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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface-Subsurface transfers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Yao, Changfeng, Lufei Ma, Yongxia Du, Junxue Ren, and Dinghua Zhang. "Surface integrity and fatigue behavior in shot-peening for high-speed milled 7055 aluminum alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 2 (2016): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415573704.

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The influence of shot-peening parameters on surface integrity of 7055 aluminum alloy is investigated based on shot-peening experiments. Surface integrity measurements, fatigue fracture analysis and fatigue life tests are conducted to reveal the effect of surface integrity on crack initiation and fatigue life. The results show that surface roughness increases significantly, and irregular pits and bumps appear on surface after shot-peening; grain on subsurface is refined and produces a shift and distortion in the pellets hit direction; compressive stress can be detected on all machined surfaces.

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Gatel, Laura, Claire Lauvernet, Nadia Carluer, Sylvain Weill, and Claudio Paniconi. "Sobol Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Coupled Surface/Subsurface Water Flow and Reactive Solute Transfer Model on a Real Hillslope." Water 12, no. 1 (2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010121.

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The migration and fate of pesticides in natural environments is highly complex. At the hillslope scale, the quantification of contaminant fluxes and concentrations requires a physically based model. This class of model has recently been extended to include coupling between the surface and the subsurface domains for both the water flow and solute transport regimes. Due to their novelty, the relative importance of and interactions between the main model parameters has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, a global Sobol sensitivity analysis is performed on a vineyard hillslope for a on

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Peña, Francisco, Fernando Nardi, Assefa Melesse, et al. "Compound flood modeling framework for surface–subsurface water interactions." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 3 (2022): 775–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-775-2022.

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Abstract. Compound floods are an active area of research in which the complex interaction between pluvial, fluvial, coastal and groundwater flooding are analyzed. A number of studies have simulated the compound flooding impacts of precipitation, river discharge and storm surge variables with different numerical models and linking techniques. However, groundwater flooding is often neglected in flood risk assessments due to its sporadic frequency (as most regions have water tables sufficiently low that do not exacerbate flooding conditions), isolated impacts and considerably lower severity with

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Coombs, J. M., and T. Barkay. "Molecular Evidence for the Evolution of Metal Homeostasis Genes by Lateral Gene Transfer in Bacteria from the Deep Terrestrial Subsurface." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 3 (2004): 1698–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.3.1698-1707.2004.

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ABSTRACT Lateral gene transfer (LGT) plays a vital role in increasing the genetic diversity of microorganisms and promoting the spread of fitness-enhancing phenotypes throughout microbial communities. To date, LGT has been investigated in surface soils, natural waters, and biofilm communities but not in the deep terrestrial subsurface. Here we used a combination of molecular analyses to investigate the role of LGT in the evolution of metal homeostasis in lead-resistant subsurface bacteria. A nested PCR approach was employed to obtain DNA sequences encoding PIB-type ATPases, which are proteins

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Fang, Yilin, Xingyuan Chen, Jesus Gomez Velez, et al. "A multirate mass transfer model to represent the interaction of multicomponent biogeochemical processes between surface water and hyporheic zones (SWAT-MRMT-R 1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 8 (2020): 3553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3553-2020.

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Abstract. Surface water quality along river corridors can be modulated by hyporheic zones (HZs) that are ubiquitous and biogeochemically active. Watershed management practices often ignore the potentially important role of HZs as a natural reactor. To investigate the effect of hydrological exchange and biogeochemical processes on the fate of nutrients in surface water and HZs, a novel model, SWAT-MRMT-R, was developed coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model and the reaction module from a flow and reactive transport code (PFLOTRAN). SWAT-MRMT-R simulates concurrent no

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de Rooij, G. H. "Big and small: menisci in soil pores affect water pressures, dynamics of groundwater levels, and catchment-scale average matric potentials." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 5 (2010): 6491–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-6491-2010.

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Abstract. Soil water is confined behind the menisci of its water-air interface. Catchment-scale fluxes (groundwater recharge, evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, etc.) affect the matric potential, and thereby the interface curvature and the configuration of the phases. In turn, these affect the fluxes (except precipitation), creating feedbacks between pore-scale and catchment-scale processes. Tracking pore-scale processes beyond the Darcy scale is not feasible. Instead, for a simplified system based on the classical Darcy's Law and Laplace-Young Law we i) clarify how menisci transfer pr

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Barboni, Alexandre, Ayah Lazar, Alexandre Stegner, and Evangelos Moschos. "Lagrangian eddy tracking reveals the Eratosthenes anticyclonic attractor in the eastern Levantine Basin." Ocean Science 17, no. 5 (2021): 1231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1231-2021.

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Abstract. Statistics of anticyclonic eddy activity and eddy trajectories in the Levantine Basin over the 2000–2018 period are analyzed using the DYNED-Atlas database, which links automated mesoscale eddy detection by the Angular Momentum Eddy Detection and Tracking Algorithm (AMEDA) algorithm to in situ oceanographic observations. This easternmost region of the Mediterranean Sea, delimited by the Levantine coast and Cyprus, has a complex eddying activity, which has not yet been fully characterized. In this paper, we use Lagrangian tracking to investigate the eddy fluxes and interactions betwee

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Stramler, Kirstie, Anthony D. Del Genio, and William B. Rossow. "Synoptically Driven Arctic Winter States." Journal of Climate 24, no. 6 (2011): 1747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3817.1.

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Abstract The dense network of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) observations is used to assess relationships between winter surface and atmospheric variables as the SHEBA site came under the influence of cyclonic and anticyclonic atmospheric circulation systems. Two distinct and preferred states of subsurface, surface, atmosphere, and clouds occur during the SHEBA winter, extending from the oceanic mixed layer through the troposphere and preceded by same-sign variations in the stratosphere. These states are apparent in distributions of surface temperature, sensible heat and longwav

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Gupta, Aniket, Alix Reverdy, Jean-Martial Cohard, et al. "Impact of distributed meteorological forcing on simulated snow cover and hydrological fluxes over a mid-elevation alpine micro-scale catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27, no. 1 (2023): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-191-2023.

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Abstract. From the micro- to the mesoscale, water and energy budgets of mountainous catchments are largely driven by topographic features such as terrain orientation, slope, steepness, and elevation, together with associated meteorological forcings such as precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Those topographic features govern the snow deposition, melting, and transport, which further impacts the overall water cycle. However, this microscale variability is not well represented in Earth system models due to coarse resolutions. This study explores the impact of precipitation, shortwave

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Eeckman, Judith, Hélène Roux, Audrey Douinot, Bertrand Bonan, and Clément Albergel. "A multi-sourced assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture in the MARINE flash flood model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 3 (2021): 1425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1425-2021.

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Abstract. The MARINE (Model of Anticipation of Runoff and INundations for Extreme events) hydrological model is a distributed model dedicated to flash flood simulation. Recent developments of the MARINE model are explored in this work. On one hand, transfers of water through the subsurface, formerly relying on water height, now take place in a homogeneous soil column based on the soil saturation degree (SSF model). On the other hand, the soil column is divided into two layers, which represent, respectively, the upper soil layer and the deep weathered rocks (SSF–DWF model). The aim of the prese

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Rivière, Agnès, Deniz Kilic, Dominique Bruel, et al. "Water Temperatures Across All Compartments of the Critical Zone in the Context of Global Change: Application to the Seine Hydrosystem." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 8 (May 28, 2025): e151697. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.8.e151697.

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Temperature is a critical factor at the interface between water and energy stakeholders. It plays a vital role in enabling them to sustain and develop their activities without competing for resources, particularly during periods of crisis. Both surface water bodies and subsurface compartments (<200 m), essential for maintaining aquatic ecosystems and supporting human adaptation to global changes, are utilized for a range of purposes. These include low-impact thermal energy production (e.g., river uses and shallow geothermal energy), drinking water supply, irrigation, and industrial applicat

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Van De Ven, Cole J. C., and Kevin G. Mumford. "Aqueous and surface expression of subsurface GHGs: Subsurface mass transfer effects." Water Research 170 (March 2020): 115327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115327.

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Santana, D. S., E. P. Pacheco, W. G. Vale, and M. V. S. Chaves. "Model of the pression transfer apply on an alfisol from Tabuleiros Costeiros." Scientific Electronic Archives 13, no. 7 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1372020960.

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The cohesive subsurface horizon of the Arfisol of Tabuleiros Costeiros, reduces the effective depth of these soils, compromising the yield and longevity of the perennial crops. This pedogenetic limitation can be potentiated when the pressure applied on the surface of the Ap horizon, during the traffic of agricultural machinery is transmitted to deeper horizons, AB or Bt, at higher levels the load-bearing capacity of these layers. The objective of this research was to mathematically model the transfer of pressures applied to the surface of the Ap horizon of an Alfisol for subsurface layers, rel

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Paquette, Michel, Daniel Fortier, Melissa Lafrenière, and Warwick F. Vincent. "Periglacial slopewash dominated by solute transfers and subsurface erosion on a High Arctic slope." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 31, no. 4 (2020): 472–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2066.

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Turner, B. L., and P. M. Haygarth. "Phosphorus Leaching Under Cut Grassland." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (1999): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0530.

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Phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural land to surface waters can contribute to eutrophication, excess algal growth and associated water quality problems. Grasslands have a high potential for P transfer, as they receive P inputs as mineral fertiliser and concentrates cycled through livestock manures. The transfer of P can occur through surface and subsurface pathways, although the capacity of most soils to fix inorganic P has meant that subsurface P transfer by leaching mechanisms has often been perceived as negligible. We investigated this using large-scale monolith lysimeters (135 cm deep

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Cheng, Yiwei, Marc Stieglitz, and Feifei Pan. "A Simple Method to Evolve Daily Ground Temperatures from Surface Air Temperatures in Snow-Dominated Regions." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 6 (2010): 1395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1240.1.

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Abstract A simple model is developed to evolve daily ground temperatures from surface air temperatures (SATs) in snow-dominated areas. Ground surface temperatures (GSTs) are calculated by propagating the daily SAT through the snowpack, and attenuating the signal amplitude. Subsequent subsurface heat transfer is then modeled using the analytical solution of the one-dimensional heat conduction equation. The thermal impacts of nonconductive heat transfer processes and seasonal freeze thaw are implicitly represented by the time-dependent apparent thermal diffusivity of the subsurface. The model is

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Wu, Yehan, Ruixue Fang, Laihong Shen, and Hongcun Bai. "Dual mechanisms in hydrogen reduction of copper oxide: surface reaction and subsurface oxygen atom transfer." RSC Advances 14, no. 14 (2024): 9985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra01240b.

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Hills, Benjamin H., Joel T. Harper, Toby W. Meierbachtol, Jesse V. Johnson, Neil F. Humphrey, and Patrick J. Wright. "Processes influencing heat transfer in the near-surface ice of Greenland's ablation zone." Cryosphere 12, no. 10 (2018): 3215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3215-2018.

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Abstract. To assess the influence of various heat transfer processes on the thermal structure of near-surface ice in Greenland's ablation zone, we compare in situ measurements with thermal modeling experiments. A total of seven temperature strings were installed at three different field sites, each with between 17 and 32 sensors and extending up to 21 m below the ice surface. In one string, temperatures were measured every 30 min, and the record is continuous for more than 3 years. We use these measured ice temperatures to constrain our modeling experiments, focusing on four isolated processes

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Dai, Kaiyi, Xi-Zi Luo, Meng-Hua Zhu, et al. "Impact Momentum Transfer—Insights from Numerical Simulation of Impacts on Large Boulders of Asteroids." Planetary Science Journal 5, no. 9 (2024): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ad72eb.

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Abstract Asteroids pose potential hazards to Earth. The recent NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test mission successfully demonstrated the change of an asteroid’s orbit by a kinetic impactor. This study focuses on impact-induced vertical momentum transfer efficiency (β − 1) considering various impact angles and subsurface boulder arrangements. Utilizing the iSALE-3D shock physics code, we simulate oblique impacts on different subsurface boulder configurations. Our results show that vertical ejecta momentum decreases with obliquity, with buried boulders inducing an anti-armoring effect. We defi

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van Dalum, Christiaan T., Willem Jan van de Berg, and Michiel R. van den Broeke. "Impact of updated radiative transfer scheme in snow and ice in RACMO2.3p3 on the surface mass and energy budget of the Greenland ice sheet." Cryosphere 15, no. 4 (2021): 1823–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1823-2021.

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Abstract. Radiative transfer in snow and ice is often not modeled explicitly in regional climate models. In this study, we evaluate a new englacial radiative transfer scheme and assess the surface mass and energy budget for the Greenland ice sheet in the latest version of the regional climate model RACMO2, version 2.3p3. We also evaluate the modeled (sub)surface temperature and melt, as radiation penetration now enables internal heating. The results are compared to the previous model version and are evaluated against stake measurements and automatic weather station data of the K-transect and P

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Liston, Glen E., Jan-Gunnar Winther, Oddbjørn Bruland, Hallgeir Elvehøy, and Knut Sand. "Below-surface ice melt on the coastal Antarctic ice sheet." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000001775.

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AbstractIn the Jutulgryta area of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, subsurface melting of the ice sheet has been observed. The melting takes place during the summer months in blue-ice areas under conditions of below-freezing air and surface temperatures. Adjacent snow-covered regions, having the same meteorological and climatic conditions, experience little or no subsurface melting. To help explain and understand the observed melt-rate differences in the blue-ice and snow-covered areas, a physically based numerical model of the coupled atmosphere, radiation, snow and blue-ice system has been dev

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Liston, Glen E., Jan-Gunnar Winther, Oddbjørn Bruland, Hallgeir Elvehøy, and Knut Sand. "Below-surface ice melt on the coastal Antarctic ice sheet." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000001775.

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AbstractIn the Jutulgryta area of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, subsurface melting of the ice sheet has been observed. The melting takes place during the summer months in blue-ice areas under conditions of below-freezing air and surface temperatures. Adjacent snow-covered regions, having the same meteorological and climatic conditions, experience little or no subsurface melting. To help explain and understand the observed melt-rate differences in the blue-ice and snow-covered areas, a physically based numerical model of the coupled atmosphere, radiation, snow and blue-ice system has been dev

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van Dalum, Christiaan T., Willem Jan van de Berg, and Michiel R. van den Broeke. "Sensitivity of Antarctic surface climate to a new spectral snow albedo and radiative transfer scheme in RACMO2.3p3." Cryosphere 16, no. 3 (2022): 1071–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1071-2022.

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Abstract. This study investigates the sensitivity of modeled surface melt and subsurface heating on the Antarctic ice sheet to a new spectral snow albedo and radiative transfer scheme in the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO), version 2.3p3 (Rp3). We tune Rp3 to observations by performing several sensitivity experiments and assess the impact on temperature and melt by incrementally changing one parameter at a time. When fully tuned, Rp3 compares well with in situ and remote sensing observations of surface mass and energy balance, melt, near-surface and (sub)surface temperature, albedo

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Torres‐Verdín, Carlos, and Francis X. Bostick. "Implications of the Born approximation for the magnetotelluric problem in three‐dimensional environments." GEOPHYSICS 57, no. 4 (1992): 587–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443272.

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A first‐order Born approximation is obtained for the integral equations governing the surface magnetotelluric response over a three‐dimensional earth. Although accurate only in cases of low resistivity contrasts, the resulting expressions: (1) exhibit a linear relationship between a spatial perturbation in subsurface resistivity and the ensuing perturbation on the surface field response, and, more importantly, (2) allow arbitrary degrees of complexity in the geometrical characteristics of the subsurface. The linear system solutions derived from the Born approximation are studied by examining t

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Yan, Huo, and Hui Juan Li. "Defect Recognition for Honeycomb Sandwich Composites Using Pulsed Thermography." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.542.

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Typical defects such as delamination and water/oil ingression existed in honeycomb composites during manufacturing and in-service period. The defects can reduce the performance of the composites significantly. The paper presented a nondestructive defect recognition method for honeycomb composites using pulsed thermography. In this study, based on analysis of the heat transfer in the object with two different medias, the relationship between the surface temperature and the thermal property of subsurface defects has been deduced; the surface temperature expression is put forward to consider the

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Lu, Yang, Aidin J. Golrokh, and MD Aminul Islam. "Concrete Pavement Service Condition Assessment Using Infrared Thermography." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3829340.

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Infrared thermography (IRT), an effective nondestructive testing method, is used to obtain an initial evaluation of the concrete pavement surface and near surface in a time effective manner. In this paper, the effect of the depth of delamination inside concrete pavement on infrared thermography technique is studied for bridge decks inspection. To be able to mimic the delamination in subsurface, two Styrofoam cubes have been inserted in different depth near the surface of the concrete cylinder. After heating up the specimen, thermal images were taken from the surface using an infrared thermal c

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Wang, Jiaqi, and Yineng Rong. "The Long-Delayed Response of a Cyclonic Ocean Eddy to the Passage of Typhoons Hinnamnor and Muifa." Atmosphere 16, no. 5 (2025): 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050601.

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A cyclonic ocean eddy (COE) exhibited an extraordinarily prolonged response to sequential typhoons Hinnamnor (1 September 2022) and Muifa (11 September 2022), reaching its peak strength 20 days post-typhoon (1 October 2022), almost double the typical 7–14-day latency for mesoscale eddies. In this study, we use a functional analysis apparatus, namely the multiscale window transform (MWT) and the MWT-based theory of canonical transfer and multiscale energetics analysis, to investigate the dynamics underlying this phenomenon. The original fields, which are obtained from HYCOM reanalysis data, are

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Caldwell, S. G., and J. J. Wert. "Surface and Subsurface Behavior of Selected Al-Cu Alloys in Sliding Wear." Journal of Tribology 107, no. 3 (1985): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261085.

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As materials are pushed to higher levels of performance, the nature of friction and wear phenomena occurring in sliding contact is of even greater importance in view of energy efficiency and maintained functional integrity. The present study investigated unlubricated sliding wear from the standpoint of transfer layer behavior. Microscopic studies of selected Al-4.5 Cu structures confirmed that asperity contact damage is very localized, as was the case for previously studied solid solutions. The subsurface region was found to consist of very fine crystallites lacking a stable, definable texture

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MacAyeal, Douglas R., Alison F. Banwell, Emile A. Okal, et al. "Diurnal seismicity cycle linked to subsurface melting on an ice shelf." Annals of Glaciology 60, no. 79 (2018): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.29.

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ABSTRACTSeismograms acquired on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, during an Austral summer melt season (November 2016–January 2017) reveal a diurnal cycle of seismicity, consisting of hundreds of thousands of small ice quakes limited to a 6–12 hour period during the evening, in an area where there is substantial subsurface melting. This cycle is explained by thermally induced bending and fracture of a frozen surface superimposed on a subsurface slush/water layer that is supported by solar radiation penetration and absorption. A simple, one-dimensional model of heat transfer driven by observed

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Mellor, George. "Pressure–Slope Momentum Transfer in Ocean Surface Boundary Layers Coupled with Gravity Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 10 (2013): 2173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-068.1.

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Abstract The paper focuses on the consequences of including surface and subsurface, wind-forced pressure–slope momentum transfer into the oceanic water column, a transfer process that competes with now-conventional turbulence transfer based on mixing coefficients. Horizontal homogeneity is stipulated as is customary when introducing a new surface boundary layer model or significantly new vertical momentum transfer physics to an existing model. An introduction to pressure–slope momentum transfer is first provided by a phase-resolved, vertically dependent analytical model that excludes turbulenc

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Wang, Yuyang, Chengjian Wu, Jinyan Tang, et al. "Measurement of Sub-Surface Microstructures Based on a Developed Ultrasonic Atomic Force Microscopy." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (2022): 5460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115460.

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Accurate and non-destructive technology for detection of subsurface defect has become a key requirement with the emergence of various ultra-precision machining technologies and the application of ultra-precision components. The combination of acoustic technique for sub-surface detection and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for measurement with high resolution is a potential method for studying the subsurface structure of workpiece. For this purpose, contact-resonance AFM (CR-AFM) is a typical technique. In this paper, a CR-AFM system with a different principle from commercially available instrume

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Gilbert, A., C. Vincent, D. Six, P. Wagnon, L. Piard, and P. Ginot. "Modeling near-surface firn temperature in a cold accumulation zone (Col du Dôme, French Alps): from a physical to a semi-parameterized approach." Cryosphere 8, no. 2 (2014): 689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-689-2014.

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Abstract. Analysis of the thermal regime of glaciers is crucial for glacier hazard assessment, especially in the context of a changing climate. In particular, the transient thermal regime of cold accumulation zones needs to be modeled. A modeling approach has therefore been developed to determine this thermal regime using only near-surface boundary conditions coming from meteorological observations. In the first step, a surface energy balance (SEB) model accounting for water percolation and radiation penetration in firn was applied to identify the main processes that control the subsurface tem

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Gilbert, A., C. Vincent, D. Six, P. Wagnon, L. Piard, and P. Ginot. "Modeling near-surface firn temperature in a cold accumulation zone (Col du Dôme, French Alps): from a physical to a semi-parameterized approach." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 6 (2013): 5541–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-5541-2013.

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Abstract. Analysis of the thermal regime of glaciers is crucial for glacier hazard assessment, especially in the context of a changing climate. In particular, the transient thermal regime of cold accumulation zones needs to be modeled. A modeling approach has therefore been developed to determine this thermal regime using only near-surface boundary conditions coming from meteorological observations. In the first step, a surface energy-balance (SEB) model accounting for water percolation was applied to identify the main processes that control the subsurface temperatures in cold firn. Results ag

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Seyar, Mohammad Hussain, and Tofael Ahamed. "Development of an IoT-Based Precision Irrigation System for Tomato Production from Indoor Seedling Germination to Outdoor Field Production." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (2023): 5556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095556.

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Proper irrigation management, especially for tomatoes that are sensitive to water, is the key to ensuring sustainable tomato production. Using a low-cost sensor coupled with IoT technology could help to achieve precise control of the moisture content in the plant root-zone soil and apply water on demand with minimum human intervention. An IoT-based precision irrigation system was developed for growing Momotaro tomato seedlings inside a dark chamber. Four irrigation thresholds, 5%, 8%, 12%, and 15%, and two irrigation systems, surface and subsurface drip irrigation, were compared to assess whic

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Macher, Wolfgang, Norbert Kömle, Yuri Skorov, Ladislav Rezac, Günter Kargl, and Patrick Tiefenbacher. "3D thermal modeling of two selected regions on comet 67P and comparison with Rosetta/MIRO measurements." Astronomy & Astrophysics 630 (September 20, 2019): A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834798.

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Context. The Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO) was one of the key instruments of the Rosetta mission, which acquired a wealth of data, in particular as the orbiter moved in the close environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (August 2014–September 2016). It was the only instrument of the Rosetta payload that was able to measure temperatures in the near-subsurface layers of the cometary nucleus down to a depth of some centimeters. This range is most relevant for understanding the mechanisms of cometary activity. Aims. We simulate the 3D temperature distribution for two se

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Menberg, K., P. Blum, B. L. Kurylyk, and P. Bayer. "Observed groundwater temperature response to recent climate change." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (2014): 4453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4453-2014.

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Abstract. Climate change is known to have a considerable influence on many components of the hydrological cycle. Yet, the implications for groundwater temperature, as an important driver for groundwater quality, thermal use and storage, are not yet comprehensively understood. Furthermore, few studies have examined the implications of climate-change-induced groundwater temperature rise for groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Here, we examine the coupling of atmospheric and groundwater warming by employing stochastic and deterministic models. Firstly, several decades of temperature time series are

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Wang, Shichao, Jun Song, Junru Guo, Yanzhao Fu, Yu Cai, and Linhui Wang. "The Investigation of the Response Mechanism of SST and Chlorophyll to Super Typhoon “Rey” in the South China Sea." Water 16, no. 4 (2024): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16040603.

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As one of the most significant disturbance sources in the upper marine environment of the South China Sea, tropical cyclones (typhoons) serve as a typical research subject for investigating the energy transfer process between the ocean and atmosphere. Utilizing satellite remote sensing data and focusing on Typhoon Rey No. 22’s transit event in 2021, this study quantitatively analyzes typhoon-induced energy input through heat pumping and cold suction at both surface and subsurface levels of the ocean. Additionally, it explores the response characteristics and feedback mechanisms of sea surface

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Abromavičius, Giedrius, Martynas Skapas, and Remigijus Juškėnas. "Enhancing Laser Damage Resistance of Co2+:MgAl2O4 Crystal by Plasma Etching." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (2023): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021150.

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Co2+:MgAl2O4 crystals are successfully used as passive Q-switches within the cavity of erbium glass lasers. Their limited resistance to laser radiation might also put constraints on the generated output peak power. Usually, polishing of optical substrates induces a contaminated Beilby layer and damages the subsurface layer, which leads to a considerably lower optical resistance of the obtained surface. Low-energy oxygen plasma etching using different depths of 50, 100, 250 and 400 nm was performed on polished crystals. The surface morphology by atomic force microscopy, transmission spectra, su

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Hu, Xuanyu, Bastian Gundlach, Ingo von Borstel, Jürgen Blum, and Xian Shi. "Effect of radiative heat transfer in porous comet nuclei: case study of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko." Astronomy & Astrophysics 630 (September 20, 2019): A5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834631.

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Context. Radiative heat transfer occurs in a porous medium, such as regolith on planetary bodies. Radiation enhances the efficiency of heat transport through the subsurface, effecting a strong temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. However, this effect has been omitted in many studies of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). Aims. We concisely review the method for characterizing radiative heat transfer and present a generic treatment in thermal modeling. In particular, we study the impact of radiative heat transfer on 67P subject to both diurnal and seasonal variations of insolation

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Menberg, K., P. Blum, B. L. Kurylyk, and P. Bayer. "Observed groundwater temperature response to recent climate change." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 3 (2014): 3637–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-3637-2014.

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Abstract. Climate change is known to have a considerable influence on many components of the hydrological cycle. Yet, the implications for groundwater temperature, as an important driver for groundwater quality, thermal use and storage, are not yet comprehensively understood. Furthermore, few studies have examined the implications of climate change-induced groundwater temperature rise for groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Here, we examine the coupling of atmospheric and groundwater warming by employing stochastic and deterministic models. Firstly, several decades of temperature time-series are

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Ognean, T. "A New Dimensionless Criterion for the Oxygen Transfer Efficiency in Both Surface and Subsurface Aeration Systems." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (1992): 2531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0780.

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The effect of power consumption on oxygen transfer efficiency has been evaluated in both surface and subsurface aeration systems. For this purpose a new dimensionless number To, named “efficiency criterion”, has been proposed.Using this number, the efficiency of different aeration systems could be compared.The comparison has been achieved by taking into consideration the data furnished by full-scale experimental models.The results have proved that of two aerators with identical diameters and the same rotational velocity reaching the maximum To, the one with a higher power consumption had a hig

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Kosai, Koji, Yugang Zhao, and Jiwang Yan. "Crack Propagation Behavior of Fused Silica during Cyclic Indentation under Incremental Loads." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (2022): 6589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136589.

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Fused silica is an important optical material with important applications, where the surface must be precisely machined without subsurface damage. In this study, multi-cyclic indentations under incremental loads were performed on fused silica using two kinds of indenters to clarify the mechanisms of crack generation and propagation induced by precision grinding. It was found that incremental loading cyclic nanoindentation induced various patterns of subsurface cracking and surface spalling. Four kinds of surface spalling were identified at different locations around an indent, the temporal for

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Guerlin, Th, H. Niedrig, and M. Sternberg. "Investigation of Ion Beam Sputter Mechanisms by Electron Beam Techniques." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (1990): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100135538.

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The mechanisms of unisotropic atomic emission from single crystals under ion bombardment (Ar+, E < 25keV) have been investigated by depositing the sputtered atoms in a semi-spherical collector. A subsequent determination of the thickness distributions of the deposited films by electron backscattering gives the total angular atomic emission distribution, showing maxima in certain crystallographic directions of the sputtered target crystal: Wehner spots.Several mechanisms for the appearance of spot patterns are discussed in the literature:1.For normal incidence of the ions collision cascades

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Huynh, Thi My Dung, Van Hiep Huynh, Minh Triet Pham, Kyra Kamille A. Toledo, and Tan Hung Nguyen. "Numerical Modelling Study of Subsurface Drainage of Permeable Friction Course Considering Road Geometric Designs." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (2023): 12428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212428.

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This study aimed to evaluate the subsurface drainage of a permeable friction course (PFC) via two-dimensional finite element analysis. To achieve the scope, PFCs with equivalent water flow paths of length values of 10, 15, 20, and 30 m and slope values of 0.5%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% were modelled based on FEniCS and implemented entirely in Python programing language to extract the time for surface ponding according to a range of rainfall intensities. The results show that when the rainfall intensity and the length of equivalent water flow path of the PFC rose, the time for surface ponding decreas

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Liu, Xinqi, Lingyu Yin, Hongtu He, et al. "Effect of H2O2 Treatment on Mechanical and Mechanochemical Properties of Fused Silica." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (2023): 7636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137636.

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The surface properties of fused silica (FS) change after H2O2 treatment, but the surface and subsurface damage behaviors and their mechanisms under various physical contact conditions have not been elucidated yet. This work investigated the effect of H2O2 treatment on mechanical and mechanochemical properties of FS surface. The results show that the hydrophilicity and adsorbed water film thickness of the FS surface increase with the concentration of H2O2 solution. The surface damage, nanowear, and subsurface deformation of FS caused by indentation increase with the concentration of H2O2 soluti

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Boulet, Anne-K., Sergio A. Prats, Maruxa C. Malvar, et al. "Surface and subsurface flow in eucalyptus plantations in north-central Portugal." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 3 (2015): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0015.

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Abstract In the Baixo Vouga region of north-central Portugal, forests occupy half of the territory, of which two thirds are Eucalypts plantations. The hydrological implications of this large-scale introduction of eucalypt are unknown and the aim of this exploratory study, realized in the Caramulo Mountains, was to describe overland flow (OLF), subsurface flow (SSF) and stream flow (Q) in a catchment dominated by Eucalyptus plantations. The main conclusions are that annual OLF rate is low, spatially heterogeneous between 0.1% and 6% and concentrated during the wet season as saturation excess, p

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Bressac, Matthieu, Thibaut Wagener, Nathalie Leblond, et al. "Subsurface iron accumulation and rapid aluminum removal in the Mediterranean following African dust deposition." Biogeosciences 18, no. 24 (2021): 6435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6435-2021.

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Abstract. Mineral dust deposition is an important supply mechanism for trace elements in the low-latitude ocean. Our understanding of the controls of such inputs has been mostly built on laboratory and surface ocean studies. The lack of direct observations and the tendency to focus on near-surface waters prevent a comprehensive evaluation of the role of dust in oceanic biogeochemical cycles. In the frame of the PEACETIME project (ProcEss studies at the Air-sEa Interface after dust deposition in the MEditerranean sea), the responses of the aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) cycles to two dust wet depo

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Kurylyk, B. L., C. P. A. Bourque, and K. T. B. MacQuarrie. "Potential surface temperature and shallow groundwater temperature response to climate change: an example from a small forested catchment in east-central New Brunswick (Canada)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (2013): 2701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2701-2013.

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Abstract. Global climate models project significant changes to air temperature and precipitation regimes in many regions of the Northern Hemisphere. These meteorological changes will have associated impacts to surface and shallow subsurface thermal regimes, which are of interest to practitioners and researchers in many disciplines of the natural sciences. For example, groundwater temperature is critical for providing and sustaining suitable thermal habitat for cold-water salmonids. To investigate the surface and subsurface thermal effects of atmospheric climate change, seven downscaled climate

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Kurylyk, B. L., C. P. A. Bourque, and K. T. B. MacQuarrie. "Potential surface temperature and shallow groundwater temperature response to climate change: an example from a small forested catchment in east-central New Brunswick (Canada)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (2013): 3283–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-3283-2013.

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Abstract. Global climate models project significant changes to the air temperature and precipitation regimes in some regions of the Northern Hemisphere. These meteorological changes will have associated impacts to the surface and shallow subsurface thermal regimes, which are of interest to practitioners and researchers in many disciplines of the natural sciences. For example, groundwater temperature is critical for providing and sustaining suitable thermal habitat for cold-water salmonids. To investigate the surface and subsurface thermal effects of atmospheric climate change, seven downscaled

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Hemmerle, Hannes, Sina Hale, Ingo Dressel, et al. "Estimation of Groundwater Temperatures in Paris, France." Geofluids 2019 (June 17, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5246307.

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Subsurface temperature data is usually only accessible as point information with a very limited number of observations. To spatialize these isolated insights underground, we usually rely on interpolation methods. Unfortunately, these conventional tools are in many cases not suitable to be applied to areas with high local variability, like densely populated areas, and in addition are very vulnerable to uneven distributions of wells. Since thermal conditions of the surface and shallow subsurface are coupled, we can utilize this relationship to estimate shallow groundwater temperatures from satel

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