setting the members define their own goals and they act in accordance with their own interest. A simulation with numerical example is also included to represent the difference between the two settings.
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Kuo, Chia-Wei, Hyun-Soo Ahn, and Goker Aydin. "Pricing Policy in a Supply Chain: Negotiation or Posted Pricing." Production and Operations Management 22, no. 3 (January 30, 2013): 626–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2012.01412.x.
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He, Rong Yao, Zhong Kai Xiong, and Yu Xiong. "Supply Chain Competition with Information Sharing." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.309.
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Given the case of two competing supply chains each consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer, we explore whether the retailers should share the market demand information they know with their manufacturers when the manufacturers do not know the same specific demand information. We also determine the optimal pricing policy and total profit for the retailers when each chain either shares or does not share market demand information. We find that sharing information is always more profitable for both retailer and supply chain.
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Zhang, Xuelong, Huili Xu, Chenhui Zhang, Shuang Xiao, and Ying Zhang. "Pricing Decision Models of the Dual Channel Supply Chain with Service Level and Return." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 9237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239237.
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The interests of upstream, midstream, downstream companies and consumers in the supply chain are jointly affected by service levels and returns. Improving service levels can increase market demand and improve market position, as well as reduce return rates. But the increase in service level will bring an increase in service cost. How to balance the service cost and return cost through pricing decision, so that the profit of supply chain members can be improved, is the problem studied in this paper. In this paper, we consider the effect of service level of network channel on consumers’ return behavior in the context of manufacturer’s dual-channel supply chain when dual channels provide services at the same time, and discuss the effect of service level and return rate on pricing decision of dual-channel supply chain. It was found that return behavior can stimulate manufacturers to improve service levels and increase overall supply chain profits. The higher the return rate in the network channel, the greater the benefits from improved service levels by the manufacturer and the less detrimental to retailers’ returns. This study enriches the research on pricing decisions in dual-channel supply chains, increases the motivation of merchants to improve service levels, and has some guiding implications for supply chain members to develop price and service strategies.
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Wang, Jiali, Yujia Huo, Xiangyu Guo, and Yang Xu. "The Pricing Strategy of the Agricultural Product Supply Chain with Farmer Cooperatives as the Core Enterprise." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (May 22, 2022): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050732.
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The pricing strategy of agricultural products not only affects the product demand and purchasing behavior of consumers, but also the income distribution of node enterprises and the overall profit of the agricultural supply chain. This paper studies the pricing strategy of the agricultural product supply chain with farmer cooperatives as the core enterprise. Considering the heterogeneous demand of consumers, this paper introduces the degree of agricultural product characteristics and establishes a dynamic pricing model for agricultural products under decentralized decision-making and centralized decision-making and designs a revenue sharing coordination contract. The results indicate that the overall profit of the supply chain obtained by pricing agricultural products through a decentralized decision-making model is lower than that created under centralized decision-making. Improving the degree of agricultural product’s characteristics and adopting the revenue sharing contract is conducive to the Pareto improvement of supply members. The relevant recommendations provide a reference for the product pricing strategy of this type of agricultural product supply chain.
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Wang, Xue Wu, and Xiao Xin Zang. "Cooperative Pricing Decision Model in Supply Chain." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.789.
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This paper considers a retailer who wishes to procure a kind of product to meet customer’s demand and shows that the supplier and the retailer’s cooperetive pricing decision . We gives the prices of Pareto optimal equlibrium and compares the prices with that of cooperative supply chain and find that noncooperative system profit is less than cooperative system profit. Furthermore, we shows that on some assumption, Pareto optimal price policy is equivalent to jointly decision policy, i.e., Pareto optimal price policy can reach the whole system maximum profit, and the numerical example indicates that with the retailer operating cost increasing, the total profit of supply chain is decreasing.
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Fernandes, Rui, Carlos Pinho, and Borges Gouveia. "Supply chain networks design and transfer-pricing." International Journal of Logistics Management 26, no. 1 (May 11, 2015): 128–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-04-2013-0042.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a new modelling framework for distribution network strategy and to study how various transfer-pricing schemes cope with stochastic demand under different countries tax policies. Design/methodology/approach – Use is made of real options to quantify the available options for supply chain network design. The application of real options approach relies on three main conditions, such as the existence of uncertainty (market), flexibility (different network design) and irreversibility (investments) in the decision process. Findings – Evaluation of the potential impact of changes in local tax policies on long-run plant and distribution centers location decisions. A more intensive tax regime tends to promote changes in the distribution network that support multinational companies. In high uncertain markets, the options to change the network are more attractive – uncertainty is linked with an increase in flexibility. Practical implications – The present study provides decision makers with a useful tool for supporting the design of global logistics networks, considering different scenarios and therefore determines a more after-taxes profitable logistics network configuration. Originality/value – Integrate financial issues while studying different scenarios for supply chain network designs. It presents a model that focus on distribution network design considering transfer-pricing methods as decision variables and aiming after-taxes bottom-line results maximization. There are relatively few “reported” implementations of global profit maximization models for large-scale networks. Thus, we believe that the implementation of global profit maximization models represents a potentially significant unrealized opportunity worthy of serious consideration by many firms.
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Dong, Lingxiu, Chakravarthi Narasimhan, and Kaijie Zhu. "Product Line Pricing in a Supply Chain." Management Science 55, no. 10 (October 2009): 1704–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1090.1053.
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Du, Wenyi, Yubing Fan, and Lina Yan. "Pricing Strategies for Competitive Water Supply Chains under Different Power Structures: An Application to the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 2892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082892.
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Under two different power structures, where the supplier and the distributor, respectively, are modeled as the leader, this paper studies water pricing strategies in two competing water resources supply chains. We assume that each water supply chain consists of a risk-neutral water supplier and a risk-neutral water distributor. We build different decision models for two competitive water resources supply chains, derive the optimal decision strategies for the water supply chain members, and analyze how competition intensity affects these decisions. Analytical results show that when the supplier is the leader, its water wholesale price is always higher than that when the distributor serves as the leader. On the other hand, the retail price and the two supply chains’ channel profits depend on the competition intensity, but are independent of the power structure. To illustrate the proposed models, we apply them to examine the water pricing strategies in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The results showed significant insights into the pricing strategies of water resources in different routes of this massive water diversion project.
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Farham-Nia, Saied, and Alireza Ghaffari-Hadigheh. "Optimal pricing strategy in uncertain dual distribution channel with retail services." Journal of Modelling in Management 16, no. 3 (February 8, 2021): 799–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-01-2019-0020.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to study the optimal pricing decision in a supply chain with a dual distribution channel in a centralized and decentralized decision-making systems and investigate the economic impact of retail services on pricing behaviors with respect to the power structures. Design/methodology/approach To reach the equilibrium behavior of decision-makers, two-stage optimization, the Stackelberg game and the Bertrand–Nash game have been used. Also, to explore the effect of environmental uncertainty on the behavior of decision-maker, demand functions are characterized as an uncertain price dependent, service dependent and channel dependent. Decision parameters are based on experts’ belief degree, in the sense of uncertainty theory initiated by Liu (2007). Findings Obtained results reveal that the retail services have a strategic role in the centralized supply chain and the decentralized supply chain with dominant manufacturer, while both the supply chain and the consumer suffer from higher environmental indeterminacy. Research limitations/implications This study is based on possible scenarios of dual distribution system only. Further research is recommended to investigate the applicability of the authors framework in different distribution systems. Practical implications The study findings are believed to be valuable for supply chains and organizations about to make a strategic decision on price of their good/service. Originality/value The paper contributes to the scarce literature on Uncertainty Theory initiated by Liu (2007), and combination of it with Game Theory for pricing in distribution system of supply chains. The study also contributes by investigating impact of non-price competitive factor (level of service) on pricing strategy.
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Jiang, Hong Wei. "Research on Pricing Strategy of the Closed-Loop Supply Chain in Heterogeneous Market." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.321.
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This paper constructs a closed-loop supply chain system with the manufacturer recycling waste products from the retailer based on game theory in heterogeneous market in which the price of the new product is different from that of the remanufactured product. The optimal pricing decisions of the supply chain without remanufacturing and the closed-loop supply chain with remanufacturing are obtained. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we obtain the optimum production and pricing strategies, and analyze the impact of the consumers’ acceptance for the remanufactured product on product pricing, which provides a basis for the closed-loop supply chain’s production decisions.
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Zhou, Zhaoquan, and Bin Gu. "Analysis of Coordinated Pricing Model of Closed-Loop Supplying Chain Based on Game Theory in E-Commerce Environment." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (April 9, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2511234.
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Although the research of closed-loop supply chains has attracted great attention and some research results have appeared, it has not formed a complete theoretical system. People have studied many pricing and coordination models by modeling the closed-loop supply chain system, but most of these models are based on the research under the conditions of market demand determination and information symmetry, which is far from the practice of the operation of the closed-loop supply chain system, so it is difficult for these studies to improve its theoretical guidance ability. Starting from reality, this paper fully considers various situations closer to reality, such as multichannel recycling, a conflict between sales channels and recycling channels, and double trust in a complex practical environment. This paper constructs the corresponding pricing decision-making model for analysis and research and further discusses the coordination and incentive mechanism of each node enterprise in the closed-loop supply chain system, so as to realize the overall optimization of the closed-loop supply chain. In this paper, the pricing strategy of the closed-loop supply chain and the coordination of interests among participants are studied by using game theory under the practical e-commerce model. Firstly, the traditional sales channel is considered, and the different situations of centralized decision-making and decentralized decision-making are compared. In short, cooperation can increase profits and achieve win-win results. Finally, this paper puts forward some methods of construction coordination of closed-loop supply chain to guide the closed-loop supply chain to reduce costs, improve competitive advantage, and make the development of closed-loop supply chain more practical significance.
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Xiao, Tiaojun, and Jim (Junmin) Shi. "Pricing and supply priority in a dual-channel supply chain." European Journal of Operational Research 254, no. 3 (November 2016): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.04.018.
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Fan, Hehua, and Yongwei Zhou. "Pricing and Inventory Strategy of Dual-channel Supply Chain under Random Demand and Retailer's Capital Constraint." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 9, no. 1 (January 2015): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2015010103.
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A dual-channel supply chain system composed of one manufacturer and one retailer is considered in this paper, which existed uncertainty demands in both distribution channels and capital constraint on retailer. It set up the profit model of manufacturer dominated dual-channel supply chain system, studied to the optimal pricing and inventory strategies of decentralized and centralized supply chain, obtained the optimal pricing and inventory strategy of the two kinds of supply chain system. The analysis to the optimal solution indicated that the demand uncertainty of two distribution channels, deferred-payment rate etc, are all have certain influence relation on the pricing strategies of manufacturer and retailer. Numerical experiment has showed the effectiveness of the conclusions.
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Wang, Limin, Qiankun Song, and Zhenjiang Zhao. "The Optimal Pricing of Dual-Channel Supply Chain with the Third Party Product Recovery and Sales Effort." Complexity 2020 (June 25, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4951341.
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The optimal pricing of dual-channel supply chain with the third party product recovery and sales effort is considered in this paper. The optimal selling pricing of direct channel and retail channel in the forward supply chain and the optimal collection pricing of retail channel and the third party in the backward supply chain are given for the general case under the centralized and decentralized model. Then, the effect of sales effort of the retailer and the optimal pricing strategy with sales effort under the centralized and decentralized model are provided and analyzed. Finally, the comparative analysis of four situations is carried out by numerical results.
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Yu, Haifei, Shanshan Zheng, and Hao Wu. "User Privacy Awareness, Incentive and Data Supply Chain Pricing Strategy." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 12, 2023): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043362.
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In recent years, the collection, mining, and utilization of data have become a new profit growth point for enterprises, and these events have also accelerated the pace of enterprises to collect users’ data. However, the relevance of personal data privacy and the frequent occurrence of data leakage events have increased users’ privacy awareness. The purpose of our study is to enhance the effective flow of data while protecting users’ data privacy. The data supply chain consists of the end user, data provider, and service provider, and involves the flow of the value-added process of data. Our study focuses on the pricing strategy of data products considering data incentive and data protection levels. We propose three models—centralized pricing, decentralized pricing, and revenue-sharing pricing—and solve them, and then we analyze the impact of users’ privacy awareness on data incentives, protection, and pricing of data products in the three models. We also analyze which pricing method works best for participants.
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Shan, Haiyan, Chen Zhang, and Guo Wei. "Bundling or Unbundling? Pricing Strategy for Complementary Products in a Green Supply Chain." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041331.
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Retailers usually sell complementary products jointly with a discounted price to attract more consumers. However, the difference of complementary degree between products leads to the diversity of pricing. In parallel, with the development of green supply chains, the extra cost of manufacturers to conduct ecological product design makes the pricing of complementary products further complicated. Thus, it is important to clarify the pricing strategy for complementary products in a green supply chain. Based on the Stackelberg games between two manufacturers and a retailer, this paper constructs three pricing models to simultaneously analyze the changes in the optimal profits of supply chain members and the optimal green manufacturing degree of complementary products. The results demonstrate that: (i) In most cases, two manufacturers prefer the pure bundling pricing strategy, but the strategy preference of the retailer is complex. (ii) The green manufacturing is mutually beneficial for complementary manufacturers and worth advocating. (iii) The increasing sensitivity of consumers to the green manufacturing level of one product will also be detrimental to the improvement of the optimal green manufacturing level of its complementary products.
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Yeh, Wei-Chang, Zhenyao Liu, Yu-Cheng Yang, and Shi-Yi Tan. "Solving Dual-Channel Supply Chain Pricing Strategy Problem with Multi-Level Programming Based on Improved Simplified Swarm Optimization." Technologies 10, no. 3 (June 11, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies10030073.
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With the evolution of the Internet and the introduction of third-party platforms, a diversified supply chain has gradually emerged. In contrast to the traditional single sales channel, companies can also increase their revenue by selling through multiple channels, such as dual-channel sales: adding a sales channel for direct sales through online third-party platforms. However, due to the complexity of the supply chain structure, previous studies have rarely discussed and analyzed the capital-constrained dual-channel supply chain model, which is more relevant to the actual situation. To solve more complex and realistic supply chain decision problems, this paper uses the concept of game theory to describe the pricing negotiation procedures among the capital-constrained manufacturers and other parties in the dual-channel supply chain by applying the Stackelberg game theory to describe the supply chain structure as a hierarchical multi-level mathematical model to solve the optimal pricing strategy for different financing options to achieve the common benefit of the supply chain. In this study, we propose a Multi-level Improved Simplified Swarm Optimization (MLiSSO) method, which uses the improved, simplified swarm optimization (iSSO) for the Multi-level Programming Problem (MLPP). It is applied to this pricing strategy model of the supply chain and experiments with three related MLPPs in the past studies to verify the effectiveness of the method. The results show that the MLiSSO algorithm is effective, qualitative, and stable and can be used to solve the pricing strategy problem for supply chain models; furthermore, the algorithm can also be applied to other MLPPs.
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Li, Zonghuo, Wensheng Yang, Xiaohong Liu, and Hassan Taimoor. "Coordination strategies in dual-channel supply chain considering innovation investment and different game ability." Kybernetes 49, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 1581–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-12-2018-0669.
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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impact of retailer innovation investment and its spillover’s effect on competitive dual-channel supply chain pricing and optimization strategy, and explore the coordination mechanism considering decision maker’s bargaining ability.Design/methodology/approachThe Cournot and Stackelberg game methodology are made use of for the duopoly decentralized and joint decision-making model. The bargaining theory with different negotiation ability was used to analysis the coordination mechanism. Then this paper validates the model by simulation techniques.FindingsThe results enlightened some interesting facts, the increase in innovation demand coefficient spur rise in channel pricing, innovation investment level, supply chain profit and consumer welfare. The rise in innovation spillover coefficient leads to increase in online channel pricing, supply chain profit and consumer welfare. Due to the innovation spillover effect, retailer has to maintain channel competitiveness either through low price or high innovation investment strategies. In addition, online channel pricing, supply chain profit and consumer welfare in joint decision-making scenario is greater than that of decentralized decision-making scenario, while the difference in retailer channel pricing depends on parameters value. The increase in retailer’s joint negotiation factor leads to decrease in channel pricing and innovation investment level. Furthermore, there existence of an optimal innovative investment cost sharing proportion threshold indicates the achievement of dual-channel supply chain coordination. A refinement equilibrium can be achieved through Robinstein bargaining game. A larger interest discount factor leads to decrease in profit.Originality/valueThe research provides a theoretical reference for dual-channel supply chain pricing and coordination strategy under channel competition environment. The research can develop innovative investment strategies for retailers and implement response strategies for manufacturers.
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Dai, Lufeng, Xifu Wang, Xiaoguang Liu, and Lai Wei. "Pricing Strategies in Dual-Channel Supply Chain with a Fair Caring Retailer." Complexity 2019 (April 18, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1484372.
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Manufacturers add online direct channels that inevitably engage in channel competition with offline retail channels. Since price is an important factor in consumers' choice of purchasing channel, pricing strategy has become a popular topic for research on dual-channel competition and coordination. In contrast to previous research on pricing strategies based on the full rationality of members, we focus on the impact of retailers' fairness concerns on pricing strategies. In this study, the hybrid dual-channel supply chain consists of one manufacturer with a direct channel who acts as the leader and a retailer who acts as the follower. First, we use the Stackelberg game approach to determine the equilibrium pricing strategy for a fair caring retailer. Simultaneously, we consider a centralized dual-channel supply chain as the benchmark for a comparative analysis of the efficiency of a decentralized supply chain. Furthermore, we study pricing strategies when the retailer has fairness concerns and determine the complete equilibrium solutions for different ranges of the parameters representing cross-price sensitivity and fairness. Finally, through numerical experiments, the pricing strategies, the profit and utility of the manufacturer and retailer, and the channel efficiency of the supply chain are compared and analysed for two scenarios. We find that fairness concerns reduce the manufacturer's profits, while for the most part, the retailers’ profit can be improved; however, the supply chain cannot achieve complete coordination.
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Xu, Xiaofeng, Jiaguo Liu, Yongli Li, and Xuelong Zhou. "Pricing strategy of closed-loop supply chain under disruptions." Filomat 30, no. 15 (2016): 4059–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1615059x.
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The aim of this paper is to understand how disruptions effect on closed-loop supply chain, and how to achieve the coordination of closed-loop supply chain under disruptions situation for the whole supply chain system. Design/methodology/approach- This paper analyzed the effect caused by the disruptions of the closed-loop supply chain from both supply and demand , and applied the established margin profits sharing contract to achieve coordination under the disruptions. Findings- From both supply side and demand side, it drew how the disruptions affect the closed-loop supply chain. When the disruptions have less effect on the forward and reverse cost of closed-loop supply chain, the impact of the closed-loop supply chain is controllable; when the disruptions have lager effect on the forward and reverse cost of closed-loop supply chain, the impact of the closed-loop supply chain is uncontrollable. Research limitations/implications- In this paper, the contract costs are ignored for zero. While in actual situation, to maintain the efficient implementation of this contract must spend considerable cost. Sometimes the cost may be too high to become hinder between manufacturers and retailers. This paper also does not make in-depth study on this issue, so it will be further study in the future. Originality/value- This paper also designed a set of differential profit sharing contract based on revenue sharing contract mechanism. The contract is easy to be managed, easy to be operated, making the closed-loop supply chain system can achieve coordination whether in steady state or under disruptions.
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Zhou, Zhan Feng. "Research on Pricing Decision of Multi-Level Remanufacturing Reverse Supply Chain Based on Stackelberg Game." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.290.
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In order to resolve all kinds of pricing problems in reverse supply chain, this paper constructed a multi-level remanufacturing reverse supply chain consisted of single recycler, single manufacturer and single retailer and established a non-cooperative stackelberg game by applying game theory. By solving this model, the equilibrium solution of stackelberg game was got. In non-cooperative game the maximize profits of every company in reverse supply chain and the total profits of the entire supply chain was acquired by using the equilibrium solution. The results show that this model can provide a theoretical basis for the pricing decision of remanufacturing reverse supply chain.
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Voeth, Markus, and Uta Herbst. "Supply-chain pricing—A new perspective on pricing in industrial markets." Industrial Marketing Management 35, no. 1 (January 2006): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.08.010.
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Sadjadi, Seyed Jafar, and Amin Alirezaee. "Impact of pricing structure on supply chain coordination with cooperative advertising." RAIRO - Operations Research 54, no. 6 (September 16, 2020): 1613–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2019099.
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This paper develops a game-theoretic model in a two-echelon supply chain composed of one manufacturer and two retailers to study the effect of pricing structure and cooperative-advertising decisions on the supply chain coordination performance. In the proposed model, different pricing structures are analyzed and then, two types of pricing structure in supply chain coordination mechanisms are presented, in addition to considering four possible scenarios for pricing structure. For the first two scenarios, retailers determine the retail prices, while in the other two ones, the sales price is set by the manufacturer. Therefore, the retailers are obliged to comply with this rule. The manufacturer-Stackelberg and the cooperative games are formulated for each scenario by considering key assumptions associated with advertising expenditures to maintain the potential demand size. This paper also presents some analytical results and determines the equilibrium of the models for each scenario. Finally, a numerical analysis is conducted to illustrate the impact of pricing structure on the optimal decision variables and the profit of the supply chain members.
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Zhang, Ge Fu, and Dong Hui Wang. "Cooperative Pricing of Apparel Supply Chain Based on API." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.28.
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The purpose of this paper is to construct a multi-objective optimization model for cooperative pricing in the management of apparel supply chain. Firstly, by using Apparel Popularity Index (API) model, a kind of pricing model for supply chain has been built. Then, by introducing cooperation and other constraint conditions, a kind of cooperative pricing model was constructed. This model is a kind of Stackelberg game. The manufacturer and the retailer obtained their excess profits through the game. Lastly, this paper gave a numerical example which demonstrated that the excess profit of the cooperative supply chain was constant, and when the constraint conditions changed, the excess profit space would change at the meantime. This research result can help partners on apparel supply chain to practice Quick Response strategy.
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Jena, Sarat Kumar, and Deepti Jog. "Price competition in a tourism supply chain." Tourism Economics 23, no. 6 (November 2, 2016): 1235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816616674611.
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In recent trend, advertising is seen to significantly impact channel members’ demand, pricing and profit in tourism supply chain (TSC). Most TSC studies, to date, assumed the market demand to be influenced only by tour price under price competitive environment, not considering the effect of advertising investment. In order to address this problem, two models are established considering decentralized channels: tour operator Stackelberg (TS) and local operator Stackelberg (LS). We analytically show TS model to provide better results than LS model and advertising to strongly influence the channel members’ pricing strategies and profit. Then we generalized the solution considering multiple operators under price competition. We studied two coordination mechanisms, cooperative advertising and two-part tariff, and found the two-part tariff provides better mechanism for improving the profit in LS model compared to cooperative advertisement.
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Xu, Nai-Ru, and Zheng-Qun Cai. "Research on the Mechanism of Cold Chain Logistics Subsidy." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (April 19, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4565094.
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Considering the coexistence of cold chain agro-products and ordinary agro-products in the market, the research object is the cold chain logistics subsidy. It is designed that a supply chain system consisting of duopoly upstream agro-products suppliers and a downstream agro-products retailer for research. The mechanism of cold chain logistics subsidy is studied by analyzing the influence of cold chain subsidy on pricing behavior and cold chain decision-making of cold chain agro-products and ordinary agro-products. Based on the decentralized decision-making model without government subsidy, a differential pricing model for cold chain agro-products and ordinary agro-products with government subsidy is established in order to reduce the cost of cold chain agro-products. The optimal pricing strategy of two agro-products suppliers and their downstream retailer can be obtained by solving this problem. The research finds that differential pricing caused by government subsidy can achieve profit Pareto improvement of suppliers, retailer, and supply chain system of cold chain agro-products, but cannot achieve the optimal profit of the whole supply chain. Therefore, in view of the loss of supply chain efficiency caused by decentralized decision-making, the Shapley value method is used to make coordination, and the contract coordination mechanism is designed. Finally, the sensitivity of parameters is analyzed by a numerical example.
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Guo, Hangxin, Zheng Liu, Bin Hu, Huidan Lin, Lihua Shi, and Cuicui Meng. "Pricing and Coordination Mechanism of Supply Chain considering Product Recycling under Asymmetric Power." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 18, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5579655.
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The concept of “green supply chain” puts forward new requirements for the recycling management of waste products. The waste electronic products are taken as the research object, and a two-stage closed-loop supply chain composed of a manufacturer, a retailer, and consumers is considered in this paper. By constructing a Stackelberg game model, the pricing strategy and profit distribution of the supply chain under different decision modes considering asymmetric powers are studied. Finally, Python is used for simulation. The results show that the gross profit of supply chain under decentralized decision is always lower than that under centralized decision-making, and asymmetric power has an impact on the pricing decision-making of forward supply chain and reverse supply chain; compared with transfer cost, wholesale price has a greater impact on coordination effect.
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Deng, Liurui, Wentang Xu, and Juan Luo. "Optimal Loan Pricing for Agricultural Supply Chains from a Green Credit Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 12365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212365.
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In recent years, many countries have proposed various sustainable development strategies around environmental issues. The implementation of green supply chain management is an effective sustainable development approach that combines “environmental awareness” and “economic development.” Therefore, introducing the concept of “green” effectively is the main direction for the sustainable development of agriculture in the future. The impacts of green credit policies on agricultural supply chains have rarely been discussed before. Therefore, we focus on the incentive mechanism of green credit policies in the agricultural supply chain. We use the Stackelberg Leadership Model to construct a pricing model which adds the interest subsidy and required reserve ratio (RRR) cuts, and determines the pricing rules of bank loans and production decisions of the farmer in the agricultural supply chain under the incentive policy of green credit by quantifying the optimization problems of the bank and the farmer. The result shows that optimal decisions exist for both farmer and bank in the supply chain game framework. The implementation of the green credit policies contributes to both of their profits. Additionally, the green credit policies give the bank room to reduce interest rates so that the overall utility level of the supply chain could be improved.
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Wei, Jie, Guoying Pang, Yongjun Liu, and Qian Ma. "Pricing Decisions of a Two-Echelon Supply Chain in Fuzzy Environment." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/971504.
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Pricing decisions of a two-echelon supply chain with one manufacturer and duopolistic retailers in fuzzy environment are considered in this paper. The manufacturer produces a product and sells it to the two retailers, who in turn retail it to end customers. The fuzziness is associated with the customers’ demand and the manufacturing cost. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of two retailers’ different pricing strategies on the optimal pricing decisions of the manufacturer and the two retailers themselves in MS Game scenario. As a reference model, the centralized decision scenario is also considered. The closed-form optimal pricing decisions of the manufacturer and the two retailers are derived in the above decision scenarios. Some insights into how pricing decisions vary with decision scenarios and the two retailers’ pricing strategies in fuzzy environment are also investigated, which can serve as the basis for empirical study in the future.
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Li, Qiang, and Huanling Li. "Pricing Decisions and Online Channel Selection Strategies in Dual-Channel Supply Chains considering Block Chain." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (May 31, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3027249.
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Pricing decisions and online channel selection strategies are playing an increasingly important role in e-commerce. In this paper, we consider two different types of dual-channel supply chain sales models, namely, an online direct + online distribution sales model consisting of an online direct sales channel and online distribution sales channel and an online direct + delegation sales model consisting of an online direct sales channel and an online delegation sales channel. By introducing the customer sensitive coefficient and block chain technology into these dual-channel supply chain sales models, we analyzed pricing decisions and online channel selection strategies in dual-channel supply chains in terms of the adoption and nonadoption of block chain technology. In the two different dual-channel sales models, the results showed that (1) without block chain technology, retail prices increase when the manufacturer’s unit retail cost increases; (2) with block chain technology, retail prices are higher than those of sales models that do not adopt block chain technology; and (3) with block chain technology, the manufacturer should choose the online direct + delegation sales model to sell its products.
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Zhang, Huanyong, Huiyuan Xu, and Xujin Pu. "A Cross-Channel Return Policy in a Green Dual-Channel Supply Chain Considering Spillover Effect." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062171.
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With the advent of the era of “New Retail”, many manufacturers and retailers have begun to provide cross-channel return services to increase competitiveness. Our study takes return policy into a green dual-channel supply chain, wherein a manufacturer creates and sells green products simultaneously. We investigate the pricing and greening strategies for the supply chain players in the cases of providing and not providing cross-channel return service by employing the Stackelberg model under the hypothesis of a consistent pricing strategy. By comparing the equilibrium results of two cases, we find that the retailer will cooperate with the manufacturer to employ the cross-channel return policy when the spillover effect is greater than a threshold. Additionally, the green level of products is higher than before. The threshold decreases with consumers’ sensitivity to green products, which implies that the manufacturer is motivated to conduct marketing programs to enhance consumers’ willingness to buy green products. Moreover, we propose a contract to coordinate the supply chain. Finally, we discuss the scenarios if the supply chain implements a differential pricing strategy. Interestingly, the green level and the profits of the whole supply chain are greater than that under a consistent pricing strategy. However, the profits of the retailer are lower than profits in the other scenario, which is not beneficial to creating a stable green supply chain.
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Shih, Neng-Hui, Ming-Hung Shu, and Chih-Hsiung Wang. "The effect of full or partial pricing integration on supply chain management." RAIRO - Operations Research 53, no. 5 (October 15, 2019): 1807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2018113.
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A previous paper proposed a supply chain model, comprised of a retailer and manufacturer, in which the manufacturer uses product pricing to maximize the profit of the entire supply chain. The increased profits gained from integration are then shared among all the supply chain members. The optimal pricing strategy was shown to be “products on consignment” for sale. The present study extends this simple two-layer supply chain model to a more complicated three-layer model, in which the supply chain comprises not only the retailer and manufacturer, but also an intermediate distributor. In contrast to the previous model, the present model not only considers the role of the distributor, but also the effects of product nonconformance at each facility in the supply chain. The profit function of each facility in the supply chain is established, including the sales revenue, procurement cost, and quality control cost. The investment cost at the retailer to improve the service level is also considered. It is shown that the total profit of the supply chain is maximized when the retailer’s optimal service level is adopted, where this service level is adjusted in accordance with the distributor’s unit sale price. Furthermore, after price integration, the overall profit of the supply chain is found to equal the retailer’s profit. In other words, the total profit of the manufacturer and distributor is equal to zero. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the proposed pricing integration model under different quality environments. The results are contrasted with those obtained using a traditional pricing model, namely the “make up on cost’’ model. Overall, the present results show that the manufacturer is always the winner under partial price integration (i.e., only the retailer and distributor join the integration). Furthermore, partial integration is far less profitable for the retailer and distributor than full integration.
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Li, Ji-cai, Ji-hong Lu, Qi-liang Wang, and Changwen Li. "Quality and Pricing Decisions in a Two-Echelon Supply Chain with Nash Bargaining Fairness Concerns." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2018 (2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4267305.
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Product quality and pricing, as the important competitive tools, play a key role in attracting consumers. In a supply chain, the decisions on product quality and pricing are usually interlinked and would influence the cooperation relation between the members, especially when they are fairness-concerned and have different bargaining power. However, linking the quality and pricing decisions to the decision-makers’ behavioral factors such as fairness concern draws a little attention in the literature of supply chain management. This paper incorporates the members’ fairness preference and bargaining power into the product quality and pricing decisions in a two-echelon supply chain, where the supplier offers core components with a certain quality level to the downstream manufacturer, who subsequently sells the final products in the end market. Both the supplier and the manufacturer are assumed to be fairness-concerned by adopting Nash bargaining solutions as their fairness reference points. We use game-theoretic models to analyze the equilibrium product quality and pricing strategies under the setting of integrated and decentralized supply chain, respectively. Detailed comparisons and sensitivity analysis are further conducted to examine the impacts of members’ strengths of fairness concern, bargaining power, and decision structure on their equilibrium product quality and pricing strategies and corresponding payoffs.
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Hosseini, Zahra, Hamed Fazlollahtabar, and Iraj Mahdavi. "Waste Management in Reverse Supply Chain Considering Pricing." Review of Industrial Engineering Letters 1, no. 1 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.71/2014.1.1/71.1.1.15.
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