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Journal articles on the topic 'Surfaces and Interfaces'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Chan, Chi-Ming, Lu-Tao Wang, and Lin Li. "Applications of Surface Analysis Techniques in Surface Characterization of Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces." Journal of The Adhesion Society of Japan 38, no. 5 (2002): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11618/adhesion.38.173.

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2

Chen, Xiaobin, Jiasheng Zhang, Yuanjie Xiao, and Jian Li. "Effect of roughness on shear behavior of red clay – concrete interface in large-scale direct shear tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 8 (August 2015): 1122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0399.

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Few studies have focused on evaluating regular surface roughness and its effect on interfacial shear behavior of the red clay – concrete interface. This paper presents the results of a series of laboratory large-scale direct shear tests conducted using different types of red clay – concrete interfaces. The objective is to examine the effect of surface roughness on these types of soil–concrete interfaces. In the smooth-interface tests, the measured peak and residual shear strength values are very close to each other, with no observed shear dilation. The surface roughness is found to have a remarkable effect on the interfacial shear strength and shear behavior, with the shear strength increasing with increased surface roughness level. The shear dilation is likely to occur on rougher interfaces under lower confining pressure due to the behavior of compressed clay matrices. Owing to the clay matrix’s cohesion and friction, the interfacial shear strength on rough interfaces consists of cohesive and frictional forces between the clay and concrete surfaces. The friction angle value is observed to fluctuate between the clay’s friction angle and the smooth interface’s friction angle. This can be related to the position change of the shear failure slip plane. The confining pressure and surface roughness could change the shear failure plane’s position on the interface. Furthermore, the red clay – structure interface is usually known as the weakest part in the mechanical safety assessment.

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3

Chang, Boyce, Andrew Martin, Paul Gregory, Souvik Kundu, Chuanshen Du, Millicent Orondo, and Martin Thuo. "Functional Materials through Surfaces and Interfaces." MRS Advances 3, no. 37 (2018): 2221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.399.

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ABSTRACTIn most materials, surfaces and interfaces present a significant portion of the workable area, but this area has often been erroneously perceived as a challenge in processing and thus, largely ignored. Surfaces and interfaces, however, present a network of energetically mismatched (sometimes metastable) molecules that can be exploited to either control surface reactions, engineer bulk stability or reveal new fundamental details of otherwise not well understood processes or systems as described herein. This perspective captures the role of i) structure, ii) chemistry and iii) thermodynamics at the interface in fabricating functional materials. Engineering substrate morphology enables tunable wettability either through the substrate or an adsorbed self-assembled monolayer (SAM), the latter being largely due to effect of sub-nanoscale roughness on conformational defects and overall order in the SAM. Surface roughness and chemistry also dictates the nature and amount of adventitious contaminants on a surface, and this was used to control volume of adsorbed water leading to controlled and tunable step-growth polymerization. The chemical treatment renders the paper amphiphobic, which could be used for self-cleaning surfaces and nucleation of water microdroplets for water harvesting. Finally, creating a self-passivating polished thin (∼0.7-2 nm) shell on a molten metal microdroplet kinetically frustrates solidification leading to significant undercooling. The ambient undercooled liquid metal is used for mechanically-triggered heat-free solder and smart composites. These three cases demonstrate key aspects of surface and interface engineering in integrating well-known concepts for the development of functional materials.

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4

Helmer, Magdalena. "Surfaces and interfaces." Nature 437, no. 7059 (September 2005): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/437637a.

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5

Porojan, Liliana, Mihaela Bîrdeanu, Cristina Savencu, and Sorin Porojan. "Characterization of Dental Metal-Ceramic Interfaces of Heat Pressed Ceramics on Co-Cr Frameworks Obtained with Different Technologies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 876 (February 2018): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.876.25.

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It is known that the quality of metal-ceramic restorations mainly depends on the interface strength. The aim of the study was to evaluate metal–ceramic interfaces of heat pressed ceramic on Co-Cr frameworks obtained with different technologies: melting-casting (CST), computerized milling (MIL), selective laser sintering (SLS) and selective laser melting (SLM). The microstructure of metal–ceramic interfaces and framework topography were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sandblasted, polished surfaces and the cross section on the interfaces were observed. Sandblasted surfaces presented a uniform rough aspect and pronounced porous surface compared to that of polished surfaces and were better visible in SLS and SLM samples. The thickness of the veneer layer had a noticeable effect on the interface, because in the case of thicker veneers, cracks at the interfaces were visible for CST and MIL specimens. Considering the findings reported herein, some suggestions can be considered in practice, such as adaptation of the restorations morphology to the characteristics of the processed materials.

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6

Robinson, I. K. "Surface diffraction on semiconductor surfaces and interfaces." Applied Surface Science 56-58 (January 1992): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(92)90224-l.

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7

Li, Yifan, Yunlu Pan, and Xuezeng Zhao. "Interface conditions of roughness-induced superoleophilic and superoleophobic surfaces immersed in hexadecane and ethylene glycol." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (November 27, 2017): 2504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.250.

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Interface conditions are an important property that can affect the drag of fluid flow. For surfaces with different oleophobicity, the boundary slip at the solid–oil interface is mostly larger than that at the solid–water interface. Roughness is a key factor for the wettability of superoleophilic/superoleophobic surfaces, and it has been found to affect the effective value of slip length in measurements. Moreover, there are no studies on the effect of roughness on slip at interfaces between oil and superoleophilic/superoleophobic surfaces. A theoretical description of the real surface roughness is yet to be found. Results show that the effective slip length is negative and decreases with an increasing root mean squared (RMS) roughness of surfaces, as the increasing roughness enhances the area with discontinuous slip at the solid–liquid interface. The underlying mechanisms are analyzed. The amplitude parameters of surface roughness could significantly inhibit the degree of boundary slip on both superoleophilic surfaces in Wenzel state and superoleophobic surfaces in Cassie state immersed in oil. The oleic systems were likely to enhance boundary slip and resulted in a corresponding reduction in drag with decreasing roughness on the solid–oil interfaces.

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8

Josell, Daniel, and Frans Spaepen. "Surfaces, Interfaces, and Changing Shapes in Multilayered Films." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 2 (February 1999): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400051538.

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It is generally recognized that the capillary forces associated with internal and external interfaces affect both the shapes of liquid-vapor surfaces and wetting of a solid by a liquid. It is less commonly understood that the same phenomenology often applies equally well to solid-solid or solid-vapor interfaces.The fundamental quantity governing capillary phenomena is the excess free energy associated with a unit area of interface. The microscopic origin of this excess free energy is often intuitively simple to understand: the atoms at a free surface have “missing bonds”; a grain boundary contains “holes” and hence does not have the optimal electronic density; an incoherent interface contains dislocations that cost strain energy; and the ordering of a liquid near a solid-liquid interface causes a lowering of the entropy and hence an increase in the free energy. In what follows we shall show how this fundamental quantity determines the shape of increasingly complex bodies: spheres, wires, thin films, and multilayers composed of liquids or solids. Crystal anisotropy is not considered here; all interfaces and surfaces are assumed isotropic.Consideration of the equilibrium of a spherical drop of radius R with surface free energy γ shows that pressure inside the droplet is higher than outside. The difference is given by the well-known Laplace equation:This result can be obtained by equating work done against internal and external pressure during an infinitesimal change of radius with the work of creating a new surface.

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9

Spencer, Michelle J. S., Andrew Hung, Ian K. Snook, and Irene Yarovsky. "Iron Surfaces: Pathways to Interfaces." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 02n03 (April 2003): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005025.

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We have used density functional theory to examine the effects of avalanche in adhesion between Fe(100) surfaces, in registry and out of registry. When the central layers of the two surfaces are constrained the surface layers are attracted towards each other, forming a strained crystal region at intermediate interfacial separations. When the constraints in the z-direction are lifted, the surfaces avalanche together. In addition, when the surfaces are allowed to move sideways, we find that an interface initially out of registry will tend to avalanche towards an interface that is in registry.

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10

Hicks, J., R. Ellis, C. Flaitz, G. Westerman, and L. Powell. "Restoration-enamel interface with argon laser and visible light polymerization of compomer and composite resin restorations: a polarized light and scanning electron microscopic in vitro study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 27, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.27.4.dj286712r2r85345.

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This polarized light (PL) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) in vitro study investigated the effect of argon laser (AL) and visible light (VL) polymerization on the interfaces between compomer and composite resin restorations and the enamel cavosurfaces. Surface topography by SEM revealed a smooth transition between the restorative materials and adjacent enamel surfaces with no microspaces between the restorations and enamel surfaces. The enamel surfaces showed relatively smooth surface coatings with AL curing, compared with exposure of etched prism endings with VL curing. The restoration-enamel interface by PL showed an intimate relationship between the restorative materials and the cavosurface enamel. No differences were found between AL and VL polymerization.With the restoration-enamel interface by SEM, compomers and composite resins were adapted closely to the cavosurface enamel and tags of restorative material protruded into the adjacent cavosurface enamel. Both VL and AL polymerization of compomers and composite resin restorations in vitro produced closely adapted restorations with intimate restorationenamel interfaces. Such restoration-enamel interfaces may provide a certain degree of resistance against secondary caries formation, and this may be enhanced by the caries protective effect of argon laser irradiation.

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11

BACHRACH, R. Z., R. D. BRINGANS, MARJORIE A. OLMSTEAD, and R. I. G. UHRBERG. "SYNCHROTRON RADIATION STUDIES OF MBE FORMED SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES: Si-GaAs AND GaAs-Si." Modern Physics Letters B 01, no. 03 (June 1987): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984987000144.

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Studies of silicon on gallium arsenide and gallium arsenide on silicon interface formation will be described and used as examples of how synchrotron radiation excited photoemission is a powerful probe of surface and interface phenomena. The samples and interfaces studied in this work were prepared in-situ using thermal Ga and As MBE sources and a resistive Si evaporation source. The MBE capability has allowed us to explore atomic and electronic structural issues of interface formation during hetero-epitaxy. We have combined these techniques to explore Si and GaAs surfaces, the adsorbate interactions of Ga and As on Si, and interface formation of Si on GaAs and the inverse system, GaAs on Si. Several of these surfaces and interfaces yield model systems which can provide general insights. As an example, studies of arsenic terminated silicon (100) and (111) surfaces will be described. A specific focus of the paper will be the interfacial development of Si on GaAs(100). Si deposited at various coverages below 10 ml onto a room temperature substrate yields a disordered surface. For coverages below two monolayers, subsequent annealing at 450–600°C leads to a single domain 1×2 surface from either the As rich c(2×8) or Ga rich 4×6 reconstructions. While the periodicity is the same for the different starting surfaces, evidence is presented that the atomic arrangement in the unit cell is different.

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12

Koberstein, J. T. "Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 1 (January 1996): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400035089.

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Since their commercialization in the late 1940s, applications for synthetic polymers have grown at an extraordinary rate, to the point where polymers are now ubiquitous in our society. The demands placed upon polymer performance have paralleled the growth in applications and has driven the development of sophisticated multiconstituent polymer formulations with many outstanding physical and mechanical properties. Many applications require that a polymeric material be attached to or in contact with another material. In some cases, such as the classic nonstick fry pan, as well as lubrication and release paper, it is desirable to create surfaces that do not interact with the material in contact. On the other hand, in applications such as rubber toughening of blends, filled or fiber-reinforced polymers, and coatings, dissimilar materials must adhere to each other if high performance is to be obtained. While the majority of the research and development efforts to date have centered on optimizing bulk properties, the focus is now shifting toward the development of polymer systems with controlled surface and interfacial properties.The recent flurry of activity in polymer interfacial science can be traced to the simultaneous emergence of three factors: a strong commercial need to control the surface properties of advanced multicomponent polymer systems, the availability of sophisticated theoretical methods for studying polymer surface and interphase problems, and the devel opment of new characterization techniques capable of investigating molecular level structure at polymer interphases. The seven articles that comprise this issue provide an overview of basic polymer interface science by discussing some of the current advances in polymer interface theory, by presenting many of the new techniques available for polymer interphase characterization, and by illustrating some of the interesting and challenging problems associated with their applications.

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13

NISHIO, TAKASHI. "Fibers, Surfaces and Interfaces." FIBER 65, no. 1 (2009): P.33—P.35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.65.p_33.

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14

Mönch, Winfried, and N. John Dinardo. "Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces." Physics Today 47, no. 8 (August 1994): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2808614.

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15

Michl, Josef, and John Gladysz. "Surfaces and Interfaces: Introduction." Chemical Reviews 88, no. 4 (June 1988): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00086a600.

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16

Eagland, D. "Polymer surfaces and interfaces." Endeavour 11, no. 4 (January 1987): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90303-6.

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17

LI, YONG-DONG, and KANG-YONG LEE. "SIZE-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF LOVE WAVE PROPAGATION IN A NANOCOATING." Modern Physics Letters B 24, no. 31 (December 20, 2010): 3015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984910025346.

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The effect of surface/interface stress on mechanical behaviors may become remarkable when the characteristic size of a structure decreases to nanoscale. Various problems have been analyzed to reveal the size-dependent mechanical behaviors of nano structures with curved surfaces/interfaces. In this work, the problem of planar surfaces/interfaces is addressed. The generalized Young–Laplace equation is presented for a planar interface and the propagation behavior of Love wave in a nanocoating is discussed. Parametric studies indicate that if the surface effect of the nanocoating is considered the phase velocity of Love wave shows notable size-dependency on both the nanocoating thickness and the wavelength. When these two sizes are both in nanoscale, the phase velocity further depends on the relative size between them. In addition, increasing the residual surface stress may reduce the phase velocity of Love wave.

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18

Braski, D. N., and K. B. Alexander. "Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of SiC-whisker surfaces and SiC-whisker/alumina interfaces." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 4 (April 1995): 1016–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1016.

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Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) has been used to examine as-received and oxidized silicon carbide whiskers and their respective whisker/matrix interfaces after fabrication into SiC-whisker-reinforced alumina composites. As-received whisker surfaces exhibited a 2–3 nm-thick near-surface region that was C-rich. Oxygen was detected at the outer surface, but diminished to near zero within 25 nm of the surface. Oxidized whiskers had 60 nm-thick SiO2 surface layers, which was in agreement with the transmission electron microscopy observations. The whisker/matrix interfaces in both composites consisted of thin (<0.5 nm) layers of a C-Si-O noncrystalline material. The thick SiO2 layers on the oxidized whiskers were ejected from the interfaces during hot-pressing. It was concluded that (i) the higher toughness of the composite fabricated with as-received SiC whiskers may be related to the higher C and lower O in its SiCw/Al2O3 interfaces, and (ii) interface composition cannot be reliably predicted using the surface composition of free whiskers prior to fabrication.

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19

FLORES, FERNANDO, JOSÉ ORTEGA, and RUBÉN PÉREZ. "MANY-BODY EFFECTS AND THE METAL–INSULATOR TRANSITION AT SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES AND INTERFACES." Surface Review and Letters 06, no. 03n04 (June 1999): 411–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x99000421.

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The aim of this paper is to present a general perspective of the different correlation effects appearing at semiconductor surfaces and interfaces. The unifying theoretical picture is the generalized Hubbard Hamiltonian. In a first step, we show how such Hamiltonians can be analyzed using both a local density approach and many-body techniques. This discussion shows how to determine the different electron–electron interaction parameters appearing in the generalized Hubbard Hamiltonian, from a set of restricted LDA calculations for the full surface. Then, different surfaces and interfaces are analyzed; in particular, we consider the Si(111)-(7 × 7), -(5 × 5) and -(3 × 3) reconstructions as well as the Si-rich SiC(111)-[Formula: see text] and -(3 × 3) surfaces. These Si-rich SiC(111) surfaces are shown to behave like a Mott–Hubbard insulator, while the Si(111) reconstructions are charge transfer systems presenting a variety of different behaviors; thus, the Si(111)-(7 × 7) is metallic, while the -(5 × 5) and the -(3 × 3) are found to be insulating. We have also analyzed the Sn/Ge(111)-(3 × 3) reconstruction, the alkali metal/GaAs(110) junction and the K/Si(111)-[Formula: see text]-B interface. Our discussion shows that the alkali metal/GaAs and K/Si(111) interfaces present also a Mott–Hubbard metal–insulator transition, and that the Sn/Ge(111)-(3 × 3) interface is still metallic in spite of nonnegligible many-body effects appearing in the surface band density of states. We conclude that two-dimensional systems at semiconductor surfaces and interfaces present a rich variety of many-body effects that modify substantially the one-electron picture one gets from LDA calculations.

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20

Saleman, Abdul Rafeq, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Ridhwan Jumaidin, Nur Hazwani Mokhtar, and Nor Aslily Sarkam. "Molecular Dynamics Study: Correlation of Heat Conduction Across S-L Interfaces Between Constant Heat Flux and Shear Applied to Liquid Systems." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v19i3.19795.

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Heat conduction (HC) at solid-liquid (S-L) interfaces play a significant role in the performance of engineering systems. Thus, this study investigates HC at S-L interfaces and its correlation between constant heat flux (CHF) and shear applied to liquid (SAL) systems using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. The S-L interface consists of solids with the face-centred cubic (FCC) lattice of (110), (111) and (100) planes facing the liquid. The solid is modelled by Morse potential whereas the liquid is modelled by Lennard Jones potential. The interaction between solid-liquid was modelled by Lorentz-Bertholet combining rules. The temperature and heat flux of the system is evaluated to correlate the HC at the S-L interface which reflect by the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR). The results suggest that the surfaces of FCC influence ITR at the S-L interface. The (110) surface for both cases of CHF and SAL has the lowest ITR as compared to other surfaces. In general, ITR for the case of SAL is higher than the CHF. SAL disturbs the adsorption behaviour of liquid at the S-L interfaces, thus reducing the HC. In conclusion, the surface of FCC and liquid experiencing shear do influence the characteristics of HC at the S-L interface.

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21

Weidner, Elizabeth, and Thomas C. Weber. "Broadband acoustic characterization of backscattering from a rough stratification interface." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0024148.

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Broadband acoustic analysis of scattering from sharp density gradients in the water column generally treat the interfaces as smooth surfaces. However, these interfaces may exhibit roughness owing to external water column forcing and local convective processes. In this work we extend broadband backscatter analysis methods to consider interface roughness by drawing upon methods developed for sea surface and seabed acoustic backscattering. The one-dimensional acoustic model from Weidner and Weber [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150(6), 4353–4361 (2021)], which predicts a decay in the reflected wave amplitude from stratification interfaces with increasing frequency, was expanded for surface applications. The expanded model was used to analyze the scattered pressure field from interfaces over a range of surface roughness magnitudes. Analysis of model results indicate that stratification interface roughness, quantified by the root-mean-squared interface slope angle and root-mean-squared height of the interface, modifies the model-predicted frequency-dependent backscattering. A broadband acoustic inversion procedure to remotely measure the magnitude of the vertical extent of stratification gradients and the corresponding sound speed perturbation was defined. The broadband inversion method was tested on data collected in the Baltic Sea with well-documented, strong salinity-driven stratification.

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22

Styler, S. A., M. E. Loiseaux, and D. J. Donaldson. "Substrate effects in the photoenhanced ozonation of pyrene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2010): 27825–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-27825-2010.

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Abstract. We report the effects of actinic illumination on the heterogeneous ozonation kinetics of solid pyrene films and pyrene adsorbed at air-octanol and air-aqueous interfaces. Upon illumination, the ozonation of solid pyrene films and pyrene at the air-aqueous interface proceeds more quickly than in darkness; no such enhancement is observed for pyrene at the air-octanol interface. Under dark conditions, the reaction of pyrene at all three interfaces proceeds via a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type surface mechanism. In the presence of light, Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics are observed for solid pyrene films but a linear dependence upon gas-phase ozone concentration is observed at the air-aqueous interface. We interpret these results as evidence of the importance of charge-transfer pathways for the ozonation of excited-state pyrene. The dramatically different behaviour of pyrene at the surface of these three simple reaction environments highlights the difficulties inherent in representing complex reactive surfaces in the laboratory, and suggests caution in extrapolating laboratory results to environmental surfaces.

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23

Styler, S. A., M. E. Loiseaux, and D. J. Donaldson. "Substrate effects in the photoenhanced ozonation of pyrene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 3 (February 14, 2011): 1243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1243-2011.

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Abstract. We report the effects of actinic illumination on the heterogeneous ozonation kinetics of solid pyrene films and pyrene adsorbed at air-octanol and air-aqueous interfaces. Upon illumination, the ozonation of solid pyrene films and pyrene at the air-aqueous interface proceeds more quickly than in darkness; no such enhancement is observed for pyrene at the air-octanol interface. Under dark conditions, the reaction of pyrene at all three interfaces proceeds via a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type surface mechanism. In the presence of light, Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics are observed for solid pyrene films but a linear dependence upon gas-phase ozone concentration is observed at the air-aqueous interface. We interpret these results as evidence of the importance of charge-transfer pathways for the ozonation of excited-state pyrene. The dramatically different behaviour of pyrene at the surface of these three simple reaction environments highlights the difficulties inherent in representing complex reactive surfaces in the laboratory, and suggests caution in extrapolating laboratory results to environmental surfaces.

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24

Tamerler, Candan. "Surfaces and Their Interfaces Meet Biology at the Bio-interface." JOM 67, no. 11 (October 19, 2015): 2480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1669-0.

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25

Gowda, Arun, David Esler, Sandeep Tonapi, Annita Zhong, K. Srihari, and Florian Schattenmann. "Micron and Submicron-Scale Characterization of Interfaces in Thermal Interface Material Systems." Journal of Electronic Packaging 128, no. 2 (February 14, 2006): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2188952.

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One of the key challenges in the thermal management of electronic packages are interfaces, such as those between the chip and heat spreader and the interface between a heat spreader and heat sink or cold plate. Typically, thermal interfaces are filled with materials such as thermal adhesives and greases. Interface materials reduce the contact resistance between the mating heat generating and heat sinking units by filling voids and grooves created by the nonsmooth surface topography of the mating surfaces, thus improving surface contact and the conduction of heat across the interface. However, micron and submicron voids and delaminations still exist at the interface between the interface material and the surfaces of the heat spreader and semiconductor device. In addition, a thermal interface material (TIM) may form a filler-depleted and resin-rich region at the interfaces. These defects, though at a small length scale, can significantly deteriorate the heat dissipation ability of a system consisting of a TIM between a heat generating surface and a heat dissipating surface. The characterization of a freestanding sample of TIM does not provide a complete understanding of its heat transfer, mechanical, and interfacial behavior. However, system-level characterization of a TIM system, which includes its freestanding behavior and its interfacial behavior, provides a more accurate understanding. While, measurement of system-level thermal resistance provides an accurate representation of the system performance of a TIM, it does not provide information regarding the physical behavior of the TIM at the interfaces. This knowledge is valuable in engineering interface materials and in developing assembly process parameters for enhanced system-level thermal performance. Characterization of an interface material between a silicon device and a metal heat spreader can be accomplished via several techniques. In this research, high-magnification radiography with computed tomography, acoustic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize various TIM systems. The results of these characterization studies are presented in this paper. System-level thermal performance results are compared to physical characterization results.

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26

Balazs, Anna C. "Theory and Simulation of Polymers at Interfaces." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 1 (January 1997): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400032279.

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The articles in this issue illustrate how various theoretical and computer models have been used to probe behavior of polymers at penetrable and impenetrable interfaces. Interest in polymer interfaces stems from the control interfaces commonly have over macroscopic properties—such as the strength or biocompatibility of the material. Consider the “alloying” or blending of existing polymers. This technique provides an inexpensive means of fabricating new materials that can display the desirable properties of the individual components. Most polymer pairs however are immiscible, and the mixture segregates into macroscopic domains separated by relatively weak interfaces. To enhance the structural integrity of the blend, copolymer “compatibilizers” are added to the mixture. These chains localize at the interface between the immiscible polymers, enhance the adhesion between the phase-separated regions, and thereby improve the mechanical properties of the blend.On an impenetrable interface, polymer films or coatings are commonly used to modify the properties of the underlying substrate. For example the polymer layer can be utilized to tailor biocompatibility, wettability, or roughness of the surface. Polymers anchored to solid surfaces can also be used to control the interaction between these surfaces. Thus the tethered layer can promote the adhesion between dissimilar solids or prevent the aggregation of colloidal particles.

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27

HASEGAWA, SHUJI, and SHOZO INO. "CORRELATION BETWEEN ATOMIC-SCALE STRUCTURES AND MACROSCOPIC ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL-COVERED Si(111) SURFACES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, no. 22 (October 10, 1993): 3817–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979293003504.

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In this review, we discuss the relation between the atomic-scale structures (atomic arrangements and electronic states) and the macroscopic electrical properties (surface conductance and Schottky barriers) of metal(Ag, Au, or In)-covered Si (111) surfaces. These surfaces have been one of the most intensively investigated systems with the use of a variety of modern surface science techniques, and diversified information at atomic scales has been obtained. The data of reflection high-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopies, and others are utilized here for characterizing the structures. Surface conductance and Schottky barriers, on the other hand, have also been the major areas in semiconductor physics for, especially device-oriented, research, but these have rarely been studied in combination with atomic-scale structures. These electrical properties have recently been found to be crucially dependent on the local atomic structures of well-defined surfaces/interfaces. The atomic arrangements and the resulting surface/interface electronic states govern the Fermi-level pinning and band bending which determine the electrical properties of semiconductor surfaces/interfaces.

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28

Kanev, Kamen. "Tangible Interfaces for Interactive Multimedia Presentations." Mobile Information Systems 4, no. 3 (2008): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/982947.

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This article is devoted to tangible interfaces for steering and control of interactive multimedia presentations. Various methods for digital encoding of physical objects are considered and their applicability in surface encoding for tangible interface components is discussed. Experiments with presentation controls, based on direct interaction with digitally encoded printed handouts are reported. An innovative approach for transferring presentation controls from printed handouts to surfaces of real physical objects is introduced. Consequently labels, digitally enhanced with CLUSPI codes are created and presentation control trials involving real products with digitally encoded surfaces are conducted. USB and wireless cameras are employed as CLUSPI readers for implementing surface based interactions and a portable communication device with an embedded camera is considered as a possible truly mobile solution.

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29

Zhang, Hengzhong, and Jillian F. Banfield. "Phase transformation of nanocrystalline anatase-to-rutile via combined interface and surface nucleation." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 2 (February 2000): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0067.

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The kinetics of phase transformation of nanocrystalline anatase samples was studied using x-ray diffraction at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1150 °C. Kinetic data were analyzed with an interface nucleation model and a newly proposed kinetic model for combined interface and surface nucleation. Results revealed that the activation energy of nucleation is size dependent. In anatase samples with denser particle packing, rutile nucleates primarily at interfaces between contacting anatase particles. In anatase samples with less dense particle packing, rutile nucleates at both interfaces and free surfaces of anatase particles. The predominant nucleation mode may change from interface nucleation at low temperatures to surface nucleation at intermediate temperatures and to bulk nucleation at very high temperatures. Alumina particles dispersed among the anatase particles can effectively reduce the probability of interface nucleation at all temperatures.

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30

Somer, Deniz D., D. Peric, Eduardo Alberto de Souza Neto, and Wulf G. Dettmer. "Yield surfaces of heterogeneous media with debonded inclusions." Engineering Computations 32, no. 6 (August 3, 2015): 1802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-10-2014-0208.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present knowledge in estimating yield surfaces of heterogeneous media by use of homogenization, especially where the macroscopic behaviour is driven by weak interfaces between phase constituents. Design/methodology/approach – A computational homogenization procedure is used to determine the yield surface of a Representative Volume Element (RVE) that contains a fully debonded inclusion embedded within ideally plastic matrix, whereby the interface is modelled by a Coulomb type friction law. Findings – The macroscopic behaviour of the RVE is shown to coincide an RVE with a hole for expanding loads, whereas for compressive loads, it was shown to approach an RVE with a fully bonded inclusion. Originality/value – The present paper builds on Gurson’s work in estimating macroscopic yield surfaces of heterogeneous materials. The work is novel in the sense that there had been no previous publications discussing influence of weak interfaces on yield surfaces.

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31

Ritchie, R. H., and A. Howie. "Inelastic scattering at surfaces and interfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100143560.

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An important part of condensed matter physics in recent years has involved detailed study of inelastic interactions between swift electrons and condensed matter surfaces. Here we will review some aspects of such interactions.Surface excitations have long been recognized as dominant in determining the exchange-correlation energy of charged particles outside the surface. Properties of surface and bulk polaritons, plasmons and optical phonons in plane-bounded and spherical systems will be discussed from the viewpoint of semiclassical and quantal dielectric theory. Plasmons at interfaces between dissimilar dielectrics and in superlattice configurations will also be considered.

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32

FUKUI, Ken-ichi. "Surface Analyses for Better Understanding of Surfaces and Interfaces." Hyomen Kagaku 34, no. 11 (2013): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.34.567.

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33

Li, Jiansheng, Zuyuan Xu, Yu Zhao, Wei Jiang, Wenbo Qin, Qingzhong Mao, Yong Wei, and Banglun Wang. "Interfacial Microstructure and Shear Behavior of the Copper/Q235 Steel/Copper Block Fabricated by Explosive Welding." Coatings 13, no. 3 (March 11, 2023): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030600.

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A copper/Q235 steel/copper composite block with excellent bonding interfaces was prepared by explosive welding which was a promising technique to fabricate laminates. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the interfaces were investigated via the tensile-shear test, optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The results showed that the shear strength of the upper-interface and lower-interfaces of the welded copper/steel are higher than ~235 MPa and ~222 MPa, respectively. The specimens failed fully within the copper and not at the bonding interface. It was attributed to: (1) no cavities and cracks at the interface; (2) the interface formed a metallurgical bonding including numerous ultra-fine grains (UFGs) which can significantly improve the plastic deformation coordination at the interface and inhibit the generation of micro-cracks.

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34

Karstens, Reimer, Mathias Glaser, Axel Belser, David Balle, Małgorzata Polek, Ruslan Ovsyannikov, Erika Giangrisostomi, Thomas Chassé, and Heiko Peisert. "FePc and FePcF16 on Rutile TiO2(110) and (100): Influence of the Substrate Preparation on the Interaction Strength." Molecules 24, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 4579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244579.

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Interface properties of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and perfluorinated iron phthalocyanine (FePcF16) on rutile TiO2(100) and TiO2(110) surfaces were studied using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). It is demonstrated that the interaction strength at the interfaces is considerably affected by the detailed preparation procedure. Weak interactions were observed for all studied interfaces between FePc or FePcF16 and rutile, as long as the substrate was exposed to oxygen during the annealing steps of the preparation procedure. The absence of oxygen in the last annealing step only had almost no influence on interface properties. In contrast, repeated substrate cleaning cycles performed in the absence of oxygen resulted in a more reactive, defect-rich substrate surface. On such reactive surfaces, stronger interactions were observed, including the cleavage of some C–F bonds of FePcF16.

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35

Russell, T. R. "Characterizing Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 1 (January 1996): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400035168.

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The presence of a surface or interface can markedly alter the configuration and spatial distribution of polymer molecules. In the bulk, polymer molecules—comprised of numerous monomers covalently linked together—pervade 10s of nanometers spatially. However, packing such chains at an interface—under the constraint that a solid polymer is essentially incompressible—necessitates perturbations to the chain configurations near the interface. This may result in a collapse of coils at the surface or in a preferential orientation of the monomers with respect to the interface plane. For amorphous homopolymers, however, simulations indicate that, on a segmental level, surface effects are generally damped within several segment diameters from the surface. Interactions between the surface and the polymer chains place additional constraints on the molecular configurations. As the architecture of the polymer chain becomes more complex, as with diblock copolymers in which two chemically distinct polymer chains covalently bond together at one end, the packing of chains at the interface must take into account the relative interactions of the two portions of the chains with the interface. Due to the connectivity of the blocks, preferential interactions of the blocks with the interface can influence the spatial distribution of the chains far from the interface. As the number of components increases, as with a simple binary-polymer mixture, not only must packing constraints be satisfied, but also the interactions of the two chains with the surface and with each other must be taken into account. In the case of homogeneous mixtures, the preferential interaction of one chain with an interface can lead to a substantial excess of that chain at the interface which, depending upon the proximity to the demixing point, can lead to surface effects that propagate many molecular diameters into the sample. The key, however, is the connectivity of the monomers in the polymer chain, which can enhance surface effects, as in the case of block copolymers or polymer mixtures, or suppress surface effects, as in the case of homopolymers.

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36

Lesiak-Orłowska, Beata. "Surfaces and Interfaces in Biocatalysis." Catalysts 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12040379.

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37

Guillot, G., and J. Joseph. "Surfaces et interfaces de semiconducteurs." Revue de Physique Appliquée 25, no. 9 (1990): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01990002509086700.

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38

TOCHIHARA, Hiroshi. "Surfaces and interfaces of metals." Hyomen Kagaku 10, no. 10 (1989): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.10.625.

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39

Bouchaud, Elisabeth, and Jean-Philippe Bouchaud. "Self avoiding surfaces at interfaces." Journal de Physique 50, no. 7 (1989): 829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphys:01989005007082900.

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40

Kouris, Demitris, and Huajian Gao. "NANOMECHANICS OF SURFACES AND INTERFACES." Journal of Applied Mechanics 69, no. 4 (June 20, 2002): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1469005.

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41

Guillot, G., and J. Joseph. "Surfaces and interfaces of semiconductors." Revue de Physique Appliquée 25, no. 9 (1990): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01990002509086701.

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42

Narasimhan, Balaji. "Imaging of Surfaces and Interfaces." Journal of Controlled Release 82, no. 1 (July 2002): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00037-8.

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43

Russell, Thomas P. "Copolymers at surfaces and interfaces." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 1, no. 1 (February 1996): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(96)80051-3.

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44

Al-Abadleh, Hind A., and Vicki H. Grassian. "Oxide surfaces as environmental interfaces." Surface Science Reports 52, no. 3-4 (December 2003): 63–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2003.09.001.

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45

Press, W., M. Tolan, J. Stettner, O. H. Seeck, J. P. Schlomka, V. Nitz, L. Schwalowsky, P. Müller-Buschbaum, and D. Bahr. "Roughness of surfaces and interfaces." Physica B: Condensed Matter 221, no. 1-4 (April 1996): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(95)00897-7.

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46

Wu, Peter, and S. C. Abrahams. "Semiconductor growth, surfaces and interfaces." Ferroelectrics 166, no. 1 (April 1995): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199508223593.

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47

Pethrick, R. A. "Polymer surfaces and interfaces II." Endeavour 17, no. 4 (January 1993): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(93)90074-d.

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48

Salaneck, W. R. "Conjugated polymer surfaces and interfaces." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 355, no. 1725 (April 15, 1997): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1997.0044.

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49

Jones, Richard A. L., Randal W. Richards, and Murugappan Muthukumar. "Polymers at Surfaces and Interfaces." Physics Today 53, no. 7 (July 2000): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1292488.

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50

Thornton, Geoff, and George King. "Structure of surfaces and interfaces." Synchrotron Radiation News 3, no. 6 (November 1990): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940889008602585.

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