Journal articles: 'Surface Film Analysis'

1

Kim, Joon Hyun, and Joo-Hyun Kim. "Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of Surface Roughness in the Flow Field." Journal of Tribology 127, no. 2 (2005): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1828072.

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The study deals with the development of a thermohydrodynamic (THD) computational procedure for evaluating the pressure, temperature, and velocity distributions in fluid films with a very rough geometry. A parametric investigation is performed to predict the bearing behaviors in the lubricating film with the absorbed layers and their interfaces as determined by rough surfaces with Gaussian distribution. The layers are expressed as functions of the standard deviations of each surface to characterize flow patterns between both rough surfaces. Velocity variations and heat generation are assumed to occur in the central (shear) zone with the same bearing length and width. The coupled effect of the surface roughness and shear zone dependency on the hydrodynamic pressure and temperature has been found in the noncontact mode. The procedure confirms the numerically determined relationship between the pressure and film gap, provided that its roughness magnitude is smaller than the fluid film thickness.

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Mohd Dahan, Rozana, Muhamad Naiman Sarip, Yap Seong Ling, et al. "Surface Modification of Polyvinylidenefluoride-Trifluoroethylene Film Using Argon Gas Plasma." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.317.

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This study investigates the surface properties of plasma surface modified spin coated PVDF-TrFE (70/30) film using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Water Contact Angle (WCA) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The surfaces of the spin coated PVDF-TrFE film were modified using 13.56 MHz rf Argon plasma. The exposure time of the charged particle PVDF-TrFE films were varied for 1, 3 and 5mins. Prior to modification, the average surface roughness obtained was 8.615nm, but upon modification, the surface roughness was found to increase to 12.466nm. The value of the contact angle of the modified film was reduced from 90o to 43o and the XPS analysis showed dehydrofluorination of PVDF-TrFE films surfaces. The improved in surface roughness and the increased in wettability of the modified film, resulted in good biocompatibility of the modified PVDF-TrFE thin films. This phenomenon has created interest in researchers for developing functional polymer used for applications in areas such are biomedical, bio-analytical assays, textile and even food industry.

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Peng, X. F., and G. P. Peterson. "Analysis of Rewetting for Surface Tension Induced Flow." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 3 (1992): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911337.

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An analytical investigation was conducted to determine the rewetting characteristics of thin, surface tension driven liquid films over heated plates as a function of the fluid properties, the film thickness, and the applied heat flux. Analytical expressions for the maximum sustainable heat flux and the rewetting velocity were developed for both flat and grooved plates and were compared with data from previous investigations. The results indicated good agreement for low film velocities; however, at high velocities the experimental data deviated significantly from the theoretical predictions. It was hypothesized that this deviation was due to the presence of liquid sputtering near the liquid front. To compensate for this liquid sputtering, the expressions for maximum sustainable heat flux and rewetting velocity were modified using an empirical correction factor developed from the data of previous thin film thickness investigations. The resulting modified expressions were found to compare very favorably with available experimental data over a large range of flow conditions and velocities.

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Zheng, You Yi, Chun Lin Zhang, and Xing Xin Xu. "Preparation and Film-Substrate Stress Analysis of CVD Diamond Film Coating Tools." Advanced Materials Research 619 (December 2012): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.619.589.

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The diamond thin films was deposited by hot filament CVD method in the Cemented Carbide (YG6) substrate. The surface morphology and quality of the diamond film coating was detected by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectrometer. The internal stress of the diamond thin films and Cemented Carbide substrate, exerted by load, was calculated by the method of finite element numerical analysis. The analysis result shows that the internal stress of the film is tensile stress. The maximum appear in the blade and the tip place, the stress distribution more evenly in the middle area of the film. The stress is a zonal distribution and reduced gradually from the matrix surface to bottom in the Cemented Carbide, the results of the finite element analysis can provide the reference for the other methods to determin the diamond film stress and improve the stress between the membrane and substrate.

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Pranchov, R. B., and D. S. Campbell. "Stability Observations and Surface Analysis of Air Fired Nickel Thick Film Conductors." ElectroComponent Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (1985): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/apec.11.291.

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The results from an investigation of the properties of air fired Nickel thick film produced with conductive paste ESL 2554 on 96% Al2O3substrates are described. The analysis of the possible causes of instability of this thick film material has been done using the methods of surface analysis. The picture of the film surface structure obtained as a result of surface analysis shows a non-isotropic distribution of the metal and glass phase. For a firing peak temperature of 650℃ there is little nickel present at the film surface, and this could be the main cause of the high instability and low adhesion observed. To obtain a stable film the maximum firing peak temperature has been established at 580℃. This has been confirmed by comparing the surface analysis results from films prepared at 650℃ and 580℃ peak temperatures.The surface analysis of the substrate shows the presence of Silicon which may be considered as another possible cause of film instability.

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Cheng, Dan Dan, Yun Cheng Shi, Wei Ping Yang, Yan Feng Xie, and Ze Yuan Zong. "Analysis on Wrinkling of Polyimide-Base Metal Film Prepared by Pulse Arc." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1097.

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Metal films are deposited on polyimide by pulsed cathode arc. Metal film wrinkles are found by SEM. These wrinkles are caused by film stress which is from inherent defect of film materials. The soft substrate will deform with metal films because there is shear force between metal films and soft substrate surface. The film stress with soft substrate together is discussed in detail.

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Kong, Yeo Lee, S. V. Muniandy, M. S. Fakir, and K. Sulaiman. "Fractal Analysis of Morphological Image of Organic Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium (TsNiPc) Film." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.407.

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Surface morphology of thin films can be efficiently characterized using power spectral density method. Spectral based parameters from surface models can then be linked to electrical conductivity of thin films used for fabricating organic photovoltaic devices. In this study, the surface morphologies of the organic thin films phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium (TsNiPc) are investigated using atomic force microscopy. The thin film samples are imaged at 40-minutes and 120-minutes after the solvent treatment. The spectral exponent β is determined from the slope of PSD log-log plot and the fractal dimension D of each film is calculated based on fractal relation β = 8 2D. The relationship between surface roughness and fractal dimension with respect to electrical properties of thin film is discussed.

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Iwata, Nobuyuki, Takuji Kuroda, and Hiroshi Yamamoto. "Crystal Structure Analysis of the Cr2O3 thin films." MRS Proceedings 1454 (2012): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1111.

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ABSTRACTUsing DC-RF magnetron sputtering method, the stress free c- and r-oriented Cr2O3 thin films were grown on c- and r-cut sapphire substrates, respectively. The c-oriented film grown at 580 ºC shows the smoothest surface with a surface average (Ra) of 0.17, although the c-surface energy is the highest. The origin of the smooth surface is expected that the presence of a twin grain due to a dislocation of Cr atoms, demonstrated by a reciprocal space mapping. The step height corresponding to that of the bulk is clearly observed. The r-oriented films epitaxially grow without twin grain. The Ra is 1.56 in the film grown at 580 ºC because of deep trenches due to a lattice mismatch and no dislocation like c-oriented films. Since the surface energy of the r-surface is the lowest, the terrace is quite smooth in one grain even at higher substrate temperature of 840 ºC.

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9

Sapers, S. P., R. Clark, and P. Somerville. "Scanning-probe microscope analysis of optical thin films: A new analytical tool in a manufacturing environment." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 1068–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100173078.

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OCLI is a leading manufacturer of thin films for optical and thermal control applications. The determination of thin film and substrate topography can be a powerful way to obtain information for deposition process design and control, and about the final thin film device properties. At OCLI we use a scanning probe microscope (SPM) in the analytical lab to obtain qualitative and quantitative data about thin film and substrate surfaces for applications in production and research and development. This manufacturing environment requires a rapid response, and a large degree of flexibility, which poses special challenges for this emerging technology. The types of information the SPM provides can be broken into three categories:(1)Imaging of surface topography for visualization purposes, especially for samples that are not SEM compatible due to size or material constraints;(2)Examination of sample surface features to make physical measurements such as surface roughness, lateral feature spacing, grain size, and surface area;(3)Determination of physical properties such as surface compliance, i.e. “hardness”, surface frictional forces, surface electrical properties.

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Zhang, Yu Ting, Qiao Lei, Yi Ni Zhao, and Jian Qiang Bao. "Analysis of Packaging Properties of Composite Antibacterial Films by Response Surface Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.8.

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Four factors with three level Box-Behnken response surface design was employed to investigate the influence of whey protein isolate, sodium caseinate, glycerol and potassium sorbate concentrations in antibacterial films on mechanical properties, optical properties and water solubility. Analysis of variance and regression coefficients of models for responses showed that quadratic models were significant to predict tensile strength, light transmittance, haze and water solubility of the films, whereas elongation at break could be fitted by linear models. Among all the film-forming components, glycerol and sodium caseinate were important factors to affect these packaging properties. Sodium caseinate and glycerol contributed to increasing the elongation at break and light transmittance. With the addition of glycerol, tensile strength decreased, while sodium caseinate increased tensile strength and water solubility of films and decreased haze. Whey protein isolate=6.84g, sodium caseinate=5.11g, glycerol=35.00% and potassium sorbate=1.50g in 200ml film-forming solution would yield the film with tensile strength=9.45MPa, elongation at break=49.44%, light transmittance=65.61%, haze=15.13% and water solubility =56.02% through the optimization study.

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11

D’Alessio, L., G. Pace, and R. Teghil. "Multiscale Analysis and Morphology of TiC Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Ablation." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.177.

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In this work the microscopic morphology of titanium carbide thin films, obtained by pulsed laser ablation, are studied. A target of TiC has been ablated in vacuum with a laser Twinkle of Light Conversion Ltd. capable to furnish impulses of 250 fs, with a repetition frequency of 10 Hz at the wavelength of 527 nm. The ablated material has been deposited on (111) oriented silicon substrates, maintained at ambient temperature during the film deposition. Digital images of the films have been acquired through scanning electron microscopy. Numerical codes have been developed in Matlab environment, to obtain a three-dimensional reconstruction of the film surfaces starting from the bidimensional images. On such reconstruction a multi-scale analysis has been performed by hilbertian methods, for the characterization of the surface roughness and to study the distribution of the deposited nanoparticles. The results show that the free surface of the film has a characteristics scale invariance that allow the description by multi-fractal techniques. In particular the fractal dimension of the surface has been calculated in nanometric range. The investigation allows to identify some proper morphological indicators to characterize the film geometry and parameterize the tribological properties of the interface. These indicators, if opportunely employed together with classical methods of analysis, furnish a further tool for better understanding the complex nature of the deposits.

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12

AHMAD, KHURSHID, ABDUS SABOOR AHMAD, MUHAMMAD HASSAN, ZUBAIR AHMAD, XUEZENG ZHAO, and YUNLU PAN. "ANALYSIS OF LIQUID MEDIATED CONTACT OF GLASS COLLOIDAL PARTICLE WITH POLYSTYRENE COATED SURFACE." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 02 (2019): 1950101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19501014.

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Spin coating has been widely used for obtaining uniform thin polymeric coating over glass surfaces. Previous studies have shown that the thin-coated film can deform and bulge out upon immersion in liquid. Such deformations can affect various properties of the films. In this study, we have analyzed the interaction of glass colloidal particle and the polystyrene (PS) spin-coated surface immersed in deionized (DI) water. It was found that the glass colloidal particle interacts with the surface in dissimilar way at various locations on the surface. A sudden reduction in the forces was also observed at different locations on the same surface. The separation distances at which the sudden change in the force occurred was closer to the height of the spherical domains. Therefore, the change could be attributed to the presence of blisters on the surface formed due to permeation of water into the thin film-substrate interface.

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13

Xu, Yang, Wenzheng Xu, and Fenglin Huang. "Surface and Interface Analysis of Fibers Sputtered with Titanium Dioxide." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 7, no. 4 (2012): 155892501200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501200700409.

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Nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO2) films were deposited on the surface of polyester (PET), polypropylene (PP), and viscose fibers by using direct current (DC) reactive magnetron sputtering. The effect of different fibers on the surface structure and morphology of TiO2 thin films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cohesion and adhesion of the brittle titanium dioxide coating on the soft manmade fiber substrates was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images of coating interfaces were captured after TiO2 coated fibers were cut in a self-made simple apparatus. For comparison, the SEM images of the coating interfaces were captured after the coated fibers were broken in a single fiber strength tester. The results indicate that the characteristics of TiO2 deposited films were related to the structure and the morphology of the thin films which were determined by surface energy and roughness of different manmade fibers. Relatively smooth and high energy surface ultimately yielded uniformly deposited film and better adsorption to TiO2 clusters. The mechanical strength of the deposited film and the cohesion to the fiber substrate may be reduced for high surface roughness, because of the build-up of more micron cracks in the sputtering process.

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14

Amato, Philip A., Mark Lelental, and Ray C. Bowen. "Quantitative image analysis of superconductor thin film microstructure: The use of conditional, multiparametric, shape-analysis algorithms." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 11 (1993): 2799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2799.

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We have developed a novel approach for quantifying the microstructure of granular thin films using digital image processing and analysis. In the past, conventional scanning electron microscopy of thin films has generated qualitative information on the surface topography and film microstructure. However, when coupled to digital image analysis, the amount or degree of surface contours (i.e., granularity) in SEM micrographs can be quantified in a rapid and reproducible manner. Briefly, SEM micrographs are digitized and the edge boundaries on the film surface are enhanced by a gradient filter; granularity is then quantified by calculating the %AREA covered by the edges with respect to the entire field. Objects of a particular shape, such as phase impurity particles, can be selectively deleted from the image using a specific sequence of shape analysis algorithms and parameter values. In this manner, the contributions of edges from the phase impurity particles is minimized in the final measurement of real surface contours. Statistical analysis of the data yields quantitative information concerning variations in microdomains within single thin films and can detect statistically significant differences among samples. This method is being used in the characterization of the microstructure of superconducting thin films for optimization of their electrical and magnetic properties.

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15

Wadayama, Toshimasa, and Aritada Hatta. "Infrared Spectroscopy for Surface Thin Film Analysis." Materia Japan 35, no. 9 (1996): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.35.1019.

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16

KONDO, Hirofumi. "Surface analysis of magnetic thin film media." Bunseki kagaku 51, no. 8 (2002): 569–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.51.569.

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17

Feldman, Leonard C., James W. Mayer, and F. Adams. "Fundamentals of surface and thin film analysis." Analytica Chimica Acta 222, no. 1 (1989): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)81920-0.

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Feldman, Leonard C., James W. Mayer, and M. Grasserbauer. "Fundamentals of surface and thin film analysis." Analytica Chimica Acta 199 (1987): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)82855-x.

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19

Collins, Robert W., and Yeon Taik Kim. "Ellipsometry for thin-film and surface analysis." Analytical Chemistry 62, no. 17 (1990): 887A—890A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00216a001.

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Collins, Robert W., and Yeon-Taik Kim. "Ellipsometry for Thin-Film and Surface Analysis." Analytical Chemistry 62, no. 17 (1990): 887A—900A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00216a721.

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Besenbacher, Flemming. "Fundamentals of surface and thin film analysis." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 26, no. 4 (1987): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(87)90553-2.

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22

Nasehnejad, Maryam, Gholamreza Nabiyouni, and Mehran Gholipour Shahraki. "Fractal analysis of nanostructured silver film surface." Chinese Journal of Physics 55, no. 6 (2017): 2484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2017.10.015.

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23

Zhao, Bo Xiong, Yu Jian Du, and Xin Sui. "The Analysis of the Film Morphology." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2377.

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Thin film technologies are widely used in modern scientific and technological fields .The theory of thin film growth is guidance for developing a new-type materials and improving the properties of custom thin film materials .In this article , the studies of thin film growth are carried out. The studies are made a simulation of surface growth of the GaxIn1-xAs1-ySbyand YBCO film, Schematic diagram of the surface morphology under different substrate temperature of thin film growth are obtained and analyzed .Many significant results are found. First of all ,the background of the topic ,research purpose and significance are described in this article .Then the studies of thin film growth are carried out ，to analyse the effects of different elements on the surface of the crystal film.

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24

Cheng, Deshan, Anwar Jahid, Guangming Cai, Jihong Wu, and Xin Wang. "Surface Characterisation of Polyelectrolyte/Silver Nanocomposite Films." Polymers and Polymer Composites 25, no. 8 (2017): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111702500809.

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were deposited onto surface-hydrolysed PET film by an electrostatic self-assembly technique, so as to fabricate multilayer nanocomposite films. The self-assembly process was monitored by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the multilayer nanocomposite films were characterised by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the AgNPs were uniformly dispersed on the PET film, in the metallic silver state. The thermal stability of the multilayer nanocomposite films was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and it was found that the presence of AgNPs on the surface of PET enhanced the thermal stability of the PET film. The antibacterial performance of the multilayer nanocomposite films was investigated by staphylococcus aureus to monitor the number of the bacterial cells. The results suggested that the PET films after assembled 10-bilayer PDDA/AgNPs multilayer films exhibited good antibacterial performance.

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25

Henderson, A. E., A. G. Fitzgerald, S. M. Potrous, and B. E. Storey. "An Analytical Electron Microscopy and surface analysis study of diamond films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (1990): 1090–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178586.

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The formation of diamond films by plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD) techniques has become an area of intense interest over the past few years. These films have potential applications in optical devices, microelectronics and as wear resistant coatings. To exploit the unique properties of these diamond coatings they must be fully characterized.In this investigation polycrystalline diamond films produced by PACVD, on single crystal silicon substrates have been studied by a range of microbeam analytical techniques. Surface analyses have been made in a VG Microscopes HB100 UHV SEM by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Depth composition profiles have been made by Auger electron spectroscopy. The silicon-diamond interface region has been investigated by x-ray microanalysis in a JEOL T300 SEM. The diamond films were prepared for transmission electron microscopy by dissolving away the silicon substrate in an HF/nitric acid solution. The resulting free standing diamond film was ion thinned to produce electron transparent areas. The thinned film was then sandwiched in a folding electron microscope grid for analysis in a JEOL 100C STEM.

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Kumada, Takayuki, Kazuhiro Akutsu, Kazuki Ohishi, et al. "Development of spin-contrast-variation neutron reflectometry for the structural analysis of multilayer films." Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, no. 5 (2019): 1054–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719010616.

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The spin-contrast-variation neutron reflectometry technique was developed for the structural analysis of multilayer films. Polarized-neutron reflectivity curves of film samples vary as a function of their proton polarization (P H). The P H-dependent reflectivity curves of a polystyrene monolayer film were precisely reproduced using a common set of structural parameters and the P H-dependent neutron scattering length density of polystyrene. This result ensures that these curves are not deformed by inhomogeneous P H but can be used for structural analysis. Unpolarized reflectivity curves of poly(styrene-block-isoprene) films were reproduced using a flat free-surface model but P H-dependent polarized reflectivity curves were not. The global fit of the P H-dependent multiple reflectivity curves revealed that holes with a depth corresponding to one period of the periodic lamellae of microphase-separated polystyrene and polyisoprene domains were produced on the surface of the films, which agrees with the microscopic results. In this manner, the spin-contrast-variation neutron reflectometry technique determines the structure of multiple surfaces and interfaces in a film sample while excluding the incorrect structure that accidentally accounts for a single unpolarized reflectivity curve only.

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Huang, Chiang, Wu, Lin, and Shen. "Analysis on Characteristics of ZnO Surface Acoustic Wave with and without Micro-Structures." Micromachines 10, no. 7 (2019): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10070434.

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In this paper, we fabricate a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device with micro-structures on a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film and measure its signal response. The manufacturing processes of the SAW device include the fabrication of micro-structures of a SAW element and its interdigital transducer by silicon micro-machining and the fabrication of a thin film of ZnO by RF magnetron sputtering. We, then, measure the SAW properties. This research investigates the properties of sputtered thin films for various amounts of O2/(Ar + O2) using Zn and ZnO targets. Regardless of target, the growth rate of the ZnO thin film decreases as the oxygen content increases. When the SAW is sputtered ZnO thin film using 30% oxygen, the digital signal of the SAW has better performance. The measurement signal of the SAW with micro-structures is similar to that without micro-structures.

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Zhao, Wenxia, Zenglin Wang, Liang Qiao, Shiwei Liu, Hongjian Zhao, and Yani Yan. "Photocatalytic Surface Modification of PI Film for Electroless Copper Plating." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1619581.

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This study investigated the surface modification of polyimide (PI) film through TiO2 photocatalytic treatment. The effects of TiO2 content, treatment duration, and UV power on the surface topography, surface contact angle, and adhesion strength of the surface-modified PI films were investigated. The results indicated that, after surface modification under the optimal photocatalytic conditions, the surface contact angle of the PI film decreased from 84.4° to 38.8°, and the adhesion strength between the PI film and the electroless copper film reached 0.78 kN/m. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis further demonstrated that carboxyl groups formed on the surface of the PI film after photocatalytic treatment. The surface hydrophilicity and adhesion strength of the surface-modified PI film were enhanced due to the numerous carboxyl groups formed on its surface. Therefore, the photocatalytic treatment is an environmentally friendly and effective method for the surface modification of PI films.

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Wang, Y. L., R. Levi-Setti, J. M. Chabala, et al. "Ion microprobe analysis of laser-deposited Y–Ba–Cu thin film: Effects of anneal temperature." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 5 (1989): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.1087.

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We have employed high spatial resolution (<50 nm) SIMS to study thin film deposited on SrTiO3, produced by pulsed laser evaporation of bulk stoichiometric YBa2Cu3Ox pellets derived from either BaCO3 or Ba3N2. The grain growth, film-substrate interaction, and carbon contamination of the films were examined as a function of post-deposition anneal temperature ranging between 700 °C and 900 °C. On the surface of both types of film, we found overgrowth crystals, which are enriched in copper, that increased in size from a few tenths of a micron to several microns with increasing anneal temperature. Above 800 °C, the film forms a polycrystalline structure with grain size of ∼1 micron. With increasing anneal temperature, more strontium was observed on the surface of the film. Films prepared from YBa2Cu3Ox targets derived from BaCO3 and Ba3N2 were both contaminated with carbon: however, only the former showed segregated carbon along the grain boundaries of the polycrystalline film annealed at 900 °C.

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Rao, T. V. V. L. N., A. M. A. Rani, T. Nagarajan, and F. M. Hashim. "Analysis of Two-Layered Film Journal Bearing with Partial Slip Surface." Advanced Materials Research 903 (February 2014): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.903.215.

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Based on the approach of two-layered film consisting of different Newtonian viscosities, the present study examines the effects of partial slip bearing configuration on load capacity and friction coefficient for journal bearing. Navier slip boundary conditions are used to analyze partial slip configuration. A modified Reynolds equation for a journal bearing with two-layered film on a partial slip surface is presented. The modified Reynolds equation is derived taking into consideration of magnitude of lubricant layers film thickness, viscosities and the extent of partial slip on the bearing surface. The Reynolds boundary conditions are used in the analysis to predict nondimensional load capacity and coefficient of friction. Partial slip of bearing surfaces has a potential to improve load carrying capacity and reduce coefficient of friction for two-layered film journal bearing.

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31

Wilkinson, Maryn. "On the Depths of Surface: Strategies of Surface Aesthetics in The Bling Ring, Spring Breakers and Drive." Film-Philosophy 22, no. 2 (2018): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2018.0074.

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The films The Bling Ring (Sofia Coppola, 2013), Spring Breakers (Harmony Korine, 2012), and Drive (Nicolas Winding Refn, 2011), were all dismissed for their depthlessness. This article argues that we need to explore the depths and variety of their engagement with surface in order to fully appreciate what these films are trying to say. The article proposes that these films in fact employ three different “strategies” of surface engagement, in and through their aesthetics; The Bling Ring relies on a sense of “skimming”, Spring Breakers engages ideas of “drifting”, while Drive promotes a sense of “gliding” or “coasting”. Analysis of these strategies of surface aesthetics reveals that the films make dialectic categories of depth and surface, sign and meaning, form and content, indistinguishable, and it is precisely in doing so that they offer complex critique on the crimes they display, and the state of our current hyper-mediated and networked world. These films are not only about the stories they tell but about how the very function that the films themselves perform is intricately intertwined with those stories. This makes the films self-reflexive and postmodern, but it also shows that surface itself, in the cinema, cannot and should not be dismissed as a monolithic, indeterminate nothing. The article argues that we must analyse and engage the depths of surface if we want to understand meaning in cinema today.

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Straughan, Brian. "A note on surface film driven convection." Glasgow Mathematical Journal 33, no. 2 (1991): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017089500008181.

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In [6] McTaggart presented a nonlinear energy stability analysis of the problem of convection in the presence of a surface film overlying a non-shallow layer of fluid heated from below. In her work the film is regarded as a two-dimensional continuum and surface tension is then introduced naturally as a combination of a surface density and the derivative of a surface free energy. In fact, the model originated with work of Landau and Lifschitz [4] on the effect of adsorbed films on the motion of a liquid. The precise model she uses was developed from a continuum thermodynamic viewpoint by Lindsay and Straughan [5].

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JONA, F., and P. M. MARCUS. "THE IMPORTANCE OF STRAIN ANALYSIS IN STUDIES OF PSEUDOMORPHIC GROWTH." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 05 (1997): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97000821.

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Since a pseudomorphic film is usually strained both in the plane of the surface and in the perpendicular direction, strain analysis is necessary in order to determine the strains and identify the equilibrium (i.e. the unstrained) phase of the film material. A procedure for carrying out the strain analysis within the limits of linear elasticity theory is described by way of a simple hypothetical example with cubic {001} surfaces, which illustrates the concept of epitaxial lines. These are lines relating the perpendicular spacing between atomic planes, as produced by epitaxial strain on a stable or metastable crystal phase, to the in-plane spacing in pseudomorphic films.

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McAfee, George H., and Steven J. Dean. "CVD process characterization using a selective delineation technique for quantitative SEM analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (1992): 1428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131772.

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The scanning electron microscope is one of the most universal and well-respected analytical tools in the semiconductor industry. The limitless potential of this tool serves as the basis for this article. As process geometries continue to shrink below the sub-micron level, precise characterization of the individual processing areas is of the utmost importance. One area of particular interest is the CVD (chemical vapor deposition)/thin film area.Modern CVD reactors implement a triple injector configuration for film deposition. Each injector provides an individual contribution to the composite film thickness. In essence, the composite film is comprised of three separate thin film layers. These films have a very high surface tension and the interfaces of the three films form areas of high stress. From these two properties, surface tension and interfacial stress, it becomes possible to quantify and visually identify the individual contribution of each injector (in a multi-injector CVD reactor). This can be accomplished by using a selective etching technique in preparation for cross-sectional SEM analysis. Areas of high stress, by nature, have a higher etch rate than the bulk film itself.

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Chiang, Hao-Chun, and Rastislav Levicky. "Electrochemical Analysis of Ultrathin Polythiolsiloxane Films for Surface Biomodification." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2018 (October 3, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4705031.

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The ability of different crosslinkers to crosslink nanometer thick films of the polymer poly(mercaptopropyl)methylsiloxane (PMPMS), thus stabilizing these films on solid supports, was investigated. The four crosslinkers included 1,11-bismaleimidotriethyleneglycol (BM(PEG)3), tris-(2-maleimidoethyl)amine (TMEA), bismaleimidohexane (BMH), and 1,1′-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene) bismaleimide (BMDPM). PMPMS films treated with the four crosslinkers were compared in the effectiveness of achieved crosslinking, continuity and stability of the films to rearrangement at elevated temperatures, and modification with single-stranded DNA. The results of electrochemical analyses show that more hydrophilic crosslinkers had difficulty reacting fully with PMPMS thiols, even in these nanometer thin layers. This observation highlights the critical importance of selecting crosslinkers that are chemically compatible. Optimal selection of crosslinker yielded films in which the polymer film was largely incapable of rearranging, even at elevated temperatures, yielding reproducible and stable layers. These results validate use of these supports for applications such as monitoring thermal denaturation of immobilized DNA duplexes.

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Lee, Chea-Young, Young-Hee Joo, Minsoo P. Kim, Doo-Seung Um, and Chang-Il Kim. "Etching Characteristics and Changes in Surface Properties of IGZO Thin Films by O2 Addition in CF4/Ar Plasma." Coatings 11, no. 8 (2021): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080906.

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Plasma etching processes for multi-atomic oxide thin films have become increasingly important owing to the excellent material properties of such thin films, which can potentially be employed in next-generation displays. To fabricate high-performance and reproducible devices, the etching mechanism and surface properties must be understood. In this study, we investigated the etching characteristics and changes in the surface properties of InGaZnO4 (IGZO) thin films with the addition of O2 gases based on a CF4/Ar high-density-plasma system. A maximum etch rate of 32.7 nm/min for an IGZO thin film was achieved at an O2/CF4/Ar (=20:25:75 sccm) ratio. The etching mechanism was interpreted in detail through plasma analysis via optical emission spectroscopy and surface analysis via X-ray photoelectron microscopy. To determine the performance variation according to the alteration in the surface composition of the IGZO thin films, we investigated the changes in the work function, surface energy, and surface roughness through ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, and atomic force microscopy, respectively. After the plasma etching process, the change in work function was up to 280 meV, the thin film surface became slightly hydrophilic, and the surface roughness slightly decreased. This work suggests that plasma etching causes various changes in thin-film surfaces, which affects device performance.

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Sauli, Zaliman, Vithyacharan Retnasamy, Fairul Afzal Ahmad Fuad, Phaklen Ehkan, Moganraj Palianysamy, and Aaron Koay Terr Yeow. "Aluminium Surface Grain Size Analysis on RIE Treatment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.67.

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Reactive Ion Etch (RIE) has been an important process in the world of microelectronic fabrication. Focus of this preliminary study is on how RIE affects the grain size of aluminum film which is fabricated on substrates. RIE parameters are varied to obtain 16 different recipes which are done using Design of Experiment. Grain size of the samples is recorded for all 16 samples before and after RIE treatment. This produces results that can be compared to obtain the effect of RIE on the aluminum film. Results show that RIE affects the mean grain size of the aluminum film as it increases after RIE treatment.

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Liu, Dongping, Ina T. Martin, Jie Zhou, and Ellen R. Fisher. "Radical-surface interactions during film deposition: A sticky situation?" Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 6 (2006): 1187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678061187.

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Our imaging of radicals interacting with surfaces (IRIS) method was used to investigate radical-surface reactions during low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes. Special emphasis was placed on the analysis of surface reactivities for CH, SiH, CN, NH, NH2, CF2, and SiCl2 radicals during film growth. The effects of plasma parameters, such as radio frequency (rf) power and gas composition, substrate temperature, and substrate bias on radical-surface reactivity were analyzed. Different radicals exhibit different behavior at the surface of a depositing film. Specifically, CH, SiH, and CN are "sticky", with high surface reactivities. In contrast, other species such as NH, CF2, and SiCl2 do not stick to the surface of growing films and, in some cases are actually generated at the surface of the depositing film. Different plasma systems and parameters can have an effect on the stickiness of some of these species. Our IRIS measurements indicate a molecule's surface sticking probability may also be related to the molecule's electronic configuration and stability, with the most reactive species being molecules with a doublet electron configuration. In contrast, the singlet species examined here tend to be generated at the surface during film deposition. Our results also indicate that when a molecule scatters with greater than 100 % probability, it is likely to be strongly affected by energetic ion bombardment of the film surface.

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Cho, Dae-Hyun, Jaehyuck Jung, Chan Kim, et al. "Comparison of Frictional Properties of CVD-Grown MoS2 and Graphene Films under Dry Sliding Conditions." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (2019): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020293.

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In the present study, dry friction and wear properties of atomically thin CVD-grown graphene and MoS2 films on SiO2/Si substrates were compared at low (72 MPa) and high (378 MPa) contact pressures. Analysis of atomic force microscopy images of these films verified that the MoS2 films, which were directly grown on the SiO2/Si substrates, had clean surfaces and made conformal contacts with the substrates. In contrast, the graphene film showed many contaminants on its surface and was loosely bonded with its SiO2/Si substrate due to its wet transfer from a Cu foil to the substrate. The MoS2 film exhibited friction and wear properties superior to those of the graphene film both at low and high contact pressures. We found that the clean sliding surface and strong bonding with SiO2/Si were the main causes of the superiority of the MoS2 film compared to the graphene film. Mild wear occurred in a layer-by-layer fashion at low contact pressure for the MoS2 film. At high contact pressure, severe wear occurred due to failure at the boundary between the MoS2 films and the underlying substrates. At both contact pressures, friction did not increase immediately after the removal of the MoS2 film from the SiO2/Si substrate because the film transferred onto the counter sliding surface and served as a lubricant.

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Saidin, Syafiqah, Hendra Hermawan, Pascale Chevallier, and Diego Mantovani. "Surface Characterization of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite-Silver Functionalized on Polydopamine Film." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.395.

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Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a well known bioactive material in the application of coated orthopaedic and dental implants. Recently, biomimetic technique has been explored to deposit a stable carbonated HA on a metal surface, mimicking the properties of natural bone. The aim of this study is to surface characterize the biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HA) and metallized silver (Ag) functionalized on a polydopamine film grafted titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). The Ti6Al4V disks were grafted with the polydopamine film to provide catechol/quinone groups for chemical binding process. The grafted surfaces were metallized with Ag in silver nitrate solution. The metallized surfaces were then grafted with the second layer of polydopamine film and further biomineralized with HA in 1.5 simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 3 and 7 days. The chemical compositions and chemical functionalities of those functionalized surfaces were characterized by XPS, FTIR and EDS. The morphologies of the surfaces were viewed under SEM. Finally, the wettability properties of the surfaces were investigated by water contact angle analysis. The XPS results showed that the polydopamine films were grafted on the Ti6Al4V surfaces. The polydopamine films became the chemical binding medium for functionalization of Ag and HA as the existence of both elements were clarified in XPS and EDS data. The appearance of HA functional groups (phosphate groups) were only noticed on FTIR spectrum when the biomimetic process was performed at 7 days. The formation of biomimetic HA has produced a hydrophilic surface with an appearance of hemispherical lath-like HA structure which is crucial for osseointegration and bone growth stability.

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Deore, M. K., V. B. Gaikwad, D. D. Kajale, and J. H. Jain. "Effect of Surface Modification by CuO on Surface Morphology, Electrical Properties and Gas Response of ZnO Thick Films." Sensor Letters 17, no. 12 (2019): 968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4182.

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The screen printing technique was used for the preparation of ZnO thick films. The films were dipped into 0.01 M aq. solution of (CulCl2 · 2H2O) for 10, 15, 20 and 30 min time interval for the surface modification. The dispersed CuCl2 on the film surface oxidized during heating at 500 °C and converted into CuO. SEM coupled with EDAX analysis showed the morphology of surface and elemental composition of the films. The micrographs of the films dipped at different time interval show the very interesting changes. The EDAX result shows variation in Zn/O and Cu/Zn ratio with different concentration of Cu. The toxic gases such as Cl2, H2S, CO and LPG etc. were used to study the gas response of the films at different temperatures. The pure film shows the poor response to H2S gas at 300 °C while surface modified film shows a good response to the same gas at 100 °C temperature for 100 ppm level gas concentration. The main characteristics of the films such as the selectivity, response and recovery time were studied and are presented in this paper.

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HUANG, BOHR-RAN, KIAN PING LOH, JUNG-FU HSU, and MING-CHIN CHANG. "SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF THICK, FREE-STANDING DIAMOND FILM PREPARED BY CHEMICAL ETCHING AND RAPID THERMAL PROCESSING." Surface Review and Letters 08, no. 05 (2001): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x01001373.

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The surface characteristics and depth profile of free-standing polycrystalline diamond films chemically etched from silicon substrates have been studied using monochromatic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Two different processes for isolating the diamond films from the silicon substrates have been performed. The isolated/annealed-diamond film was prepared by rapid thermal processing (RTP) of the diamond-on-silicon film at a temperature of 800°C before chemically etching the diamond film from the silicon substrate. The annealed/isolated film was prepared by first chemically etching the diamond film from the silicon substrate, and then subjecting the stand-alone film to RTP. The qualities of the film on the top faces were improved for both the isolated/annealed-diamond and annealed/isolated-diamond films as verified by Raman spectroscopy. XPS analysis revealed different oxidation characteristics on the top and bottom faces of the isolated/annealed-diamond and annealed/isolated-diamond films. Silicon was detected on the bottom surfaces. A higher silicon and oxygen intensity was observed on the isolated/annealed diamond films compared to the annealed/isolated films. This can be due to the facilitated thermal diffusion of silicon into the grain boundaries during the initial RTP step in the preparation of the isolated/annealed-diamond film.

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Sako, Hideki, Tamotsu Yamashita, Kentaro Tamura, et al. "Microstructural Analysis of Damaged Layer Introduced during Chemo-Mechanical Polishing." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.370.

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Damaged layers, which are introduced during chemo-mechanical polishing (CMP) underneath the 4°off-cut 4H-SiC wafer surface and cause surface defects formations after epitaxial films growth, are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM observations show presence of small scratches on wafer surfaces after CMP process. The widths of such scratches are submicron meters, thus it is hard to detect them by optical microscopy. TEM observations show that high-density regions of dislocation loops exist below scratches and the widths of such dislocation loops are much wider than the morphological width. Details of the dislocation structure are also analyzed. It is shown that the high-density dislocation loops cause local surface roughening on the surface of the epitaxial film.

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Fritsche, J., S. Gunst, E. Golusda, et al. "Surface analysis of CdTe thin film solar cells." Thin Solid Films 387, no. 1-2 (2001): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(00)01851-4.

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Rupertus, V. "Modern techniques for surface and thin film analysis." Thin Solid Films 502, no. 1-2 (2006): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.267.

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Galerne, Y. "Optical Analysis of the Surface Smectic O Film." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 18, no. 6 (1992): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/18/6/007.

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HINO, Tomoaki, Satoshi KOMATSU, Yuko HIROHATA, and Toshiro YAMASHINA. "Surface analysis for sputtered silicon-carbon-nitrogen film." Bunseki kagaku 41, no. 1 (1992): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.41.23.

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48

Meisel, W. "Surface and thin film analysis: an introductory survey." Hyperfine Interactions 95, no. 1 (1995): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02146299.

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Semenistaya, Tatiana Valerjevna, Nina Konstantinovna Plugotarenko та Viktor Vladimirovich Petrov. "Multifractal Detrended ﬂuctuation Analysis in Examining Surface Properties of the Gas-Sensing Metal-Containing Polyacrylonitrile". Modern Applied Science 9, № 11 (2015): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v9n11p213.

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A possibility of applying the multifractal detrended ﬂuctuation analysis (MF-DFA) to the investigation of the gas-sensitivity dependence on the thin-films surface morphology formed using different technological parameters of annealing has been studied. Methods of analyzing the dynamics of complex systems are modified so as to investigate the structure of the metal-containing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) thin films. The long-range power-law correlation in structure of the studied film surface has been studied. The analysis have showed that the time-temperature annealing modes increasing brings to the Hurst parameter value increasing that points to a long-range power-law correlation in structure of the studied film surface.<br />

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Yamamoto, Hiroshi, Kohei Idehara, Ryota Kimura, et al. "Structural Analysis of ZnO Thin Films Grown in Room Temperature on PET Film." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.1201.

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The structure of ZnO thin films grown in room temperature by reactive DC sputter technique on polyethylene terephthalate film were evaluated by SEM and TEM. The quality of ZnO thin films grown in room temperature were observed to vary widely. ZnO crystals grow without uniform orientation in early stage of growth, and then ZnO crystallinity improves as the ZnO thin films grow up. And ZnO crystallinity is influenced by roughened surface of PET film.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface Film Analysis'

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