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Journal articles on the topic 'Support reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Kikuchi, Shin, Hiroyuki Ohshima, and Kenro Hashimoto. "ICONE19-43782 Reaction Path Analysis of Sodium-Water Reaction Phenomena in support of Chemical Reaction Model Development." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1943_304.

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2

Verman, M., B. Singh, J. L. Jethwa, and M. N. Viladkar. "Determination of support reaction curve for steel-supported tunnels." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 10, no. 2 (April 1995): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(95)00009-n.

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3

Lihu, Yang, and Guo Liangqin. "Pictet-Spengler reaction on solid support." Tetrahedron Letters 37, no. 29 (July 1996): 5041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(96)01012-x.

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4

Liu, Fei, Yaqi Ren, and Xixi Ji. "Nanosheet-Structured Boron Carbon Nitride Spheres as Stable Electrocatalyst Support for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 5, no. 4 (2017): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijmse.2017.5.4.123-132.

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5

Akaji, Kenichi, and Yoshiaki Kiso. "Macrocyclization on solid support using Heck reaction." Tetrahedron Letters 38, no. 29 (July 1997): 5185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01123-4.

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6

Grunwald, Marcelo H., and Sima Halevy. "Contrast media reaction: support of allergic mechanism." British Journal of Radiology 59, no. 703 (July 1986): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-59-703-713-a.

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7

Carr, Denis H. "Contrast media reaction: support of allergic mechanism." British Journal of Radiology 59, no. 703 (July 1986): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-59-703-713-b.

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8

Rassoul, Zahia, Joël Barrault, and Mohamed M. Bettahar. "Support Effect in Carbon Oxide(s) Hydrogenation on Cu-Cr Supported Catalysts." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 4 (1993): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19930791.

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Reducibility, adsorptive properties and catalytic properties of Cu-Cr supported on TiO2, ZnO and Al2O3 were studied in carbon oxide(s) hydrogenation. ZnO is the best retardant for the reduction of copper, stabilizing more strongly Cu+ species and retaining great amounts of H2 during the reduction of the calcined precursors. A strong support effect is observed for the CO2/H2 reaction and good correlations are established between catalytic activities, Cu+ species present in the reduced state and H2 adsorption and storage. ZnO is the most active support but not the most selective one for this reaction. The support effect is not so important for the CO/H2 reaction, but ZnO supported catalyst is again the most active and also the most selective.

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9

Song, Jun, Wen Long Jian, and Li Wang. "Study on Thermal Analysis Kinetics of Carbon Support." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1322.

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Actived carbon can be widely used as adsorbent, catalyst and catalyst support for many chemical reactions. At present, the research on thermal analysis Kinetics of actived carbon is quite few.Studing on it,is helpful for disclosing the decomposition reaction process and thermodynamic law of actived carbon. By thermal analysis, thermal decomposition Characteristics of actived carbon is studied. The TG and DTG eurves of actived carbon were obtain ed using multiple heating rate method.The test data were processed by iso-conversional method to obtain the kinetic parameters.The results showed that, with the improving of heating rate , the startimg reaction temperature of TG and the peak temperature of DTG shifted to the high temperature zone, postponement phenomena occurred.Based on the collected experimental data, it proved that had better linear relations with . The activation energy E of decomposition reaction of actived carbon, which was determined by measurements of slope, was 96.59kJ/mol. The plot of vs was drew and a straight line was obtained. .The mechanism function was defined as ,so according to the slope and intercept of the line,it can be obtained that n=3.585,A=40189.85984.

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10

Lordi, V., N. Yao, and J. Wei. "Study Of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube-Supported Platinum Catalyst For Selective Hydrogenation Of The Carbonyl Function On An (α,β-Unsaturated Aldehyde." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600014033.

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Supported Pt-metal catalysts are of immense commercial importance for hydrogenation reactions. The fine chemicals industry relies on special catalysts that selectively hydrogenate specific bonds or chemical functions on molecules. The activity, selectivity, lifetime, etc. of a supported hydrogenation catalyst is wellknown to depend strongly on the chosen support, but systematic studies of the role of the support and of support-metal interactions are lacking in the literature. The purpose of this work is to examine in detail the function of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) as support for a Pt catalyst, in the context of a selective hydrogenation reaction. The test reaction consists of the hydrogenation of the carbonyl group on 3-methyl-2- butenal, a reaction extensively studied on well-characterized Pt surfaces and also unsupported polycrystalline Pt. This reaction, which follows a parallel/consecutive reaction network (Fig. 1), represents a class of selective hydrogenation reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes that are important in the fine chemicals industry for flavorings, fragrances, and some pharmaceuticals.

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11

ZHU, Jun, Tiejun ZHAO, Ingvar KVANDE, De CHEN, Xinggui ZHOU, and Weikang YUAN. "Carbon Nanofiber-Supported Pd Catalysts for Heck Reaction: Effects of Support Interaction." Chinese Journal of Catalysis 29, no. 11 (November 2008): 1145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(09)60016-4.

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12

Abdullah, Iman, Widayanti Wibowo, Soleh Kosela, and Yuni Krisyuningsih Krisnandi. "The Use of Silica Extracted from Kaolin as Catalyst Support for Esterification of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid with Sucrose." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 6 (May 21, 2020): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.6.196-202.

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SiO2 was extracted from kaolin using concentrated HCl and HNO3 mixture and used as solid support for both Bronsted (HClO4 and H2SO4) and Lewis Acid (AlCl3 and ZnCl2). Before extraction, kaolin was calcined at 800°C for eight hours to form metastable kaolin. After the extraction procedure, silica was recovered in 51.6% yield. Silica and the resulting solid acids were then characterized using XRD, XRF, and FTIR. XRD pattern shows that silica synthesized from kaolin is in the mixture of amorphous and α-quartz silica. Immobilization of acids alters its structure becomes more crystalline. XRF analysis shows that the loading of AlCl3 and ZnCl2 was 9.5 and 24.8%, respectively. The acid catalysts were then used in the esterification reaction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with sucrose. The reactions were conducted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent by varying reaction time and reaction temperature. The highest conversion of starting materials and selectivity towards ester was obtained over the AlCl3/SiO2 catalyst. DPPH radical scavenging test shows that the ester exhibits good antioxidant activity.

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13

Dae Hwan, Ko and 송성재. "Computation of Ground Reaction Moments in Single Support." Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology 18, no. 5 (October 2016): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17958/ksmt.18.5.201610.645.

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14

Sandoval, Alberto, Antonio Gómez-Cortés, Rodolfo Zanella, Gabriela Díaz, and José M. Saniger. "Gold nanoparticles: Support effects for the WGS reaction." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 278, no. 1-2 (December 2007): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2007.09.014.

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15

Milburn, Claire, Robert R. Milburn, and Victor Snieckus. "DirectedorthoMetalation Reaction of ArylO-Carbamates on Solid Support." Organic Letters 7, no. 4 (February 2005): 629–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol0476220.

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16

Manabe, Shino, Yukishige Ito, and Tomoya Ogawa. "Solvent Effect in Glycosylation Reaction on Polymer Support." Synlett 1998, no. 6 (June 1998): 628–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1998-1750.

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17

Yao, Xiaojiang, Li Chen, Tingting Kong, Shimin Ding, Qiong Luo, and Fumo Yang. "Support effect of the supported ceria-based catalysts during NH 3 -SCR reaction." Chinese Journal of Catalysis 38, no. 8 (August 2017): 1423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62868-7.

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18

Ho, Christopher R., Vincent Defalque, Steven Zheng, and Alexis T. Bell. "Propanol Amination over Supported Nickel Catalysts: Reaction Mechanism and Role of the Support." ACS Catalysis 9, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 2931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b04612.

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19

Sankarshana, T., J. Soujanya, and A. Anil Kumar. "Triphase Catalysis Using Silica Gel as Support." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 1 (July 4, 2013): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2013-0007.

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Abstract The oxidation reaction of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol with potassium permanganate in the presence and absence of silica-gel-supported phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) in triphasic conditions was studied. In a batch reactor, the performance of the solid-supported catalysts was compared with unsupported catalyst and without the catalyst. The effect of speed of agitation, catalyst concentration, potassium permanganate concentration and temperature on reaction rate was studied. The reaction is found to be in the kinetic regime. The rate of reaction with the catalyst immobilised on the silica gel was less compared to the catalyst without immobilisation. Triphase catalysis with supported PTCs has potential applications in the continuous quest for greener industrial practices.

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20

Petterson, Michael N., Field M. Watts, Emma P. Snyder-White, Sabrina R. Archer, Ginger V. Shultz, and Solaire A. Finkenstaedt-Quinn. "Eliciting student thinking about acid–base reactions via app and paper–pencil based problem solving." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 21, no. 3 (2020): 878–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9rp00260j.

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An understanding of acid–base reactions is necessary for success in chemistry courses and relevant to careers outside of chemistry, yet research has demonstrated that students often struggle with learning acid–base reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. One response to this challenge is the development of educational applications to support instruction and learning. The development of these supports also creates an opportunity to probe students’ thinking about organic chemistry reaction mechanisms using multiple modalities—i.e., using an app interface or the traditional paper–pencil. This study used think-aloud interviews conducted with undergraduate students in their first semester of organic chemistry to understand how they worked through two acid–base reactions using either paper–pencil or an app. Analysis of the interviews indicates that students from both groups recognize the steps of acid–base reactions, but do not always apply the underlying concepts, such as assessment of pK_a values or resonance, when determining how a reaction will proceed. The modality seemed to somewhat influence students’ thinking, as the app prevented students from making chemically unreasonable mistakes. However, some students relied on the cues it provided, which could potentially be problematic when they are required to respond to assessments that do not provide these cues. Our results suggest that instructors should emphasize the conceptual grounding for the steps that govern acid–base reactions to promote chemical thinking about the relationships between the reaction components and how those influence reaction outcomes, as well as support students to think critically about the chemical information contained within the modalities they are using.

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21

Kalamaras, Christos M., Ines D. Gonzalez, Rufino M. Navarro, José Luis G. Fierro, and Angelos M. Efstathiou. "Effects of Reaction Temperature and Support Composition on the Mechanism of Water–Gas Shift Reaction over Supported-Pt Catalysts." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, no. 23 (May 20, 2011): 11595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp201773a.

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22

Benstead, James. "Incorporating a two-step mechanism into calculations of (p,t) reactions used to populate compound nucleus spin-parity distributions in support of surrogate measurements." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023903009.

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The surrogate reaction method may be used to determine the cross section for neutron-induced reactions not accessible through standard experimental techniques by creating the same compound nucleus which the desired reaction would pass through, but via a different entrance channel. A variety of direct reactions have been employed in order to generate the required compound nuclei for surrogate studies. In this work, a previously developed (p,t) reaction model has been extended to incorporate a two-step reaction mechanism, which takes the form of sequential neutron transfer. This updated model is applied to the 92Zr(p,t)90Zr reaction and is found to modify the strengths of the previously predicted populated levels. It is planned that this improved (p,t) model will be used to attempt to constrain cross section predictions for a number of (n,γ) reactions in future, as well as provide a possible comparison against other surrogate studies utilising different direct reactions such as (p,d).

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23

Theologides, C. P., G. G. Olympiou, P. G. Savva, N. A. Pantelidou, B. K. Constantinou, V. K. Chatziiona, L. Y. Valanidou, C. T. Piskopianou, and C. N. Costa. "Novel catalytic and mechanistic studies on wastewater denitrification with hydrogen." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 3 (December 4, 2013): 680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.781.

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The present work reports up-to-date information regarding the reaction mechanism of the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrates in water media. In the present mechanistic study, an attempt is made, for the first time, to elucidate the crucial role of several catalysts and reaction parameters in the mechanism of the NO3−/H2 reaction. Steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) experiments coupled with ex situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) were performed on supported Pd-Cu catalysts for the NO3−/H2 and NO3−/H2/O2 reactions. The latter experiments revealed that the formation and surface coverage of various adsorbed active intermediate N-species on the support or Pd/Cu metal surface is significantly favored in the presence of TiO2 in the support mixture and in the presence of oxygen in the reaction's gaseous feed stream. The differences in the reactivity of these adsorbed N-species, found in the present work, adequately explain the large effect of the chemical composition of the support and the gas feed composition on catalyst behaviour (activity and selectivity). The present study leads to solid mechanistic evidence concerning the presence of a hydrogen spillover process from the metal to the support. Moreover, this study shows that Cu clusters are active sites for the reduction of nitrates to nitrites.

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24

Franzén, Robert. "The Suzuki, the Heck, and the Stille reaction - three versatile methods for the introduction of new C-C bonds on solid support." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 78, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-089.

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Metal-catalyzed coupling reactions are very efficient and reliable methods for the introduction of new carbon-carbon bonds onto molecules attached to a solid support. This review summarizes recent advances in utilizing the three most used methods, the Suzuki reaction, the Heck reaction, and the Stille reaction, in the field of solid phase organic synthesis resulting in small organic molecule libraries.Key words: metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, carbon-carbon bonds, solid phase synthesis, combinatorial chemistry, drug discovery.

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25

Pekař, Miloslav. "Affinity and Reaction Rates: Reconsideration of Theoretical Background and Modelling Results." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 64, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2009): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2009-5-602.

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Abstract The phenomenological affinity approach to chemical kinetics based on mass-action rate expression is revised. It is shown that the reaction rate is not an unambiguous function of affinity and that in ideal mixtures with only elementary reactions thermodynamic coupling, i. e. a positive reaction rate and negative affinity of some reaction step at the same time, is not possible. Neither does thermodynamic coupling occur in a non-ideal system of elementary reactions where the mass-action rate equation is written with activities in place of concentrations. The non-ideality and/or non-equality of reaction orders to stoichiometric coefficients lead to more complex affinity-rate relationships than commonly given which puts no explicit restrictions on affinity and rate signs. Theoretical considerations are completed with results of numerical modelling made on several simple mechanisms. Various combinations of affinity and rate signs and complex affinity-rate profiles were obtained. Modelling results support the idea that affinity is much more a result of the time evolution of a reacting system and corresponding time profiles of concentrations than the actual cause of reaction rates.

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Voropay, A. V., and P. A. Yehorov. "DIVIDING OF THE FULL REACTION OF THE ADDITIONAL SUPPORT CONTACTING WITH THE PLATE INTO VISCOUS, ELASTIC AND INERTIAL COMPONENTS." Journal of Numerical and Applied Mathematics, no. 1 (135) (2021): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2706-9699.2021.1.10.

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An original approach for dividing the reaction of a viscoelastic support into inertial, viscous and elastic components is proposed to assess the effect of various characteristics of additional supports on the deformed state of structural elements. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was tested for a mechanical system consisting of a rectangular isotropic plate of medium thickness, hinged-supported along the contour, and an additional concentrated viscoelastic support, taking into account its mass-inertial characteristics. The deformation of the plate is considered within the framework of Timoshenko's hypotheses. Vibrations of the plate are caused by the applying of an external non-stationary loading. The influence of the additional support is modeled by three independent non-stationary concentrated forces. The paper presents the main analytical relations for obtaining a system of three integral Volterra equations, which is solved numerically and analytically. After performing discretization in time, the system of integral equations is transformed into a system of matrix equations. The resulting system of matrix equations is solved using the generalized Cramer algorithm for block matrices and the Tikhonov regularization method. We point out that the material described is applicable to other objects that have additional supports (beams, plates and shells, which can have different supports along the contour and different shapes in plan). The results of a numerical experiment to determine the components (viscous, elastic and inertial) of the full reaction to the plate, arising due to the presence of an additional support, are presented. The reliability of the proposed approach is confirmed by the coincidence of the results of comparing the reactions found by two methods: numerical-analytical for one complete reaction, as in work [1], and numerical for the full reaction (obtained by adding three components).

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Clement, Damien, and Vanessa R. Shannon. "Injured Athletes’ Perceptions About Social Support." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 20, no. 4 (November 2011): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.20.4.457.

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Context:According to the buffering hypothesis, social support moderates the harmful effects of stress and, in turn, indirectly affects injured athletes’ health and well-being. Previous research suggests that perceptions of social support influence athletes’ psychological reactions, as well as their rehabilitation adherence, but additional research in this area is warranted.Objective:To examine injured athletes’ perceptions regarding satisfaction, availability, and contribution for each of the 8 types of social support.Design:Descriptive.Setting:Mid-Atlantic Division II and III institutions.Participants:49 injured athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Social support was assessed using a modified version of the Social Support Survey.Results:Injured athletes were significantly more satisfied with social support provided by athletic trainers (ATCs) than that provided by coaches and teammates. In addition, injured athletes reported that social support provided by ATCs contributed significantly more to their overall well-being. Athletes reported several significant differences regarding satisfaction and contribution to well-being among the 8 different types of social support.Conclusions:Injury, an unavoidable part of sport, is often accompanied by negative psychological reactions. This reaction may have a negative influence on an athlete’s experience of injury and rehabilitation. Findings suggest that perceptions of social support provided by ATCs have the greatest influence on injured athletes’ rehabilitation and well-being.

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28

Lei, Xian Ming, You Gang Xiao, Ai Lin Ning, Wen Hua Yuan, and Zhi Gang Chen. "A Fast Solution to the Kiln Support Reactions Based on Axis Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.953.

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The support reaction plays an important role to the shell stresses of rotary kiln, which is greatly affected by the kiln axis defection. The displacement measurement method along zero deformation direction is introduced, which can be used to monitor the defection of rotating center of kiln shell at the support pier exactly. The mechanical model to solve the support reactions is built based on the mechanical feature analysis of rotary kiln, and a fast solution to the support reactions is formed, the correlation between the support reactions and the axis defection can be obtained quickly by the method.

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29

Cao, Guohui, Wang Zhang, Jiaxing Hu, and Xirong Peng. "Long-term performance of prestressed concrete continuous box girders in the natural environment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 47, no. 7 (July 2020): 856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0447.

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A long-term load test performed for 470 days on two two-span prestressed concrete (PC) continuous box girders is reported in this paper. Load types were selected as the test variates, and structural responses such as support reactions, deflections, and concrete strains were monitored. Simultaneously, affiliated experiments such as material strength, creep, and shrinkage tests were conducted to investigate the time-dependent performances of the materials. Data obtained from these tests showed that deflections, strains, and support reactions develop rapidly in the beginning and stabilize afterward; the reactions of mid- and end-supports decline and rise over time, respectively. Time-dependent patterns of deflections and support reactions were analyzed on the basis of an effective modulus method, and a practical calculation method for long-term deflections considering reaction redistributions was proposed. The effects of the service environment on the performance of PC girders were evaluated through an incremental analysis method.

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30

Sriprom, Pongsert, Arthit Neramittagapong, and Sutasinee Neramittagapong. "Synthesized BG-MCM-41 as Support Catalyst for Fenton-Like Reaction of Lignin Degradation." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.12.

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Lignin was degraded by Fenton-like reaction using Cu-BG-MCM41, in which BG-MCM41 was synthesized by hydrothermal technique from Bagasse ash (BG) as a support. Cu was immobilized on BG-MCM41 by in situ hydrothermal and impregnation method and characterized by XRD and BET surface area. The Fenton-like reactions were carried out in a batch reactor using 5wt%CuO/SiO2, 10wt%CuO/SiO2, 5wt%Cu-BG-MCM41 and 10wt%Cu-BG-MCM41 at the pH of 3 and the temperature of 80°C. The Cu loading, pH, and temperature affected lignin degradation. The efficiency of lignin degradation obtained were 95% for 5wt%CuO/SiO2, 95% for 10wt%CuO/SiO2, 65% for 5wt%Cu-BG-MCM41 and 96% for 10wt%Cu-BG-MCM41 at the pH of 3 and 80°C for 30 min. The results show that pH and temperature affected the stability of Cu loading, in which it was leached into the aqueous solution and that the reaction will occur in the aqueous solution more than on the surface of catalyst. Thus, 5wt%Cu-BG-MCM41 has the highest stability for Fenton-like reactions.

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31

Koon-Magnin, Sarah, and Corina Schulze. "Providing and Receiving Sexual Assault Disclosures: Findings From a Sexually Diverse Sample of Young Adults." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 416–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516641280.

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This study utilized a sample of primarily lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ)-identified young adults from across the United States to pilot test a new instrument, the Reactions Provided to Disclosures Questionnaire (RPDQ), and assess the disclosure experience for both those who provide and those who receive disclosures of sexual assault. Results indicate that the experience of sexual assault disclosure in the LGBQ community is similar to the heterosexual community in that most victims disclose their assaults, most often to a friend, and were most likely to receive the reaction Emotional Support. Victims were also likely to receive the reaction Victim Blaming, especially if they disclosed to formal sources, such as law enforcement, medical, or religious personnel. This study also examined the relationship between the types of assault experienced and disclosure reactions received. Experiencing an anal assault was significantly associated with Victim Blaming reactions. A central aim of this study was to examine how respondents who received (rather than provided) a disclosure reacted, a question not been adequately addressed in prior literature. The RPDQ (a modification of Ullman’s Social Reactions Questionnaire), which was piloted here, factored in to five types of reactions: Emotional Support, Affectionate Support, Empathetic Support, Tangible Aid and Information Support, and Egocentric Reactions. Sexual assault survivors were more likely to report that they provided Emotional Support and Affectionate Support after receiving a disclosure than were nonsurvivors.

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32

Popova, Maia, and Stacey Lowery Bretz. "Organic chemistry students’ challenges with coherence formation between reactions and reaction coordinate diagrams." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 19, no. 3 (2018): 732–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8rp00064f.

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The purpose of this study was to elucidate and describe students’ thinking when making connections between substitution and elimination reactions and their corresponding reaction coordinate diagrams. Thirty-six students enrolled in organic chemistry II participated in individual, semi-structured interviews. Three major themes were identified that characterize students’ difficulties with integrating the information from the reactions and the reaction coordinate diagrams: incorrect ideas about the meanings of the reaction coordinate diagrams’ features, errors when examining reaction mechanisms, and an inability to assess the relative energies of reaction species. These findings suggest that students need support for coherence formation between reactions and reaction coordinate diagrams. Implications for teaching to address these student difficulties are suggested.

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33

Glover, Stephen A., Arvi Rauk, Jeanne M. Buccigross, John J. Campbell, Gerard P. Hammond, Guoning Mo, Luke E. Andrews, and Ashley-Mae E. Gillson. "The HERON reaction Origin, theoretical background, and prevalence." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1492–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-150.

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The origin of the HERON reaction is reviewed from a historical perspective and shown to have its foundation in the unusual properties of bisheteroatom-substituted amides, so-called anomeric amides. The reaction involves migration of anomerically destabilized oxo-substituents on an amide nitrogen to the amide carbon and dissociation of the amide bond. Computational work providing a theoretical basis for the reaction is presented, together with physical organic measurements that support results therefrom. The rearrangement has been observed in a number of chemical transformations of N-alkoxy-N-aminoamides, reactions of 1-acyloxy-1-alkoxydiazenes, N-alkoxy-N-aminocarbamates, N-alkoxyhydroxamic acids, as well as in the gas-phase reactions of N-acyloxy-N-alkoxyamides.Key words: HERON reaction, anomeric amides, rearrangements, hindered esters, concerted reactions.

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34

Yun, Weiya, and Raju Mohan. "Heck reaction on solid support: synthesis of indole analogs." Tetrahedron Letters 37, no. 40 (September 1996): 7189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(96)01635-8.

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35

Domínguez, Francisco, Jorge Sánchez, Geomar Arteaga, and Eduardo Choren. "Gallia as support of Pt in benzene hydrogenation reaction." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 228, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2004.09.031.

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36

Arsequell, Gemma, Asensio González, and Gregorio Valencia. "Visible light promoted organic reaction on a solid support." Tetrahedron Letters 42, no. 14 (April 2001): 2685–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00281-7.

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37

Calderón, Félix, Raquel Fernández, Félix Sánchez, and Alfonso Fernández-Mayoralas. "Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Using Immobilized Proline on Mesoporous Support." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 347, no. 10 (August 2005): 1395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsc.200505058.

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38

Kudeyarov, Yu A., E. V. Kulyabina, A. V. Mardanov, O. N. Melkova, and M. V. Sukhacheva. "Metrological Support for Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifiers." Measurement Techniques 57, no. 1 (April 2014): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-014-0414-3.

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39

Roques, Lionel, and M. D. Chekroun. "Does reaction-diffusion support the duality of fragmentation effect?" Ecological Complexity 7, no. 1 (March 2010): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.07.003.

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40

Mori, Yoshihiko, Toshiaki Mori, Akira Miyamoto, Naoki Takahashi, Tadashi Hattori, and Yuichi Murakami. "Support effect on surface reaction rates in carbon monoxide hydrogenation over supported rhodium catalysts." Journal of Physical Chemistry 93, no. 5 (March 1989): 2039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100342a065.

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41

Sisodiya, Sheetal, L. Reine Wallenberg, Erik Lewin, and Ola F. Wendt. "Sonogashira coupling reaction over supported gold nanoparticles: Influence of support and catalyst synthesis route." Applied Catalysis A: General 503 (August 2015): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.07.001.

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42

Ke¸piński, L., and M. Wołcyrz. "Effect of metal—support reaction on carburization of supported catalysts II. Palladium on silica." Applied Catalysis 73, no. 2 (June 1991): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-9834(91)85135-i.

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43

Al-Doghachi, Faris A. Jassim, Diyar M. A. Murad, Huda S. Al-Niaeem, Salam H. H. Al-Jaberi, Surahim Mohamad, and Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. "High Active Co/Mg1-xCex3+O Catalyst: Effects of Metal-Support Promoter Interactions on CO2 Reforming of CH4 Reaction." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.1.9969.97-110.

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Co/Mg1−XCe3+XO (x = 0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.15; 1 wt% cobalt each) catalysts for the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction were prepared using the co-precipitation method with K2CO3 as precipitant. Characterization of the catalysts was achieved by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The role of several reactant and catalyst concentrations, and reaction temperatures (700–900 °C) on the catalytic performance of the DRM reaction was measured in a tubular fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure at various CH4/CO2 concentration ratios (1:1 to 2:1). Using X-ray diffraction, a surface area of 19.2 m2.g−1 was exhibited by the Co/Mg0.85Ce3+0.15O catalyst and MgO phase (average crystallite size of 61.4 nm) was detected on the surface of the catalyst. H2 temperature programmed reaction revealed a reduction of CoO particles to metallic Co0 phase. The catalytic stability of the Co/Mg0.85Ce3+0.15O catalyst was achieved for 200 h on-stream at 900 °C for the 1:1 CH4:CO2 ratio with an H2/CO ratio of 1.0 and a CH4, CO2 conversions of 75% and 86%, respectively. In the present study, the conversion of CH4 was improved (75%–84%) when conducting the experiment at a lower flow of oxygen (1.25%). Finally, the deposition of carbon on the spent catalysts was analyzed using TEM and Temperature programmed oxidation-mass spectroscopy (TPO-MS) following 200 h under an oxygen stream. Better anti-coking activity of the reduced catalyst was observed by both, TEM, and TPO-MS analysis. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Abdullah, Iman, Riri Andriyanti, Dita Arifa Nurani, and Yuni Krisyuningsih Krisnandi. "Nickel-phenanthroline Complex Supported on Mesoporous Carbon as a Catalyst for Carboxylation under CO2 Atmosphere." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.1.9733.111-119.

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Carbon dioxide is a highly potential renewable C1 source for synthesis of fine chemicals. Utilization of CO2 in carboxylation reactions requires catalysts, such as: nickel complex for CO2 activation. However, the use of homogeneous catalysts in the reaction is still less efficient due to the difficulty of separating the product and catalyst from reaction mixture. Therefore, it is necessary to heterogenize the nickel complex in a solid support such as mesoporous carbon. In this report, mesoporous carbon (MC) prepared from phloroglucinol and formaldehyde through soft template method was used as a solid support for Ni-phenanthroline complex (Ni-phen). The catalyst was characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). The result of SAA characterization showed that the pore diameter of MC was 6.7 nm and Ni-phen/MC was 5.1 nm which indicates that the materials have meso-size pores. Ni-phen/MC material was then used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the carboxylation reaction of phenylacetylene under an ambient CO2 pressure. The reactions were carried out in several variations of conditions such as temperature, time and catalyst types. Based on the results of the reaction, the best conditions were obtained at 25 °C for 8 h of reaction time using Ni-phen/MC catalyst. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Alsalme, Ali, Aliyah A. Alsharif, Hamda Al-Enizi, Mujeeb Khan, Saad G. Alshammari, Mshari A. Alotaibi, Rais Ahmad Khan, and Mohammed Rafiq H. Siddiqui. "Probing the Catalytic Efficiency of Supported Heteropoly Acids for Esterification: Effect of Weak Catalyst Support Interactions." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (July 24, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7037461.

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Supported heteropoly acids are an interesting class of solid acid catalysts which possess flexible structure and super acidic properties essentially required for the oil-based biodiesel production. In this study, a series of catalysts containing 25 wt.% of heteropolytungstate (HPW) supported on various clays or SiO2 were prepared, and their catalytic efficiency was evaluated for esterification of acetic acid with heptanol. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques including FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and BET. The catalytic efficiency of both bulk and supported HPW catalysts for the esterification activity strongly depends on the type of support and amount of catalyst; the bulk HPW catalyst and the catalyst supported by kaolinite with 25 wt.% of HPW exhibited highest activity. In order to study the effect of temperature on conversion, all the catalysts were subjected to different reaction temperatures. It was revealed that esterification activity of both bulk and supported HPW catalysts strongly depends upon the temperature variations of the reaction. Besides, the effect of leaching of active sites on the catalysts performance for biodiesel production was also evaluated by inductively coupled plasma studies (ICP). The kaolinite-supported catalyst (25% HPW/kaolinite) demonstrated higher amount of leaching which is also confirmed by the significant decrease in its catalytic activity when it is used for the second time. However, the higher activity demonstrated by HPW/kaolinite maybe because of some homogeneous reaction indicating a weak catalyst support interaction (WCSI) resulting in the leaching of the catalyst during the test. Furthermore, the effects of other reaction variables such as catalyst loading and reaction time on the conversion of acetic acid were also studied.

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Popa, Marcel, Nicu Bajan, Valeriu Sunel, and Mihai Daranga. "Catalase Immobilized on Poly(Acrylic Acid-co-Vinyl Alcohol)." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 4, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj535.

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The paper studies the reaction of catalase’s immobilization on a synthetic polymer (copolymer of the acrylic acid with vinyl alcohol), through amidation of enzyme’s terminal amine groups with the lateral<br />carboxylic group of the macromolecular support, as activated by dicycloxexyl carbodiimide. The support, possessing the properties of a hydrogel, has been synthesized through copolymerization of the acrylic acid with vinyl acetate, followed by hydrolysis of the acetate groups to the hydroxylic groups. The influence of some reaction parameters (such as the activator/support and enzyme/support ratios, duration) on the efficiency of the enzyme’s coupling was studied. The coupling reactions were realized conformely to a centered, rotator, composed, second order experimental program, which permitted the establishment of the conditions necessary for obtaining a coupling product containing the highest amount of immobilized enzyme. Kinetic study of the reaction catalyzed by the coupling products has indirectly evidenced enzyme’s immobilization to the macromolecular support, and also, a sufficiently high catalytic activity of the enzymatic preparation obtained.

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IKEUCHI, Hidetaka, Masuji NAGATOSHI, and Atsuyoshi MIURA. "3F4 Assessment of Support Trajectories in Sit-to-Stand Support System using Ground Reaction Force." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2014 (2014): _3F4–1_—_3F4–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2014._3f4-1_.

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48

Ubed, Roby Syaiful. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT SUPPORT, TRAINING MOTIVATION, INTENTION TO TRANSFER, AFFECTIVE REACTION, UTILITY REACTION, SUPERVISOR SUPPORT, AND LEVEL III AND IV LEADERSHIP TRAINING TRANSFER: A CASE IN INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF FINANCE." INFO ARTHA 2 (June 7, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31092/jia.v2i0.80.

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The purpose of this research is to examine how training transfer is influenced by management support, training motivation, intention to transfer, affective reaction, utility reaction, supervisory support. To achieve this purpose, this study used the employees in Indonesian Ministry of Finance. A sample of 258 employees from level III and level IV leaders completed questionnaires that include measurements such as training motivation, supervisor supports, affective reaction, utility reaction, intention to transfer, training transfer, perceived training transfer, training retention, managerial transfer support, motivation to learn, training self-efficacy, and demographic characteristics. Hypothesis testing was done by using three steps of hierarchical regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that there are significantly positive relationships between the aforementioned independent variables and training transfer. Implications of this study were discussed.

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49

Jouve, Andrea, Stefano Cattaneo, Sofia Capelli, Marta Stucchi, Claudio Evangelisti, Alberto Villa, and Laura Prati. "CNF-Functionalization as Versatile Tool for Tuning Activity in Cellulose-Derived Product Hydrogenation." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020316.

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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have been functionalized by introducing O, N, and P containing groups in order to investigate the effect of support functionalization in Ru catalysed hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) hydrogenation. In the case of HMF, despite the fact that no effect on selectivity was observed (all the catalysts produced selectively gamma-valerolactone (GVL)), the functionalization strongly affected the activity of the reaction. O-containing and N-containing supports presented a higher activity compared to the bare support. On the contrary, in HMF hydrogenation, functionalization of the support did not have a beneficial effect on the activity of a Ru-catalysed reaction with respect to bare support and only CNFs-O behaved similarly to bare CNFs. In fact, when CNFs-N or CNFs-P were used as the supports, a lower activity was observed, as well as a change in selectivity in which the production of ethers (from the reaction with the solvent) greatly increased.

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Higgs, Paul G. "When Is a Reaction Network a Metabolism? Criteria for Simple Metabolisms That Support Growth and Division of Protocells." Life 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090966.

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With the aim of better understanding the nature of metabolism in the first cells and the relationship between the origin of life and the origin of metabolism, we propose three criteria that a chemical reaction system must satisfy in order to constitute a metabolism that would be capable of sustaining growth and division of a protocell. (1) Biomolecules produced by the reaction system must be maintained at high concentration inside the cell while they remain at low or zero concentration outside. (2) The total solute concentration inside the cell must be higher than outside, so there is a positive osmotic pressure that drives cell growth. (3) The metabolic rate (i.e., the rate of mass throughput) must be higher inside the cell than outside. We give examples of small-molecule reaction systems that satisfy these criteria, and others which do not, firstly considering fixed-volume compartments, and secondly, lipid vesicles that can grow and divide. If the criteria are satisfied, and if a supply of lipid is available outside the cell, then continued growth of membrane surface area occurs alongside the increase in volume of the cell. If the metabolism synthesizes more lipid inside the cell, then the membrane surface area can increase proportionately faster than the cell volume, in which case cell division is possible. The three criteria can be satisfied if the reaction system is bistable, because different concentrations can exist inside and out while the rate constants of all the reactions are the same. If the reaction system is monostable, the criteria can only be satisfied if there is a reason why the rate constants are different inside and out (for example, the decay rates of biomolecules are faster outside, or the formation rates of biomolecules are slower outside). If this difference between inside and outside does not exist, a monostable reaction system cannot sustain cell growth and division. We show that a reaction system for template-directed RNA polymerization can satisfy the requirements for a metabolism, even if the small-molecule reactions that make the single nucleotides do not.

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