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Books on the topic 'Surface types and Obudu'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Guaschi, John. Dynamics of surface homeomorphisms: Braid types and coexistence of periodic orbits. typescript, 1991.

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2

K, Brown James. Surface fuel loadings and predicted fire behavior for vegetation types in the northern Rocky Mountains. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1986.

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3

K, Brown James. Surface fuel loadings and predicted fire behavior for vegetation types in the northern Rocky Mountains. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1986.

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4

K, Brown James. Surface fuel loadings and predicted fire behavior for vegetation types in the northern Rocky Mountains. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1986.

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5

Saulles, Tom De. Utilisation of thermal mass in non-residential buildings: Guidance on system design, floor types, surface finish and integration of services. The Concrete Centre, 2006.

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6

Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Preliminary Lithogeochemical Map Showing Near-Surface Types, etc., U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 01-187-A, 2001, (CD-ROM). s.n., 2002.

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7

Yager, Thomas J. Evaluation of two transport aircraft and several ground test vehicle friction measurements obtained for various runway surface types and conditions: a summary of test results from Joint FAA/NASA Runway Friction Program. Langley Research Center, 1990.

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8

Chepurina, Ekaterina, Konstantin Krasnyaschih, Dmitriy Rybalkin, and Dar'ya Kushnareva. Descriptive geometry and engineering graphics. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1872627.

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The textbook contains the basic materials of descriptive geometry and engineering graphics. The following sections are presented: types of projection, orthogonal systems of two and three projection planes and methods of specifying geometric objects on them, methods of projection transformation, surfaces, positional and metric tasks, surface scans, geometric and projection drawing, construction of detachable joints, surface roughness, execution of sketches of parts and working drawings, general drawing. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education

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9

Kravchenko, Yuriy. Surveying. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/textbook_5900a29b032774.83960082.

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The contents of the book corre-sponds to the curriculum of surveying for building schools. Including historical and general information about on geodesy, the basic principles of treatment results of geodetic measurements, information about topographic maps and plans and solutions the problems with their use, description of instruments and methods of measurement of angles, distances and excesses on the earth surface, information about horizontal and vertical geo-detic networks, methods for creat-ing and processing survey geodes-ic networks, types and methods of survey, a description of the meth

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10

Šerý, Ondřej, Pavel Doboš, Ladislava Suchá, et al. Geografie bariér. Edited by Robert Osman. Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.m210-9910-2021.

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The book Geography of Barriers: Examples of Good Barrier-free Practice offers a collection of texts that are interested in making space, services, and information accessible. Thus, the collection is primarily about barriers, their nature, localization, and possible effects. Under barriers, most people imagine material barriers for wheelchair users in the form of steps or sidewalk curbs. Only a few would think that barriers can be represented by loosely placed rugs, unfit lighting, large glass surface, a doorbell without visual output, unwanted attention, frequent asking and offering help, lack

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11

Synoptic Climatology of Pacific Surface Weather Types. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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12

Robinson, D. M., and G. A. Jamieson. Mammalian Cell Membranes: Volume 3, Surface Membranes of Specific Cell Types. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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13

Effects of Specific Types of Surface Roughness on Boundary-Layer Transition. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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14

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Types of Contamination and Contamination Resources. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2015-0-01444-7.

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15

Kohli, Rajiv, and Kashmiri L. Mittal. Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning : Types of Contamination and Contamination Resources: Volume 10. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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16

Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning : Types of Contamination and Contamination Resources: Volume 10. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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17

United States Geological Survey. Preliminary lithogeochemical map showing near-surface rock types in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Virginia and Maryland (Open-file report). U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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18

Mean Annual Variations of Barometric Pressure and Rainfall in Certain Regions: Being a Study of the Mean Annual Pressure Variations for a Large Number of Areas Scattered over the Earth's Surface in Relation to the Principal Types of Mean Annual. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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19

Mean Annual Variations of Barometric Pressure and Rainfall in Certain Regions: Being a Study of the Mean Annual Pressure Variations for a Large Number of Areas Scattered over the Earth's Surface in Relation to the Principal Types of Mean Annual. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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20

Mean Annual Variations of Barometric Pressure and Rainfall in Certain Regions: Being a Study of the Mean Annual Pressure Variations for a Large Number of Areas Scattered over the Earth's Surface in Relation to the Principal Types of Mean Annual. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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21

Read, Nick D. Fungal cell structure and organization. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0004.

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Human pathogenic fungi produce three basic ‘cell’ types: hyphae, yeast cells, and spores. The organization and subcellular structure of these different cell types and their modes of growth and formation are reviewed. Growth and form is the consequence of how new cell surface is formed. This is generated by the delivery of vesicles to the surface which provides new membrane and the enzymes for cell wall synthesis. To generate these various cell types, the pathway of vesicle secretion to the surface has to be carefully regulated. These vesicles have to be transported through the cell by the cyto

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22

Kodali, Anil K., and Rohit Bhargava. Nanostructured probes to enhance optical and vibrational spectroscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.15.

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This article describes the use of nanostructured probes to enhance optical and vibrational spectroscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Engineered probes and surfaces are promising tools for enhancing signals for ultrasensitive detection of diseases like carcinoma. Two methods of interest are surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for IR and Raman modalities, respectively. SERS and SEIRA can be broadly categorized under a common modality termed surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy. This article first reviews various b

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23

Di Lazzaro, Vicenzo. Transcranial stimulation measures explored by epidural spinal cord recordings. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0014.

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In response to a single-electrical stimulus to the motor cortex an electrode placed in the medullary pyramid or on the dorsolateral surface of the cervical spinal cord records a series of high-frequency waves. This has been shown by various studies conducted on animals. Recording from the surface of the spinal cord during spinal cord surgery has provided evidence for the action of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) on the human motor cortex. However, the interpretation of this data has been limited. This article explains both types of transcra

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24

Foran, Jeffery A., and Amaryl Griggs. Water Contamination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0019.

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This chapter describes water contamination and wastewater treatment. It reviews the current state of water availability and water quality globally. It describes types of surface water contaminants including metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury, pesticides such as atrazine, industrial chemicals including PCBs and PBDEs, and pathogens such as E. coli and Cryptosporidium. Sources of water pollutants and their effects on humans and the environment are also discussed. Environmental Protection Agency approaches to managing surface water quality under the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water A

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25

Abrasive Blast Cleaning of Concrete and Cementitious Materials – Intermediate Blast Cleaning. AMPP, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/sspc-sp_cab-2-2019.

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Scope This standard defines the Intermediate Blast Cleaning level of surface cleanliness achieved using abrasive blast cleaning. The standard includes requirements for the resulting condition of the surface as determined by visual inspection and procedures used to achieve and verify the resulting condition. This standard is limited to requirements for removal of visible surface contaminants and existing coatings from concrete surfaces, and procedures for verification. Specific requirements for concrete soundness, surface profile range, and repair of the substrate and any exposed reinforcing st

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26

Roberts, George, George Krauss, and Richard Kennedy. Tool Steels. 5th ed. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.9781627083584.

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Tool Steels, Fifth Edition provides tutorial explanations along with engineering data on the production, selection, and use of tool steels and related materials. The first six chapters cover topics of a general nature including tool steel classifications and selection factors, primary production processes, the effects of alloying on microstructure and phase composition, and the theory and practice of tool steel heat treatments. The chapters that follow cover specific types or families of tool steels including water-hardening, low-alloy special-purpose, shock-resisting, oil- and air-hardening c

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27

Pucher, Bernhard, and Guenter Langergraber, eds. Recent Advances in Pollution Control by Treatment Wetlands. IWA Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789064889.

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Abstract The goal of this book is to improve understanding of the role wetlands perform in processing nutrients and contaminants, and to discuss and demonstrate how restored and constructed wetlands in the future, via their associated ecosystem services, can contribute to ensure sustainable water management and resource recovery while at the same time regulating and mitigating impacts of global climate change. Topics covered include: various treatment wetland types, e.g. free water surface wetlands, subsurface flow wetlands, and intensified wetlandsthe performance of treatment wetlands for dif

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28

Kanduč, M., A. Schlaich, E. Schneck, and R. R. Netz. Interactions between biological membranes: theoretical concepts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0012.

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In this chapter we review the various types of generic (non-specific) forces acting between lipid membranes in an aqueous environment and discuss the underlying mechanisms, with particular focus on the competing roles of enthalpic and entropic contributions. The interaction free energy (or interaction potential) is typically the result of a subtle interplay of several, often antagonistic contributions with comparable magnitude. First, we will briefly introduce the underlying physics of various kinds of surface–surface interactions, starting with theories of van der Waals and undulation interac

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29

Lee, Gregory. Epitope/Peptide-Based Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248208.003.0007.

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Two monoclonal antibodies, RP215 and GHR106, were selected, respectively, for the research and development of anti-cancer drugs targeting ovarian cancer and other types of human cancer. RP215 was shown to react with a carbohydrate-associated epitope located mainly in the variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy chains expressed on the surface of almost all cancer cells in humans. GHR106 was generated against a synthetic peptide corresponding to N1-29 amino acid residues in the extracellular domains of human GnRH receptor, which is surface-expressed by most cancer cells as well as the anterior

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30

Wich, Serge A., and Lian Pin Koh. Conservation Drones. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787617.001.0001.

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In this book, we introduce the use of drones for wildlife conservation. We provide a broad overview of when drone technology can be useful for wildlife conservation before going into the different types of drones that are available and the basic configuration of such systems. After this we discuss the various types of sensors that are being used to obtain data and the various applications for those sensors by us and others. We discuss the various applications of sensors and discuss research that we and others have conducted with those. The usage of drones for surveillance is discussed as well

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31

Saha, Prasenjit, and Paul A. Taylor. The Main Sequence of Stars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816461.003.0007.

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This chapter introduces the basics of radiative transfer, which is a primary energy-transport mechanism inside stars, and also contributes to keeping stars ‘inflated’ and balanced against gravity. The roles of opacity and cross-sections in scattering photons are described. With the help of some drastic but still insightful approximations, the luminosity of a star can be related to its mass, and its surface temperature to its interior temperature. Not all types of stars are covered with analytical approximations, and only the simplest cases are studied here: the high-mass main sequence stars wh

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32

Palmer, Paul I. The Atmosphere: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198722038.001.0001.

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The atmosphere is the thin, diffuse fluid that envelops the Earth’s surface. Despite its apparent fragility, the existence of this fluid is vital for human and other life on Earth. The Atmosphere: A Very Short Introduction describes the physical and chemical characteristics of different layers in the atmosphere, and shows how the atmosphere’s interactions with land, ocean, and ice affect these properties. It also looks at how movement in the atmosphere, driven by heat from the Sun, transports heat from lower latitudes to higher latitudes. Finally, it presents an overview of the types of measur

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33

Winkler, Adolf. Reaction studies on nanostructured surfaces. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.12.

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This article examines the properties of some self-organized nanostructured surfaces with respect to specific model reactions, from a surface-science point of view. It begins with an overview of the most important types of nanostructured surfaces, their preparation and characterization. It then considers the fundamentals of reaction processes, focusing on the kinetics and dynamics of adsorption and desorption. It also describes the experimental techniques used in the context of reaction studies under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Finally, it presents some experimental results of model reactions,

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34

Ecay, Aaron, and Meredith Tamminga. Persistence as a diagnostic of grammatical status: The case of Middle English negation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0013.

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This chapter proposes the use of persistence effects (repetitiveness in variant choice) to diagnose grammatical relationships between surface forms in cases of language change. We illustrate using Middle English corpus data on the change from ne to not as the English sentence negator. During the transition period, ne and not could co-occur as well as appear independently. Prior accounts differ on whether sentences containing both negators are a distinct third option (Wallage 2008) or represent the independent appearance of ne and not (Frisch 1997). We spell out the predictions that these analy

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35

Wyatt, Karla E. K., and Olutoyin A. Olutoye. Omphalocele/Gastroschisis. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0049.

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Omphalocele and gastroschisis are the most common types of abdominal wall defects encountered in the neonatal population. Both conditions result in the herniation of abdominal viscera through a defect in the upper or lower abdominal wall. These neonates can present with herniated organs, intestinal obstruction, impaired blood supply to visceral organs, and major fluid deficits. The primary goal for a neonate with an abdominal wall defect is surgical closure. Prior to achieving this goal, maintenance of perfusion of the herniated viscera and minimization of evaporative fluid losses secondary to

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36

Odds, Frank C. Pathogenesis of fungal disease. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0008.

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The pathogenesis of fungal disease involves an interplay between fungal virulence factors and host immune responses. Most fungal pathogens are opportunists that preferentially invade hosts with immune defects, but the fact that relative pathogenicity varies between fungal species (and even between different strains within a species) is evidence that fungi have evolved multiple, different molecular virulence factors. Experiments in which genes encoding putative virulence attributes are specifically disrupted and the resulting mutants are tested for virulence in a range of vertebrate and inverte

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37

Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0001.

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Using electricity to relieve pain is an age-old technique that pre-dates the discovery of electricity. The ancient Egyptians used electric fish to treat various ailments. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a technique that delivers pulsed electrical currents across the intact surface of the skin to stimulate peripheral nerves using a ‘standard TENS device’ and conductive electrodes. TENS is principally used as a stand-alone treatment or as an adjunct to core treatment for symptomatic relief of most types of pain. TENS is popular with patients and practitioners because it is

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38

Cervical Dysplasia: Education for Patients and the Public. Exon Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36255/cervical-dysplasia-patient-public-education.

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Cervical dysplasia is a medical condition where abnormal cells develop on the surface of the cervix. While not cancer, some forms of dysplasia, especially high-grade types, may become cancerous over time if not treated. This article offers a clear and comprehensive explanation of cervical dysplasia, covering its causes, signs, risk factors, and available treatments. It begins with a simple definition and then explores how the condition is linked to persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus, or HPV. The article explains how cervical dysplasia is discovered through routin

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39

Martínez-Pérez, M. J., R. Kleiner, and D. Koelle. NanoSQUIDs Applied to the Investigation of Small Magnetic Systems. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.19.

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This article discusses the use of nanoSQUIDs for investigating small magnetic systems. It begins with an overview of the basics of superconducting quantum interference devices, focusing on how a dc SQUID operates and the use of resistively and capacitively shunted junction model to describe the phase dynamics of Josephson junctions (JJs). It then considers the motivation for using nanoSQUIDs, along with the importance of their size and geometry. It also evaluates micro- and nanoSQUIDs made of various types of JJs including nanoSQUIDs based on sandwich-like junctions, constriction-like junction

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40

Cameron, Bob. Illumination and Decoration of Flat Surfaces. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097124.

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It must be appreciated that no building surface is perfectly flat and that the best that can be expected is the appearance of flatness. Unfortunately, this appearance can easily be destroyed by the effect of glancing light, whether natural or artificial. Illumination and Decoration of Flat Surfaces shows the effect of different light sources on a variety of lining materials and paints so that best results can be achieved. Different types of building surfaces are investigated, including set plaster, fibrous plaster, hardboard and gypsum board with gloss and semi-gloss paint applied. This

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41

Anderson, James A. Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0010.

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Hardware matters. The neural organ largely responsible for cognition is the cerebral cortex of mammals. Cortex is a thin two-dimensional layered structure arranged with on the order of a few hundred interconnected regions that seem to be specialized for particular operations. Regions often show topographic organization. Early vision displays an interestingly distorted topographic map of the retinal input, audition has a topographic map of frequency, and there is a distorted map of the body surface on the somatosensory areas. Information in cortex is not “processed” with an orderly flow from ra

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42

Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097117.

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The Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook specifies methods and terminology for soil and land surveys. It has been widely used throughout Australia, providing one reference set of definitions for the characterisation of landform, vegetation, land surface, soil and substrate. The book advocates that a comprehensive suite of land and soil attributes be recorded in a uniform manner. This approach is more useful than the allocation of land or soil to preconceived types or classes. The third edition includes revised chapters on location and vegetation as well as some new landfo

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43

Coatings Failures: Case Studies in Analysis and Solutions: Infrastructure. AMPP, Association for Materials Protection and Performance15835 Park Ten Place, Houston, TX 77084, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/37671.

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In this multi-author book, Coatings Failures: Case Studies in Analysis and Solutions: Infrastructure, coatings experts recall days in the field when they were faced with a problem, such as premature coating failures, determined a cause, and developed a solution. Throughout the book, the subject-matter experts share insights such as the most often underestimated aspect of an engineering project: the amount of time required to adequately protect unpainted surfaces from damage during surface prep and coating applications. The six chapters include case studies on topics such as how alkyd paints sh

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44

Bokstein, Boris S., Mikhail I. Mendelev, and David J. Srolovitz. Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Materials Science. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198528036.001.0001.

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This text presents a concise and thorough introduction to the main concepts and practical applications of thermodynamics and kinetics in materials science. It is designed with two types of uses in mind: firstly for one or two semester university course for mid- to - upper level undergraduate or first year graduate students in a materials-science-oriented discipline and secondly for individuals who want to study the materials on their own. The following major topics are discussed: basic laws of classical and irreversible thermodynamics, phase equilibria, theory of solutions, chemical reaction t

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45

Blunn, Gordon. Bearing surfaces. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007006.

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♦ Traditionally bearings were made from polyethylene and cobalt chrome. These bearings are still most commonly used for knee replacements. In hip replacements due to osteolysis caused by polyethylene wear alternative material combinations at the bearing surface are used♦ Highly cross linked plastics have been developed and have been shown to reduce wear. There are a number of different types available which differ in their performance♦ Metal on metal bearings first used in the 1960s have also been developed and show very low wear rates. These bearings are more susceptible to edge loading and t

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46

Paro, John A. M., and Geoffrey C. Gurtner. Pathophysiology and assessment of burns. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0346.

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Burn injury represents a complex clinical entity with significant associated morbidity and remains the second leading cause of trauma-related death. An understanding of the local and systemic pathophysiology of burns has led to significant improvements in mortality. Thermal insult results in coagulative necrosis of the skin and the depth or degree of injury is classified according to the skin layers involved. First-degree burns involve only epidermis and heal quickly with no scar. Second-degree burns are further classified into superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness depending

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47

van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. Physiology of blood vessels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0002.

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This chapter covers two major fields of the blood circulation: ‘distribution’ and ‘exchange’. After a short survey of the types of vessels, which form the circulation system together with the heart, the chapter describes how hydrostatic pressure derived from the heartbeat and vascular resistance determine the volume of blood that is locally delivered per time unit. The vascular resistance depends on the length of the vessel, blood viscosity, and, in particular, on the diameter of the vessel, as formulated in the Poiseuille-Hagen equation. Blood flow can be determined in vivo by different imagi

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48

Randall, Nicola, and Barbara Smith. The Biology of Agroecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.001.0001.

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The Biology of Agroecosystems provides an introduction to the biological and ecological attributes of ecosystems and the biological impacts of agriculture on the wider environment. Global human populations are rising and diets are becoming ever more complicated, leading to requirements for increased levels of food production. Natural biotopes are becoming increasingly fragmented as agricultural activities expand around them. Agroecosystems occur from the tropics to subarctic environments and comprise systems as varied as annual crops, perennial grasslands, orchards, and agroforestry systems. T

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49

Cattran, Daniel C., and Heather N. Reich. Membranous glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0064_update_001.

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It has been clear for several decades from comparison with the rodent model disease Heymann nephritis that membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is an immune condition in which antibodies, usually autoantibodies, bind to targets on the surface of podocytes. However, the antigen in Heymann nephritis, megalin, is not present on human podocytes. The first potential antigen was identified by studying rare examples of maternal alloimmunization, leading to congenital membranous nephropathy in the infant caused by antibodies to neutral endopeptidase. More recently, the target of autoantibody formation

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50

Buchanan, Allen, and Russell Powell. The Evolution of Moral Progress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868413.001.0001.

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The idea of moral progress played a central role in liberal political thought from the Enlightenment through the nineteenth century but is rarely encountered in moral and political philosophical discourse today. One reason for this is that traditional liberal theorists of moral progress, like their conservative detractors, tended to rely on underevidenced assumptions about human psychology and society. For the first time in history, we are developing robust scientific knowledge about human nature, especially through empirical psychological theories of morality and culture that are informed by

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