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Books on the topic 'Surface somme'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Onsgaard, Jens. Some metal-and semiconductor surfaces studied by surface sensitive spectroscopies. Denmark: Fysisk Institut, Odense Universitet, 1988.

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2

Moore, H. J. Estimates of some physical/mechanical properties of Martian rocks and soillike materials. [Menlo Park, CA]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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3

Roe, P. G. Surface texture depth measurements on some British roads. Crowthorne, Berks: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Highways Group, Pavement Materials and Construction Division, 1988.

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4

Bruce, Hunt. The geometry of some special arithmetic quotients. Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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5

Schmitt, H. Discussion on the paper "Some aspects of propulsion for the augmenter-wing concept (NASA-CR-125540, by D.C. Whittley)". Washington D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.

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6

Valli, Mats. On the sorption of some soft ligands on sulphide mineral surfaces. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry, Group of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, 1994.

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7

Made, J. W. van der. Analysis of some criteria for design and operation of surface water gauging networks. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1987.

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8

Valli, Giorgio. Some aspects of the theory of harmonic gauges over Riemann surfaces. [s.l.]: typescript, 1988.

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9

Bull, C. R. Positron studies of the Fermi surfaces of some transition metals and alloys. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1987.

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10

Jackson, M. R. Some effects of machine characteristics on the surface quality of planed and spindle moulded wooden products. Leicester: The Polytechnic, School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, 1986.

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11

McGrath, B. E. Some features of surface pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers with zero and favorable pressure gradients. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1987.

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12

Cole, C. Andrew. Morphometry, hydrology, and some associated water quality fluctuations in a surface mine wetland complex in southern Illinois. S.l: s.n, 1986.

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13

Coleman, Andrew Robert. A review and comparative study of some surface geophysical methods applied to the investigation of landfill sites. [London]: Middlesex Polytechnic, 1987.

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14

Canada. Dept. of the Environment. Indland Waters Directorate. Radionuclide Content of Some Canadian Surface Waters: A Report on the National Radionuclides Monitoring Program, 1981-1984. S.l: s.n, 1987.

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15

Baweja, A. S. Radionuclide content of some Canadian surface waters: A report on the National Radionuclides Monitoring Program, 1981-1984. Ottawa, Canada: Inland Waters/Land Directorate, Water Quality Branch, 1987.

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16

Tretkoff, Paula. Riemann Surfaces, Coverings, and Hypergeometric Functions. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0003.

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This chapter deals with Riemann surfaces, coverings, and hypergeometric functions. It first considers the genus and Euler number of a Riemann surface before discussing Möbius transformations and notes that an automorphism of a Riemann surface is a biholomorphic map of the Riemann surface onto itself. It then describes a Riemannian metric and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, which can be interpreted as a relation between the Gaussian curvature of a compact Riemann surface X and its Euler characteristic. It also examines the behavior of the Euler number under finite covering, along with finite subgroups of the group of fractional linear transformations PSL(2, C). Finally, it presents some basic facts about the classical Gauss hypergeometric functions of one complex variable, triangle groups acting discontinuously on one of the simply connected Riemann surfaces, and the hypergeometric monodromy group.
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17

Winkler, Adolf. Reaction studies on nanostructured surfaces. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.12.

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This article examines the properties of some self-organized nanostructured surfaces with respect to specific model reactions, from a surface-science point of view. It begins with an overview of the most important types of nanostructured surfaces, their preparation and characterization. It then considers the fundamentals of reaction processes, focusing on the kinetics and dynamics of adsorption and desorption. It also describes the experimental techniques used in the context of reaction studies under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Finally, it presents some experimental results of model reactions, including hydrogen adsorption and desorption on stepped nickel surfaces, methanol adsorption on self-assembled copper-copper oxide surfaces, and hydrogen desorption and water formation on vanadium-oxide nanostructures on palladium surfaces.
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18

Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Curves, Surfaces, and Hyperbolic Geometry. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0002.

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This chapter explains the basics of working with simple closed curves, focusing on the case of the closed surface Sɡ of genus g. When g is greater than or equal to 2, hyperbolic geometry enters as a useful tool since each homotopy class of simple closed curves has a unique geodesic representative. The chapter begins by recalling some basic results about surfaces and hyperbolic geometry, with particular emphasis on the boundary of the hyperbolic plane and hyperbolic surfaces. It then considers simple closed curves in a surface S, along with geodesics and intersection numbers. It also discusses the bigon criterion, homotopy versus isotopy for simple closed curves, and arcs. Finally, it describes the change of coordinates principle and three facts about homeomorphisms.
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19

Kodali, Anil K., and Rohit Bhargava. Nanostructured probes to enhance optical and vibrational spectroscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.15.

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This article describes the use of nanostructured probes to enhance optical and vibrational spectroscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Engineered probes and surfaces are promising tools for enhancing signals for ultrasensitive detection of diseases like carcinoma. Two methods of interest are surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for IR and Raman modalities, respectively. SERS and SEIRA can be broadly categorized under a common modality termed surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy. This article first reviews various breakthrough findings reported in SERS and SEIRA, along with different types ofsubstrates and contrast agents used in realizing the enhancement and theories proposed to explain these findings. It then considers the configurations of nano-LAMPs and presents example results demonstrating their optical resonances and tunability. Finally, it evaluates a few techniques for fabricating multilayered nanoparticles and highlights some issues with respect to fabrication.
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20

Maniatis, Lydia M. Symmetry and Uprightness in Visually Perceived Forms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0023.

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Why do some two-dimensional (2D) drawings look three-dimensional (3D)? The answer is because their projection on our retinas is consistent with a 3D percept that has a “better” shape and orientation than the 2D figure. Whenever a retinal projection is interpreted by the visual system as the projection of a surface that is not frontoparallel (i.e., not parallel to the retinal surface), then the retinal image will differ in shape from the source of the projection in (a) the sizes of its internal angles and/or (b) the relative extents of its surfaces. The latter differences arise because, when an extent is assumed to be receding, then it must also be assumed to have undergone foreshortening in the projection. Using pictures, we can show that the visual system likes more, rather than less, mirror symmetry and a vertical axis of symmetry more than a tilted one.
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21

Peng, Syd, ed. Surface Subsidence Engineering. CSIRO Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486312559.

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Underground coal mining disturbs both the overburden strata and the immediate floor strata. The subject of surface subsidence deals with the issues associated with the movement of overburden strata, which are the layers from the seam to the surface, where structures and water resources important to human activities are located. Surface Subsidence Engineering provides comprehensive coverage of the major issues associated with surface subsidence. The chapters are written by experts on surface subsidence in the three leading coal producing and consuming countries in the world: Australia, China and the United States. They discuss general features and terminologies, subsidence prediction, subsidence measurement techniques, subsidence impact on water bodies, subsidence damage, mitigation and control, and subsidence on abandoned coal mines. In addition, the final chapter addresses some of the unique features of surface subsidence found in Australian coal mines. The book provides information on coal seams ranging from flat to gently inclined to steep to ultra-steep seams. Written for mining engineers, geotechnical engineers and students of mining engineering, this book covers both theories and practices of surface subsidence. Unlike previous publications, it also deals with the subsidence impact on surface and groundwater bodies, crucial resources that are often neglected by subsidence researchers.
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22

McClure, D. R. Evaluation of Some Hand-Held Instruments for Measuring Radioactive Surface Contamination. National Radiological Protection Board, 1990.

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23

Myers, Don E. Myers, on Mars: The colossal images, some carved right into it's surface. D. Myers, 2001.

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24

Kopacz, Dorota, ed. Ocular Surface Diseases - Some Current Date on Tear Film Problem and Keratoconic Diagnosis. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77516.

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25

Hayazawa, Norihiko, and Prabhat Verma. Nanoanalysis of materials using near-field Raman spectroscopy. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.10.

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This article describes the use of tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of materials at the nanoscale. Tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy utilizes a metal-coated sharp tip and is based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Instead of the large surface enhancement from the metallic surface in SERS, the sharp metal coated tip in the tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) provides nanoscaled surface enhancement only from the sample molecules in the close vicinity of the tip-apex, making it a perfect technique for nanoanalysis of materials. This article focuses on near-field analysis of some semiconducting nanomaterials and some carbon nanostructures. It first considers SERS analysis of strained silicon and TERS analysis of epsilon-Si and GaN thin layers before explaining how to improve TERS sensitivity and control the polarization in detection for crystalline materials. It also discusses ways of improving the spatial resolution in TERS.
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26

K, Norman David, and Washington (State). Dept. of Natural Resources., eds. Surface mining in Washington: Some regulatory responsibilities of various federal, state, and local government agencies. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources, 1992.

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27

Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Countershading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0004.

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Countershading is a coloration pattern where the exterior surfaces most exposed to light, typically dorsal surfaces, are more darkly coloured than those oriented away from light, typically ventral surfaces. Countershading is widely discussed as a camouflage defence, although other functions—such as thermoregulation, abrasion resistance, and protection from ultraviolet light—may also select for countershading. In terms of camouflage, countershading is thought to work by up to six distinct mechanisms. We discuss several key examples of countershading and counterillumination that give insight into some of this complexity, before reviewing the evidence for the effectiveness of each of the six mechanisms. These include relatively simple effects, such as background matching dorsal surfaces against dark oceanic depths when viewed from above and ventral surfaces against downwelling light when viewed from below, but also more complex mechanisms, such as the concealment of cues to three-dimensional shape created by an animal’s self-cast shadows. Following this are sections on the evolution and genetics of countershading, before the chapter concludes with ecological considerations and suggestions for future research.
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28

Fuß, Eric. The OV/VO alternation in early German. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses a set of theoretical approaches to the OV/VO alternation in Early German (with an emphasis on OHG), focusing on the question of whether it is possible to identify a basic serialization pattern that underlies the ‘mixed’ word order properties found at the syntactic surface. Based on a review of a set of OV/VO diagnostics, including for example the placement of elements that resist extraposition, properties of verbal complexes, and the significance of deviations from the source text in translations, it is argued that—despite some notable exceptions—OHG exhibits a more consistent verb-final nature than other Early Germanic languages (OE, in particular). This conclusion is supported by the observation that OV qualifies as the unmarked surface word order, which is compatible with a larger set of pragmatic contexts.
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29

Barnard, Amanda S. Size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.5.

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This article investigates size-dependent phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale. In general, the crystallization of a nanomaterial into a particular structure is kinetically driven. However, the choice of which structure occurs in a specific size range is often a result of thermodynamics. These size-dependent phase relationships may be explored by analyzing the free energy and enthalpy of formation. This article considers the size-dependent phase stability of nanomaterials based on experimental and theoretical studies of zirconia and titania. It describes the use of bulk phase diagrams to capture important information on the stability of materials. It also highlights some of the physical parameters that influence phase transitions and phase reversal at the nanoscale, including temperature, pressure, shape, solution chemistry, surface chemistry and surface charge.
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30

Kirchman, David L. Introduction to geomicrobiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0013.

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Geomicrobiology, the marriage of geology and microbiology, is about the impact of microbes on Earth materials in terrestrial systems and sediments. Many geomicrobiological processes occur over long timescales. Even the slow growth and low activity of microbes, however, have big effects when added up over millennia. After reviewing the basics of bacteria–surface interactions, the chapter moves on to discussing biomineralization, which is the microbially mediated formation of solid minerals from soluble ions. The role of microbes can vary from merely providing passive surfaces for mineral formation, to active control of the entire precipitation process. The formation of carbonate-containing minerals by coccolithophorids and other marine organisms is especially important because of the role of these minerals in the carbon cycle. Iron minerals can be formed by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, which gain a small amount of energy from iron oxidation. Similarly, manganese-rich minerals are formed during manganese oxidation, although how this reaction benefits microbes is unclear. These minerals and others give geologists and geomicrobiologists clues about early life on Earth. In addition to forming minerals, microbes help to dissolve them, a process called weathering. Microbes contribute to weathering and mineral dissolution through several mechanisms: production of protons (acidity) or hydroxides that dissolve minerals; production of ligands that chelate metals in minerals thereby breaking up the solid phase; and direct reduction of mineral-bound metals to more soluble forms. The chapter ends with some comments about the role of microbes in degrading oil and other fossil fuels.
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31

Wich, Serge A., and Lian Pin Koh. Data post processing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787617.003.0007.

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This chapter discusses how data that have been collected with drones can be used to derive orthomosaics and digital surface models through structure-from-motion software and how these can be processed further for land-cover classification or into vegetation metrics. Some examples of the various programs are provided as well. The chapter ends with a discussion on the approaches that have been used to automate counts of animals in drone images.
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32

Yatskiv, Ya S. The Lunar Odyssey. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.082.241.

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“The Lunar Odyssey” collection presents scientific and popular science works of Ukrainian astronomers about the Moon, a natural satellite of the Earth. The collection consists of five parts devoted to some topical issues of the study of the Moon, including the prospects for the use of its natural resources and the construction of space bases and scientific complexes on its surface. “The Lunar Odyssey” collection is intended for a wide range of readers.
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33

Riccardi, Mattia. Nietzsche's Philosophical Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803287.001.0001.

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The book offers a systematic account of Nietzsche’s philosophical psychology. The main theme is the nature of and relation between unconscious and conscious mind. Whereas Nietzsche takes consciousness to be a mere ‘surface’—as he writes in Ecce Homo—that evolved in the course of human socialization, he sees the bedrock of human psychology as constituted by unconscious drives and affects. But how does he conceive of such basic psychological items and what does he mean exactly when he talks about consciousness and says it is a ‘surface’? And how does such a conception of human psychology inform his views about self, self-knowledge, and will? These are some of the questions that are addressed in this book. This is done by combining a historical approach with conceptual analysis. On the one hand, Nietzsche’s claims are carefully reconstructed by taking into account the intellectual context in which they emerged. On the other hand, in order to work out their philosophical significance, the claims are discussed in the light of contemporary debates such as those about higher-order theories of consciousness and mind-reading.
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34

Adams, Ernest W. Surfaces and Superposition: Field Notes on some Geometrical Excavations (Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes). Center for the Study of Language and Inf, 2001.

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35

Adams, Ernest W. Surfaces and Superposition: Field Notes on some Geometrical Excavations (Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes). Center for the Study of Language and Inf, 2001.

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36

Schmickler, Wolfgang. Interfacial Electrochemistry. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089325.001.0001.

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Electrochemistry is the study of a special class of interfaces--those between an ionic and an electronic conductor--that can conduct current. This makes it especially important to research and for industrial applications such as semiconductors. This book examines different topics within interfacial electrochemistry, including the theory of structures and processes at metal- solution and semiconductor-solution interfaces, the principles of classical and modern experimental methods, and some of the applications of electrochemistry. Students and nonspecialists in materials science, surface science, and chemistry will find this a valuable source of information.
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37

Cattran, Daniel C., and Heather N. Reich. Membranous glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0060_update_001.

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Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is the most common cause of adult-onset nephrotic syndrome, and a common glomerular cause of end-stage renal failure. It is caused by antibodies to podocyte surface molecules, usually autoantibodies. In most patients with primary membranous nephropathy the target is the phospholipase A2 receptor. It is hoped that robust assays for this antibody will help to guide therapy but it has not been possible to test this adequately yet. Primary MGN accounts for about 70% of cases with regional variations. MGN is more common in men than women (approximately 2:1) and its peak incidence is in middle adult life. Secondary membranous nephropathy occurs in lupus and some other immune or autoimmune disorders, in hepatitis B infection, after exposure to some drugs or toxins, and in some cancers.
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38

Lézine, Anne-Marie. Vegetation at the Time of the African Humid Period. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.530.

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An orbitally induced increase in summer insolation during the last glacial-interglacial transition enhanced the thermal contrast between land and sea, with land masses heating up compared to the adjacent ocean surface. In North Africa, warmer land surfaces created a low-pressure zone, driving the northward penetration of monsoonal rains originating from the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence, regions today among the driest of the world were covered by permanent and deep freshwater lakes, some of them being exceptionally large, such as the “Mega” Lake Chad, which covered some 400 000 square kilometers. A dense network of rivers developed.What were the consequences of this climate change on plant distribution and biodiversity? Pollen grains that accumulated over time in lake sediments are useful tools to reconstruct past vegetation assemblages since they are extremely resistant to decay and are produced in great quantities. In addition, their morphological character allows the determination of most plant families and genera.In response to the postglacial humidity increase, tropical taxa that survived as strongly reduced populations during the last glacial period spread widely, shifting latitudes or elevations, expanding population size, or both. In the Saharan desert, pollen of tropical trees (e.g., Celtis) were found in sites located at up to 25°N in southern Libya. In the Equatorial mountains, trees (e.g., Olea and Podocarpus) migrated to higher elevations to form the present-day Afro-montane forests. Patterns of migration were individualistic, with the entire range of some taxa displaced to higher latitudes or shifted from one elevation belt to another. New combinations of climate/environmental conditions allowed the cooccurrences of taxa growing today in separate regions. Such migrational processes and species-overlapping ranges led to a tremendous increase in biodiversity, particularly in the Saharan desert, where more humid-adapted taxa expanded along water courses, lakes, and wetlands, whereas xerophytic populations persisted in drier areas.At the end of the Holocene era, some 2,500 to 4,500 years ago, the majority of sites in tropical Africa recorded a shift to drier conditions, with many lakes and wetlands drying out. The vegetation response to this shift was the overall disruption of the forests and the wide expansion of open landscapes (wooded grasslands, grasslands, and steppes). This environmental crisis created favorable conditions for further plant exploitation and cereal cultivation in the Congo Basin.
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39

Schrijver, Karel. Exoplanet Systems and Their Stars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0004.

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This chapter highlights the amazing diversity of exoplanet worlds: planets can orbit neutron stars and giant stars, evaporate in the heat of their stars or have deep oceans, and may suffer from everlasting daysides and nightsides. A few enjoy two or more suns, and some bear a rough similarity to Earth with possible liquid water on their surface. The author describes how exoplanets reveal themselves through signatures in the light of their stars. The first exoplanets were found in unexpected places, but after determining where exoplanets could or could not be spotted with current detection methods, intrinsic statistical properties emerged. Some are in line with the Solar System, but many are not. What is clear is that exoplanets are more numerous than the stars in our Galaxy.
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40

Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Gas exchange. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0006.

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Oxygen intake for respiration, also carbon dioxide and, generally, ammonia elimination takes place across gas-exchange surfaces, usually the gills in fish. Water flows across gills, separated by the pharyngeal gill clefts, and supported by gill arches, and which possess highly folded surfaces covered by a very thin epithelium. Blood flow and water flow are separated only by the epithelium with a ‘countercurrent’ gas exchange between the two. A respiratory centre in the hind-brain is a respiratory rhythm pacemaker for the oral and pharyngeal ventilation movements creating water flow across the gills, although ‘ram ventilation’ occurs without such movements. The oxygen and carbon dioxide-carrying capacity of blood is increased considerably by temporary attachment to haemoglobin pigment in the erythrocytes. Some fish are air breathing, using lungs, swim bladder, skin or lips for gaseous exchange. Hypoxia, hypercapnia, supersaturation and high water temperatures present problems for fish respiration, which are discussed.
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41

Moore, A. W. Language, World, and Limits. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823643.001.0001.

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This is a collection of previously published essays that are all concerned, at some level, with the nature, scope, and limits of representation, where by representation is meant the act of representing, truly or falsely, how things are. The collection is divided into three parts. The essays in Part I deal with linguistic representation. One thesis that surfaces at various points in these essays is that some things are ineffable. The essays in Part II deal with representation more generally, and with the character of what is represented. They all touch more or less directly on the distinction between perspectival representation, that is representation from a point of view, and absolute representation, that is representation from no point of view. One thesis that surfaces at various points in these essays is that nothing is ineffable. The essays in Part III, deriving their inspiration from the early work of Wittgenstein, indicate how the resulting tension between Parts I and II is to be resolved. We can construe the first of these theses as a thesis about states of knowledge or understanding, and the second as a thesis about facts or truths.
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42

Levy, Benjamin R. Apparitions and Atmosphères (1958–61). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199381999.003.0004.

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This chapter examines Ligeti’s breakthrough orchestral works Apparitions and Atmosphères. These successful compositions translate some of the ideas developed in the electronic music studio into orchestral writing, in particular, techniques for organizing rhythm and for handling sound masses to create a static surface with a sense of internal motion. In interviews Ligeti claimed to have attempted to move in this direction while still in Hungary with the unfinished pieces Víziók and Sötét és Világos. A comparison of the extant sketches for these works shows the degree to which his experiences in the electronic studio resulted in a refinement of compositional technique, nuanced textures, and original orchestration.
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43

Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0011.

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This chapter explains some of the fundamental issues associated with applying perturbations to a molecular dynamics simulation, along with practical details of methods for studying systems out of equilibrium. The main emphasis is on fluid flow and viscosity measurements. Spatially homogeneous perturbations are described to study shear and extensional flow. Non-equilibrium methods are applied to the study of heat flow and the calculation of the thermal conductivity. Issues of thermostatting, and the modelling of surface-fluid interactions for inhomogeneous systems, are discussed. The measurement of free energy changes through non-equilibrium work expressions such as those of Jarzynski and Crooks is also explained.
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44

Kirchman, David L. Degradation of organic matter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0007.

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The aerobic oxidation of organic material by microbes is the focus of this chapter. Microbes account for about 50% of primary production in the biosphere, but they probably account for more than 50% of organic material oxidization and respiration (oxygen use). The traditional role of microbes is to degrade organic material and to release plant nutrients such as phosphate and ammonium as well as carbon dioxide. Microbes are responsible for more than half of soil respiration, while size fractionation experiments show that bacteria are also responsible for about half of respiration in aquatic habitats. In soils, both fungi and bacteria are important, with relative abundances and activity varying with soil type. In contrast, fungi are not common in the oceans and lakes, where they are out-competed by bacteria with their small cell size. Dead organic material, detritus, used by microbes, comes from dead plants and waste products from herbivores. It and associated microbes can be eaten by many eukaryotic organisms, forming a detritus food web. These large organisms also break up detritus into small pieces, creating more surface area on which microbes can act. Microbes in turn need to use extracellular enzymes to hydrolyze large molecular weight compounds, which releases small compounds that can be transported into cells. Fungi and bacteria use a different mechanism, “oxidative decomposition,” to degrade lignin. Organic compounds that are otherwise easily degraded (“labile”) may resist decomposition if absorbed to surfaces or surrounded by refractory organic material. Addition of labile compounds can stimulate or “prime” the degradation of other organic material. Microbes also produce organic compounds, some eventually resisting degradation for thousands of years, and contributing substantially to soil organic material in terrestrial environments and dissolved organic material in aquatic ones. The relationship between community diversity and a biochemical process depends on the metabolic redundancy among members of the microbial community. This redundancy may provide “ecological insurance” and ensure the continuation of key biogeochemical processes when environmental conditions change.
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45

Furlani, Dianne, Rosemary Gales, and David Pemberton. Otoliths of Common Australian Temperate Fish. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098459.

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The accurate identification of fish ‘ear-bones’, known as otoliths, is essential to determine the fish prey of marine and terrestrial predators. Fish otoliths are species-specific when combining size, shape and surface features, and can remain undigested for long periods. As a result, they can indicate which fish make up the diet of various predators, including cephalopod, seabird, marine mammal and fish species. Such studies are crucial for understanding marine ecosystems, and trophodynamics in particular. Increasingly, these methods are being used to understand the diet of some terrestrial predators, also extending to that of humans in archaelogical studies. Otoliths of Common Australian Temperate Fish offers users a verified reference collection to assist in the accurate identification of species and size of fish using otoliths. It covers 141 fish species from a broad geographic range of the Australian temperate region and includes commercial and non-commercial fish species. A standardised written description of the otolith structure, size and surface features is provided for each species. Included are brief distribution and ecology notes, and regression for both otolith and fish lengths, together with high-quality SEM photographs of the otolith described. This guide will be an essential reference for marine scientists and marine mammal researchers; ornithologists, fisheries researchers and fish biologists studying age and growth or comparative anatomy; and archaeologists. Winner of the 2008 Whitley Award for Zoological Manual.
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46

Saha, Prasenjit, and Paul A. Taylor. The Main Sequence of Stars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816461.003.0007.

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This chapter introduces the basics of radiative transfer, which is a primary energy-transport mechanism inside stars, and also contributes to keeping stars ‘inflated’ and balanced against gravity. The roles of opacity and cross-sections in scattering photons are described. With the help of some drastic but still insightful approximations, the luminosity of a star can be related to its mass, and its surface temperature to its interior temperature. Not all types of stars are covered with analytical approximations, and only the simplest cases are studied here: the high-mass main sequence stars where radiation-pressure dominates, and the intermediate mass range that includes the Sun, where gas pressure dominates but convection is not yet important.
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47

Mate, C. Mathew, and Robert W. Carpick. Tribology on the Small Scale. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199609802.001.0001.

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Friction, lubrication, adhesion, and wear are prevalent physical phenomena in everyday life and in many key technologies. The goal of this book is to incorporate a bottom up approach to friction, lubrication, and wear into a versatile textbook on tribology. This is done by focusing on how these tribological phenomena occur on the small scale—the atomic to the micrometer scale—a field often called nanotribology. The book covers the microscopic origins of the common tribological concepts: roughness, elasticity, plasticity, friction coefficients, and wear coefficients. Some macroscale concepts (like elasticity) scale down well to the micro- and atomic scale, while other macroscale concepts (like hydrodynamic lubrication) do not. In addition, this book also has chapters on topics not typically found in tribology texts: surface energy, surface forces, lubrication in confined spaces, and the atomistic origins of friction and wear. These chapters covered tribological concepts that become increasingly important at the small scale: capillary condensation, disjoining pressure, contact electrification, molecular slippage at interfaces, atomic scale stick-slip, and bond breaking. Numerous examples are provided throughout the book on how a nanoscale understanding of tribological phenomena is essential to the proper engineering of important new technologies such as MEMS, disk drives, and nanoimprinting. For the second edition, all the chapters have been revised and updated, with many new sections added to incorporate the most recent advancements in nanoscale tribology. Another important enhancement to the second edition is the addition of problem sets at the end of each chapter.
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48

McAtackney, Laura, and Krysta Ryzewski, eds. Contemporary Archaeology and the City. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803607.001.0001.

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Contemporary Archaeology and the City foregrounds the archaeological study of post-industrial and other urban transformations through a diverse, international collection of case studies. Over the past decade contemporary archaeology has emerged as a dynamic force for dissecting and contextualizing the material complexities of present-day societies. Contemporary archaeology challenges conventional anthropological and archaeological conceptions of the past by pushing temporal boundaries closer to, if not into, the present. The volume is organized around three themes that highlight the multifaceted character of urban transitions in present-day cities - creativity, ruination, and political action. The case studies offer comparative perspectives on transformative global urban processes in local contexts through research conducted in the struggling, post-industrial cities of Detroit, Belfast, Indianapolis, Berlin, Liverpool, Belem, and post-Apartheid Cape Town, as well as the thriving urban centres of Melbourne, New York City, London, Chicago, and Istanbul. Together, the volume contributions demonstrate how the contemporary city is an urban palimpsest comprised by archaeological assemblages - of the built environment, the surface, and buried sub-surface - that are traces of the various pasts entangled with one another in the present. This volume aims to position the city as one of the most important and dynamic arenas for archaeological studies of the contemporary by presenting a range of theoretically-engaged case studies that highlight some of the major issues that the study of contemporary cities pose for archaeologists.
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Turk, Alice, and Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel. Speech Timing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795421.001.0001.

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This is a book about the architecture of the speech-production planning process and speech motor control. It is written in reaction to a debate in the literature about the nature of phonological representations, which are proposed to be spatiotemporal by some, and symbolic (atemporal) by others. Making this choice about the nature of phonological representation has several fundamental implications for the architecture of the speech-production planning system, notably with regard to the number of planning components and the type of timing mechanisms. In systems with symbolic phonological representations, a separate phonetic planning component is required for speakers to plan the details of surface timing and spatial characteristics for each context. In contrast, the Articulatory Phonology system, which proposes spatiotemporal phonological representations, has a very different architecture, with fewer components. These contrasting assumptions about the spatiotemporal vs. symbolic nature of phonological representations have important consequences for how these two approaches deal with timing issues. This is because time is intrinsic to phonological representations in Articulatory Phonology, but is not part of symbolic phonology. These two proposals are evaluated in light of existing literature on speech and non-speech timing behavior. Evidence that challenges the Articulatory Phonology model inspired a sketch of a new model of the production process, based on symbolic phonological representations and a separate phonetic planning component to specify surface-timing details. This approach provides an appropriate account of what is known about motor timing in general and speech timing in particular. Keywords
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Narlikar, A. V. Small Superconductors—Introduction. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.1.

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This article provides an overview of small superconductors, including some of the basic definitions, prominent characteristics, and important effects manifested by such materials. In particular, it discusses size effects, surface effects, electron-mean-free-path effects, phase slips, unusual vortex states, and proximity effects. The article first considers the two characteristic length scales of superconductors, namely the magnetic penetration depth and coherence length, before proceeding with an analysis of two size effects that account for how superconductivity responds when the bulk sample is made smaller and smaller in the nano range: the small size effects and the quantum size effects. It then examines other phenomena associated with small superconductors such as quantum fluctuations, Anderson limit, parity and shell effects, along with the behaviour of nanowires and ultra-thin fims. It also describes some of the experimental techniques commonly used in the synthesis of small superconductors.
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