Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surface water source heat

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Surface water source heat'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface water source heat"

1

Wang, Min, and Yue Jin Yu. "Analysis of Water Heat Pollution of Thermal Discharge in Surface Water Source Heat Pump System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.364.

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To comprehensively evaluate surface water source heat pump system, the problem of water heat pollution of thermal discharge in surface water source heat pump system should be seriously considered. This study summarizes the causes and hazards of water heat pollution of surface water source heat pump, explores the characteristics of water heat pollution of lake-source heat pump system, river-source heat pump system and sea-source heat pump system respectively, and proposes several preventive measures for solving the problem. Concludes that surface water heat pumps discharges can change local water temperature, and various types of water bodies have different degree of heat pollution.
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Chen, Zhao, and Ya Ping Jiang. "An Adaptability Evaluation on Surface Water-Source Heat Pumps in Guilin, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 4387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4387.

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This paper evaluates the adaptability of the water-source heat pumps (WSHP) in urban Guilin. Volume data of all assessed water areas are obtained from decades-long observations by Guilin hydrological station and government reports. Judging from data from the same sources and fresh samples, water quality in assessed areas generally meets the requirement in Technical Code for Ground-Source Heat Pumps System (GB 50366-2009). According to continuous measurement of temperature change in separate years, water temperature is basically suitable for demands in Water-Source Heat Pumps (GB/T 19409-2003). By assuming the assessed water areas as flowing waters, the maximum instantaneous heat capacity of each water area in each month is calculated. By setting the energy per square meter of building area needs as standard values, the maximum serviceable building area each water area can offer in each month is calculated. This paper can serve as guidance in adaptability evaluation on WSHP projects in hydrological-alike environment.
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Zhang, Wei. "Application of Water-Intake Methods on Open-Loop Surface Water Source Heat Pump." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.588.

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Natural conditions are conducive to the application of surface water source heat pump technology in Chongqing, and the application of open-loop surface water source heat pump system is more common than the close-loop style. Introduces the ultimate principle of the Water percolation and Water-intake directly method, and corresponding with the actual case, makes comparison and analysis to the main factors considered in the selection of water-intake methods.
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Yang, Dongfang, Linzhen Wei, Ming Feng, Shengjun Zhang, and Danfeng Yang. "Transmit the heat of rivers to surface seawater." E3S Web of Conferences 276 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127601010.

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Based on the survey materials of the waters of Jiaozhou Bay in April and August 1981, this article studies the water temperature and horizontal distribution in the surface waters of Jiaozhou Bay. The results have showed that the water temperature ranged within 7.52–30.90°C in April and August, and the length of interval of water temperature was 23.38°C. The water temperature of the ocean was above 7.00°C. It indicated that the water temperature of the entire water body of Jiaozhou Bay was relatively high in April and August, in terms of the changes of water temperature. In April, the water temperature in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay ranged within 7.52–13.70°C, and the length of temperature interval was 6.18°C. In Jiaozhou Bay, from the northeastern coastal waters along the northern coastal waters to the northwestern coastal waters, the range of water temperature changes was 12.82–13.70°C, and the interval length of seawater temperature changes was 0.88°C. From the northern area to the southern area, the range of water temperature changes was 7.52–13.70°C, and the interval length of seawater temperature was 6.18°C. In August, the range of water temperature changes was 24.60–30.90°C, and the interval length of seawater temperature was 6.30°C. In the eastern area of Jiaozhou Bay, the water temperature in the coastal waters of the estuary of Jiaozhou Bay was 30.90°C, forming a high temperature area. In the coastal waters of Jiaozhou Bay from the northwest to the north, the range of water temperature changes was 27.32–27.37°C and the interval length of seawater temperature was 0.05°C. In April and August, the increase of water temperature in the coastal waters from the northeast along the north to the northwest of Jiaozhou Bay was mainly caused by the shortwave radiation from the sun and sky and the longwave radiation from the atmosphere which continuously offered heat to the seawater. In April, it formed a circular water area with low temperature centered with the central water area of Jiaozhou Bay, whose water temperature ranged within 7.52–8.51°C. Thus, there was no heat source to provide heat to the central waters of Jiaozhou Bay, resulting a loop-locked low water temperature area in the center of the bay. In August, in the eastern part of Jiaozhou Bay, that is, the coastal waters in the estuary of Haibo River, the water temperature reached a relatively high value, 30.90°C. The source of the increase in water temperature was the transportation of heat from Haibo River, which transferred the heat of the river to the surface seawater.
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Qin, Zenghu, Mingwei Tong, and Lin Kun. "Experimental investigation on water quality standard of Yangtze River water source heat pump." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 1103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.294.

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Due to the surface water in the upper reaches of Yangtze River in China containing large amounts of silt and algae, high content of microorganisms and suspended solids, the water in Yangtze River cannot be used for cooling a heat pump directly. In this paper, the possibility of using Yangtze River, which goes through Chongqing, a city in southwest China, as a heat source–sink was investigated. Water temperature and quality of the Yangtze River in the Chongqing area were analyzed and the performance of water source heat pump units in different sediment concentrations, turbidity and algae material conditions were tested experimentally, and the water quality standards, in particular surface water conditions, in the Yangtze River region that adapt to energy-efficient heat pumps were also proposed. The experimental results show that the coefficient of performance heat pump falls by 3.73% to the greatest extent, and the fouling resistance of cooling water in the heat exchanger increases up to 25.6% in different water conditions. When the sediment concentration and the turbidity in the river water are no more than 100 g/m3 and 50 NTU respectively, the performance of the heat pump is better, which can be used as a suitable river water quality standard for river water source heat pumps.
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Arnau, Pedro, Naeria Navarro, Javier Soraluce, Jose Martínez-Iglesias, Jorge Illas, and Eugenio Oñate. "Cool Steam Method for Desalinating Seawater." Water 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112385.

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Cool steam is an innovative distillation technology based on low-temperature thermal distillation (LTTD), which allows obtaining fresh water from non-safe water sources with substantially low energy consumption. LTTD consists of distilling at low temperatures by lowering the working pressure and making the most of low-grade heat sources (either natural or artificial) to evaporate water and then condensate it at a cooler heat sink. To perform the process, an external heat source is needed that provides the latent heat of evaporation and a temperature gradient to maintain the distillation cycle. Depending on the available temperature gradient, several stages can be implemented, leading to a multi-stage device. The cool steam device can thus be single or multi-stage, being raw water fed to every stage from the top and evaporated in contact with the warmer surface within the said stage. Acting as a heat carrier, the water vapor travels to the cooler surface and condensates in contact with it. The latent heat of condensation is then conducted through the conductive wall to the next stage. Net heat flux is then established from the heat source until the heat sink, allowing distilling water inside every parallel stage.
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Feng, Jin Mei, Jian Min Gao, and Paul Woods. "Study on the Maximum Installed Capacity of Surface Water Source Heat Pump System." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3853.

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The maximum installed capacity mathematic model has been set up and analysis about surface water source heat pump using at large scale. The maximum installed capacity of Nu River China has been calculated by the equations as an example. In the mean time, the key coefficients have been simplified while practical application in engineering. A general conclusion of the maximum water source heat pump installed capacity has obtained for different surface water characteristic. The value from the general conclusion can use in the plan and the layout on the surface water source heat pump system large-scale use. That will protect ecological environment and against creates the destruction.
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Jiang, Xudong, and Jinhua Chen. "Economic analysis of a water source heat pump– direct surface water cooling hybrid system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 384 (November 29, 2019): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/384/1/012089.

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Jung, Gun, Geun Oh, Chul Chung, and Han Kim. "Heat transfer on grooved high density poly ethylene tube for surface water source heat pump." Thermal Science 18, no. 4 (2014): 1327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130513017j.

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High density polyethylene (HDPE) tube has been successfully utilized in surface water source heat pump (SWSHP) system as a surface water heat exchanger (SWHE). Since the heat transfer coefficient (U value) of the HDPE tube directly affects performance and energy efficiency of SWSHP, this research aims to increase U value of HDPE tube by grooving external surface of conventional 32A HDPE tube to reducing cross sectional volume. The final shape of grooved HDPE tube is similar to that of fin. In order to verify the performance of grooved HDPE tube, the U values of grooved and smooth tube were compared experimentally. According to the results, U value of grooved tube showed approximately 21.5% increase with natural convection and 23.5% with forced convection system than U values obtained from smooth tube. The reason for such increase in U value was found to be the reduction in cross sectional volume of the HDPE tube.
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Zhou, Chaohui, Long Ni, and Yang Yao. "Heat transfer analysis of multi-row helically coiled tube heat exchangers for surface water-source heat pump." Energy 163 (November 2018): 1032–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.190.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface water source heat"

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Charoenvisal, Kongkun. "Energy Performance and Economic Evaluations of the Geothermal Heat Pump System used in the KnowledgeWorks I and II Buildings, Blacksburg, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33942.

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Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems (HVAC) are not only one of the most energy consuming components in buildings but also contribute to green house gas emissions. As a result often environmental design strategies are focused on the performance of these systems. New HVAC technologies such as Geothermal Heat Pump systems have relatively high performance efficiencies when compared to typical systems and therefore could be part of whole-building performance design strategies.

In collaboration with the Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Inc., this research studies the energy consumption and cost benefits of the Geothermal Heat Pump System that has been integrated and operated in the KnowledgeWorks I and II buildings located on the Virginia Tech campus.

The purpose of this thesis is to understand the energy and cost benefits of the Geothermal Heat Pumps System when compared to the conventional package variable air volume (VAV) with hot water coil heating and air-source heat pump systems using computer simulation and statistical models. The quantitative methods of building energy performance and life-cycle cost analyses are applied to evaluate the results of simulation models, the in-situ monitoring data, and the associated documents. This understanding can be expanded to the higher level of architectural systems integration.
Master of Science

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Barikan, Chirin. "Hydronic Pavement Systems for Sustainable Winter Road Maintenance in Sweden : A Study of Hamnbacken in Visby." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254668.

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In countries with harsh winter climates extensive winter road maintenance is necessary to achieve traffic accessibility and road safety. These measures have high economic and environmental costs as snow free roads and winter road maintenance in Sweden today is achieved by a combination of mechanical snow clearance and the spreading of salt to prevent ice formation. The salt ends up in the roadside environment and has negative effects on groundwater and vegetation. An alternative to traditional winter road maintenance to obtain non-skid winter roads is the use of hydronic pavement(HP) systems. Existing HP systems in Sweden are powered by district heating which limits the application to urban locations. The goal is to utilize renewable energy sources such as geoenergy which can be used in both rural and urban locations. This thesis suggests Hamnbacken in Visby as a pilot project for a full-scale application of the proposed HP system using surface water source heat.The weather related road surface conditions on Hamnbacken, and the potential of a renewable energysource have been examined in this study and the proposed location has been found favourable for a HP system.
Länder med övervägande kallt vinterklimat är halkbekämpning en nödvändighet för trafikens framkomlighet och säkerhet. Åtgärderna som vidtas för att få snö- och isfria vägar är kostsamma samt har en hög miljöpåverkan, ett vedertagligt exempel är plogning och saltning. Saltet hamnar i slutändan inom vägens omgivande områden och har en negativ påverkan på grundvatten och vegetation. En alternativ lösning till traditionell halkbekämpning är uppvärmda vägar för att uppnå ett halkfritt vinterväglag. Befintliga väguppvärmningssystem i Sverige försörjs av fjärrvärme vilket är en begräsning då tillgången till fjärrvärme finns i anslutning till tätorter. Målet är att utnyttja förnybara energikällor såsom geoenergi som är tillgänglig både i tätorter och på landsbygden. Det här examensarbetet undersöker Hamnbacken i Visby som ett pilotprojekt för en fullskalig implementering av väguppvärmningssystem där sjövärme används som energikälla. Denna studie har undersökt väderrelaterade vägförhållanden på Hamnbacken samt potentialen för användning av sjövärme. Den föreslagna platsens förutsättningar har visat sig vara gynnsamma i detta avseende.
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Primartomo, A. "Laser surface treatment using customised heat source profiles." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429008.

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Joel, Abraham. "Surface runoff : a water source for poor farming communities in drylands /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5753-X.pdf.

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Preston, Daniel J. (Daniel John). "Enhanced condensation heat transfer for water and low surface tension fluids." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113167.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 68-79).
Vapor condensation is routinely used as an effective means of transferring heat or separating fluids for applications ranging from personal electronic device thermal management to natural gas processing and electric power generation. Filmwise condensation, where the condensed fluid forms a liquid film, is prevalent in typical industrial-scale systems. Conversely, dropwise condensation, where the condensate forms discrete liquid droplets, results in an improvement in heat transfer performance of up to an order of magnitude compared to filmwise condensation. We explored rare earth oxides (REOs) as a potential coating to induce dropwise condensation of water; specifically, we experimentally demonstrated that the mechanism for REO hydrophobicity results from adsorption of contaminants from the atmosphere. We also used graphene, which is hydrophobic in nature, as a coating to achieve robust dropwise water condensation. With a graphene coating, we demonstrated a 4x improvement in water condensation heat transfer compared to filmwise condensation with robustness superior to state-of-the-art hydrophobic monolayer coatings. Meanwhile, low surface tension condensates pose a unique challenge since they often form a film, even on hydrophobic coatings. Lubricant infused surfaces (LIS) represent a potential solution, where a lubricant immiscible with the low surface tension condensate is infused into a rough structure on the condenser surface to repel the condensate. We developed a detailed surface-energy-based model to provide design guidelines for any arbitrary LIS system. We then characterized heat transfer coefficients during condensation of low surface tension fluids on LIS in a controlled environmental chamber for the first time, where a 5x improvement was demonstrated compared to filmwise condensation. The improved condensation heat transfer coefficients realized by LIS for low surface tension fluids and by REOs and graphene for water present opportunities for significant energy savings in device thermal management, heating and cooling, and power generation.
by Daniel John Preston.
Ph. D.
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Malone, Patrick R. "Identifying and Managing Impacts of Point and Non-Point Source Pollution on Surface Water Quality." Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/513.

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Surface waters can be impacted by point and non-point source (NPS) pollution including stormwater culverts, runoff, and septic systems. It is important to develop water quality monitoring plans that can be implemented within resource constraints while still providing useful data. The goal of this research was to develop a sampling strategy to identify the impacts of point and NPS pollution on surface waters. This research incorporates water quality monitoring, land use data, precipitation data, and statistical modeling to improve understanding of pollutant impacts on surface waters. Research was conducted at a 152-acre private lake in western Massachusetts. Lake water samples were collected approximately twice per month over 12 months at ten sample locations selected to isolate land uses, including (1) shoreline samples adjacent to homes with septic systems, (2) shoreline samples at stormwater discharge sites, and (3) control samples at the lake influent, lake effluent, and a private beach. Sampling events included dry and wet weather conditions. Water samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters including: pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, alkalinity, nutrients, anions, organic carbon, and microbial indicators (total coliform, E. coli, enterococci, male-specific and somatic coliphages). The data were statistically analyzed to determine how land use, season, and precipitation affect the risk of contamination to surface waters. Results indicated significant water quality variations by land use, season, and precipitation and identified important correlations between water quality parameters.
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Gustafsson, David. "Boreal land surface water and heat balance : Modelling soil-snow-vegetation-atmosphere behaviour." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3406.

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The water and heat exchange in thesoil-snow-vegetation-atmosphere system was studied in order toimprove the quantitative knowledge of land surface processes.In this study, numerical simulation models and availabledatasets representing arable land, sub-alpine snowpack, andboreal forest were evaluated at both diurnal and seasonaltimescales. Surface heat fluxes, snow depth, soil temperatures andmeteorological conditions were measured at an agriculturalfield in central Sweden during three winters and two summersfrom 1997 to 2000 within the WINTEX project. A one-dimensionalsimulation model (COUP) was used to simulate the water and heatbalance of the field. Comparison of simulated and measured heatfluxes in winter showed that parameter values governing theupper boundary condition were more important for explainingmeasured fluxes than the formulation of the internal mass andheat balance of the snow cover. The assumption of steady stateheat exchange between the surface and the reference height wasinadequate during stable atmospheric conditions. Independentestimates of the soil heat and water balance together with thecomparison of simulated and measured surface heat fluxes showedthat the eddy-correlation estimates of latent heat fluxes fromthe arable field were on average 40 % too low. The ability of a multi-layered snowpack model (SNTHERM) tosimulate the layered nature of a sub-alpine snowpack wasevaluated based on a dataset from Switzerland. The modelsimulated the seasonal development of snow depth and densitywith high accuracy. However, the models ability to reproducethe strong observed snowpack layering was limited by theneglection of the effect of snow microstructure on snowsettling, and a poor representation of water redistributionwithin the snowpack. The representation of boreal forest in the land surfacescheme used within a weather forecast (ECMWF) model was testedwith a three-year dataset from the NOPEX forest site in centralSweden. The new formulation with separate energy balances forvegetation and the soil/snow beneath the tree cover improvedthe simulation of seasonal and diurnal variations in latent andsensible heat flux. Further improvements of simulated latentheat fluxes were obtained when seasonal variation in vegetationproperties was introduced. Application of the COUP model withthe same dataset showed that simulation of evaporation fromintercepted snow contributed to a better agreement with themeasured sensible heat flux above forests, but also indicatedthat the measurements might have underestimated latent heatflux. The winter sensible heat flux above the forest wasfurther improved if an upper limit of the aerodynamicresistance of 500 s m-1 was applied for stable conditions. A comparison of the water and heat balance of arable landand forest confirmed the general knowledge of the differencesbetween these two surface types. The forest contributed withconsiderably more sensible heat flux to the atmosphere than thearable land in spring and summer due to the lower albedo andrelatively less latent heat flux. Latent heat flux from theforest was higher in winter due to the evaporation ofintercepted snow and rain. The net radiation absorbed by theforest was 60 % higher than that absorbed by the arable land,due to the lower surface albedo in winter. Key words:soil; snow; land surface heat exchange;forest; arable land; eddy-correlation.
QC 20100614
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Badri, Seyed Ali Mohammad. "Simulation of Photovoltaic Panel Production as Complement to Ground Source Heat Pump System." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energi och miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-12666.

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This master thesis presents a new technological combination of two environmentally friendly sources of energy in order to provide DHW, and space heating. Solar energy is used for space heating, and DHW production using PV modules which supply direct current directly to electrical heating elements inside a water storage tank. On the other hand a GSHP system as another source of renewable energy provides heat in the water storage tank of the system in order to provide DHW and space heating. These two sources of renewable energy have been combined in this case-study in order to obtain a more efficient system, which will reduce the amount of electricity consumed by the GSHP system.The key aim of this study is to make simulations, and calculations of the amount ofelectrical energy that can be expected to be produced by a certain amount of PV modules that are already assembled on a house in Vantaa, southern Finland. This energy is then intended to be used as a complement to produce hot water in the heating system of the house beside the original GSHP system. Thus the amount of electrical energy purchased from the grid should be reduced and the compressor in the GSHP would need fewer starts which would reduce the heating cost of the GSHP system for space heating and providing hot water.The produced energy by the PV arrays in three different circuits will be charged directly to three electrical heating elements in the water storage tank of the existing system to satisfy the demand of the heating elements. The excess energy can be used to heat the water in the water storage tank to some extent which leads to a reduction of electricity consumption by the different components of the GSHP system.To increase the efficiency of the existing hybrid system, optimization of different PV configurations have been accomplished, and the results are compared. Optimization of the arrays in southern and western walls shows a DC power increase of 298 kWh/year compared with the existing PV configurations. Comparing the results from the optimization of the arrays on the western roof if the intention is to feed AC power to the components of the GSHP system shows a yearly AC power production of 1,646 kWh.This is with the consideration of no overproduction by the PV modules during the summer months. This means the optimized PV systems will be able to cover a larger part of summer demand compared with the existing system.
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Obuladinne, Sai Sujith. "Two-Phase Spray Cooling with Water/2-Propanol Binary Mixtures for High Heat Flux Focal Source." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955089/.

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Two-phase spray cooling has been an emerging thermal management technique offering high heat transfer coefficients and critical heat flux levels, near-uniform surface temperatures, and efficient coolant usage that enables to design of compact and lightweight systems. Due to these capabilities, spray cooling is a promising approach for high heat flux applications in computing, power electronics, and optics. Two-phase spray cooling inherently depends on saturation temperature-pressure relationships of the working fluid to take advantage of high heat transfer rates associated with liquid-vapor phase change. When a certain application requires strict temperature and/or pressure conditions, thermo-physical properties of the working fluid play a critical role in attaining proper efficiency, reliability, or packaging structure. However, some of the commonly used single-component working fluids have relatively poor properties and heat transfer performance. For example, water is the best coolant in terms of properties, yet in certain applications where the system operates at low temperature ambient, it cannot be implemented due to freezing risk. The common solution for this problem is to use the antifreeze mixtures (binary mixtures of water and alcohol) to reduce the freezing point. In such cases, utilizing binary mixtures to tune working fluid properties becomes an alternative approach. This study has two main objectives; (1) to experimentally investigate the two-phase spray cooling performance of water/2-propanol binary mixture, and (2) to numerically investigate the performance of an advanced heat spreader featuring high and directional thermal conductivity materials for high heat flux focal sources. The first part of the study involves experimental characterization of heat transfer performance. Tests are conducted on a small-scale, closed loop spray cooling system featuring a pressure atomized spray nozzle. The test section, made of copper, measures 10 mm x 10 mm x 2 mm with a plain, smooth surface. A cylindrical copper block, with a matching size square protrusion attached onto the back side of the test section, generates heat using cartridge heaters and simulates high heat flux source. Embedded thermocouples are used to determine the spray surface temperature. The working fluid, water/alcohol mixture, has various concentration levels of 2-propanol by mass fraction 0.0 (pure water), 0.25, 0.50, 0.879 (azeotrope) and 1.0 (pure alcohol)), representing both non-azeotropic and azeotropic cases. Spray cooling tests are performed with a constant flow rate of 5.6 ml/cm².s at subcooled temperatures (~20oC) and atmospheric pressure. Experimental procedure involves controlling the heat flux in increasing steps, and recording the corresponding steady-state temperatures to obtain cooling curves in the form of surface superheat vs. heat flux. The second part of the study investigates an advanced heat spreader design for thermal management of a high heat flux focal source. The heat spreader comprises of three layers: a copper layer that interfaces with the heat source, a high and directional thermal conductivity material (such as CVD diamond and Pyrolytic graphite) layer, and another copper layer that is exposed to two-phase spray cooling. The analysis applies various heat fluxes on the heat source side and the experimentally obtained heat transfer coefficients on the spray side of the spreader design to determine the temperature and heat flux distributions, and examine the potential capabilities of this configuration.
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Elbag, Jr Mark A. "Impact of Surrounding Land Uses on Surface Water Quality." Digital WPI, 2006. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/665.

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Source water protection is important to maintain public health by keeping harmful pathogens out of drinking water. Non-point source pollution is often times a major contributor of pollution to surface waters, and this form of pollution can be difficult to quantify. This study examined physical, chemical, and microbiological water quality parameters that may indicate pollution and may help to identify sources of pollution. These included measures of organic matter, particles, and indicator organisms (fecal coliforms and E. coli). The parameters were quantified in the West Boylston Brook, which serves as a tributary to the Wachusett Reservoir and is part of the drinking water supply for the Metropolitan Boston area. Water quality was determined over four seasons at seven locations in the brook that were selected to isolate specific land uses. The water quality parameters were first analyzed for trends by site and by season. Then, a correlation analysis was performed to determine relationships among the water quality parameters. Lastly, ANOVA analyses were used to determine statistically significant variations in water quality along the tributary.
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Books on the topic "Surface water source heat"

1

Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Water Source Heat Pumps. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Horticultural Uses of Water Source Heat Pumps. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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Sargeant, Debby. Fecal contamination source identification methods in surface water. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1999.

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Water-source heat pumps: Testing and rating for performance. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1998.

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Water-source heat pumps: Testing and rating for performance. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1998.

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Terrell, Charles R. Water quality indicators guide: Surface waters. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1989.

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Patricia, Perfetti, and Terrene Institute, eds. Water quality indicators guide: Surface waters. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: Terrene Institute, 1996.

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Terrell, Charles R. Water quality indicators guide: Surface waters. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1989.

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South Dakota. Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources. The 2010 South Dakota integrated report for surface water quality assessment. Pierre, S.D.]: South Dakota Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources, 2010.

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Chandler, Robert V. Evaluation of water-analysis data for surface-water sites in the Weeks Bay Watershed, Alabama: January 1994-September 1995. Tuscaloosa, Ala: Geological Survey of Alabama, Hydrogeology Division, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface water source heat"

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Long, Jibo, and Siyi Huang. "Study on Energy Efficiency Evaluation Method of Cooling Water System of Surface Water Source Heat Pump." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 333–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39581-9_34.

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Xu, Ying, Yuebin Wu, Liang Chen, and Qiang Sun. "Research on the Energy-Saving Coefficient and Environmental Effect of the Surface Water Source Heat Pump System." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 719–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9524-6_75.

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Petrasova, Anna, Brendan Harmon, Vaclav Petras, Payam Tabrizian, and Helena Mitasova. "Surface Water Flow Modeling." In Tangible Modeling with Open Source GIS, 107–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89303-7_7.

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Yu, Shui. "Introduction of Water Source Heat Pump System." In Handbook of Energy Systems in Green Buildings, 473–519. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49120-1_4.

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Yu, Shui. "Introduction of Water Source Heat Pump System." In Handbook of Energy Systems in Green Buildings, 1–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49088-4_4-1.

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Petrasova, Anna, Brendan Harmon, Vaclav Petras, and Helena Mitasova. "Surface Water Flow and Soil Erosion Modeling." In Tangible Modeling with Open Source GIS, 65–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25775-4_5.

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Kui, Shan, Li Shuhong, and Zhang Xiaosong. "Water Heater Compound with Ground Source Heat Pump." In Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V), 2542–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_514.

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Garbe, Christoph S., Bernd Jähne, and Horst Haußecker. "Measuring the Sea Surface Heat Flux and Probability Distribution of Surface Renewal Events." In Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, 109–14. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm127p0109.

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Albertson, John D., Gerard Kiely, and Marc B. Parlange. "Surface Fluxes of Momentum, Heat, and Water Vapor." In Radiation and Water in the Climate System, 59–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03289-3_3.

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Job, Chuck A., John J. Simons, and Alan D. Lease. "Methods for assessing nonpoint source contaminated ground water to surface water." In Ecological Indicators, 1540–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4661-0_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface water source heat"

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Schumerth, Dennis J. "Gray and Impaired Water Cooling in Surface Condensers and Heat Exchangers." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88115.

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In recent years, concern over the continued use of limited fresh water supplies or similarly, cooling towers and their essential makeup, high maintenance and associated chemical treatment requirements has spawned a clever, yet dramatic change in powerplant surface condenser and heat exchanger cooling. The paradigm shift away from the established and typical toward the unconventional has produced an innovative and non-traditional cooling water source for surface condensers and heat exchangers. Pundits suggest water shortages will increase the amount of water reuse (Chart 1) in the US from a current estimated 1.7 billion gallons to an estimated 12 billion gallons by the year 20152. Given this dramatic prediction, water reuse, or the reclamation and treatment of impaired or gray water will be driven by and emerge as market incentives joined at the hip by emerging or mandated effluent discharge standards. Without a clear understanding of the legislative and political landscape, regulative complexities that deal with this type of cooling water could conceivably lead to an unattractive environmental legacy. Having duly noted the “trend or aberration” dilemma, this paper will further identify efforts by the municipal wastewater treatment plants to economically process a usable product. We will investigate the impact of ancillary add-on costs absorbed by the electric utility such as secondary filtration and examine an actual case study involving the extensive use of gray water. Finally, the paper will evaluate new operational conditions, emerging new corrosion issues with suggested abatement, metallurgical changes, pollution considerations, maintenance issues and other mechanisms which have forced utilities to develop innovative solutions when employing impaired cooling water sources for the main surface condenser and other heat exchangers.
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Amaya, Miguel, Sang M. Kwark, Ajay Gurung, and Seung M. You. "Pool Boiling Heat Transfer of Borated (H3BO3) Water on a Nanoporous Surface." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75041.

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With regard to potential application in pressurized water reactors (PWRs), a nanoporous heated surface was tested in pool boiling of an aqueous solution of boric acid (H3BO3), or borated water (1% volume concentration). The effect of different system pressures and different surface orientations on pool boiling heat transfer was studied. The nanoporous surface consisted of a coating of alumina nanoparticles applied on a 1 cm2 flat copper surface through nanofluid boiling. An uncoated surface in borated water was similarly tested, and due to boric acid deposition, the boiling heat transfer (BHT) degraded and the critical heat flux (CHF) enhanced relative to pure water. Also, the possibility of transient pool boiling behavior of borated water was investigated but none was detected. For all pressures and orientations, the nanoporous surface further enhanced the CHF of borated water to the CHF produced by the nanoporous surface in pure water. Over the nanoporous surface, the CHF of borated water was increasingly better with decreasing pressure, than that over the plain surface. However, BHT degraded slightly further. Boric acid deposition over the nanoporous surface was believed to be the source of this BHT degradation, but played no apparent role in the further CHF enhancement.
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Dehghan, Ali A. "An Experimental Investigation of Thermal Stratification in an Underground Water Reservoir." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56784.

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Temperature stratification in a long-term underground water reservoir was studied experimentally. The cold water storage tank, which was selected for this study, is an underground water reservoir with a domed shape roof and equipped with wind towers (Baad-Gir) which are responsible for capturing wind from any direction and inducing airflow over the water surface. These historic reservoirs were used as a source of drinking cold water in hot arid central regions of Iran during hot and dry summer season. The cylindrical shape underground reservoir, with 12m in height and 12m in diameter, was filled with 15°C water from a nearby well in winter. Temperature data were taken every ten days from late April until mid-October. To obtain accurate experimental temperature data, water layers temperature was measured in vertical direction whilst cold water was extracted from bottom of the tank on a daily basis at a rate corresponding to the regional inhabitants water consumption. It was observed that stable thermal stratification was developed after charging the reservoir. The temperature of extracted water was in the range of 11.9–13.1 °C during the entire summer period whilst the outside ambient temperature was reached upto 42 °C. It is believed that the radiation heat exchange between the water surface and the storage ceiling, as well as the convective heat and mass transfer from the surface of water induced by airflow were primarily responsible for temperature profile change. However, the discharged water flow rate had a secondary effect on thermal stratification.
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Sarkar, Sagar, and Ashish Kumar Nath. "Water-Jet Assisted Laser Surface Hardening of Medium Carbon Steel Using Fiber Laser." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6457.

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Laser surface hardening of most of the industrial components require depth of surface modification in the range of 100–150 micron. Conventional laser surface hardening uses laser as a heat source to modify a particular area of the surface without melting in an inert gas environment. However, the hardened profile in this case shows peak hardness value at a certain depth from the top surface. Also, hardening the top surface to get relatively much higher hardness near the top surface in case of thin sheets becomes difficult due to accumulation of heat below the surface of the specimen which in turn lowers the cooling rate. Hence, self-quenching becomes inadequate. In the present study, an in-house fabricated laser processing head with coaxial water nozzle has been used to flow a laminar water-jet during the laser surface hardening process to induce forced convection at the top surface. Thus, heat gets carried away by the water-jet from the top surface and by the water from the bottom surface as well. Results show that with judicious selection of process parameters, it is possible to get higher hardness (800 HV) to that of conventional laser surface hardening (500 HV) at the top surface using this process. Present process can be used for those cases where high hardness values are required near the top surface specially for thin sheets and thermally sensitive materials.
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Martin, Viktoria, and Fredrik Setterwall. "Feasibility Study of Absorption Chillers With a Low Temperature Heat Source." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60781.

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Low temperature energy powering an absorption chiller will make more energy sources available for comfort cooling as compared to conventional heat driven chillers. Solar energy, industrial waste heat and heat from combined power and heat generation are examples of sources for driving energy. Also, the distribution of energy for comfort cooling could be made efficiently by transportation of hot water to the chiller situated near to the customers. Absorption chillers driven by temperatures lower than 90°C (194°F) are in general not available as an “off-the-shelf product.” Usually the low temperature driven chillers are custom made to fit to the local conditions with respect to temperatures of the driving energy and of the cooling water. The optimal design of a chiller is dependant on the temperature of the driving energy as well as on the temperature of the available heat sink for cooling the absorber and the condenser. A scheme for optimization of the chiller with respect to the size of the heat transfer surfaces and of the temperature drop of the driving energy and of the cooling water is presented herein. Presented results illustrate the dramatic effect on the size of the absorber by changing the cooling water temperature, and the equally dramatic effect on the size of the condenser and generator by changing the temperature of the driving energy. Clearly, lowering the heat source temperature and/or increasing the heat sink temperature increases the capital cost for a chiller. However, when coupled to combined heat and power generation, reasonable pay-back times have here been demonstrated for low temperature driven absorption chillers due to the increased electricity production in the overall system.
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Tabatabaee, Mohammad Hadi, Mahshid Mohammadi, and Mohammad Behshad Shafii. "Experimental Study of Evaporator Surface Area Influence on a Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe Performance." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72349.

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Pulsating Heat Pipes are an effective mean for heat removal with the potential for a widespread application in electronic packaging. An experimental study a Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe (CLPHP) constructed of copper tubes formed into four meandering turns is presented. Once configured in a vertical orientation the lower portion of the CLPHP comes in contact with a heat source (called the evaporator) from which it will remove heat through the pulsating action of the two-phase mixture contained within the initially evacuated copper tubes eventually transfer the heat to a heat sink (known as the condenser). Heat fluxes can be measured using temperature data gathered from experiments. Thermocouples connected to the copper tubes at several locations provide this data. Experiments were conducted using deionized water as the working fluid. The surface area of the tubing which comes in contact with the heat source at the evaporator affects the heat removal rates. This effect was studied by varying the surface area in contact with the heat source while providing the same power input. Experiments were conducted using different filling ratios of working fluid (20–70%) for each case. The heat source (heating elements wound around the tubes) was supplied with different power inputs ranging from 10 to 40 W. Results indicate the surface area affects the pulsating action differently for each configuration because of its dependency on the flow regime. These results are presented for each flow regime. The results can be used to optimize the CLPHP according to the flow regime which it will be working in.
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Hirasawa, Shigeki, Tatsuya Nakamu, Tsuyoshi Kawanami, and Katsuaki Shirai. "Study on Periodic Thermal-Switching Behavior of Flat Heat Pipe." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50158.

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The coupling of the electrocaloric effect in thin films with thermal switches has the potential to be used for efficient refrigeration. We studied the unsteady heat transfer performance and periodic thermal-switching behavior of a flat heat pipe to transfer cold energy from a changing heat source. The condenser of the flat heat pipe was the changing heat source and changed from −20 W to +20 W every 5 s. The temperature of the condenser surface changed in accordance with the heat generation of the heat source. The evaporator was a plate with a mesh wick attached to a water-flow pipe. Cold energy transferred from the condenser surface to the evaporator surface only when the temperature of the condenser surface was lower than that of the evaporator surface. We analyzed the unsteady temperature change and heat transfer performance of the flat heat pipe by numerical simulation. The analytical results showed that it was necessary to have two thermal switches to separate the heat energy and cold energy of the changing heat source. Also, it was important to reduce the thermal resistance and heat capacity of the evaporator surface to improve the unsteady heat transfer performance of the heat pipe. Next, we measured the unsteady heat transfer performance of the flat heat pipe experimentally. The experimental results showed that the thermal-switching behavior was observed when the heat generation of the heat source changed every 5 s.
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Hashimoto, Mitsuo, Hiroto Kasai, Kazuma Usami, Hiroyuki Ryoson, Kazuaki Yazawa, Justin A. Weibel, and Suresh V. Garimella. "Nano-Structured Two-Phase Heat Spreader for Cooling Ultra-High Heat Flux Sources." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22765.

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A two-phase heat spreader has been developed for cooling high heat flux sources in high-power lasers, high-intensity light-emitting diodes, and semiconductor power devices. The heat spreader targets the passive cooling of heat sources with fluxes greater than 5 W/mm2 without requiring any active power consumption for the thermal solution. The prototype vapor chamber consists of an evaporator plate, a condenser plate and an adiabatic section, with water as the phase-change fluid. The custom-designed high heat flux source is composed of a platinum resistive heating pattern and a temperature sensor on an aluminum nitride substrate which is soldered to the outside of the evaporator. Experiments were performed with several different microstructures as evaporator surfaces under varying heat loads. The first microstructure investigated, a screen mesh, dissipated 2 W/mm2 of heat load but with an unacceptably high evaporator temperature. A sintered copper powder microstructure with particles of 50 μm mean diameter supported 8.5 W/mm2 without dryout. Four sets of particle diameters and different thicknesses for the sintered copper powder evaporators were tested. Additionally, some of the sintered structures were coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) that were rendered hydrophilic. Such nano-structured evaporators successfully showed a further reduction in thermal resistance of the vapor chamber.
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Vafaei, Saeid, and Dongsheng Wen. "Critical Heat Flux During Subcooled Flow Boiling of Alumina Nanofluids in a Narrow Channel." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22267.

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This work reported an experimental study of flow boiling of pure water and aqueous alumina nanofluids in a 0.5 millimetre narrow channel. An open-ended stainless steel microchannel system is constructed where liquids are supplied by a syringe pump and heated by a variable DC power source, with synchronized measurement of the surface temperature distribution along the channel and pressure fluctuations associated with bubbles. The effect of nanoparticle concentration, inlet subcooling and mass flow rate and on critical heat flux in a microchannel is investigated. A modest increase in CHF is observed for nanofluids, being higher at higher particle concentrations and higher inlet subcoolings. Regular fluctuations in temperature and pressure signals suggest a cyclic boiling events occurring in the narrow channel; the large pressure fluctuation, coupling with the surface temperature and inlet temperature fluctuations, would affect flow boiling mechanisms in narrow channels.
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Zhu, Qunzhi, Yongguang Li, Lijuan Mu, and Yun Cui. "Theoretical Investigation of Radiative Transport and Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in a Direct Solar Absorption Collector." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22554.

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Conversion of solar energy into heat is a common way to explore the clean and renewable energy source. Generally, a spectrally selective coating should be deposited to the solar-absorbing surface of the solar collector in order to reduce thermal loss emitted away from the surface in the form of thermal radiation. Nanofluids can be filled into a flat plate solar collector to absorb the solar radiation directly. The absorbance of the nanofluid in the solar spectrum may be tuned by various nanoparticles of different materials, sizes and mass fractions. In this paper, a theoretical investigation is carried out to model absorption, scattering and extinction of solar radiation within the nanofluid and to model the heat transfer within the liquid film in the direct solar absorption collector. The predicted extinction coefficient is much lower than the measured value in visible spectrum for the SiO2-water nanofluid. The calculated average temperature increase in the outlet of the collector using the measured radiative properties agrees with the measured value while that applying the predicted radiative properties is significantly lower. Nevertheless, the agreement in the predicted and the measured extinction coefficients of the TiO2-water nanofluid is reasonably good within the solar spectrum. The calculated average temperature increase is close to the measurement value. This work is helpful to understand radiative transport and heat transfer of direct solar absorption collectors using nanofluids.
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Reports on the topic "Surface water source heat"

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Davisson, M. L. Isotopic Tracers for Delineating Non-Point Source Pollutants in Surface Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15013601.

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Dougherty, Brian P. A proposed methodology for rating air-source heat pumps that heat, cool, and provide domestic water heating. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4154.

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Smith, Ellen D., and Xiaobing Liu. Evaluation of the Impacts of Heat Exchanger Operation on Quality of Water Used as Heat Source and Sink. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1460237.

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Spitler, J. D., J. R. Culling, K. Conjeevaram, M. Ramesh, and M. Selvakumar. Improved Design Tools for Surface Water and Standing Column Well Heat Pump Systems (DE-EE0002961). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1111113.

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Widder, Sarah H., Cheryn E. Metzger, Joseph M. Petersen, and Joshua A. McIntosh. Interaction between Heat Pump Water Heaters or Other Internal Point Source Loads and a Central Heating System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1485308.

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Payne, W. Vance, and Piotr A. Domanski. A comparison of rating water-source heat pumps using ARI standard 320 and ISO standard 13256-1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6803.

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Stecher, D., and K. Allison. Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps with Integrated Domestic Hot Water Generation: Performance Results from Long-Term Monitoring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1055370.

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Jarrell, Mark. Recovery Act: Cedarville School District Retrofit of Heating and Cooling Systems with Geothermal Heat Pumps and Ground Source Water Loops. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1113632.

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Southworth, George R., Scott C. Brooks, Mark J. Peterson, Mary Anna Bogle, Carrie L. Miller, Liyuan Liang, and Mike Elliott. Controlling Mercury Release from Source Zones to Surface Water: Initial Results of Pilot Tests at the Y-12 National Security Complex. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/969971.

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Minnett, P. J. Measurements of the summer surface heat budget of the Northeast Water Polynya. USCGC Polar Sea cruise, July 15--August 15, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10150784.

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