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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface flow constructed wetlands'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Kadlec, Robert H. "Deterministic and stochastic aspects of constructed wetland performance and design." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (1997): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0185.

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Potato processing wastewater contains high concentrations of COD, TSS and TKN. A combination of surface flow wetlands, intermittent vertical flow wetlands, ponds and land application has been used for treatment. This engineered natural system balances irrigation requirements, nitrogen supply and seasonal growth patterns to provide effective year-round operation. A first pilot wetland was operated to determine operability, effectiveness, and plant survival at high COD and nitrogen concentrations. A second pilot system of four wetlands in series was operated to obtain design and operating inform

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Hadidi, Luna Al. "CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 8 (2021): 395–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i8.2021.4176.

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Constructed wetlands are wastewater treatment systems composed of one or more treatment cells in a building designed and constructed to provide wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands are classified into two types: free water surface (FWS) wetlands (also known as surface flow wetlands) closely resemble natural wetlands in appearance because they contain aquatic plants that are rooted in a soil layer on the bottom of the wetland and water flows through the leaves and stems of plants. Subsurface flow wetlands (SSF) or known as a vegetated submerged bed (VSB) systems do not resemble natural we

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Kadlec, R. "Overview: Surface flow constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (1995): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(95)00599-4.

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4

Rash, Jonathan K., and Sarah K. Liehr. "Flow Pattern Analysis of Constructed Wetlands Treating Landfill Leachate." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (1999): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0176.

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Three series of tracer studies were performed on three constructed wetlands at the New Hanover County Landfill near Wilmington, North Carolina, USA. One vegetated free water surface wetland (FWS-R), one vegetated subsurface flow wetland (SSF-R), and one unvegetated control subsurface flow wetland (SSF-C) were studied. A conservative tracer, lithium chloride, was used to study the chemical reactor behavior of these wetlands under normal operating conditions. Results indicated that short-circuiting is quite common in SSF wetlands, while FWS wetlands are well-mixed and not as subject to short-cir

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Higgins, James, and Michael Maclean. "Technical Note — The Use of a Very Large Constructed Sub-Surface Flow Wetland to Treat Glycol-Contaminated Stormwater from Aircraft De-Icing Operations." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 4 (2002): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.053.

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Abstract All of the pollutants found in stormwater runoff at airports, including surface and aircraft de-icing/anti-icing glycols, can be treated and removed to low levels in well-designed sub-surface flow (SSF) constructed wetland systems. There are two common forms of constructed wetlands used for pollution control: those where water flows over the surface among wetland plants (free water surface or marsh type wetlands); and SSF types where the wastewater flows below the normally dry surface of a gravel substrate in which the wetland plants grow. SSF wetlands have no open water to attract wa

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Langergraber, G. "Simulation of subsurface flow constructed wetlands - results and further research needs." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (2003): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0308.

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Simulation of constructed wetlands has two main tasks: to obtain a better understanding of the processes in constructed wetlands, and to check and optimise existing design criteria. This paper shows simulation results for two indoor pilot-scale constructed wetlands for wastewater and surface water treatment respectively. The results presented and discussed are mainly focussed on the hydraulic behaviour of the constructed wetland systems. In addition results of reactive transport simulations with CW2D are shown. The multi-component reactive transport model CW2D (Constructed Wetlands 2 Dimension

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Bhamidimarri, R., A. Shilton, I. Armstrong, P. Jacobson, and D. Scarlet. "Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: The New Zealand Experience." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (1991): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0131.

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The use of constructed wetlands which mimic natural marshlands, represents an innovative approach to wastewater treatment. They make use of diverse ecological mechanisms to renovate wastewater. They are inexpensive to construct and operate with minimal energy requirements. Unlike the conventional technologies, wetlands provide low volumetric reaction rates and therefore are suitable for small-scale applications. The majority of constructed wetlands in New Zealand are used for the treatment of domestic wastewaters from small communities for secondary treatment and pathogen removal. There are ov

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Brix, Hans. "Functions of Macrophytes in Constructed Wetlands." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (1994): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0160.

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Macrophytes have several intrinsic properties that makes them an indispensable component of constructed wetlands. The most important functions of the macrophytes in relation to the treatment of wastewater are the physical effects brought about by the presence of the plants. The macrophytes stabilise the surface of the beds, provide good conditions for physical filtration, prevent vertical flow systems from clogging, insulate against frost during winter, and provide a huge surface area for attached microbial growth. Contrary to earlier belief, the growth of macrophytes does not increase the hyd

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Yeh, T. Y., and C. H. Wu. "Pollutant removal within hybrid constructed wetland systems in tropical regions." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 2 (2009): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.846.

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Hybrid constructed wetlands have received tremendous interests for water quality enhancement due to insufficient sewage treatment and groundwater deterioration in Taiwan. The main objectives of this study were to investigate pollutant removal efficiencies and mechanisms within field-scale hybrid natural purification systems. The studied hybrid constructed wetland systems include an oxidation pond, two serial surface flow wetlands with a cascade in between, and a subsurface flow wetland receiving secondary treated dormitory sewage. The average SS, BOD and COD percent removal efficiency was 86.7

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White, Sarah A. "Wetland Technologies for Nursery and Greenhouse Compliance with Nutrient Regulations." HortScience 48, no. 9 (2013): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.9.1103.

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The need to protect our water resources and increasing public awareness of the importance of cleaner water for ecological and human health reasons are driving regulations limiting nutrient release from traditionally exempt, non-point source agricultural contributors. Modification of production practices alone may not be adequate to meet regulated nutrient criterion limits for irrigation and stormwater runoff entering surface waters. Three constructed wetland technologies are well suited to help agricultural producers meet current and future regulations. The first two technologies, surface- and

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Mekonnen, Andualem, Seyoum Leta, and Karoli Nicholas Njau. "Wastewater treatment performance efficiency of constructed wetlands in African countries: a review." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 1 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.483.

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In Africa, different studies have been conducted at different scales to evaluate wastewater treatment efficiency of constructed wetland. This paper aims to review the treatment performance efficiency of constructed wetland used in African countries. In the reviewed papers, the operational parameters, size and type of wetland used and the treatment efficiency are assessed. The results are organized and presented in six tables based on the type of wetland and wastewater used in the study. The results of the review papers indicated that most of the studies were conducted in Tanzania, Egypt and Ke

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Beutel, Marc W., Victoria Whritenour, and Elaine Brouillard. "Fecal coliform removal in a lightly loaded surface-flow constructed treatment wetland polishing agricultural runoff." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (2013): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.329.

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Constructed treatment wetlands can be an effective and sustainable method to remove pathogens that pose health risks from agricultural runoff. This study evaluated the removal of fecal coliform (FC) from agricultural runoff in a lightly loaded surface-flow treatment wetland prior to discharge to the Yakima River, Washington State, USA. The 1.6 ha system consisted of a sedimentation basin (1.4 d hydraulic retention time) followed by two wetlands (5–6 d hydraulic retention time). FC in inflow ranged from 100 to 1,000 cfu/100 mL. Mean annual FC log-removal in the sedimentation basin was 0.66 ± 0.

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Saxena, Shalini. "CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM AND CARBON CYCLING OF SEWAGE WASTE BY CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 4 (2022): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i4.2022.4517.

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Wetlands, either constructed or natural, offer a cheaper and low-cost alternative technology for wastewater treatment. A constructed wetland system that is specifically engineered for water quality improvement as a primary purpose is termed as a ‘Constructed Wetland Treatment System’ (CWTS). In the past, many such systems were constructed to treat low volumes of wastewater loaded with easily degradable organic matter for isolated populations in urban areas. However, widespread demand for improve in water quality, and water reclamation and reuse, is currently the driving force for the implement

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Shalini, Saxena. "EFFICACY OF PHRAGMITE KARKA PLANT IN CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM." International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9 (Special Edition) (2017): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.849045.

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Wetlands, either constructed or natural, offer a cheaper and low-cost alternative technology for wastewater treatment. A constructed wetland system that is specifically engineered for water quality improvement as a primary purpose is termed as a ‘Constructed Wetland Treatment System’ (CWTS). In the past, many such systems were constructed to treat low volumes of wastewater loaded with easily degradable organic matter for isolated populations in urban areas. However, widespread demand for improved receiving water quality, and water reclamation and reuse, is currently the driving force for the i

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15

Lin, Meng, and Yun Han. "Treatment of the Domestic Sewage by the Lab-Scale Sub-Surface Horizontal-Flow Wetland." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1036.

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Abstract：The constructed wetland is a new kind of wastewater treatment developing in recent years, which is very suitable for the regional characteristics of Shaanxi province. The design of the constructed wetlands is developed from the traditional sub-surface horizontal-flow wetlands (SSHFW). Two groups of wetlands were designed in parallel, and each single wetland can also became the vertical-flow wetland system. Aerating in front of the constructed wetlands is to study the removal efficiency of the organics. Test indicators contain SS、COD、Nitrogen、Phosphor and the rate of nitrification and

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Gui, P., R. Inamori, M. Matsumura, and Y. Inamori. "Evaluation of constructed wetlands by wastewater purification ability and greenhouse gas emissions." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 3 (2007): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.517.

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Domestic wastewater is a significant source of nitrogen and phosphorus, which cause lake eutrophication. Among the wastewater treatment technologies, constructed wetlands are a promising low-cost means of treating point and diffuse sources of domestic wastewater in rural areas. However, the sustainable operation of constructed wetland treatment systems depends upon a high rate conversion of organic and nitrogenous loading into their metabolic gaseous end products, such as N2O and CH4. In this study, we examined and compared the performance of three typical types of constructed wetlands: Free W

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Mao, Xufeng, Donghai Yuan, Liansheng He, et al. "How Long, Narrowly Constructed Wetlands Purify Irrigation Return Water: A Case Study of Ulansuhai Lake, China." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/142036.

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The use of constructed wetlands (CWs) in the treatment of raw wastewater in China has proved to be very successful in recent decades. However, it is not known whether surface-flow constructed wetlands can effectively purify irrigation return water. To investigate the performance of a constructed wetland in terms of meeting the goals of pollutant purification, the 8th drainage of Ulansuhai Lake was used for this study. Pollutant removal performances, as well as hydrological characteristic variations in relation to specific characteristics of plants, were investigated utilizing two years of mont

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Moustafa, Mohamed, and Naiming Wang. "Assessment of Wind and Vegetation Interactions in Constructed Wetlands." Water 12, no. 7 (2020): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071937.

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Meteorological data from vegetated and un-vegetated wetlands during wet and dry seasons, were collected and analyzed to evaluate the role of wind and vegetation on wetlands’ hydrology. Wind speed diminished by as much as 40%, accompanied by a measurable change in wind directions in the vegetated compared to the open water site. Wind speed and direction means were significantly different (p < 0.001 and <0.01), for vegetated and non-vegetated wetland, respectively. Cattails (Typha sp.) and open water estimates of wind drag coefficients using the log wind profile, were 0.016 and 0.009 for d

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Li, Tianjie, Yang Jin, and Yan Huang. "Water quality improvement performance of two urban constructed water quality treatment wetland engineering landscaping in Hangzhou, China." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 5 (2022): 1454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.063.

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Abstract For typical wastewater treatment processes of urban sewage, plants are often noneffective to improve water qualities of lightly polluted domestic sewage, and urban constructed water quality treatment (WQT) wetlands designed with engineering landscape methods are utilized to optimize both water qualities and landscape values in recent years. The research determines the effects of two typical ecological engineering landscaping projects of urban constructed WQT wetlands by analysing their effects of wastewater quality improvements. Differences of water quality indicators (WQI) respective

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Dr., Shalini Saxena. "PARAMETERS EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER AFTER TREATMENT USING SUB SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND IN EKANT PARK BHOPAL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 12 (2016): 24–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.221551.

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Land areas which are wet during part or all of the year are referred as wetlands. Constructed wetlands are manmade systems that mimic the functions of natural wetlands and applied for wastewater treatment. Aim of the present study is to investigate the feasibility of using a Tracheophyte, Phragmites karka in constructed wetland for treatment of wastewater in an public park. The daily inlet and outlet wastewater physico-chemical parameters were analysed during the period of two months. The parameters studied were pH, BOD, COD, DO, Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrogen and Pho

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Brix, Hans. "Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands?" Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (1997): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0154.

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The larger aquatic plants growing in wetlands are usually called macrophytes. These include aquatic vascular plants, aquatic mosses and some larger algae. The presence or absence of aquatic macrophytes is one of the characteristics used to define wetlands, and as such macrophytes are an indispensable component of these ecosystems. As the most important removal processes in constructed treatment wetlands are based on physical and microbial processes, the role of the macrophytes in these has been questioned. This paper summarizes how macrophytes influence the treatment processes in wetlands. The

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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., Frances E. Lucy, Leena Tamang, et al. "Propagation of Human Enteropathogens in Constructed Horizontal Wetlands Used for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 13 (2009): 4531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02873-08.

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ABSTRACT Constructed subsurface flow (SSF) and free-surface flow (FSF) wetlands are being increasingly implemented worldwide into wastewater treatments in response to the growing need for microbiologically safe reclaimed waters, which is driven by an exponential increase in the human population and limited water resources. Wastewater samples from four SSF and FSF wetlands in northwestern Ireland were tested qualitatively and quantitatively for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and human-pathogenic microsporidia, with assessment of their viability. Overall, seven species of human entero

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Fernandez-Fernandez, M. I., P. T. Martín de la Vega, M. A. Jaramillo-Morán, and M. Garrido. "Hybrid Constructed Wetland to Improve Organic Matter and Nutrient Removal." Water 12, no. 7 (2020): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072023.

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Constructed wetlands are one of the best technologies for wastewater treatment in small towns, small businesses or farms and/or livestock breeding. In this work, a wastewater depuration ecological system implemented in a hybrid constructed wetland to remove nutrients and organic matter from small urban agglomerations is studied. It comprises two processing stages: a primary treatment carried out in two hydrolytic up-flow sludge bed digesters working in parallel and a secondary one made up of two vertical flow constructed wetlands, which are alternatively used, followed by a horizontal flow con

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Tao, Wendong, Ken J. Hall, and Sheldon J. B. Duff. "Treatment of Woodwaste Leachate in Surface Flow Mesocosm Wetlands." Water Quality Research Journal 41, no. 3 (2006): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2006.036.

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Abstract Woodwaste leachate is usually acidic, of high oxygen demand, and toxic. To prevent potential adverse impacts of the raw leachate on heterotrophic bacteria and aquatic plants, woodwaste leachate was diluted before discharge to constructed wetlands. This study compared treatment performance among four vegetated surface flow mesocosm wetlands fed with different dilutions of woodwaste leachate over a period of 12 weeks. During another period of 13 weeks, the effluent of a vegetated wetland fed with the raw leachate was further treated in a vegetated wetland and an open wetland. The highes

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Peng, Ju Wei, and Xiang Kui Han. "Study on the Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment of Furfural Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.233.

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According to the characteristics of furfural wastewater, by production enterprises located in low-lying saline land transformed into a surface flow constructed wetlands, the waste water in the wetland approach to natural consumption, no efflux, treated waste water equal to the wetland wastewater by natural evaporation, plant transpiration and plant storage Volume. Research show that, after wetland treatment the wastewater COD removal rate to an average of 94%, TN removal rate to an average of 65%, PH value of treated wastewater is 6.22, the use of surface flow constructed wetland wastewater tr

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Pawęska, K., and B. Malczewska. "Nitrogen compounds in drain sewage after constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 10 (2009): 2613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.620.

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Constructed wetlands, commonly known as ground filters, are well suited mostly for wastewater treatment in areas with no central sewage system. The basic difficulty with exploitation of constructed wetlands is connected with irregular hydraulic overload of its surface. However, irregular wastewater inflow can be reduced by cyclical irrigation which increases efficiency. The unquestionable advantage of the constructed wetlands is inexpensive construction and exploitation as well as low energy consumption. The constructed wetlands also fit very well in surrounding area. The investigation concern

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Jethwa, Dr Kruti B. "A Review on Design Basis for Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (2021): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37163.

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Since last few years Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are being used to treat secondary or tertiary municipal or domestic wastewater effluents have been recognized as an effective means of “green technology” for wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands (CWs) provide a natural way for simple, inexpensive, and robust wastewater treatment. The idea of natural management systems is the restoration of disturbed ecosystems and their sustainability for remuneration to nature. The Constructed wetlands (CWs) are designed to copy natural wetland systems, utilizing wetland plants, soil and associated microor

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Xie, Jia Feng, Yun Long Yang, and Jian Li. "Township Sewage Artificial Wetland Depth Treatment Engineering Design." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2085.

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Applying surface flow constructed wetlands/subsurface flow constructed wetlands/UV disinfection compound constructed wetland treating sewage treatment plant tail water，introducing the technological process，engineering design parameters and equipment configuration，and summarizing the design characteristics. The operation results showed that the average removal rate of COD，NH3-N，TN and TP was 24.3%，36.8%，20.7% and 24.2% respectively，and The effluent can fully meet Standard A of the first class in GB18918-2002，“Standard for Discharge of Pollutants from Sewage Treatment Works in Towns and Cities”.

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Boutilier, Leah, Rob Jamieson, Robert Gordon, and Craig Lake. "Transport of Lithium Tracer and E. coli in Agricultural Wastewater Treatment Wetlands." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 2-3 (2008): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.017.

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Abstract Agricultural waste must be managed effectively to protect surface and groundwater resources, as well as human health. Constructed wetlands can provide a low-cost environmentally acceptable method for the treatment of agricultural wastewater. An ionic tracer (Lithium chloride [LiCl]) and a biotracer (a naladixic acid-resistant strain of Escherichia coli) were injected into six pilot-scale constructed wetlands treating dairy wastewater: three surface-flow (SF) wetlands and three subsurfaceflow (SSF) wetlands. Each wetland was 3.9-m long and 1.7-m wide. Residence time distribution functi

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Vymazal, J., J. Balcarová, and H. Doušová. "Bacterial dynamics in the sub-surface constructed wetland." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (2001): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0830.

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Constructed wetlands have been shown to be capable of removing a wide variety of contaminants, including bacterial pollution. However, only limited information exists on the distribution of bacteria on roots of macrophytes growing in constructed wetlands. Constructed wetland with sub-surface horizontal flow at Nucÿice near Prague, Czech Republic, was put in operation in 1996. The system treats municipal sewage from 650 PE and the total area of the beds, planted with Phalaris arundinacea and Phragmites australis in alternate stripes perpendicular to the flow direction, is 3,224 m2 (2 beds 62×26

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Saxena, Shalini. "PARAMETERS EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER AFTER TREATMENT USING SUB SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND IN EKANT PARK BHOPAL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 12 (2016): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i12.2016.2388.

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Land areas which are wet during part or all of the year are referred as wetlands. Constructed wetlands are manmade systems that mimic the functions of natural wetlands and applied for wastewater treatment. Aim of the present study is to investigate the feasibility of using a Tracheophyte, Phragmiteskarka in constructed wetland for treatment of wastewater in an public park. The daily inlet and outlet wastewater physico-chemical parameters were analysed during the period of two months. The parameters studied were pH, BOD, COD, DO, Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrogen and Phos

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Yang, Chen Xi, Ju Rui Yang, and Hui Li. "Improvement of Inflow Water Quality of Dian Lake Treated by Constructed Wetlands." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1409.

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A surface-flow wetland and a subsurface-flow wetland respectively were constructed at the entrance of Dian Lake in Yunnan Province. Six plants such as Canna indica L., Scirpus tabernaemontanl Gmel., Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms., Oenanthe ja vania (Bl.) DC., Acorus calamus L., Phragmitas communis Trin. were planted in the two constructed wetlands in separated sections on condition that hydraulic loading was 12 cm/d, hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 3 d. The results show that the removal efficiencies of subsurface constructed wetlands on TP and TN with canna indica L. or Scirpus tabernae

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Ristola, Katherine J., Tiffany Messer, Czarena Crofcheck, Tyler J. Barzee, and Wayne Sanderson. "Wetland Treatment Systems for Municipal Wastewater at a Bourbon Distillery and Potential Value of Incorporating Stillage for Water Treatment Enhancement." Journal of Natural Resources and Agricultural Ecosystems 3, no. 2 (2025): 89–99. https://doi.org/10.13031/jnrae.16206.

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HighlightsA free-water surface treatment wetland was evaluated for water quality improvements.Nitrate-N removal rates in wetlands were 50% to 99%, depending on wetland influent.Nitrate-N removal rates in wetlands were assessed using bourbon whole stillage and found to enhance NO3-N removal.ABSTRACT. The use of constructed treatment wetlands as a secondary treatment method for wastewater effluent from package treatment plants and distillery stillage has the potential to be an innovative, sustainable method for improving water quality. However, the use of constructed wetlands to treat bourbon wh

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Shrestha, R. R., R. Haberl, J. Laber, R. Manandhar, and J. Mader. "Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Nepal." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (2001): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0855.

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Surface water pollution is one of the serious environmental problems in urban centers in Nepal due to the discharge of untreated wastewater into the river-system, turning them into open sewers. Wastewater treatment plants are almost non-existent in the country except for a few in the Kathmandu Valley and even these are not functioning well. Successful implementation of a few constructed wetland systems within the past three years has attracted attention to this promising technology. A two-staged subsurface flow constructed wetland for hospital wastewater treatment and constructed wetlands for

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Ghimire, Anish, Ajay Kumar KC, and Bijay Thapa. "Design Approach for Sub-surface Flow Constructed Wetlands." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 10 (December 5, 2012): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v10i0.7102.

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Constructed Wetlands are an engineered wastewater treatment system that tries to mimic the natural biological, physical and chemical processes to treat wastewater. It is emerging as a cost-effective decentralized wastewater treatment solution in the communities where there is availability of inexpensive lands and lack of skilled operators. Different design approaches have been followed and design parameters based on different literatures have been chosen to design a Sub-surface Flow Constructed Wetlands. A simplified design approach well suited to climatic needs to be developed to maintain the

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Affam, Augustine Chioma, Jacqueline Wong Yun Fei, and Wong Chee Chung. "Peat Soil Ecosystem Restoration for Development of a Wetland- a review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1135, no. 1 (2023): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1135/1/012038.

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Abstract Constructed wetlands are sustainable wastewater treatment technology and have been used to treat a variety of wastewaters for decades, including domestic and industrial wastewaters. They take advantage of many of the same processes that occur in natural wetlands but do so in a more controlled or engineered system. To date, surface flow and subsurface flow wetlands are the two main categories of constructed wetland applications. On the other hand, peat soil is the decomposed organic matter that have built up over thousands of years, with high moisture content. Peat soil management is i

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Wu, Yaxin. "Mechanism and Application of Constructed Wetlands in Sewage Treatment." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 73 (November 29, 2023): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v73i.12861.

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In recent years, with the increasingly serious problem of global water pollution, constructed wetlands with high efficiency, high adaptability and low cost, as an effective wastewater treatment technology has been widely studied and applied. This article mainly introduced the common types of constructed wetlands, including surface flow constructed wetlands, subsurface flow constructed wetlands and a variety of composite constructed wetlands, and the mechanism of microorganisms, plants and substrates in constructed wetlands. Differently constructed wetlands are suitable for different scenes. It

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Awhavbera, Patience, and Lian Fang Zhao. "Comparative Analysis of Nitrate Removal in Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands by Different External Carbon Sources." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.779.

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External carbon sources provide additional nutrients that improve the efficiency of nitrate removal in constructed wetlands. Typha angustifolia L. were planted in four vertical subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. Different external carbon sources were fed into the columns, to investigate and compare their treatment of nitrate in synthetic wastewater, with initial influent C/N ratio of 1:1. Wetland A (WA) with 50g wheat straw as external carbon source, wetland B (WB) with 50g woodchips, wetland C (WC) with additional 10mg/L glucose and wetland D (WD) without external carbon source to serve as

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Idris, Nurul Neesa, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, and Husna Takaijuddin. "Experimental Studies of No Vegetation and Fringing Vegetation Distributions in Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 65, no. 1 (2025): 99–107. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.65.1.99107.

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Constructed wetlands (CWs) are established in recent decades to treat sewage efficiently. CWs also have good performance in removing pollutants which are economical in construction, operation, and maintenance. However, there have been reports of CWs failing to remove pollutants at it design capacity. Thus, the performance and effectiveness of CWs must be thoroughly investigated, particularly when attempting to comprehend the CWs long-term viability. Tracer study was conducted to examine the hydraulic efficiency of two different vegetation configurations of CW namely no vegetation, and fringing

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Saxena, Shalini. "EFFICACY OF PHRAGMITE KARKA PLANT IN CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3177.

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Wetlands, either constructed or natural, offer a cheaper and low-cost alternative technology for wastewater treatment. A constructed wetland system that is specifically engineered for water quality improvement as a primary purpose is termed as a ‘Constructed Wetland Treatment System’ (CWTS). In the past, many such systems were constructed to treat low volumes of wastewater loaded with easily degradable organic matter for isolated populations in urban areas. However, widespread demand for improved receiving water quality, and water reclamation and reuse, is currently the driving force for the i

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Revitt, D. M., P. Worrall, and D. Brewer. "The integration of constructed wetlands into a treatment system for airport runoff." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (2001): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0868.

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A new surface runoff treatment system has been designed for London Heathrow Airport, which incorporates separate floating constructed wetlands or reedbeds and sub-surface flow constructed wetlands as major pollutant removal systems. The primary requirement of the newly developed treatment system is to control the concentrations of glycols following their use as de-icers and anti-icers within the airport. The ability of reedbeds to contribute to this treatment role was fully tested through pilot scale, on-site experiments over a 2 year period. The average reductions in runoff BOD concentrations

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Goulet, R. R., and F. R. Pick. "Diel changes in iron concentrations in surface-flow constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (2001): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0861.

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Diel changes in Fe concentrations were examined from spring to late fall at two surface-flow wetlands. The highest concentrations of ferrous, dissolved and total Fe were measured at night in the littoral zone, when oxygen and pH were low. The lowest Fe concentrations were measured during the day when oxygen and pH were highest. The amplitude of change over the day-night cycle was greatest in July and lowest in May and October. These diel changes were also observed at the outlet of both wetlands. Overall, O2 and pH explained 60% of the observed seasonal and diel variation in water Fe (R2=0.60,

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Vymazal, Jan. "The Historical Development of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment." Land 11, no. 2 (2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020174.

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Constructed wetlands (CWs) for wastewater treatment are engineered systems that are designed and operated in order to use all natural processes involved in the removal of pollutants from wastewaters. CWs are designed to take advantage of many of the same processes that occur in natural wetlands, but do so within a more controlled environment. The basic classification is based on the presence/absence of wastewater on the wetland surface. The subsurface flow of CWs can be classified according to the direction of the flow to horizontal and vertical. The combination of various types of CWs is call

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Jakubaszek, Anita, and Magdalena Wojciech. "Statistical Analysis of Nitrogen in the Soil of Constructed Wetland with Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 12, no. 1 (2014): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2014-0004.

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Abstract The removal of nitrogen compounds in constructed wetlands depends on various physical, chemical and biomechanical factors as well as on conditions of the environment. The paper presents the results of a statistical analysis of the depositing of nitrogen at HSSF (horizontal subsurface flow) construcred wetland. The results of the substrate showed that the highest contents of nitrogen existed in the surface soil layer up to 20 cm of the depth. Nitrogen accumulation decreased in the deposit with depth, and in the direction of the wastewater flow.

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Wojciechowska, Ewa, and Sylvia Waara. "Distribution and removal efficiency of heavy metals in two constructed wetlands treating landfill leachate." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 8 (2011): 1597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.680.

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The results of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd) removal and partitioning between aqueous and solid phases at two treatment wetlands (TWs) treating municipal landfill leachates are presented. One of the TWs is a surface flow facility consisting of 10 ponds. The other TW is a newly constructed pilot-scale facility consisting of three beds with alternately vertical and horizontal sub-surface flow. The metals concentrations were analysed in leachate (both TWs) and bottom sediments (surface flow TW). Very high (90.9–99.9%) removal rates of metals were observed in a mature surface flow

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Thakur, Tarun, Mahesh Barya, Joystu Dutta, et al. "Integrated Phytobial Remediation of Dissolved Pollutants from Domestic Wastewater through Constructed Wetlands: An Interactive Macrophyte-Microbe-Based Green and Low-Cost Decontamination Technology with Prospective Resource Recovery." Water 15, no. 22 (2023): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15223877.

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Macrophytes have the potential to withstand pollutant-induced stress and can be used to clean contaminated water using phyto-extraction, phyto-degradation, phyto-filtration, phyto-stimulation, and phyto-volatilization technique(s). Phytoremediation through constructed wetlands (CWs) for eliminating inorganic and organic pollutants from household sewage and wastewater has attracted scientific attention. CWs are artificially engineered treatment systems that utilize natural cycles or processes involving soils, wetland vegetation, and plant and soil-associated microbial assemblages to remediate c

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Crites, Ronald W. "Design Criteria and Practice for Constructed Wetlands." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (1994): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0144.

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Constructed wetlands are categorized into two types: free water surface flow or subsurface flow. Design criteria are set out for both types and operational details are given for both municipal wastewater treatment plants.

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Goeller, Brandon C., James P. S. Sukias, Simon J. R. Woodward, and Beverley R. Clarkson. "‘Dual Purpose’ Surface Flow Constructed Treatment Wetlands Support Native Biodiversity in Intensified Agricultural Landscapes." Water 15, no. 14 (2023): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15142526.

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In agricultural landscapes, free-water surface flow wetlands (FWS) are constructed mainly to improve water quality; however, their contribution to biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognised. To inform biodiversity management in FWS treating agricultural runoff, we surveyed the vegetation and fauna assemblages in five established FWS in a lowland, pastoral landscape in the central North Island, New Zealand. The FWS had been established for between 3 and 19 years, planted with a restricted range of native plant species, and fenced to exclude livestock access. Larger wetlands hosted sig

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Chon, Kyongmi, Jongkwan Park, and Jaeweon Cho. "Humification of effluent organic matters through a surface-flow constructed wetland." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 8 (2013): 1785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.427.

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Dominant fractions of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) were changed from polysaccharides (PS) to polyhydroxyaromatics (PHA), throughout the constructed treatment wetland connected to a wastewater treatment plant, as measured using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The changes in the fractions were also identified, with respect to molecular weight (MW) distributions of the effluent organic matters, as measured using high performance size exclusion chromatography equipped with both UV and fluorescence detectors, for aromatic/hydrophobic and protein-like organic

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El-Khateeb, M. A., and F. A. El-Gohary. "Combining UASB technology and constructed wetland for domestic wastewater reclamation and reuse." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (2003): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0063.

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The enhancement of water quality by constructed wetland systems is increasingly being employed throughout the world. For this study two treatment schemes consisting of an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor followed by either subsurface flow (SSF) or free surface flow (FSF) constructed wetlands have been investigated. The common macrophyte in Egypt Typha latifolia (cattail) was used at a planting density of three rhizomes/m2. To evaluate the role of plants in the treatment process, an unplanted gravel bed identical to the SSF unit was operated as control. During the study period, t

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