Academic literature on the topic 'Surface pitting'

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface pitting"

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Černý, Michal, Josef Filípek, and Roman Požár. "Pitting process visualization." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 5 (2010): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058050057.

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The paper describes time-domain simulation of gear pitting damage using animation program. Key frames have been used to create illusion of motion. The animation uses experimental results of high-cycle fatigue of material. The fatigue damage occurs in the nominal creep area on the side of the gear tooth sample loaded with variable-positioned Hertz pressure. By applying the force, the pressure cumulates between two convex surfaces. This phenomenon results in material damage under of curved surfaces in contact. Moreover, further damage has been registered on the surface. This is due to exceeding
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Shen, Gang, Dong Xiang, Ning Xie, Peng Mou, Wei Yang, and Qiang Zhao. "Study on the Influence of Gear Rattling on Pitting Fatigue Failure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.634.

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The pitting fatigue failure is one of the main gear failure modes, and it has extremely important significance in studying on the influence of dynamic characteristics on pitting fatigue failure. The article has set up increasing-speed test-bed, using photoelectric encoder and NI DAS to measure and collect rotational-speed pulse of driving wheel and driven wheel. Arc-length difference and rotational-speed difference of driving wheel and driven wheel are analyzed to verify gear rattling phenomenon under increasing-speed transmission. And then gear surfaces under certain cycles are observed and a
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Moon, Suk Man, Byung Wook Lee, Tae Wan Kim, and Yong Joo Cho. "The Effect of Oil Quantity Supplied on Micro-Pitting Life for Rolling and Sliding Contact." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2149.

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The influence of oil quantity supplied and contact bulk temperature on micro-pitting lifetime is estimated using two-roller contact machine. The failure criterion is set as 4% micro-pitting on contact surfaces, which is adopted from precedent researches. To quantify the failure rate of damaged surfaces of micro-pitting occurrence, DBR(Dark and Bright Ratio) technique was effectively implemented for observing not a sudden emergence of macro-pitting but the transition of micro-pitting growth. The change of damaged surface area was measured and calculated by the use of dark and bright ratio of te
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Vinogradova, Svetlana S., Anna N. Akhmetova, and Ramilya F. Tazieva. "CALCULATION METHOD OF IMPEDANCE MODULE FOR CORROSION MONITORING OF SURFACE STATE OF CHROMONICKEL STEELS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206303.6092.

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In discussed issue the additional criterion for chromium-nickel steels surface state assessment is proposed. It is used in periodic potentiostatic regime of stainless steels surface state monitoring under the condition of pitting corrosion origin. Electrochemical investigations were carried out with pitting corrosion resistant austenitic (12Х18Н10Т) and austenitic-ferritic chromium-nickel steels 10Х17Н13М2Т in chloride solutions of 0.1 mol/L NaCl and 0.5 mol/l NaCl with the additional oxidant K2Cr2O7. Polarization curves were recorded under potentiostatic mode of polarization in the electroche
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Kamran, Muhammad, F. Hussain, R. Ahmad, Tahir Ahmad, and Fahad Riaz. "Investigating the Pitting Resistance of 316 Stainless Steel in Ringer's Solution Using the Cyclic Polarization Technique." Defect and Diffusion Forum 344 (October 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.344.1.

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Corrosion rate, corrosion potential and susceptibility to pitting corrosion of a metal are measured using cyclic polarization Direct Current (DC) electrochemical technique. The aim of the present research is to investigate the pit nucleation resistance of polished, ground and passivated surfaces of 316 stainless steels in Ringers solution. The electrochemical cyclic polarization results showed that polished surface gave better pitting resistance as compared to ground surface. It was also observed that passivation treatment gave better pitting resistance to both polished and ground surface of 3
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Han, Yan, Cheng Zheng Li, Hua Li Zhang, Yu Fei Li, and Da Jiang Zhu. "Analysis of Corrosion Behavior on External Surface of 110S Tubing." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 1242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.1242.

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The failure analysis of 110S tubing during acidizing process was addressed. Results showed that serious pitting corrosion occurred on the outer wall of tubing, and there was no obvious pitting on the inner wall. The maximum pitting depth on the outer wall was 1019 μm. According to the results of simulation corrosion test, needle-shaped pitting appeared on the sample surface in the test without inhibitor, the maximum depth of pitting was 158 μm; and no pitting was found on the sample surface in the test within 1.5% TG501 inhibitor; the original pitting were deepened after spent acid test, and t
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Kappel, Frank, Peter Toivonen, Sabina Stan, and Darrell-Lee McKenzie. "Resistance of sweet cherry cultivars to fruit surface pitting." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-244.

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A recently developed technique was used to determine the susceptibility to fruit surface pitting of new sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars and compare them to an industry standard. The cultivars tested included Bing (industry standard), Cristalina, Lapins, Sandra Rose, Santina, Skeena, Sonata, Staccato, and Sweetheart. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity, injured, held at 1°C for 2 wk and then rated for fruit surface pitting. The cultivars Lapins, Skeena, Staccato, and Sweetheart had less pitting than Bing. Cristalina and Sonata tended to have similar levels of injury to Bing and
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Bergstedt, Edwin, Jiachun Lin, and Ulf Olofsson. "Influence of gear surface roughness on the pitting and micropitting life." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 24 (June 9, 2020): 4953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220931541.

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Pitting and micropitting are the two main gear rolling contact fatigue modes. It is widely accepted that micropitting will lead to pitting; however, the relationship between pitting and micropitting life needs further investigation. In this work, micropitting and pitting tests were performed on an FZG back-to-back test rig using standard FZG PT-C and GF-C gears. The gear tooth profile change due to micropitting and pitting damage was measured in situ in the gearbox using a profilometer after each test. The gear surface roughness parameters were calculated from the measured tooth profile. A Gau
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Guan, Xinchun, Lianjuan Miao, Hui Li, and Jinping Ou. "A new approach for describing pitting corrosion of steel bars in concrete." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-01-2016-1631.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to quantitively characterize pitting or local corrosion of steel bars. Characterization of pitting or local corrosion is important for steel bar corrosion research in concrete, which is still an unsolved problem for the reason that the pitting on corroded steel is distributed irregularly, besides the varied pitting depths. To solve this problem in a certain degree, two parameters were collectively used to find the pitting distribution and pitting depth distribution of corroded steel bar surface. Design/methodology/approach Corroded reinforcement bars were s
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Miltenović, Aleksandar, Ivan Rakonjac, Alexandru Oarcea, Marko Perić, and Damjan Rangelov. "Detection and Monitoring of Pitting Progression on Gear Tooth Flank Using Deep Learning." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 5327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115327.

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Gears are essential machine elements that are exposed to heavy loads. In some cases, gearboxes are critical elements since they serve as machine drivers that must operate almost every day for a more extended period, such as years or even tens of years. Any interruption due to gear failures can cause significant losses, and therefore it is necessary to have a monitoring system that will ensure proper operation. Tooth surface damage is a common occurrence in operating gears. One of the most common types of damage to teeth surfaces is pitting. It is necessary for normal gear operations to regular
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface pitting"

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Daud, A. R. "The surface chemistry of pitting corrosion." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1985. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/770155/.

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The use of XPS and AFS technique has been explored in the stLrly of the surface chemistry of a whole electrode surface (XPS) and the surface chemistry of natural pits (AFS). EDXA and to a snall extend SIMS were also used in the investigation of the individual pits. A high resolution Auger electron microscope which has an analytical resolution as snall as 0.1 .un enables a nevly formed pit of less than 2 .un in diameter to be investigated. By using a Cl/Mg ratio an attempt had been made to correlate the surface chemistry of whole electrodes exposed at different potentials in 1M MgCl2 solution t
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Franzen, Justin Michael. "Contact Fatigue Evaluation of Ground and Chemically Polished Spur Gears Made of AISI 4118 Alloy Steel." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1370260045.

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Tilson, Nial Robert. "An Experimental Evaluation of Micro-pitting Performance of Two Bearing Steels." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365695328.

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Cheong, Kim Hong. "Influence of surface roughness on the pitting corrosion behaviors of stainless steels in different environments." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691159.

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Chapman-Kpodo, H. "The surface structures associated with the very early stages of pitting corrosion on stainless steels." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842894/.

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The surface structures associated with the very early stages of pitting corrosion on stainless steels have been studied using a set of such surface analytical techniques as XPS, ToF-SIMS and SAM combined simultaneously with EDXA. Two types of 316 stainless steel, having minor variation in chemical composition were prepared for this work and passivated chemically in a solution of 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.5 M NaCI + 0.08% H2O2. Survey and narrow scan XP spectra were acquired from the samples using a V. G. Scientific ESCALAB (II) in Angular XPS format. The survey scans were examined with emphasis on the e
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NETO, de JESUS ANTONIO C. "Estudo dos parâmetros: teor de NaCl e acabamento superficial, na resistência à corrosão por PITE em tubos de cobre." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11614.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Dissertação (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Klein, Mark Andrew. "An Experimental Investigation of Materials and Surface Treatments on Gear contact Fatigue Life." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243885964.

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Scarabotto, Mônica. "Estudo da corrosão nas ligas de alumínio 3105 e 5052." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/183156.

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A resistência à corrosão das ligas de alumínio está relacionada ao meio de exposição, composição química, presença de intermetálicos e microestrutura do metal, entre outras. Neste trabalho investigou-se a corrosão nas ligas de alumínio 3105 H16 e 5052 H34, comumente utilizadas na indústria de carrocerias de ônibus, em meio aquoso continham íons agressivos, tais como cloretos, sulfatos e hidroxilas. Avaliou-se comparativamente o comportamento destas ligas com os revestimentos de proteção de Nanocerâmico, Cromo VI, Cromo III e Sistema de Pintura em exposição atmosférica acelerada e imersão em di
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Ba, Djiby. "Contribution à l'effet des éléments d'alliage sur la résistance à la corrosion de nuances duplex exposées à des environnements simulant leur marché d'application par le biais d'approches locales." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS060.

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Les aciers inoxydables duplex (DSS) sont caractérisés par une structure biphasée comprenant un mélange de ferrite et d’austénite. La proportion entre les deux phases est d'habitude environ 50 %. Ils sont de plus en plus employés dans les industries chimiques, pétrochimiques, nucléaires, marines et de papier, principalement en raison de leurs excellentes propriétés mécaniques couplées à une bonne résistance à la corrosion par piqûre (basse teneur en nickel et molybdène). L’austénite ayant une composition chimique différente de celle de la ferrite, un film hétérogène se forme à la surface des ac
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Weirich, Timothy Douglas. "Evaluating the Potential for Atmospheric Corrosion of 304 Stainless Steel Used for Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557098372186951.

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Books on the topic "Surface pitting"

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Townsend, Dennis P. Surface pitting fatigue life of noninvolute, low-contact-ratio gears. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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Prentzas, Lampros. The effect of surface finishing on pitting corrosion of stainless steel. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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United States. Army Aviation Systems Command. and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Surface pitting fatigue life of noninvolute, low-contact-ratio gears. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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T, Shimski John, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and United States. Army Aviation Research and Technology., eds. Evaluation of advanced lubricants for aircraft applications using gear surface fatigue tests. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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Alan, Turza, Chaplin Mike, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and U.S. Army Research Laboratory., eds. The surface fatigue life of contour induction hardened AISI 1552 gears. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Alan, Turza, Chaplin Mike, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and U.S. Army Research Laboratory., eds. The surface fatigue life of contour induction hardened AISI 1552 gears. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Analysis of the effects of surface pitting and wear on the vibrations of a gear transmission system. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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International Conference on Gears 2019. VDI Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023556.

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Der Bericht ist ausschließlich als PDF-Dokument erschienen! Drei Konferenzen in einer, auf 1.874 Seiten finden Sie jede Menge aller neueste Informationen zum Thema Gears. Die beiden anderen Konferenzen waren: 3rd International Conference on High Performance Plastic Gears 2019 und 3rd International Conference on Gear Production 2019 Achtung: Dieser VDI-Bericht ist ausschließlich als PDF-Datei auf CD-ROM lieferbar! Auszug aus dem 22-seitigen Inhaltsverzeichnis: Foreword 1 K. Stahl, Technische Universität München (TUM), Garching International Conference on Gears 2019 Flank strength Influence of g
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Book chapters on the topic "Surface pitting"

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Errichello, Robert. "Gear Surface Pitting Failure and Pitting Life Analysis." In Encyclopedia of Tribology, 1523–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5_571.

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Vullo, Vincenzo. "Surface Durability (Pitting) of Bevel Gears." In Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics, 247–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38632-0_5.

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Vullo, Vincenzo. "Surface Durability (Pitting) of Spur and Helical Gears." In Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics, 73–147. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38632-0_2.

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Rokhlin, S. I., and J. Y. Kim. "Surface Acoustic Wave Characterization of Pitting Corrosion Damage with Fatigue Cracks." In Nondestructive Materials Characterization, 142–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08988-0_5.

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"Surface-Originated Pitting." In Encyclopedia of Tribology, 3514. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5_101374.

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Civan, Faruk. "Crystal Dissolution: Pitting Modeling and Analysis." In Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, Third Edition, 1563–73. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-escs3-120028093.

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Surekha, K., and E. T. Akinlabi. "Surface Engineering by Friction Stir Processing and Friction Surfacing." In Surface Engineering Techniques and Applications, 102–45. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5141-8.ch004.

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This chapter is focused on the recent advances in the solid state surface engineering techniques including Friction Stir Processing (FSP) and Friction Surfacing (FS). The effectiveness of FSP and FS in improving the surface properties is explained in detail along with the principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these techniques. The parameters affecting FSP and FS are presented. Various surface properties improved in different alloys by FSP and FS along with the results of the recent research work is presented in this chapter. The shortcomings of the processes and ways to overcome them are discussed. The effect of FSP on pitting corrosion of AA 6082 is studied and the results are presented.
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Bergstedt, E., U. Olofsson, J. Lin, and P. Lindholm. "Influence of gear surface roughness on pitting and micropitting life." In International Conference on Gears 2019, 3–14. VDI Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023556-3.

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Sekulic, Dusan P. "Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers." In Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures, 3–19. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11a.a0006813.

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Abstract Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between a solid particulate and a fluid at different temperatures. This article first addresses the causes of failures in heat exchangers. It then provides a description of heat-transfer surface area, discussing the design of the tubular heat exchanger. Next, the article discusses the processes involved in the examination of failed parts. Finally, it describes the most important types of corrosion, including uniform, galvanic, pitting, stress, and erosion corrosion.
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"Mechanical Testing." In Gear Materials, Properties, and Manufacture, 311–27. ASM International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250311.

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Abstract Mechanical tests are performed to evaluate the durability of gears under load. The chapter first discusses the processes involved in the computations of stress for test parameters of gear. Next, the chapter reviews the four areas of specimen characterization of a test program, namely dimensional, surface finish texture, metallurgical, and residual stress. The following section presents the tests that simulate gear action, namely the rolling contact fatigue test, the single-tooth fatigue test, the single-tooth single-overload test, and the single-tooth impact test. Finally, the chapter describes the test procedures for surface durability (pitting), root strength (bending), and scoring (or scuffing) testing.
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Conference papers on the topic "Surface pitting"

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Walsh, G. A., and V. D. Romero. "Explosive pitting of 1018 steel witness plates." In CONTACT/SURFACE 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/secm070171.

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Paine, Bruce M., Vincent T. Ng, Steve R. Polmanter, Neil T. Kubota, and Carl R. Ignacio. "Degradation rate for surface pitting in GaN HEMT." In 2015 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irps.2015.7112786.

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TOWNSEND, DENNIS. "Surface pitting fatigue life of noninvolute, low-contact-ratio gears." In 26th Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-2153.

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Liu, Z., M. McMahon, K. G. Watkins, W. M. Steen, R. M. Vilar, and M. G. S. Ferreira. "Laser surface treatment of aluminium alloys for enhanced pitting resistance." In ICALEO® ‘93: Proceedings of the Laser Materials Processing Conference. Laser Institute of America, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5058664.

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Ricks, Douglas W. "Effect of Surface Pitting in Transparent Domes on Scattered Light." In Optics in Adverse Envirornments. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oae.1987.wd5.

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A dome which covers an optical instrument is designed to protect the optical instrument from pitting caused by the impact of dust, rain or hail. When flown on the wing or nose of high speed aircraft the erosion can be severe. This adverse environment will degrade the optical performance of the instrument by decreasing transmittance and by increasing the amount of light scattered by the dome.
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Zhu, Dong, Michael Bujold, and Leon M. Keer. "Gear Pitting Life Prediction and Comparison With Experiments." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63352.

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Predicting gear surface fatigue life is vital to gear and transmission design. Although simplified approaches based on the smooth-surface Hertzian contact stress calculations are available, the trend of compact design of high-power gear systems requires the gear design calculation to consider severe operation and lubrication conditions and detailed surface topography. It is needed, therefore, to upgrade the life prediction methods. The research presented in this paper aims to develop a gear pitting life prediction approach based on the rough-surface mixed lubrication model developed by Hu and
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Yamamoto, Norio. "Probabilistic Model of Pitting Corrosion and the Simulation of Pitted Corroded Condition." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57623.

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Pitting corrosion is a great concern with respect to the integrity of ship hull structures such as the hold frames in way of the cargo holds of those bulk carriers which exclusively carry coal and/or iron ore. The actual strength of pitting corroded member depends on the pitting corroded surface condition; a condition which varies according to the generation and the progress of the corrosion pits. In order to investigate a practical strength evaluation method of the pitting corroded member, a serial strength evaluation for various pitting corroded conditions is necessary. However, because it w
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Mellon, Brian, Douglas R. McCain, and Raymond M. Post. "Mitigating Manganese-Induced Pitting Failures on a Stainless Steel Surface Condenser." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88119.

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In early 2005, the 4-unit, 1200 MW Cottonwood Energy facility on the Sabine River in Deweyville, TX experienced a sudden increase in condenser tube failures and eddy current pit indications. Metallurgical analysis of failed tube specimens revealed the presence of a thin, hard manganese-rich coating, with intense pits propagating at breaks in the deposit. Successful mitigation of manganese-induced pitting and repassivation of the condenser tubes requires that the surface and pits first be thoroughly cleaned prior to implementing a manganese deposit control program. This paper reviews the succes
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Suzuki, Tomohiro, Kazuyoshi Ogawa, and Shoji Hotta. "Experimental Analysis and Life Prediction of Pitting Failures for Carburized Gear Material." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/ptg-14378.

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Abstract In order to elucidate the mechanism and factors of tooth face pitting, roller tests were carried out. In the tests, the oxidized-nonmartensitic layer, surface roughness, case hardness and residual compressive stress were noted as the material factors, and sliding, oil temperature and viscosity were considered the running condition factors. As a result, the pitting could be classified into two forms according to the crack origin; subsurface origin pitting and surface origin pitting. In the former case, the pitting life coincided with the value estimated from the shear stress and shear
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Li, Z., S. L. Lv, Z. E. Liu, and W. Zhang. "Effect of Surface Quality on Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloy 2A12." In The International Workshop on Materials, Chemistry and Engineering. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007438303240329.

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Reports on the topic "Surface pitting"

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Lewicki, David G., Paula J. Dempsey, Gregory F. Heath, and Perumal Shanthakumaran. Gear Fault Detection Effectiveness as Applied to Tooth Surface Pitting Fatigue Damage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada498995.

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