Dissertations / Theses: 'Surgical site infection'

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Crosby, C. T. "Chlorhexidine and the prevention of surgical site infection." Thesis, Aston University, 2009. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/21096/.

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Surgical site infections (SSI) are a prevalent health care-associated infection (HAl). Prior to the mid-19th century, surgical sites commonly developed postoperative wound complications. It was in the 1860's, after Joseph Lister introduced carbolic acid and the principles of antisepsis that postoperative wound infection significantly decreased. Today, patient preoperative skin preparation with an antiseptic agent prior to surgery is a standard of practice. Povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate are currently the most commonly used antimicrobial agents used to prep the patient's skin. In this current study, the epidemiology, diagnosis, surveillance and prevention of SSI with chlorhexidine were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine was assessed. In in-vitro and in-vivo studies the antimicrobial efficacy of 2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) in 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and 10% povidoneiodine (PVP-I) in the presence of 0.9% normal saline or blood were examined. The 2% CHG in 70% IPA solutions antimicrobial activity was not diminished in the presence of 0.9% normal saline or blood. In comparison, the traditional patient preoperative skin preparation, 10% PVP-I antimicrobial activity was not diminished in the presence of 0.9% normal saline, but was diminished in the presence of blood. In an in-vivo human volunteer study the potential for reduction of the antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous patient preoperative skin preparations compromised by mechanical removal of wet product from the application site (blot) was assessed. In this evaluation, 2% CHG and 10% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) were blotted from the patient's skin after application to the test site. The blotting, or mechanical removal, of the wet antiseptic from the application site did not produce a significant difference in product efficacy. In a clinical trial to compare 2% CHG in 70% IPA and PVP-! scrub and paint patient preoperative skin preparation for the prevention of SSI, there were 849 patients randomly assigned to the study groups (409 in the chlorhexidine-alcohol and 440 in the povidone-iodine group) in the intention-to-treat analysis. The overall surgical site infection was significantly lower in the 2% CHG in 70% IPA group than in the PVP-I group (9.5% versus 16.1 %, p=0.004; relative risk, 0.59 with 95% confidence interval of 0.41 to 0.85). Preoperative cleansing of the patient's skin with chlorhexidine-alcohol is superior to povidone-iodine in preventing surgical site infection after clean-contaminated surgery.

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Pinkney, Thomas David. "Wound-edge protection devices to reduce surgical site infection." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7588/.

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This thesis provides an overview of the design, conduct and analysis of a multicentre phase III trial exploring the clinical effectiveness of a novel in-theatre intervention to try to reduce rates of post-operative surgical site infection (SSI). The pitfalls inherent in the conduct of research into SSI are discussed, along with measures to try and overcome these. The wound-edge protection device (WEPD) intervention is defined and the published evidence assessing its clinical effectiveness systematically appraised. Clinical surgical research and its difficulties are described, and the paradigm-shift bought about by the new trainee-led research collaborative model introduced. The design considerations involved creating a pragmatic and simple trial within the complex intervention that is surgery are explored in the context of the creation of the ROSSINI trial. This trial successfully recruited ahead of time and target and robustly proved that WEPDs are not clinically effective in reducing SSI. It also demonstrated the power and ability of this new collaborative model, as witnessed by both the citations of the results paper and the exponential growth in similar collaborative ventures. Finally, lessons learned about SSI research and clinical surgical research are summarised, and plans for future research presented.

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Opadotun, Olukemi. "Infection control practices for the prevention of surgical site infections in the operating room." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1017195.

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Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality during the post-operative phase of patients’ recovery. Wound infections are the second most commonly encountered type of nosocomial infection. Because wound infections can be introduced by not applying infection control measures and sterile technique principles in the operating room, the implementation of infection control principles is an imperative. The aim of this study was to explore and describe infection control practices related to the prevention of Surgical site infections in the operating rooms in a public health care sector in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. The findings were compared with practices, as indicated in an evidence-based guideline. The research design was quantitative, explorative, descriptive, comparative-descriptive and contextual in nature. The research sample consisted of all the professional nurses, in the operating room. The data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to present the data in the form of tables and graphs. Based on the analysis of the data, some recommendations were made for the implementation of infection control practices, in order to prevent Surgical site infections in the operating room.

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Little, Charlene Knight. "Decreasing Surgical Site Infections in Vascular Surgery Patients." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2412.

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Postoperative surgical site infections are common complications in the operating room. Infections prolong hospital stays, heighten costs, and increase morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this evidence-based quality improvement project was to develop policy, program, and practice guidelines to prevent surgical site infections in vascular surgery patients. Rosswurm and Larrabee's change model was used to develop materials using the best evidence for the recommended practice changes. The Plan, Do, Check, Act model was selected to guide quality improvement. The project goal was to decrease the surgical site infection rate to below the national average. Products of the project include policy, protocol, and practice guidelines developed based on recommended practices of the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses and current peer-reviewed literature. An interdisciplinary project team of institutional stakeholders was used to insure context-relevant operationalization of the evidence in practice. The team was assembled, led in a review of relevant literature, and convened regularly until project products were finished. Three scholars with expertise in the content area were then identified by the project team and asked to validate the content of developed products. Products were revised according to expert feedback. Implementation and evaluation plans were developed by the project team to provide the institution with all necessary process details to carry out the practice change. The evaluation plan advises using a retrospective chart review to compare rates of infection between patients receiving chlorhexidine skin preparation with showers and preoperative chlorhexidine cloths alone. A positive outcome could contribute to positive social change by decreasing preventable infections.

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Haddad, Sleiman. "Surgical site infections in spinal surgery: from risk factors to surgical outcomes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665823.

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Durante la última década ha aumentado significativamente el volumen de cirugías de columna, además de la complejidad tanto médica como quirúrgica de los pacientes tratados. Esto ha dado lugar a un aumento de complicaciones asociadas. Los profesionales de la salud son ahora más conscientes del impacto de ciertas complicaciones prevenibles, especialmente la infección de la herida quirúrgica (IHQ), cosa que ha provocado un aumento de los esfuerzos para reducir su incidencia. Se han descrito factores de riesgo generales para las IHQ. No obstante, el rol del estado neurológico y del traumatismo no se han analizado específicamente. Además, el impacto de las IHQ en los resultados clínicos tras la cirugía de deformidad espinal del adulto (DEA) aún no está claro. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es revisar los factores de riesgo de la IHQ en la cirugía del raquis así como su impacto sobre el resultado final. Se centra principalmente en el diagnóstico (traumático vs. degenerativo) y el estado neurológico (Lesión medular LM o mielopatía MP) como predictores de la IHQ. También informa de las morbilidades y los costes asociados y evalúa los resultados quirúrgicos después de una IHQ. La National Inpatient Survey (NIS) y la base de datos del Thomas Jefferson University Hospital (TJUH) se usaron para analizar la infección en la cirugía cervical primaria. Mediante un análisis multivariante, se analizaron los posibles factores de riesgo incluyendo el trauma y la lesión neurológica. Luego se procedió a un análisis de costes. La base de datos del European Spine Study Group (ESSG) sirvió para evaluar su impacto sobre los resultados funcionales y clínicos en pacientes con fusión posterior para la DEA mediante la comparación de cohortes emparejadas. Un total de 1.247.281 (NIS) y 5.540 (TJUH) pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La incidencia de la IHQ fue de 0.73% (NIS) y 1.75% (TJUH). Aumentó progresivamente desde 0,52% en pacientes sin MP hasta 1,97% en el grupo con LM traumática en la muestra del NIS y desde 0,88% a 5,54% en TJUH. Hubo diferencias significativas en las tasas de IHQ entre muestras. El estado neurológico (Odds Ratio [OR] 1,69, p<.0001) y el trauma (OR 1.30, p=.0003) fueron asociados a IHQ en la muestra del NIS. En la muestra del TJUH, solo el trauma (OR 2.11, p=.03) era significativo cuando se tuvieron en cuenta las otras comorbilidades. Los costes de la infección variaron entre los grupos diagnósticos y alcanzaron $184060 en el grupo LM traumática. Los pacientes con IHQ utilizaron con más frecuencia las instituciones especializadas al alta. Se identificaron 444 pacientes con DEA tratados quirúrgicamente y con más de 2 años de seguimiento. 20 padecieron una IHQ aguda y fueron emparejados a 60 controles. No se observaron diferencias basales entre grupos tanto en variables radiológicas como calidad de vida. Los pacientes con IHQ tuvieron una estancia hospitalaria más prolongada y más complicaciones mecánicas. La infección se asoció a más complicaciones y revisiones no relacionadas. La corrección de la deformidad se mantuvo indiferentemente de la infección a lo largo del seguimiento. Hubo una muerte relacionada con IHQ. Los pacientes con IHQ presentaban peor calidad de vida al año y tenían menos probabilidades de experimentar mejoría. Sin embargo, no se registraron diferencias significativas a partir del año. Como conclusión, tanto el diagnóstico primario (trauma vs. degenerativo) como el estado neurológico (MP o LM) son predictores de la IHQ en cirugía cervical. La infección afecta significativamente el primer año después de la cirugía de la DEA, se asocia con más complicaciones, revisiones no relacionadas y peor calidad de vida. Sin embargo, su impacto negativo parece diluirse en el segundo año. Over the last decade there has been a significant increase in volume of spinal surgeries performed as well as in medical and surgical complexity of patients. This was accompanied by an increased overall morbidity and volume of complications. At the same time, health care professionals have become more aware of the impact of specific preventable complications such as surgical site infections (SSI) and huge efforts have been directed to reduce SSI incidence. Although the general risk factors for SSI have been discussed, the relationship of neurologic status and trauma to SSI has not been explicitly explored. In addition, the direct and indirect impact of deep SSI on surgical outcomes especially after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery is still unclear. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to review the risk factors for developing a SSI after spine surgery, as well as how SSI affects clinical outcome. It mainly focuses on diagnosis (Traumatic vs. Degenerative) and neurological status (Spinal Cord Injury SCI or Myelopathy MP) as predictors for SSI. It also reports the associated morbidities and costs of SSI and evaluates the surgical outcomes after SSI. The National Inpatient Survey (NIS) and the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital (TJUH) databases were probed to analyse infection in patients with primary cervical surgery. Using a multivariate analysis, all interplaying comorbidities and risk factors have been. A subsequent resource utilization analysis has been done. The European Spine Study Group (ESSG) prospective database was used to study the functional and clinical outcomes of SSI in patients with posterior fusion for Adult Spinal Deformity (ASD) through the comparison of matched cohorts. Readmissions, reoperations, deformity correction and fusion rates were also studied. A total of 1,247,281 and 5,540 patients met inclusion criteria in the NIS and TJUH databases respectively. SSI incidence was 0.73% (NIS) versus 1.75% (TJUH). It increased steadily from 0.52% in patients without MP to 1.97% in the traumatic SCI group in the NIS data and from 0.88% to 5.54% in the TJUH. Differences between diagnostic groups and cohorts reached statistical significance. SSI was predicted significantly by neurological status (odds ratio [OR] 1.69, p<.0001) and trauma (OR 1.30, p=.0003) in the NIS data. Other significant predictors included: approach, number of levels fused, female gender, black race, medium size hospital, rural hospital, large hospital, western US hospital and Medicare coverage. In TJUH, only trauma (OR 2.11, p=.03) reached significance when accounting for comorbidities. Costs of infection varied among diagnostic groups and summed $184060 in the SCI group. Patients with SSI were also more likely to be discharged to specialized institutions. 444 surgical ASD patients with more than 2 years of follow-up were identified. 20 sustained an acute SSI and 60 controls were accordingly matched. No differences were observed between groups in preoperative radiological and HRQoL variables confirming comparable groups. SSI patients had longer hospital stay and more mechanical complications including proximal junctional kyphosis. Infection was associated with more unrelated complications and revisions. Deformity correction was maintained equally at the different time intervals. One death was related to SSI. SSI patients had worse overall HRQoL status at 1 year and were less likely to experience improvement. However, no significant differences were recorded thereafter. As a conclusion, both primary diagnosis (trauma vs. degenerative) and neurologic status (MP or SCI) were found to be strong and independent predictors of SSI in cervical spine surgery. Also, SSI significantly affects the first postoperative year after posterior ASD surgery. It is associated with more complications, unrelated revisions, and worst quality of life. However it's negative impact seems to be diluted by the second postoperative year.

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Driskill, Karen. "An Educational Program to Reduce Surgical Site Infection in Vascular Patients." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6891.

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Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Researchers have demonstrated the impact that SSIs have on the healthcare system and the need to improve patient outcomes. The purpose of this project was to develop an educational program for the 8-member nursing staff of an outpatient vascular surgical office to help reduce the occurrence of SSI rates for patients seen pre and postoperatively after a noted increase in SSI rates at this clinical setting. Guided by the Fitzpatrick model, a group of 6 health care providers comprising 3 surgeons and 3 nurse practitioners served as content experts to conduct formative evaluation during development of the educational program. Members of the surgical office nursing staff completed a questionnaire; results were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Findings indicated that 100% of nursing staff had no on-site work training on basic signs and symptoms of infection and infection control; 100% of staff were not confident in assessment of the surgical site and addressing patient issues; and at least 50% reported that they lacked knowledge of proper wound care including bathing, dressing changes, and expected symptoms for healing and/or complications postoperatively. Educational materials were designed to address these gaps. This project might benefit the surgical center nursing staff by providing education to help reduce surgical site infection in vascular patients, and bring about positive social change by improving quality of life and patient outcomes for the vascular surgery patient through a reduction in the occurrence of SSIs.

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Mingo, Alicia Y. "Smoking and Surgical Site Infection in Orthopedic Patients' Lower Extremity Arthroplasty." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6356.

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Cigarette smoking has been a public health concern for many years, and the possible impact of smoking on surgical site infection (SSI) has been studied broadly. However, a gap in understanding has persisted concerning whether there is an association between smoking tobacco and the development of SSI among patients who undergo lower extremity surgery, specifically total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between smoking and lower extremity SSI. Andersen's behavioral model (BM) was used to understand the risk factors relevant to the interaction between smoking and SSI. Application of the BM categories of predisposing, enabling, need, and behavioral habits facilitated the discussion of surgical outcomes. A quantitative, cross-sectional approach was used to analyze data from a legacy registry of an east coast hospital. The research question addressed whether there was a relationship of the smoking status of three groups (i.e., smokers, nonsmokers, and previous smokers) and the variables in the BM categories (predisposing variables of age, gender, and body mass index [BMI]; enabling variable of health care insurance coverage; and need variables of health diagnoses, diabetes, hypertension, deficiency anemia, rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) to postoperative SSI. Multiple logistic regression test was used and no statistical association was found between smoking status and SSI; however, RA had a significant association with SSI. Positive social change may occur through the dissemination of new knowledge to reduce the financial burden of the prevalence of SSI through behavioral changes and improvements to health wellness.

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Masterson, Lisa M. "Implementing a Glycemic Management Protocol with Surgical Patients." Mount St. Joseph University Dept. of Nursing / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=msjdn1619806592278265.

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Wong, Edric, and Jason Clonts. "Evaluation of Timing of Vancomycin Surgical Site Infection Prophylaxis with Scheduled Antibiotic." The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623594.

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Class of 2012 Abstract Specific Aims: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the time of vancomycin pre-operative surgical site infection prophylaxis administration relative to other scheduled antibiotic therapy at a tertiary care, academic medical center. The secondary purpose was to characterize the incidence of adverse events post-surgery that were associated with vancomycin therapy in patients who received both pre- operative scheduled vancomycin therapy and vancomycin for surgical site infection prophylaxis Methods: This descriptive study was a retrospective medical chart review of all patients over the age of 28 days who received vancomycin for surgical site infection prophylaxis between February 2011 and May 2011 at a tertiary care, academic medical center. This study was approved be the Institutional Review Board. The subject population included patients admitted to the hospital for at least 72 hours who received at least 48 hours of scheduled vancomycin (IV), daptomycin or linezolid therapy before index surgery and subsequently received surgical site infection prophylaxis with vancomycin. Main Results: Of the 20 subjects who meet the study inclusion criteria, 18 (90%) subjects received scheduled vancomycin doses within 48 hours prior to surgery, 5 (25%) subjects within 4 hours, and 4 (20%) subjects within 2 hours. No surgical site infections were reported. Conclusions: This was a pilot study to evaluate the timing of vancomycin surgical site infection prophylaxis doses with scheduled vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin. No adverse effects associated with surgical site infection prophylaxis were reported but the sample size is small and likely inadequate to detect this potential issue.

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Mandavyapuram, Hima Bindu. "ANTIBIOTIC DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR SURGICAL SITE INFECTION PREVENTION IN SPINAL IMPLANT SURGERY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1275624787.

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Wong, Edric, Jason Clonts, Kathryn Matthias, and Brian Erstad. "Evaluation of Timing of Vancomycin Surgical Site Infection Prophylaxis with Scheduled Antibiotic." The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614460.

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Class of 2012 Abstract Specific Aims: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the time of vancomycin pre-operative surgical site infection prophylaxis administration relative to other scheduled antibiotic therapy at a tertiary care, academic medical center. The secondary purpose was to characterize the incidence of adverse events post-surgery that were associated with vancomycin therapy in patients who received both pre-operative scheduled vancomycin therapy and vancomycin for surgical site infection prophylaxis Methods: This descriptive study was a retrospective medical chart review of all patients over the age of 28 days who received vancomycin for surgical site infection prophylaxis between February 2011 and May 2011 at a tertiary care, academic medical center. This study was approved be the Institutional Review Board. The subject population included patients admitted to the hospital for at least 72 hours who received at least 48 hours of scheduled vancomycin (IV), daptomycin or linezolid therapy before index surgery and subsequently received surgical site infection prophylaxis with vancomycin. Main Results: Of the 20 subjects who meet the study inclusion criteria, 18 (90%) subjects received scheduled vancomycin doses within 48 hours prior to surgery, 5 (25%) subjects within 4 hours, and 4 (20%) subjects within 2 hours. No surgical site infections were reported. Conclusions: This was a pilot study to evaluate the timing of vancomycin surgical site infection prophylaxis doses with scheduled vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin. No adverse effects associated with surgical site infection prophylaxis were reported but the sample size is small and likely inadequate to detect this potential issue.

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O'Neill, Elaina Rose. "Risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections following breast operations." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3155.

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Background. Surgical site infections (SSIs) cause many adverse outcomes for patients including increased length of hospital stay, hospital costs, morbidity, and psychological distresses. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of SSIs in the United States. Objective. Identify risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus SSIs following breast operations. Design. Retrospective nested case-control study of SSIs among women undergoing breast operations. Setting. An academic health center. Patients. We studied patients undergoing breast operations at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from 7/1/2004 through 9/30/2015. Cases were patients who acquired SSIs meeting the National Healthcare Safety Network definition and whose SSIs were caused by S. aureus. We randomly selected two controls for each case from patients who had breast operation during the study period and did not meet the SSI definition. Controls were selected randomly from uninfected patients whose operations occurred during the same month and year as a case. Results. Forty two (1.2%) patients acquired S. aureus SSIs after 3494 breast operations. SSIs were identified a mean of 27.8 days after the breast operations; 54.76% were deep incisional infections. Poisson regression analysis revealed that S. aureus SSIs following breast operations at UIHC have been increasing at a statistically significant rate. Bivariable analysis identified several patient and procedure related risk factors that increased the risk for S. aureus SSIs. Patient-related factors included a diabetes mellitus, active skin disease, prior chemotherapy, breast cancer, hypertension, and preoperative hemoglobin. Procedure-related factors included ASA score > 2, a mastectomy followed by immediate reconstruction, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLN), drain placement, procedure time, and estimated blood loss. A multivariable analysis of patient factors found only breast cancer maintained significance. A similar analysis of procedure factors found that drain placement remained significant. The combined model contained breast cancer, drain placement, and mastectomy followed by immediate reconstruction as significant variables. Conclusions. S. aureus SSIs following breast operations have been increasing at UIHC. Possible remediable risk factors include blood glucose levels, blood pressure, timing of chemotherapy, and drain placement and care. These results will help doctors at UIHC design interventions to prevent S. aureus SSIs following these procedures.

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Linam, William Matthew. "Risk Factors Associated with Surgical Site Infection after Pediatric Posterior Spinal Fusion Procedure." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243362179.

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Stadñik, Claudio Marcel Berdún. "Adequação do horário de administração da antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60756.

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Introdução: A profilaxia antimicrobiana cirúrgica tem se demonstrado como uma das mais importantes medidas para redução das infecções de sítio cirúrgico. O momento da administração dessa profilaxia é essencial para atingir concentrações terapêuticas nos tecidos durante o procedimento cirúrgico, condição freqüentemente não observada. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o lapso de tempo transcorrido entre a profilaxia antimicrobiana e o início da incisão cirúrgica. Métodos: Amostra de procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos realizados em um hospital geral acompanhada mediante observação direta do momento de administração da antibioticoprofilaxia e da incisão. Resultados: Foram analisados 130 procedimentos. A maioria dos pacientes da amostra era do sexo feminino (64,6%). Em 60% dos procedimentos avaliados, os pacientes internaram no mesmo dia da cirurgia e o antimicrobiano mais utilizado foi cefazolina (91,5%). O antimicrobiano profilático foi administrado com uma mediana de 8 minutos antes da incisão, sendo que em 18 (13,8%) procedimentos foi aplicado num tempo maior que 30 min e em 37 (28,5%), foi administrado após a incisão. Em apenas 13,8% a profilaxia foi administrada conforme o protocolo da instituição. As especialidades cujos procedimentos cirúrgicos apresentaram menor freqüência de adequação do horário de administração foram cirurgias plástica (4,5%), urologia (6,7) e vascular (9,1%). Conclusão: Apesar de consagrada, a administração da profilaxia em tempo adequado ainda permanece longe do ideal no nosso meio. As instituições devem adotar medidas eficazes para minimizar a inadequação desta medida. Introduction: Antimicrobial surgical prophylaxis has been demonstrated as one of the most important steps to reduce surgical site infections. The timing of administration of prophylaxis is essential to achieve therapeutic concentrations in tissues during the surgical procedure, which is frequently not observed. The aim of this study was to characterize the lapse of time between antimicrobial prophylaxis and beginning of surgical incision. Methods: A sample of elective surgeries performed in a general hospital accompanied by direct observation of the timing of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis and the incision. Results: We analyzed 130 procedures. Most of the patients were female (64.6%). In 60% of the procedures evaluated, patients hospitalized on the same day of surgery and antimicrobial more used was cefazolin (91.5%). The antibiotic prophylaxis was administered with a median of 8 minutes before incision, and in 18 (13.8%) procedures were applied to a time longer than 30 min and 37 (28.5%) was administered after the incision. In only 13.8% prophylaxis was administered according to institutional protocol. Whose specialty surgical procedures had lower rates of appropriateness of administration time were plastic surgery (4.5%), urology (6.7) and vascular (9.1%). Conclusion: Although established, the administration of prophylaxis in a timely manner remains far from ideal in our midst. Institutions should adopt effective measures to minimize the inadequacy of this measure.

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Schuster, Delia. "Compliance with surgical antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines: a prospective descriptive study at a tertiary level hospital in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32965.

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Background: The aim of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) is to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) by administering an appropriate antimicrobial agent perioperatively. However, SAP may be associated with adverse effects and incurs added costs. The primary objective of this prospective study is to establish whether clinicians are adhering to existing perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines in terms of indication, dosage and timing of SAP. Secondary objectives are to determine the proportion of patients receiving inappropriate antibiotics; and to evaluate correct practice concerning re-dosing and duration of SAP. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective audit of the anaesthetic records and prescription charts of surgical patients was conducted at Groote Schuur Hospital, a tertiary level teaching hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, over a period of one week. Data were collected by anaesthetists – blinded to the study objectives – and the investigators; then captured on Excel spread sheets and compared to existing SAP guidelines. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: Of the 192 patients consented, 180 questionnaires were completed for data analysis. The median age of participants was 44.5 years (IQR: 31.5-58), with a preponderance of females (58.7%). SAP was administered in 149 cases (82.8%) and withheld in 31 (17.2%). This was appropriate in 91.9% (137/149) and 77.4% (24/31) respectively. Twelve patients (6.7%) received inappropriate antibiotics and in seven (3.9%) it was inappropriately withheld. Of the 156 patients who should have received SAP, choice of drug was correct in 121 (77.6%), dosage in 110 (70.5%) and timing in 87 (55.8%). Absolute compliance was achieved in 44.4% (80/180). Errors were mostly related to timing, re-dosing and duration of SAP. Conclusion: Anaesthetists and surgeons at Groote Schuur Hospital demonstrate variable adherence to surgical antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines. Interventions aimed at improving compliance are warranted.

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Duquette, Janine Lee-Anne. "Preoperative Chlorhexidine Skin Preparation for Patients Undergoing Vascular Surgery." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4136.

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In response to improving quality patient care, combined with the growing rates of surgical site infections (SSIs) in vascular patients, the need to explore current practice trends with current evidence has been identified. SSIs affect quality patient care and compromise patient safety. Empirical evidence has recommended the use of a chlorhexidine wash preoperatively to reduce SSIs. Despite this recommended practice, vascular patients were not receiving it in their routine plan of care within a hospital organization in southern Ontario. Guided by Lewin's theory of planned change, this project explored how the planning of a chlorhexidine preoperative surgical skin preparation protocol impacted progress toward improved care of vascular patients. The project was designed as a quality improvement project examining approximately 110 vascular surgical procedures over a 1-month period and staff surveys that were provided to staff in the preoperative (n = 88), same day surgery (n = 68), and inpatient (n = 47) units. These data were analyzed and demonstrated a reduction in vascular SSIs from 4.9% pre-implementation to 2.8% 1-month post-implementation. Major themes generated from the staff surveys demonstrated the nursing staff had a good understanding of the content that was presented in the in-service provided. These findings have implications for social change by highlighting the benefits of incorporating evidence in to practice and further informing the preoperative practice in other surgical specialties.

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Sonntag, Kim. "A retrospective review of surgical site infection following caesarean section at Mowbray Maternity Hospital." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22808.

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Introduction: Pregnancy related sepsis is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in South Africa. Caesarean section (CS) is the most important risk factor in the development of puerperal infection, and surgical site infection (SSI) after CS increases maternal morbidity as well as medical costs. Mowbray Maternity Hospital (MMH), is a secondary level, public maternity hospital. The caesarean section rate at MMH has increased considerably over the last fifteen years, and the perception has been that there have been increasing numbers of patients developing SSI post-CS. This study was designed to look more closely at the incidence of SSI and to describe the patients identified with SSI. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. Cases of severe SSI, as defined by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), following CS at MMH from December 2011 to December 2014 were identified. Following ethical approval, patient records were sourced, data collected and analysed using Stata and Statistica. Results: In the 3-year study period, 14982 CS were performed with 98 patients identified with severe SSI. Folders were retrieved for 96 patients, with 2 patients' folders missing and 29 patients with a missing maternity case record (MCR). The overall incidence of severe SSI was 0.65%, with an incidence of 0.88% in Year 1, 0.90 in Year 2 and 0.70 in Year 3. Of the cases, 79 (80.6%) had been in labour, 16 (16.3%) patients had had prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) and 32 (32.7%) had prolonged labour, with a median of 5 vaginal examinations. An emergency CS was performed in 90 (91.8%) patients, 7 (7.2%) had an elective CS and 1 (1.0%) patient had this data missing. Deep incisional SSI was diagnosed in 74 (75.5%) patients and 24 (24.5%) patients were identified with organ/space SSI. Intravenous (IV) antibiotics was the main treatment in all 96 cases, with 23 (23.5%) patients requiring a wound debridement, 17 (17.2%) a laparotomy, which proceeded to a hysterectomy in 12 (12.3%) patients. In the majority of cases, no organism was cultured, Whereas multiple organisms were cultured in 16 cases, of which 12 were identified as MRSA, and 18 as Klebsiella pneumoniae. There were no maternal deaths or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions. Discussion and Conclusion: The incidence of severe SSI is in keeping with other institutions, with the lowest incidence being found in Year 3, which may be explained by the change in referral population and/ or the full implementation of the Best Care Always (BCA) bundles of care. Of the 98 patients with severe SSI, 80.6% had been in labour, 32.7% had prolonged labour and 91.8% had an emergency CS performed. These are all factors which are known to increase the likelihood for development of post-CS SSI.

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Martin, Elizabeth Kate. "A cost-effectiveness modelling study of strategies to prevent post-caesarian surgical site infection." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/115015/1/115015_8913773_elizabeth_martin_thesis.pdf.

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In this thesis, the best ways of preventing surgical site infection following caesarean section were identified. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to inform clinical decision makers of whether moving to evidence-based practice was value for money. The research was an important step in raising the profile of surgical site infections following caesarean section, and identifying the large and unwarranted variation in surgical practice at caesarean section in Australia. The research also introduced an economic evaluation framework to maternity health care, which is a service that continues to be costly and high-volume.

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Do, Thi Thu Hien. "Development and validation of a surgical wound assessment tool for use in Vietnam." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/129791/9/Thi%20Thu%20Hien%20Do%20Thesis.pdf.

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This study was conducted to examine the unexplored area of surgical wound assessment and nurses’ expectations of a surgical wound assessment tool in Vietnamese hospitals. The identified research problem was then examined to develop a surgical wound assessment tool and to psychometrically test it and to identify whether this tool was suitable for use in Vietnam. Findings from this research project are the first step to confirm that the surgical wound assessment tool is reliable and valid for monitoring the status of surgical wound healing and detecting early factors that may increase the risk of surgical wound complications. The use of surgical wound assessment tool not only provides baseline data and beneficial information that can assist nurses to identify short and long-term goals of care but also acts as an educational tool to assist inexperienced wound care nurses to complete an accurate assessment.

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Chiang, Hsiu-Yin. "Risk factors and outcomes associated with surgical site infections after craniotomy and craniectomy." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3277.

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Few investigators have used robust analytic methods to assess risk factors and outcomes for surgical site infections (SSIs) after craniotomy and craniectomy (CRANI) procedures. We performed a retrospective study among patients undergoing CRANI procedures between 2006 and 2010 at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC) to assess the effect of an intervention (e.g., limiting Gliadel wafer use among patients with malignant brain tumors) on the trend of SSI rates, to identify independent risk factors for SSIs, and to evaluate one-year postoperative patient outcomes associated with these SSIs. We abstracted demographic data and clinical data from medical records or from the UIHC's Health information Management System. We identified 104 patients with SSIs and selected 312 controls. Of SSIs, 88% were deep incisional or organ space infections, 70% were identified after patients were discharged from their initial hospitalizations, 32% were caused by Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with other organisms, and 27% were caused by Gram-negative organisms alone or in combination with other organisms. Significant independent risk factors for SSIs were: previous chemotherapy (odds ratio [OR], 10.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1, 92.1), preoperative length of stay ≥ 1 day (OR, 2.1; 95% CI 1.3, 3.5), preoperative serum glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0, 3.0), Gliadel® wafer use (OR, 8.6; 95% CI 3.2, 23.1), and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.6, 10.3). Gliadel® wafer use was the strongest risk factor; however, limiting Gliadel® wafer use did not decrease SSI rate significantly among patients with brain tumors. Perioperative ventricular drains or lumbar drains were not independently associated with an increased risk of SSIs, but drains may have clinical significance. An SSI risk index that included the significant preoperative patient-related risk factors had a better predictive power than the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) risk index. After adjusting for preoperative length of stay, age, comorbidity score, severity of illness score, the reason for the procedure, and procedure month, patients with SSIs were hospitalized longer postoperatively than were controls during their readmissions (2.3 days; P < 0.0001). After controlling for the same covariates and treating SSI as a time-varying factor, patients with SSIs were more likely than controls to: die (hazard ratio [HR], 3.3; 95% CI, 1.8, 5.8), be readmitted (HR, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.9, 5.8), and have reoperations (HR, 56.6; 95% CI, 38.1, 84.0). In conclusion, surgeons could predict patients' risk of SSIs based on their preoperative risk factors and surgeons could modify some processes of care to lower the SSI risk. Preventing SSIs after CRANI procedures could improve patient outcomes and decrease healthcare utilization.

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Koller, Sarah. "Efficacy Of Various Modes Of Bowel Preparation to Prevent Surgical Site Infection Following Elective Colorectal Resection." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/339582.

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Clinical Research and Translational Medicine M.S. Purpose: Administration of a mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) has long been standard before colorectal surgery with the aim of preventing complications such as surgical site infection (SSI). Newer evidence suggests that MBP does not reduce the risk of infection and that oral antibiotic (OA) use may be important in reducing post-operative infectious complications, however, there is little evidence comparing MBP, OA, and combination preparations. Our goal was to determine the relationship between type of bowel preparation and SSI in patients undergoing elective colorectal resections Methods: All patients within the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database undergoing elective colorectal resections from 2012 to 2013 were identified. The primary outcomes of interest were: any post-operative SSI, wound SSI, and organ/space SSI. Secondary outcomes were anastomotic leak, post-operative ileus, cardiac complications, renal complications, death, unplanned readmission, and length of stay (LOS). Univariate models were used to compare frequencies of patient and surgical characteristics across types of bowel preparation, and propensity adjustment was used to study the relationship between type of bowel preparation and all outcomes of interest. Results: Among the study sample, 25.5% received no bowel preparation, 40.8% received MBP, 3.3% received OA, and 30.4% received OA+MBP. A total of 1,844 patients (9.5%) developed any type of post-operative SSI. 1,231 (6.4%) developed a wound SSI and 672 (3.5%) developed an organ/space SSI. MBP was not associated with a reduced risk of any type of SSI compared to no bowel preparation. Both OA and OA+MBP were significantly associated with a decreased risk of any SSI and wound SSI compared to both no preparation and compared to MBP. No differences were observed for any SSI or wound SSI between OA and OA+MBP. Compared to no preparation, OA+MBP was associated with a decreased risk of anastomotic leak and post-operative ileus. No differences were observed between MBP and OA, or between these preparation methods and no preparation, for these secondary outcomes. There were no significant associations between type of bowel preparation and cardiac or renal complications, mortality, or readmissions. Both OA and OA+MBP were associated with a reduction in LOS. Conclusion: These results suggest that a combination oral and mechanical bowel preparation may be most effective at preventing SSI after elective colorectal resection and that OA alone may also be effective. Future prospective studies comparing combination and OA preparations may be warranted to explore this relationship further. Temple University--Theses

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Sandell, Claire-Louise. "A study of self-reported surgical site infection post total hip or total knee replacement." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-study-of-selfreported-surgical-site-infection-post-total-hip-or-total-knee-replacement(ff96dda8-7c00-4e3a-8de2-ade5c54bfd02).html.

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Background: Currently there is little published evidence exploring the experience of post discharge surgical patients who have developed infection following hip and knes joint surgery. This mixed methods syudy used both quantitative (Phase One) and qualitative (Phase Two)methodologies to explore the experience of patients with self-reported surgical site infection Methods: Phase One - Used a researcher developed postal questionnaire to identify the incidence of self-reported surgical site infection at six weeks post surgery as well as investigating the patients' experience of diagnosis, treatment and outcome following surgical site infection. Phase Two - Recruited from Phase One, twenty three patients were recruited from Phase One and invited to participate in one to one unstructured, audio taped qualitative interviews. Guided by Husserlian phenomenological approach to data collection and analysis informed by Colaizzi's method of data analysis, nine patients shared their lived experience of developing an infection post surgery. Findings: Phase One - A total of 523 patients were identified at one NHS trust and after exclusions questionnaires and stamped addressed envelopes were posted 505 patients six weeks following either total hip or total knee replacement surgery. A reponse rate 88.5% led to a final analysis of 447 questionnaires to reveal that 23 (or 5.1%)patients developed a surgical site infection, 7 in total hip replacement and 16 in total knee replacement patients. Ten infections were identified prior to discharge and 13 post discharge. Only 6 of the 23 patients were first seen by a hospital practitioner after suspecting a surgical site infection. 4 patients sought review by their general practitioner, who then referred them on to a hospital pratitioner. The remaining 13 patients utilised a combination of different management pathways. In Phase Two analysis of the nine verbatim transcriptions revealed 5 main themes of (1) Vulnerability, (2) Perception of infection, (3) Significant event, (4) Yo yoing and (5) Pendulum of care. Dicussion: Comparisons between current surveillance methods and those utilised in the study identified that current surveillance methos are likely to under represent the total number of self-reported surgical site inf

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Gower, Sierra. "The Effect of Tight Glycemic Control on Surgical Site Infection Rates in Patients Undergoing Open Heart Surgery." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4325.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three different glycemic control conditions (tight, conventional, and standard) in the intraoperative period on: 1) postoperative surgical site infections, and 2) postoperative procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein levels in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Secondary aims of the study were to investigate the effects of the three glycemic treatment conditions on: 1) intraoperative blood glucose; 2) intraoperative glycemic stability; and 3) intensive care unit length of stay, in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. An experimental design with a multilevel, single factor, within-subjects design was utilized. Patients were nested within anesthesia provider teams. The design was counterbalanced by means of a Latin square, where each of three anesthesia provider teams dispensed each of three glycemic control conditions once. Thirty-seven participants were randomized to either tight glycemic control (n =15), which maintained blood glucose 110-149 mg/dl via continuous intravenous insulin infusion, conventional glycemic control (n = 11), which maintained blood glucose 150-180 mg/dl via continuous intravenous insulin infusion, or standard glycemic control (n =11) which maintain blood glucose 150-180 mg/dl via intravenous bolus injections of insulin. The main findings of this study were that there were no significant differences between the three glycemic interventional treatment groups in 1) thirty-day surgical site infections, 2) postoperative C-reactive protein or procalcitonin concentrations 3) intensive care unit length of stay, 4) intraoperative blood glucose levels, or 5) glycemic stability. An association between intraoperative peak blood glucose and surgical site infection was established. Participants that experienced higher peak blood glucose levels intraoperatively exhibited increased surgical site infections. Procalcitonin levels were significantly elevated in participants that experienced a surgical site infection, but C-reactive protein showed no significant difference between participants with or without a surgical site infection. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery concomitant with valve replacement surgery was associated with a higher rate of surgical site infections compared coronary artery bypass graft surgery or valve surgery independently. In conclusion, an association was found between higher peak intraoperative blood glucose levels and increased surgical site infections, therefore maintaining intraoperative blood glucose levels below 180 mg/dl via a continuous intravenous infusion of insulin, may reduce postoperative surgical site infections in the open-heart patient. The use of tight glycemic control during the intraoperative period can be achieved safely, with the use of judicious protocols, but its benefits remain unproven. Inflammatory biomarker procalcitonin was predictive of infection, where C-reactive protein was not. The addition of procalcitonin to routine postoperative blood work, in open-heart patients, may benefit providers in the diagnosis and early treatment of surgical site infections. This study was underpowered. Further studies with appropriate sample size, may be able to determine if tight glycemic control, compared to moderate glycemic control, in the intraoperative period is of benefit to patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

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Lai, Shuk-tin, and 黎淑鈿. "Evidence-based guidelines for chlorhexidine gluconate in preoperative skin preparation to reduce surgical site infection in patients undergoing general surgery." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193047.

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Surgical site infection not only brings morbidity and mortality to patients, but it also bring substantial financial burden to the hospital and the healthcare system. To minimize the clinical consequences of surgical site infection, it is crucial that all appropriate measures for reduction of surgical site infection should be implemented. Since patient’s skin is a potential source of pathogens, normal skin flora is a common cause of surgical site infections. Preoperative skin disinfection of the surgical site with an antiseptic agent is an effective method to remove the soil and transient organisms from the skin. Currently, there are different skin antiseptics available and the most commonly used agents are povidone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate. Although povidone iodine has a long-standing recommendation and it is widely used in various surgical procedures, it has several limitations. On the other hand, there is an increasing interest of the use of chlorhexidine in indwelling catheter placement and care, surgical hand scrubbing, as well as wound dressing. In view of this, there is a potential of replacing povidone iodine by chlorhexidine as preoperative skin antiseptic agent. As there is no existing guideline supportingthis innovative movement, this dissertation aimed to review the currently available evidence on preoperative skin preparation and to develop an evidence-based guideline of using chlorhexidine in preoperative skin preparation for reducing surgical site infection in patients undergoing general surgery. Five randomized controlled studies were identified from MEDLINE, CINAHL and PUBMED and evaluated by a critical appraisal tool, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. All studies reported that preoperative skin preparation with chlorhexidine is more effective than the use of povidone iodine in reducing surgical site infection. An evidence-based guideline is developed according to the guideline development process from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network. Patient characteristics, local clinical setting, organizational infrastructure and staff competency is congruent with the proposed innovation. The new protocol not only can minimize the risk of postoperative surgical site infection but also save costs. The cost-benefit analysis showed that the new protocol can help to save $675,552 to $1,097,772 (HK dollars) in six-month period after implementation. To facilitate a more comprehensive plan in actual implementation of the proposed guideline, stakeholders at administrative, managerial, and operational levels would be invited to take part in the 12-week pilot test. Surgical site infection, staff satisfaction and compliance, as well as cost and benefit ratio of the guideline would be measured in the evaluation plan. The refined guidelines would then be implemented for one year. The effectiveness of the guideline would be determined by reduction in postoperative surgical site infection, increase in staff knowledge and satisfaction, and the overall expenditure. published_or_final_version Nursing Studies Master Master of Nursing

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Brantberg, Anna Lena. "När det inte blev som planerat : Patienters delaktighet i det infektionsförebyggande arbetet och i upptäckten av tidig postoperativ infektion vid höft- eller knäprotesoperation." Thesis, Röda Korsets Högskola, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:rkh:diva-887.

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Höft- och knäprotesoperationer är idag en vanlig operation vid artros i höft- och knäled. Trotsminutiösa infektionsförebyggande förberedelser inför operationen drabbas ändå en delpatienter av postoperativa infektioner. Vid ortopedisk proteskirurgi är postoperativainfektioner ett direkt hot mot den nya inopererade leden och kan leda till långabehandlingstider som påverkar patientens livskvalitet under lång tid. Syftet med studien var att utforska patienters möjlighet till delaktighet i tidig upptäckt avpostoperativ infektion utifrån given information vid operation för höft- eller knäprotes. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tio patienter med diagnostiserad postoperativinfektion efter höft- eller knäprotesoperation. Transkriberade intervjuer analyserades medinnehållsanalys. Journaler granskades för att beskriva patientens tidigare sjukdomar. Resultatet visade att första tecknen på infektion kan beskrivas med temat: Vad är normalt ochvad är inte normalt. Två kategorier beskriver patienternas Möjlighet till delaktighet ochHinder till delaktighet i det infektionsförebyggande arbete före, under och efter operation. Det handlade om hur patienten hade förstått eller inte förstått given information, vilketkategoriserades som subkategorier. Personcentrerad vård kan vara ett redskap för att stärka patienternas förutsättningar tilldelaktighet och ökar möjligheterna för att förhindra att vårdskador så som postoperativainfektioner uppstår. Surgery with prosthetic joint replacement of the hip and knee in patients with osteoarthritis is a common procedure. Despite meticulous preparation prior to surgery, surgical site infections develop in some patients. A surgical site infection is a direct threat to the new implanted joint and can lead to long treatments that affect quality of life over time. The aim of this study was to explore patients´ participation in early detection of a surgical site infection based on the information given in conjunction to surgery for hip and knee replacement. Semi structured interviews were conducted with ten patients diagnosed with surgical site infection after hip or knee replacement surgery. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Medical records were reviewed to describe the patients´ comorbidity. The result showed that the first signs of infection can be described with the theme; What is normal and what is not normal? Two categories describe patients´ Possibility of participation and Barriers to participation in infection prevention before and after surgery. It was all about How the patient had understood or not understood the given information which was categorized as subcategories. Person-centered care can be a tool that enables patients´ possibilities to participate in their care and increases the possibilities to prevent adverse events such as surgical site infections.

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Rose, Gregory Walter. "Use of an electronic data warehouse to enhance cardiac surgical site infection surveillance at a large Canadian centre." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28600.

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Surgical site infection surveillance (enumeration, and reporting of cases) reduces infection incidence. Data-driven "trigger" mechanisms focus surveillance on high-probability cases, yet often lack specificity. We aimed to develop trigger mechanisms with greater specificity for surveillance of cardiac surgical site infection. We developed these mechanisms in a two part study: systematic review to identify potential trigger factors; and nested case-control study to derive trigger mechanisms from a novel information structure called a data warehouse. Among 158 studies, we identified 570 trigger factors, which we grouped into themes, using the top 33 in the case-control study Using 203 cases and 516 controls, we derived two models for surveillance trigger mechanisms. These models provided true positive rates of 0.941 and 0.931 respectively (non-inferior to the current trigger mechanism), with false positive rates of 0.1085 each (superior to the current trigger mechanism). These trigger mechanisms may standardize and automate surgical site infection surveillance triggering.

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Burgatti, Juliane Cristina. "Revisão sistemática sobre o uso de aventais cirúrgicos, conforme o material de confecção, no controle da contaminação/infecção do sítio cirúrgico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7139/tde-27092007-140738/.

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O avental cirúrgico, um dos principais componentes de barreira antimicrobiana, é confeccionado com materiais de tecido e não-tecido. A Sociedade Norte-Americana de Enfermeiros do Centro Cirúrgico - AORN e a Norma Européia - EN 13795-3 recomendam que os aventais cirúrgicos devam prover uma barreira apropriada contra microrganismos, sangue e outros fluidos corpóreos (seco ou molhado). Tais recomendações, no entanto, não definem o que consideram como \"barreira apropriada\". O que ainda não foi comprovado, porém, é se o uso de materiais de não-tecido realmente interfere, isoladamente, tanto na contaminação da ferida operatória, quanto na ocorrência de ISC. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar se há evidências científicas, pela revisão sistemática de literatura, que fundamentem a prática do uso de aventais em cirurgias, conforme seu material de confecção. Foram considerados para a revisão sistemática apenas estudos básicos de intervenção, que investigaram a contaminação e ou a infecção do sítio cirúrgico com uso de aventais cirúrgicos reutilizáveis e ou de uso-único, utilizando como população pessoas submetidas a cirurgias, em situações reais ou simuladas, em qualquer período, sem limitação de idioma. Para localizar os estudos, utilizou-se a estratégia: P (pacientes) = pacientes cirúrgicos - surgical patients, I (intervenção) = roupa hospitalar ou roupa de proteção clothing / protective clothing, C (comparação) = uso-único ou reutilizável - single-use or reusable, O (desfecho) = contaminação ou infecção da ferida operatória surgical wound infection/contamination. A busca dos estudos orientou-se pelas bases de dados eletrônicas: LILACS, CINAHL, EMBASE, COCHRANE, PubMed/MEDLINE, pesquisa manual na revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico (SOBECC) e referências dos estudos incluídos. Os dados analisados foram apresentados em três fases: Fase 1: Caracterização do processo de seleção dos estudos; Fase 2: Caracterização dos estudos incluídos; Fase 3: Avaliação da evidência dos estudos incluídos, a partir de duas escalas de qualidade, sendo uma delas a de Jadad e outra a de Controle de Infecção Cirúrgica (EQCIC), adaptada de Nobre e Bernardo. A amostra desta revisão sistemática constituiu-se de 12 estudos, sendo que apenas um deles investigou o avental isoladamente. Os demais investigaram principalmente os campos cirúrgicos juntamente com os aventais. Constata-se, com isso, dificuldade de isolar o objeto de intervenção de outros inúmeros fatores que podem interferir nos desfechos, em estudos desta natureza. Dois estudos (E1, E2) obtiveram forte evidência de recomendação, concluindo pela não diferença de contaminação e infecção do sítio cirúrgico entre aventais e campos de tecido e não-tecido. Devido à ausência de estudos semelhantes não houve a possibilidade de realizar a metanálise. A verificação isolada de aventais cirúrgicos depende de mais pesquisas bem controladas e delineadas. A contribuição desta investigação para a implementação de prática baseada em evidências mostrou-se relevante não somente para responder especificamente à questão da pesquisa, mas também para identificar qualidade, lacunas, falhas e recomendar aspectos a serem considerados nas próximas pesquisas desta natureza The surgical gown, one of the main components of the antimicrobial barrier, is confectioned with woven and non-woven materials. The American Operating Room Nursing - AORN and The European Norm - EN 13795-3 recommend that the surgical gowns should provide an appropriate barrier against microorganisms, blood and other organic fluids (dry or wet). These recommendations, however, do not define, yet, what to consider an \"appropriate barrier\".. What has not been proved yet is if the use of non-woven materials influence, in an isolated way, both the contamination of an operation wound, and the occurrence of ISC. It was the objective of this present study to investigate if there is scientific evidence, by means of systematic revision, that founded the practice of use of gowns in surgery, according to its material of confections. Only basic studies of intervention that investigated the contamination and or surgical site infection with the use of surgical gowns reusable or single-use were considered in the systematic revision, which used as population people who underwent surgery, in real or simulated situations, in any period, without idiom limitation. To locate the studies, we used the PICO strategy: P (patients): surgical patients, I (intervention) = clothing/protective clothing, C (comparison) = single-use or reusable, O (outcome) = contamination or surgical wound infection. The search of studies was guided by the following electronic data bases: LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, manual research in the magazine of Brazilian Society Operating Room Nursing (SOBECC) and references of included studies. The data analyses were shown in three phases: Phase 1: characterization of process of select studies; Phase 2: characterization of included studies; Phase 3: evaluation of the evidence found in the included studies, using two quality scales, being one this The Jadad and other Surgical Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted from Nobre and Bernardo. The sample of this systematic revision comprises 12 studies, being only one of them analyzed only gowns. The remainder investigated mainly the surgical fields together with the gowns. We can see thereby the difficulty in isolating the object of intervention from other countless factors that can influence outcomes, in studies of this nature. Two studies (E1, E2) found strong evidence of recommendation, concluding that there is no difference in terms of contamination and surgical wound infection between woven and non-woven gowns and drapes. Due to the absence of similar studies it is not possible to do some metanalysis. The isolated verification of surgical gowns needs more well controlled and delineated research. The contribution of this investigation to the implementation of practices based on evidences in showed relevant not only to answer specifically the question of research, but also to identify quality, gaps and flaws and recommend aspects to be considered in future research of this nature

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Souroullas, Panayiotis. "Surgical site infection following major lower limb amputation : analysing the clinical effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis duration and skin preparation." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16873.

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Background: Major LLA remains a common operation in the United Kingdom with ⁓5000 procedures performed yearly. Amputations are described as ‘clean surgery’ and SSIs in this patient cohort have been previously under-reported. The true incidence lies between 13-35% and is associated with patient mortality, morbidity and implications on health economics. Previous work done in this thesis has demonstrated lack of consensus in clinical practice regarding perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, and lack of high quality studies to formulate and sustain a common practice across the UK. Methods: A single centre RCT was designed to which a total of 161 patients were recruited and randomised to receive either a 5-day or a 24-hour prophylactic antibiotic course. Within the groups further allocation to skin preparation (alcoholic chlorhexidine Vs. alcoholic povidone iodine) was performed by stratification. Results: A total of 153 patients were included in the final analysis. Groups were well matched for comorbidities and demographics. The use of a 5-day course was associated with a statistically significant lower incidence of SSI(n=9, 11.5%) when compared to the 24-hour group (n=27, 36%) (P < 0.001) and lower incidence of IWH(n=20, 25.6% Vs. n=40, 53.3% respectively) (P < 0.001). History of diabetes, smoking, and transmetatarsal amputations performed, were statistically significant independent factors associated with an increase in SSI incidence (P=0.018, P=0.005, and P<0.001 respectively). Choice of skin preparation between alcoholic chlorhexidine and povidone iodine had no effect on the incidence of SSI/IWH (P=0.851 and P=0.326 respectively). The presence of SSI statistically significantly increased the post-operative length of hospital stay (from median 14 to 28 days, P=0.015) Conclusions: This is a Level 1 study which demonstrated that the use of a 5-day over a 24-hour antibiotic course can significantly reduce incidence and risk of SSI/IWH development. It has also highlighted 3 independent factors, 2 of which could be addressed during the preoperative optimisation stage to reduce the risk of developing an SSI post-operatively. The presence of SSI is associated with prolonged hospital stay, something which has significant implications on patient morbidity as well as incurring significant costs on healthcare resources.

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Merollini, Katharina M. D. "Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of strategies claiming to reduce the risk of surgical site infections following primary total hip arthroplasty." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/54667/1/Katharina_Merollini_Thesis.pdf.

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Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a commonly performed procedure and numbers are increasing with ageing populations. One of the most serious complications in THA are surgical site infections (SSIs), caused by pathogens entering the wound during the procedure. SSIs are associated with a substantial burden for health services, increased mortality and reduced functional outcomes in patients. Numerous approaches to preventing these infections exist but there is no gold standard in practice and the cost-effectiveness of alternate strategies is largely unknown. Objectives The aim of this project was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of strategies claiming to reduce deep surgical site infections following total hip arthroplasty in Australia. The objectives were: 1. Identification of competing strategies or combinations of strategies that are clinically relevant to the control of SSI related to hip arthroplasty 2. Evidence synthesis and pooling of results to assess the volume and quality of evidence claiming to reduce the risk of SSI following total hip arthroplasty 3. Construction of an economic decision model incorporating cost and health outcomes for each of the identified strategies 4. Quantification of the effect of uncertainty in the model 5. Assessment of the value of perfect information among model parameters to inform future data collection Methods The literature relating to SSI in THA was reviewed, in particular to establish definitions of these concepts, understand mechanisms of aetiology and microbiology, risk factors, diagnosis and consequences as well as to give an overview of existing infection prevention measures. Published economic evaluations on this topic were also reviewed and limitations for Australian decision-makers identified. A Markov state-transition model was developed for the Australian context and subsequently validated by clinicians. The model was designed to capture key events related to deep SSI occurring within the first 12 months following primary THA. Relevant infection prevention measures were selected by reviewing clinical guideline recommendations combined with expert elicitation. Strategies selected for evaluation were the routine use of pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) versus no use of antibiotic prophylaxis (No AP) or in combination with antibiotic-impregnated cement (AP & ABC) or laminar air operating rooms (AP & LOR). The best available evidence for clinical effect size and utility parameters was harvested from the medical literature using reproducible methods. Queensland hospital data were extracted to inform patients’ transitions between model health states and related costs captured in assigned treatment codes. Costs related to infection prevention were derived from reliable hospital records and expert opinion. Uncertainty of model input parameters was explored in probabilistic sensitivity analyses and scenario analyses and the value of perfect information was estimated. Results The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from a health services perspective using a hypothetical cohort of 30,000 THA patients aged 65 years. The baseline rate of deep SSI was 0.96% within one year of a primary THA. The routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) was highly cost-effective and resulted in cost savings of over $1.6m whilst generating an extra 163 QALYs (without consideration of uncertainty). Deterministic and probabilistic analysis (considering uncertainty) identified antibiotic prophylaxis combined with antibiotic-impregnated cement (AP & ABC) to be the most cost-effective strategy. Using AP & ABC generated the highest net monetary benefit (NMB) and an incremental $3.1m NMB compared to only using antibiotic prophylaxis. There was a very low error probability that this strategy might not have the largest NMB (<5%). Not using antibiotic prophylaxis (No AP) or using both antibiotic prophylaxis combined with laminar air operating rooms (AP & LOR) resulted in worse health outcomes and higher costs. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model was sensitive to the initial cohort starting age and the additional costs of ABC but the best strategy did not change, even for extreme values. The cost-effectiveness improved for a higher proportion of cemented primary THAs and higher baseline rates of deep SSI. The value of perfect information indicated that no additional research is required to support the model conclusions. Conclusions Preventing deep SSI with antibiotic prophylaxis and antibiotic-impregnated cement has shown to improve health outcomes among hospitalised patients, save lives and enhance resource allocation. By implementing a more beneficial infection control strategy, scarce health care resources can be used more efficiently to the benefit of all members of society. The results of this project provide Australian policy makers with key information about how to efficiently manage risks of infection in THA.

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Merriman, Joseph Alan. "Secreted Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors and their role in chronic wound development and persistence." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1989.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive opportunistic pathogen responsible for more deaths every year than HIV/AIDS. Its formidable repertoire of virulence factors, ubiquitous nature, and ability to acquire antibiotic resistance quickly allow S. aureus to colonize and persist in nearly any body site if given the opportunity. S. aureus is the leading cause of many common and severe skin diseases, i.e. atopic dermatitis and surgical site infections, which can result in significant morbidity and mortality due to lack of available treatments and chronic non-healing nature of each infection. The human body is capable of producing many antimicrobial factors, such as defensins in the epidermis, in conjunction with providing a seamless barrier to many environmental threats, i.e. the skin, yet when given the opportunity, S. aureus can overtake these innate defenses, colonize, and cause disease. Despite S. aureus being a prominent organism in skin infections, little has been done to identify critical factors of S. aureus to cause skin infections. This document demonstrates the capacity of specific S. aureus virulence factors, superantigens and cytotoxins, to alter re-epithelialization and wound healing, as indicated by altered keratinocyte migration and proliferation. In an attempt to harness natural occurring host defenses, we have also identified and generated novel antimicrobial peptides capable of ablating toxin production independent of bacterial growth inhibition. Evidence presented should convince the reader that S. aureus exotoxin production is critical in perpetuating chronic wounds through local keratinocyte interaction. This suggests targeting production of these toxins to prevent cell toxicity and inflammatory responses, could allow the host to repair damaged tissue effectively.

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Nobile, M. "VALUTAZIONE MEDIANTE METODOLOGIA BOTTOM UP E MICRO-COSTING DEGLI EXTRACOSTI GENERATI DALLE INFEZIONI CORRELATE ALLE PRATICHE ASSISTENZIALI IN AMBITO ORTOPEDICO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/352639.

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Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) in Europe account for around 16 million additional patient-days in hospital per year (an average of 4 days per infection), with around 37,000 deaths associated with the infection itself .The total estimated annual cost of hospital-acquired infections for Europe is 7 million euros (ECDC, 2008). Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) account for between 15% and 25% of all HAIs, ranking third in order of frequency (Bozic et al, 2005). SSIs resulting from joint replacement operations are serious complications both from the patient’s and from an economic point of view. The onset of an SSI is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates and thus leads to added costs for the National Health Service in terms of prolonged hospital stays (De Lissovoy et al, 2009), related diagnostic procedures and possible revision surgery (Perencevich et al , 2003). It is estimated that the onset of an SSI following orthopaedic surgery doubles the risk of re-admissionsin the following 12 months and that the direct costs of hospitalisation account for more than double ( Broex et al 2009). The cost of revision surgery for an infected hip replacement is 2.8 times higher than a non-septic revision and 4.8 times higher than the original implant (Bozic et al, 2005). The aim of this study is to develop a model for analysing healthcare expenditure borne as a result of the occurrence of Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) in patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgery. The study was conducted at the Gaetano Pini Orthopaedic Institute. Selection of the patients took place within the framework of the ISChIA project on active prospective surveillance among patients who had experienced a SSIs. This aim was achieved by developing a model (Phase I) for evaluating the impact of SSIs – as defined by the CDC – on healthcare expenditure, which considers both the perspective of the hospital providing the treatment and that of the Regional Health Service. Direct extra costs were analysed from the perspective of the healthcare provider, using bottom-up and micro-costing methods; these estimated costs include the direct variable costs (resources used for specific patient services) of treating the infection borne within the hospital, including treatment costs, laboratory costs, diagnostic examinations, x-rays and consultation costs Given a case of hospitalisation with SSI, the hospital meets the direct costs arising therefrom, which would otherwise not have been generated. At the same time, the Regional Health Service, in addition to these costs, must meet any costs relating to new cases of patients being admitted as due to SSI. The model thus implemented was then subject to validation during Phase II. The average additional value estimated for managing SSI is €4,905 in Phase I and €4,155 in Phase II. ECDC. Focus on healthcare-associated infections, Annual epidemiological report 2008. De Lissovoy, G.; Fraeman, K.; Hutchins, V. et al. ‘Surgical Site Infection: Incidence and Impact on Hospital Utilization and Treatment Costs’, American Journal of Infection Control. 2009; 37(5):387-97. Perencevich, E.N.; Sands, K.E.; Cosgrove, S.E. et al. ‘Health and Economic Impact of Surgical Site Infections Diagnosed after Hospital Discharge’, Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003; 9(2):196-203. Broex, E.; Van Asselt, A.; Bruggeman, C.A.; Van Tiel, F.H. ‘Surgical site infections: how high are the costs?’, The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2009; 72(3):193-201. Bozic, K.J.; Ries, M.D. ‘The impact of infection after total hip arthroplasty on hospital and surgeon resource utilization’, J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Aug; 87(8):1746-51

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Ribeiro, Julio Cesar. "Análise da ocorrência e dos fatores predisponentes de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes sumetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-05112012-194139/.

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A infecção de sítio cirúrgico é um dos principais problemas que pode acometer o paciente no perioperatório. Este tipo de infecção em cirurgia ortopédica consiste em problema grave devido à sua morbidade e custos elevados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar a ocorrência e os fatores predisponentes de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas. Para tal, realizou-se estudo na abordagem metodológica quantitativa, com delineamento de pesquisa não-experimental, do tipo correlacional e longitudinal. A amostra foi composta por 93 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas limpas e eletivas. Para a coleta de dados, um instrumento foi elaborado e submetido à validação aparente e de conteúdo. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de outubro de 2011 a março de 2012, em hospital privado filantrópico da cidade de Franca, estado de São Paulo. Na análise estatística dos dados empregou-se a análise bivariada (por meio de odds ratio, intervalo de confiança, teste Qui-quadrado com correção de Yates, teste t de \"Student\" e Mann-Whitney), regressão múltipla e regressão logística binária. A infecção de sítio cirúrgico foi detectada em 16 pacientes participantes da pesquisa, sendo a sua ocorrência de 17,2%. As variáveis investigadas relacionadas ao paciente foram a idade, Índice de Massa Corpórea, classificação ASA e a presença de doenças crônicas. As variáveis estudadas relacionadas ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico foram a duração da anestesia, duração da cirurgia, uso de antibioticoprofilaxia e tempo total de internação. Os resultados evidenciaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo com e o grupo sem infecção, quando testado associação com a infecção de sítio cirúrgico e as variáveis classificação ASA e o tempo total de internação. Após ajuste do modelo de regressão logística binária, apenas a variável tempo total de internação mostrou-se com relação estatisticamente significativa com a presença ou não de infecção. Ressalta-se ainda que 75% dos casos de infecção foram diagnosticados após a alta hospitalar dos pacientes indicando a importância da vigilância epidemiológica pós- alta. Surgical site infection is one of the main problems that can occur to patients in the perioperative period. This type of infection in orthopedic surgeries is a severe problem due to its morbidity and high costs. This quantitative, correlational, non- experimental and longitudinal study aimed to analyze the incidence and predisposing factors for surgical site infection in patients who underwent orthopedic surgery. The sample consisted of 93 patients who underwent clean and elective orthopedic surgeries. For data collection, an instrument was developed and submitted to face and content validation. Data collection occurred between October 2011 and March 2012, in a private philanthropic hospital in the city of Franca, state of São Paulo. Bivariate analysis (by means of odds ratios, confidence intervals, Chi-squared test with Yates correction, Student\'s t and Mann-Whitney tests), multiple regression and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Surgical site infection was detected in 16 patients who participated in the research, with an incidence of 17.2%. The variables investigated related to patients were age, Body Mass Index, ASA score and the presence of chronic diseases. Variables related to surgical anesthesia were the duration of anesthesia, duration of surgery, use of antibiotic prophylaxis and total length of hospitalization. The results showed statistically significant difference between the groups with and without infection, when testing association with surgical site infection, ASA score variables and total length of hospitalization. After adjustment of the binary logistic regression model, only the variable total length of hospitalization was statistically significant regarding the presence or not of infection. It is worth noting that 75% of infections were diagnosed after discharge from hospital, indicating the importance of epidemiological surveillance after discharge.

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Wistrand, Camilla. "Swedish operating room nurses preventive interventions to reduce bacterial growth, surgical site infections, and increase comfort in patients undergoing surgery." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-59394.

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Surgical site infection is a major postoperative complication that causes patient suffering and is costly for society. The general aim of this thesis was to test and describe interventions performed by operating room (OR) nurses to prevent bacterial growth in surgical patients, with the intent to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) whilst increase patients comfort. In studies I and II, 220 pacemaker patients were tested to compare pre-heated skin disinfection with room-temperature skin disinfection regard-ing bacterial growth, skin temperature and patient experience. Preheated skin disinfection was not less effective compared to room-temperature skin disinfection in reducing bacterial growth after skin disinfection and there were no differences regarding SSIs three month postoperatively. Preheated skin disinfection reduces skin heat loss and was perceived as more pleas-ant compared to room-temperature skin disinfection. In study III, 12 OR nurses were examined regarding bacterial growth on their hands and at the sterile glove cuff end after surgical hand disinfec-tion and again after wearing sterile surgical gloves during surgery. They were compared with a control group of 13 non-health care workers. OR nurses’ hands had higher amounts of bacterial growth at two of three culture sites after surgical hand disinfection compared with the control group, and the bacterial growth increased in both groups with time during surgery. There seems to be a risk of bacterial growth at the glove cuff end during surgery, involving the same type of bacteria as isolated from the hands. In study IV, 890 OR nurses answered an online questionnaire describ-ing OR nurses interventions guided by national guidelines to reduce SSIs, such as preparation of the patient skin, patient temperature, and OR ma-terials used. The proportion of the OR nurses who complied with the national guidelines preventive interventions was high: skin disinfection solution (93.5%), drapes (97.4%) and gowns (83.8%), and double gloves (73%). However, when guidelines were lacking the interventions differed.

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Ribeiro, Julio Cesar. "Efeito da hipotermia sobre a incidência de infeção de sítio cirúrgico em cirurgias abdominais: estudo de coorte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-24042018-194002/.

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A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação frequente que pode acometer o paciente submetido ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico, acarretando o aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e dos custos hospitalares, bem como do sofrimento emocional e físico do paciente. Este estudo teve como objetivos estimar a incidência de ISC em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal, identificar as taxas de ISC segundo fatores relacionados ao paciente, ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico e ao ambiente da sala cirúrgica, identificar os fatores de risco e de proteção, e identificar o efeito independente da hipotermia sobre a incidência de ISC. Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos, conduziu-se estudo de coorte com 484 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal. Para a coleta de dados elaborou-se instrumento, submetido à validação aparente e de conteúdo por cinco juízes. A coleta de dados foi realizada na unidade de internação ou na sala de recepção do centro cirúrgico, no período intraoperatório, no período de internação e reinternação, e no retorno no 30° dia após a cirurgia. A hipotermia foi avaliada a partir de três mensurações distintas, a saber: 1 - temperatura Delta; 2 - número de vezes em que a temperatura do paciente foi <36,0°C; 3 - tempo de exposição, em minutos, em que o paciente esteve submetido a temperaturas <36,0°C. A incidência bruta de ISC foi de 20,25% (98 casos). A incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude nos participantes do sexo feminino (22,43%), nos pacientes na faixa etária de 60 anos e mais (27,22%), e com obesidade classe II (25,71%). As médias de duração da anestesia e da cirurgia foram maiores no grupo com ISC, a incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude naqueles pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de porte III (85,71%) e anestesia combinada (41,10%). A incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude naquele participante que no final da cirurgia estava exposto à temperatura da sala de operação < 20°C (33,33%), e naqueles expostos à umidade do ar entre 45-55 kg/m3 (22,18%). Na mensuração 1 (modelo final), a hipotermia não apresentou relação causal com a ISC, e as variáveis classificação ASA, porte cirúrgico e tipo de anestesia permaneceram independentemente associadas à ISC. Na mensuração 2 (modelo final), identificou-se o efeito causal independente da hipotermia sobre a ISC, os pacientes que estiveram submetidos mais de cinco vezes a temperaturas <36,0°C apresentaram maior probabilidade (89%; RR=1,89) de desenvolverem ISC, as variáveis classificação ASA e tipo de anestesia mantiveram-se independentemente associadas à ISC. Na mensuração 3 (modelo final), também identificou-se o efeito causal independente da hipotermia sobre a ISC, os pacientes que estiveram submetidos a mais de 75 minutos a temperaturas <36,0°C apresentaram maior probabilidade (89%; RR=1,89) de desenvolverem ISC, as variáveis classificação ASA e tipo de anestesia permaneceram independentemente associadas à ISC. A raquianestesia foi fator de proteção independente para ISC, nos três modelos finais. Os resultados evidenciados poderão subsidiar a tomada de decisão dos profissionais de saúde na implementação de ações direcionadas para a prevenção e controle de ISC, com ênfase em medidas para a prevenção da hipotermia perioperatória Surgical site infection (SSI) is a frequent complication that can affect the patient undergoing surgical anesthetic procedure, leading to increased morbidity, mortality and hospital costs, as well as emotional and physical suffering of the patient. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in patients undergoing abdominal surgery; to identify SSI rates according to factors related to the patient, to the surgical anesthetic procedure and to the operating room environment; to identify risk and protective factors; and to identify the independent effect of hypothermia on the incidence of SSI. To reach the proposed objectives, a cohort study was conducted with 484 patients undergoing abdominal surgery. An instrument was developed for data collection, and submitted to face and content validation by five judges. Data collection was performed in the inpatient care unit or in the surgical center reception room, during the intraoperative period, the hospitalization and readmission period, and on the 30th postoperative day. Hypothermia was evaluated from three different measurements: 1) delta temperature; 2) number of times the patient temperature was <36.0°C; 3) exposure time, in minutes, in which the patient was submitted to temperatures <36.0°C. The crude incidence of SSI was 20.25% (98 cases). The incidence of SSI presented higher magnitude in female participants (22.43%), in patients aged 60 years and over (27.22%), and with class II obesity (25.71%). The mean duration of anesthesia and surgery were higher in the SSI group, the SSI incidence was higher in patients undergoing surgery III (85.71%) and combined anesthesia (41.10%). The incidence of SSI presented higher magnitude in participants who were exposed, in the end of surgery, to temperature <20°C (33.33%) at the operating room; and in those exposed to air humidity between 45-55 kg/m3 (22, 18%). In the measurement 1 (final model), hypothermia did not present a causal relationship with SSI, and the variables ASA classification, surgical size and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. In the measurement 2 (final model), the independent causal effect of hypothermia on SSI was identified; patients who were submitted more than five times to temperatures <36.0°C were more likely (89%; RR=1.89) to develop SSI, the variables ASA classification and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. In the measurement 3 (final model), the independent causal effect of hypothermia on SSI was also identified; patients who were submitted to more than 75 minutes to temperatures <36.0°C were more likely (89%; RR = 1.89) to develop SSI, the variables ASA classification and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. Spinal anesthesia was an independent protective factor for SSI in the three final models. The found results may support the decision-making of health professionals in the implementation of actions directed to the prevention and control of SSI, with emphasis on measures for the prevention of perioperative hypothermia

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Poveda, Vanessa de Brito. ""Análise dos fatores predisponentes a infecção do sítio cirúrgico em gastrectomia"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-26072004-093115/.

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A infecção do sítio cirúrgico ocupa o segundo lugar em incidência dentro do ambiente hospitalar e está relacionada à vitória do microrganismo sobre a defesa do hospedeiro; envolve, também, interesses econômicos e sociais e se constitui num desafio aos profissionais de saúde. A presente investigação teve como objetivo identificar os fatores de risco relacionados à infecção do sítio cirúrgico, em paciente submetido à cirurgia eletiva de gastrectomia, potencialmente contaminada, na especialidade de Gastrocirurgia, no período compreendido entre 1998 a 2002, em um hospital público do interior paulista. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, por meio do levantamento de informações contidas nos prontuários médicos, utilizando-se para a análise estatística dos dados os testes não paramétricos: Mann-Whitney (variáveis quantitativas) e coeficiente de contingência (variáveis qualitativas). Em 181 casos investigados, detectou-se a ocorrência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em 17 situações (9,4%), sendo 23,5% classificadas como infecção incisional superficial; 52,9%, infecção incisional profunda e 23,5%, infecção de órgão/espaço. Quanto às variáveis referentes ao período de internação pós-operatório, período de internação total, tempo de cirurgia, sondagem vesical de demora foram associadas à presença de infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Neste estudo não se verificou associação entre infecção do sítio cirúrgico e as variáveis referentes à idade, período de internação pré-operatório, utilização de dreno, sexo, raça, diagnóstico etilismo, tabagismo, presença de doenças crônicas, realização de tricotomia, antibioticoprofilaxia, anti-sepsia, tipo de cirurgia, transfusão sangüínea e focos infecciosos à distância. Surgical site infection occupies the second place in terms of incidence in the hospital environment and is not only related to the victory of the microorganism on the defense of its host, but also includes economic and social interests. Moreover, it also constitutes a challenge to health professionals. This research aimed to identify the risk factors related to surgical site infection in patients submitted to a potentially contaminated elective gastrectomy, as a part of Gastric surgery, in the period between 1998 and 2002, at a public hospital in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Therefore, a transversal study was carried out by means of a medical record information survey, using the following non-parametric tests for statistical data analysis: Mann-Whitney (quantitative variables) and contingency coefficient (qualitative variables). Out of the 181 cases that were examined, the occurrence of surgical site infection was detected in 17 situations (9.4%), 23.5% of which were categorized as superficial incisional infection, 52.9% as deep incisional infection and 23.5% as organ/space infection. The following variables were associated with the presence of surgical site infection: post-operative hospitalization period, total hospitalization period, surgery time, time to dwelling vesical catheter removal. No link could be found between surgical site infection and the variables age, pre-operative hospitalization period, drain usage, gender, race, alcoholism, smoking, history of chronic illnesses, trichotomy, antibiotic prophilaxis, antisepsis, kind of surgery, blood transfusion and distant infection sources.

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Castro, Paulo de Tarso Oliveira e. "Fatores de risco para infecção do sítio cirúrgico em cirurgias oncológicas do aparelho digestório do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17139/tde-28102009-155036/.

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Castro, PTO. Fatores de risco para infecção do sítio cirúrgico em cirurgias oncológicas do aparelho digestório do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. 2009. 49 p. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Medicina: Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. 2009. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é a infecção hospitalar (IH) de maior prevalência em pacientes cirúrgicos, determinando aumento do tempo de hospitalização, dos custos e da morbidade e letalidade. É importante conhecer os principais fatores de risco desta infecção para estabelecer medidas de prevenção através dos fatores que podem ser modificáveis. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a ocorrência de ISC e estudar os seus fatores de risco em cirurgias oncológicas do aparelho digestório no Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. Indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia oncológica do aparelho digestório, no período de 01/08/2007 a 10/08/2008, foram acompanhados prospectivamente por 30 dias para diagnóstico de ISC. Simultaneamente, foram estudados possíveis fatores de risco, ligados ao paciente e ao procedimento cirúrgico. Foram avaliadas 210 cirurgias, com uma incidência global de ISC de 23,8% . As seguintes variáveis apresentaram associação independente de risco: tempo de cirurgia, tipo de cirurgia, radioterapia antes da cirurgia e tempo de experiência do cirurgião. Os fatores de risco encontrados neste estudo descrevem um grupo de indivíduos com maior risco de ISC, nos quais novos protocolos de prevenção devem ser considerados. Castro, PTO. Risk factors for Surgical Site infection during oncology surgeries of digestive system at Barretos Cancer Hospital. 2009. 59 p. Dissertation (Master degree). School of Medicine : University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto. 2009. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the most prevalent hospital infection among surgical patients, and it increases length of stay hospitalization, higher cost and greater morbidity and mortality. It is important to know the main risk factors for such infections, in order to establish prevention measures through factors that can be modified. The objective of this study is to describe the occurrence of SSI and possible risk factors during oncology surgery of the digestive system, at Barretos Cancer Hospital. Between August 1 2007 and August 10 2008, individuals undergoing oncology surgery of the digestive system were followed up prospectively for 30 days in order to diagnose any SSI. Possible risk factors related to the patient and to surgery were studied. Two hundred ten operations were evaluated. The overall incidence of SSI was 23.8%. The following variables were independently associated with SSI: duration of surgery, type of surgery, radiotherapy prior to surgery and the surgeons length of experience. Risk factors found in this study describes a group of individuals with increased risk of ISC, in which new protocols of prevention should be considered.

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Pinheiro, Paula Cristina Onofre. "Protocolo de prevenção de infeção do local cirúrgico." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23423.

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O Estágio final, integrado no Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem- Especialização em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica: Pessoa em situação crítica permite o desenvolvimento de competências técnico-científicas, humanas e relacionais, descritas neste relatório. As infeções associadas aos cuidados de saúde representam, em todo o mundo, o evento adverso mais comum que coloca em causa a segurança do doente. A infeção do local cirúrgico afeta 1/3 dos doentes que foram submetidos a um procedimento cirúrgico. A sua prevenção é um processo complexo, que envolve uma série de medidas que devem integrar o período peri-operatório (OMS,016). Atualmente, assume-se como um desafio para todos os profissionais de saúde. Objetivos: Criar e implementar uma instrução de trabalho, com o intuito de uniformizar procedimentos que reduzam a incidência de infeção do local cirúrgico. Metodologia: Após a constatação da problemática, foi elaborada, discutida, apresentada e implementada uma instrução de trabalho, utilizando a metodologia de projeto. A mesma foi divulgada à equipa através de formação em serviço. Resultados: A criação dos documentos acima referidos, pretendem colmatar algumas lacunas identificadas na prevenção de ILC. No entanto, pelo seu carácter, não permite a obtenção de resultados imediatos. Conclusão: As instruções de trabalho pretendem vir a ser uma mais valia para o serviço, na prevenção de eventos adversos, nomeadamente infeção do local cirúrgico, melhorando a qualidade dos cuidados prestados; ABSTRACT: Protocol to prevention of the surgical site infection The final stage, integrated in the Master Course in Nursing - Specialization in Medical-Surgical Nursing: Person in critical situation allows the development of technical-scientific, human and relational skills, described in this report. Infections associated with health care represent the most common adverse event in the world that puts patient safety at risk. Infection of the surgical site affects 1/3 of the patients who underwent a surgical procedure. Its prevention is a complex process involving a series of measures that should be part of the perioperative period (WHO, 016). Currently, it is a challenge for all health professionals. Objectives: To create and implement a work instruction, in order to standardize procedures that reduce the incidence of surgical site infection. Methodology: After the problem was established, a working instruction was elaborated, discussed, presented and implemented using the project methodology. It was disclosed to the team through in-service training. Results: The creation of the aforementioned documents, aim to fill some gaps identified in the prevention of ILC. However, by its character, it does not allow to obtain immediate results. Conclusion: The instructions of work are intended to be an added value for the service, in the prevention of adverse events, namely infection of the surgical site, improving the quality of care provided.

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Hata, Hiroaki. "Oral and Parenteral Versus Parenteral Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Elective Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery (JMTO PREV 07－01) A Phase 3, Multicenter, Open－label, Randomized Trial." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232080.

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Bellusse, Gislaine Cristhina. "Incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em neurocirurgia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-14012014-112321/.

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A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação frequente que pode acometer o paciente submetido ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico. A importância dessa problemática está no aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e dos custos hospitalares, e ainda, em relação ao paciente, pelo sofrimento emocional e físico, bem como o prolongamento do período de afastamento de suas atividades profissionais e do convívio social. A presente investigação teve como objetivo geral analisar a incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos à neurocirurgia eletiva e limpa em hospital privado filantrópico, nível terciário, do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Para tal, realizou-se estudo com delineamento de pesquisa não experimental, tipo descritivo e prospectivo. A amostra foi composta por 85 sujeitos submetidos a neurocirurgias eletivas e limpas. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se instrumento validado por estudioso da temática, esse procedimento ocorreu durante o acompanhamento do paciente no perioperatório (pré, intra e pós-operatório) e, após a alta, no trigésimo dia após o procedimento cirúrgico, sendo agendado o retorno do paciente na sala de curativos do hospital onde a pesquisa foi conduzida. A coleta de dados teve a duração de onze meses (junho de 2012 a abril de 2013). A indicência de ISC foi de 9,4%, resultado superior ao preconizado na literatura para o tipo de procedimento cirúrgico estudado (cirurgia limpa). As variáveis estudadas relacionadas ao paciente foram idade, classificação ASA, Índice de Massa Coporal e presença de doenças crônicas. As variáveis investigadas relacionadas ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico foram duração da anestesia, duração da cirurgia, uso de antibioticoprofilaxia e tempo total de internação. Em relação ao momento do diagnóstico, dos oito pacientes com ISC, cinco (62,5%) tiveram o diagnóstico durante o período em que permaneceram internados; dois (25%) após a alta por ocasião de reinternação devido ISC e um (12,5%) no retorno agendado na sala de curativos. O estudo fornece subsídios para a reflexão dos profissionais de saúde sobre a incidência e os fatores predisponentes de ISC em neurocirurgia, os quais podem auxiliar na implementação de medidas de prevenção e controle para a problemática em razão dos efeitos deletérios acarretados no tocante aos custos e as repercussões familiares, sociais e financeiras ao paciente cirúrgico The surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication that can occur in patients undergoing the surgical anesthetic procedure. The importance of this problem is the increasing of morbidity, mortality and hospital costs, and also in relation to patients, the emotional and physical distress, as well as the extension of the period of absence from their professional and social life. This study aimed to analyze the incidence of surgical site infection in patients undergoing clean elective neurosurgery in a private philanthropic hospital, tertiary level, in the state of São Paulo. For this, a descriptive and prospective study with non-experimental research design was performed. The sample consisted of 85 subjects undergoing clean elective neurosurgery. For data collection, an instrument validated by an expert was used; this procedure occurred during the follow up of the patient in the perioperative period (pre, intra and post- operative) and, after discharge, in the thirtieth day after the surgical procedure. The patient\'s return was scheduled in the dressing room of the hospital where the research was conducted. Data collection lasted eleven months (from June 2012 to April 2013). The incidence of SSI was of 9.4%, and this result was higher than that recommended in the literature for the type of surgical procedure studied (clean surgery). The studied variables related to the patient were age, ASA score, body mass index and chronic diseases. The studied variables related to surgical anesthesia were duration of anesthesia, duration of surgery, use of antibiotic and total hospitalization time. Regarding the time of diagnosis, from the eight patients with SSI, five (62.5%) were diagnosed during the period in which they were hospitalized, two (25%) after discharge at the time of readmission due to SSI, and one (12, 5%) in the return scheduled at the wound dressing. The study provides support for reflection of health professionals on the incidence and predisposing factors for SSI in neurosurgery, which can assist in the implementation of prevention and control measures for the problem because of the deleterious effects due to costs and social, financial and family repercussions to the surgical patient

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Barros, Cláudia Silva Matinho. "Custos atribuídos às infecções de sítio cirúrgico em um Hospital Universitário em Salvador-Bahia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2016. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14243.

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Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-05-11T13:53:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Silva Marinho Antunes Barros Custos... 2016.pdf: 2575504 bytes, checksum: 2b64af2892aa58d02c2b0684383b6826 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-05-11T13:53:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Silva Marinho Antunes Barros Custos... 2016.pdf: 2575504 bytes, checksum: 2b64af2892aa58d02c2b0684383b6826 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-11T13:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Silva Marinho Antunes Barros Custos... 2016.pdf: 2575504 bytes, checksum: 2b64af2892aa58d02c2b0684383b6826 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil INTRODUÇÃO: As Infecções de Sítio Cirúrgico (ISCs) são as complicações mais freqüentes que ocorrem nos pacientes após as cirurgias e são responsáveis pela elevação da morbidade, mortalidade e dos custos hospitalares. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o custo direto adicional associado às ISCs ocorridas no período de 2011 a 2013 em um Hospital Universitário de Salvador, Bahia. Para tanto buscou-se caracterizar a população de pacientes acometidos por ISC, segundo os aspectos sócio-demográficas, condições clínicas e cirurgias realizadas, realizar uma revisão integrativa atualizada da literatura mundial sobre o custo dessas infecções e analisar os custos associados aos cuidados à saúde dos pacientes cirúrgicos segundo presença de ISC. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se se um estudo epidemiológico do tipo caso-controle pareado, realizado com informações dos registros hospitalares dos pacientes. Foram incluídos como população do estudo todos os casos de ISCs em cirurgias eletivas e limpas. Os controles foram pareados por idade, sexo e tipo de cirurgia realizada respeitando o princípio da similaridade. As proporções foram comparadas por meio dos testes 2 e exato de Fisher quando adequados com nível de 5% de significância estatística. Para estimar as diferenças das médias de custos utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear. RESULTADOS: No total foram selecionados 259 pacientes. Os casos de ISC ocorreram predominantemente em mulheres, com idade entre 61 a 75 anos. Os principais fatores atribuídos aos custos com as ISCs foram o uso de antibióticos para o seu tratamento, a internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, a realização de exames e reabordagens cirúrgicas. No geral, o custo médio hospitalar em pacientes com ISC foi aproximadamente o dobro do valor aferido daqueles não infectados. CONCLUSÕES: Foi evidenciado neste estudo a necessidade de reforçar o desenvolvimento constante de ações preventivas e de controle das ISCs a fim de garantir a segurança na assistência prestada aos pacientes cirúrgicos e conseqüentemente a redução dos custos atribuídos a essa complicação para o hospitais e sistema de saúde. INTRODUCTION: The Surgical Site Infections (SSI) are the most frequent complications occurring in patients after surgery and are responsible for high morbidity, mortality and hospital costs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the additional direct costs associated with SSIs occurred in the 2011-2013 period at a University Hospital in Salvador, Bahia. For that sought to characterize the population of patients affected by ISC, according to the socio-demographic aspects, clinics and surgeries conditions, carry out a integrative and updated review of the literature on the cost of these infections and analyze the costs associated with health care to patients surgical according to the presence of ISC. METHODOLOGY: This is an epidemiological study of the case-control matched, conducted with information from the hospital records of patients. They were included in the study population all cases of ISCs in elective surgery and clean. The controls were matched for age, gender and type of surgery performed respecting the principle of similarity. Proportions were compared using the Fisher's exact test and χ2 when appropriate and at 5% statistical significance. To estimate the differences of the average costs used the linear regression model. RESULTS: In total 259 patients were selected. The cases of ISC occurred primarily in women between 61-75 years. The main factors attributed to the costs of the ISCs were the use of antibiotics for their treatment, to stay in the Intensive Care Unit, conducting exams and news surgical interventions. Overall, the average hospital cost in patients with SSI was approximately twice with those not infected. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown in this study the need of to reinforce the constant development of preventive and control of SSIs in order to secure the assistance provided to surgical patients and therefore reducing costs attributed to this complication for hospitals and health care system.

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Murta, Aline Ribeiro. "Perfil epidemiológico e análise microbiológica de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes humano e animal de companhia." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5158.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1129609 bytes, checksum: a3efeca5c3602073a6372b6303d99ce6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31 Surgical site infection (SSI) has been indicated as the third cause of nosocomial infection. The present study aimed at determining the epidemiological profile of SSI and its association to the described risk factors. It is a transversal study done at the São João Batista Hospital at at Viçosa-MG and at the Surgery Service of the Small Animals Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa-MG, from September 2012 to February 2013. SSI global rates were 0.7% at the human and 3.46% at the veterinary hospitals. At the veterinary hospital, SSI rates were not related to contamination potential, with clean procedures presenting the greater rates. As for the type of surgery, orthopedic ones are the most common in both hospital and also the ones presenting the greater SSI rates. The diagnosis of SSI occurred within 30 days after surgery, and data HVT-UFV demonstrated effectiveness studies developed in this hospital, indicating improvement in the prevention and control of SSI, but in both hospitals is not performed surveillance post-discharge of patients, and may infer that there was underreporting of SSI. Bacteria isolated from surgical wounds were multi-resistant and the obtained data indicated that no criteria of antibiotic prophylaxis existed, mainly for clean surgeries. This scenario shows that the action of a commission to control nosocomial infection are extremely relevant in order to guarantee reliable data so that the quality of service may be evaluated and thus, promoting a decrease the risk of in post-operative complications. A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) tem sido apontada como a terceira causa mais comum de infecção nosocomial. Este estudo objetivou determinar o perfil epidemiológico das ISCs e sua associação aos fatores de risco descritos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado no Hospital São João Batista de Viçosa-MG e na Clínica Cirúrgica de Cães e Gatos do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Viçosa- MG, no período de setembro de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. As taxas globais de ISC foram de 0,7% no hospital humano e 3,46% no veterinário. No hospital veterinário, a taxa de ISC não mostrou relação com o potencial de contaminação, apresentando a maior taxa nos procedimentos classificados como limpos. Quanto ao tipo de cirurgia, as ortopédicas são as mais comuns em ambos os hospitais e também as que apresentam maior taxa de ISC. Foi observada diferença significativa nas cirurgias com duração superior a 40 minutos pelos testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney (p=0,041) no HVT-UFV. O diagnóstico das ISC ocorreu dentro dos 30 dias após a cirurgia, e dados do HVT-UFV demonstraram efetividade dos estudos desenvolvidos neste hospital, indicando melhora das medidas de prevenção e controle das ISC, porém em ambos os hospitais não é realizada a vigilância pós-alta dos pacientes, podendo inferir que houve subnotificação das ISC. As bactérias isoladas das feridas cirúrgicas foram multirresistentes e os dados levantados indicam que não houve critério quanto ao emprego da antibioticoprofilaxia, principalmente nas cirurgias limpas. Este cenário mostra que é de extrema relevância a atuação de uma comissão de controle de infecção hospitalar, a fim de garantir obtenção de dados fidedignos, para que se possa avaliar a qualidade do serviço prestado e assim promover a redução dos riscos de complicações pós-operatórias.

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Oliveira, Gisele Pires. "Avaliação da utilização de indicadores de processo e estrutura na prevençãode infecção de sítio cirurgico na cidade de Pelotas." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2013. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/312.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gisele.pdf: 566617 bytes, checksum: f7fd176811c1a71340daa59197d86b09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-20 This descriptive study investigated the use of process and structure indicators for preventing surgical site infection (SSI) in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. It analyzed a sample of 1500 patients, who have gone through surgery in all four hospitals of the city. Structure indicators assess the Surgical Center according to the following items: availability of a circulating nurse for every room, adequate placement of antiseptics for surgical hand antisepsis, and automatic door closer. Process indicators assess the following procedures from the preoperative period to the postoperative period: length of preoperative hospitalization, trichotomy (time), trichotomy (method), antisepsis of the operative field with adequate solution, antibiotic administered up to one hour before the surgical incision, duration of antibiotic prophylaxis ≤ 24 hours, presence of chemical integrator in the surgical boxes. The indicators assessed through the observation of the structure of Surgical Centers and patients' files. Socio-demographic data was collected through interview. Only two out of four hospitals analyzed satisfied all three of the structure indicators, while one hospital satisfied only one of the indicators. Process indicators showed bigger differences among the hospitals. However, even the hospitals that responded positively to all the structure indicators were considered unsatisfactory in the process indicators. Several failures were evident in all of the hospitals, not only in the process but also in structure offered to surgical patient care. This increases the probabilities of SSI Estudo descritivo em que se investigou a utilização de indicadores de processo e estrutura na prevenção de infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) na cidade de Pelotas. A análise foi realizada com uma amostra de 1.500 pacientes, submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos nas quatro instituições hospitalares da cidade. Os indicadores de estrutura avaliam o Centro Cirúrgico através dos seguintes itens: disponibilidade de um circulante para cada sala, disposição adequada de antisséptico para a antissepsia cirúrgica das mãos e o mecanismo autônomo de manutenção de portas fechadas. Os indicadores de processo avaliam os cuidados do pré ao pós-operatório: tempo de internação pré-operatória, tricotomia (tempo), tricotomia (método), antissepsia do campo operatório com solução adequada, realização de antibioticoprofilaxia até uma hora antes da incisão cirúrgica, duração do antibiótico profilaxia ≤ 24h e presença de integrador químico nas caixas cirúrgicas. A avaliação dos indicadores foi realizada através da observação na estrutura dos Centros Cirúrgicos e nos prontuários dos pacientes, os dados sociodemográficos foram coletados através de entrevista. Somente duas, das quatro instituições avaliadas, satisfizeram aos três indicadores de estrutura, e um hospital atendeu somente um indicador. Os indicadores de processo demonstraram maior diferença entre as instituições. Porém mesmo as duas instituições que atenderam plenamente os indicadores de estrutura obtiveram avaliação insatisfatória aos indicadores de processo. Foi possível verificar inúmeras falhas em todas as instituições, tanto no processo como na estrutura oferecida para o atendimento ao paciente cirúrgico, o que aumenta a probabilidade do desenvolvimento de ISC

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Rodrigues, Eglete Maria Pacheco. "Infecção de sítio cirúrgico em cães e gatos na rotina do bloco cirúrgico de Hospital Veterinário Universitário em Porto Alegre, no ano de 2012." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/75677.

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A infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é o processo infeccioso que ocorre no local onde se deu o procedimento cirúrgico, podendo manifestar-se após 48 horas da admissão hospitalar ou até 30 dias depois do procedimento e, em caso do uso de próteses, em até um ano. A ocorrência de ISC é responsável por grande parte das infecções que ocorrem nos hospitais tanto em medicina quanto em veterinária, elevando o tempo de hospitalização, os custos do tratamento e os transtornos aos pacientes por ela acometidos. Estas infecções geralmente estão associadas a fatores que predispõe a sua ocorrência, os chamados fatores de risco. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a taxa de infecção do sítio cirúrgico e os seus fatores de risco, para procedimentos cirúrgicos em cães e gatos realizadas no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da UFRGS no ano de 2012. Foram acompanhados sempre às terças e quintas feiras, 400 procedimentos cirúrgicos em 339 cães e gatos operados na rotina do bloco cirúrgico do HCV-UFRGS e escolhidos de forma randômica. O critério de inclusão foi, procedimentos realizados na rotina do bloco cirúrgico e o critério de exclusão foi, procedimentos de profilaxia dentária, oftálmicos, os óbitos e pacientes que não retornaram para a retirada de suturas. Os dados foram registrados em uma planilha especialmente elaborada para esta pesquisa, considerando os fatores de risco de desenvolvimento de ISC mais citados na literatura. A análise estatística foi realizada com um banco de dados dos 339 animais observados, onde constavam 37 fatores de risco (variáveis independentes) e infecção do sítio cirúrgico (variável dependente). Os fatores de risco para ISC foram identificados por regressão logística multivariável utilizando o procedimento PROC LOGISTIC no SAS® versão 9.1. Foi feito um modelo univariável e todas as variáveis com valor p < 0,20 foram selecionadas para compor o modelo multivariável que foi construído no método de seleção de Forward, e o modelo de menor AIC passou pelo método de seleção Backward até que só restassem variáveis com valor p ≤0,05. O ajuste do modelo final foi testado utilizando o teste Hosmer-Lemeshow. No modelo univariável com valor de p < 0,20 foram selecionadas 7 variáveis. O modelo multivariável final teve ajuste entre 3 variáveis: índice ASA, duração de incisão e internação prévia e o valor de AIC deste modelo foi 180,6. O teste de hipótese global (Wald) teve valor de p 0,002 e o teste de ajustamento do modelo (Hosmer-Lemeshow) teve valor de p de 0,31 significando que estava ajustado. O resultado obtido foi um índice de ISC de 8,5%. A surgical site infection (SSI) is the infectious process that occurs at the site where the surgery took place, and can manifest itself after 48 hours of hospital admission or within 30 days after the procedure and if the use of prostheses, within one year. The occurrence of this disease is responsible for much of nosocomial infections in both medicine and in veterinary, increasing the hospitalization time, cost of treatment and the inconvenience to patients affected by it. These infections are usually associated with factors predisposing to its occurrence, so-called risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of surgical site infection and its risk factors, for surgeries in dogs and cats held at UFRGS Veterinary Hospital in 2012. Were always accompanied on Tuesdays and Thursdays, four hundred procedures were followed in 339 dogs and cats routinely operated in the surgical HCV-UFRGS and chosen randomly. The inclusion criterion was, the routine procedures performed in surgical and exclusion criterion was, dental prophylaxis procedures, ophthalmic, deaths and patients who did not return for removal of sutures. Data were recorded on a table designed especially for this study, considering the risk factors for development of SSI most often cited in the literature. Statistical analysis was performed using a database of 339 animals observed, which contained 37 risk factors (independent variables) and surgical site infection (dependent variable). Risk factors for SSI were identified by multivariate logistic regression using PROC LOGISTIC in SAS ® version 9.1. A univariate model was created and all variables with p < 0.20 were selected to compose the multivariable model. The multivariable model was built at Forward selection method, and the model with the lowest AIC passed Backward selection method until there remained only variables with p ≤ 0.05. The fit of the final model was tested using the Hosmer- Lemeshow. In the univariate model with p <0.20 were selected 7 variables. The final multivariable model was fit between the three variables: ASA index, duration of incision and previous hospitalization and the AIC value of the model was 180.6. The global hypothesis test (Wald) was p-value 0.002 and the test model adjustment (Hosmer- Lemeshow) had a p value of 0.31 signifying that was set. The result was an index of ISC 8.5%.

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Melberg, Therese, and Evelina Ullbrand. "Patientens uppfattning av informationen om preoperativ huddesinfektion." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-192705.

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Syfte: Att undersöka hur patienter på ett universitetssjukhus uppfattar information gällande preoperativ dusch samt patientens genomförande av duschen på avdelningen. Introduktion: Vårdrelaterade infektioner är vanliga och kan leda till ökade kostnader, långvarig sjukhusvistelse och ökad lidande för patienter. Ett sätt att förhindra detta är att duscha med klorhexidin före operation. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att informera patienten om den preoperativa duschen, kontrollera att patienten uppfattat informationen och har möjlighet och resurser att följa den. Metod: En kvalitativ deskriptiv intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor. Materialet analyserades enligt Granheim och Lundmans beskrivning av innehållsanalys på manifest nivå. Urvalet utfördes genom bekvämlighetsurval. Deltagarna i studien var 12 patienter. Resultat: Deltagarna var övergripande nöjda med informationen om den preoperativa duschen. De kände att de hade fått tillräcklig information och att den var lättförståelig. Patienternas hade uppfattat informationen på olika sätt. Utförandet av duschen, uppfattning om särskilt viktiga delar på kroppen och vad patienterna upplevde som viktigt att tänka på efter duschen varierade. Slutsats: Information måste individanpassas och sjuksköterskan bör se till att patienten förstår informationen genom att be patienten återberätta informationen. Aim: To investigate how patients in a university hospital in Sweden perceive the information about the preoperative shower and the patients execution of the shower in the hospital ward. Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are common and can lead to increased costs, prolonged hospital stay and increased patient suffering. One way to prevent this is to shower with chlorhexidine before surgery. It’s the nurses’ responsibility to give the patient information about the preoperative shower and check that the patient knows about the shower procedure and is able to follow the instructions. Method: A qualitative descriptive interview study with semi-structured questions. The material was analyzed according to Granheim and Lundman's description of content analysis on a manifest level. The selection was carried out by convenience sample. Participants in the study were 12 patients. Results: Participants were overall satisfied with the information about the preoperative shower. They felt they had sufficient information and that it was easy to understand. Patients understood the information in different way. The performance of the shower, the knowledge of key areas of the body and what the patients experienced as important to consider after the shower varied. Conclusion: Information must be individually adapted and the nurse should ensure that the patient understands the information by asking to retell the information.

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Hinkson, Larry [Verfasser]. "The incidence of surgical site infection in Caesarean Sections with the use of a plastic sheath wound retractor compared to the traditional self-retaining metal retractor / Larry Hinkson." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119803136/34.

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Machado, Elaine Alves Silva. "Ocorrência e fatores de risco de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em colecistectomia videolaparoscópica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-29112017-194706/.

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A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação que pode acometer o paciente, acarretando incremento da mortalidade e morbidade, bem como aumento dos custos em saúde. A videocirurgia surgiu como opção menos invasiva de acesso à cavidade abdominal, reduzindo as taxas de ISC, mas nem mesmo a modernização gerada pela cirurgia minimamente invasiva conseguiu extinguir esse tipo de infecção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar a ocorrência e os fatores de risco de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. Trata-se de estudo descritivo exploratório conduzido em hospital de pequeno porte, localizado no sudoeste de Minas Gerais. A amostra foi composta por 118 pacientes. Para a coleta de dados, elaborou-se instrumento, o qual foi submetido à validação de face e conteúdo por estudiosos da área de conhecimento de enfermagem perioperatória. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no período de março a novembro de 2016 e, em três momentos, a saber: perioperatório, retorno ambulatorial e busca ativa fonada. Os dados foram coletados pelo pesquisador e um auxiliar de pesquisa devidamente treinados. A ocorrência de ISC foi de 5,9% (n=7), sendo todos os casos diagnosticados como infecção incisional superficial. As variáveis investigadas relacionadas ao paciente foram sexo, faixa etária, Índice de Massa Corporal, presença de doença crônica e classificação ASA. As variáveis estudadas relacionadas ao procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico foram tempo total de internação, porte cirúrgico, tempo de anestesia e tempo de cirurgia. Os resultados não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente entre as variáveis de interesse e a presença de ISC. Todos os casos de ISC foram diagnosticados, após a alta hospitalar, desses, seis pacientes (86%) tiveram o diagnóstico no retorno ambulatorial, e um paciente (14%) foi diagnosticado durante a busca ativa fonada. A condução do estudo oferece subsídios para a compreensão da problemática, no âmbito nacional. Além disso, gerou evidências para a reflexão dos profissionais de saúde em relação à subnotificação desse tipo de infecção em cirurgia minimamente invasiva, reforçando a necessidade de implantação de programa de vigilância pós-alta, nos serviços de saúde Surgical site infection (SSI) is a complication that can affect the patient, leading to an increase in mortality and morbidity, as well as an increase in health costs. Video surgery emerged as a less invasive option for access to the abdominal cavity, reducing SSI rates; however, not even the improvement generated by minimally invasive surgery was enough to eliminate this type of infection. This study aimed to analyze the occurrence and risk factors of surgical site infection in patients submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is an exploratory-descriptive study conducted in a small hospital, located in the southwest of Minas Gerais. The sample consisted of 118 patients. An instrument was developed for data collection, which was submitted to face and content validation by experts in perioperative nursing. Data collection was performed from March to November 2016 and, in three stages: perioperative, outpatient return and active phone search. Data were collected by the researcher and a properly trained research assistant. The occurrence of SSI was 5.9% (n=7), being all cases diagnosed as superficial incisional infection. The studied variables related to the patient were gender, age, Body Mass Index, presence of chronic disease and ASA classification. The studied variables related to the anesthetic surgical procedure were total length of hospitalization, surgical procedure size, time of anesthesia and time of surgery. The results did not show statistically difference between the variables of interest and the presence of SSI. All cases of SSI were diagnosed after patient discharge, and among them, six patients (86%) were diagnosed during outpatient return, and one patient (14%) was diagnosed during the active phone search. This study offers subsidies for understanding the problem at national level. In addition, it generated evidence for the reflection of health professionals regarding the underreporting of this type of infection in minimally invasive surgery, reinforcing the need to implement a post-discharge surveillance program in health services

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Braga, Daniel Pontes. "Incidência e fatores de risco associados à infecção do sítio cirúrgico na clínica de cães e gatos do hospital veterinário da Universidade Federal de Viçosa." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2008. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4981.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2845351 bytes, checksum: 2eb8e1f7e1700a8e8454e0fddcbd1a8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-08 The objective of this study was to verify the incidence of infection in the surgical site at the Dog and Cat Surgery Clinic at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) and the association of occurrence of infection with the risk factors previously described. Another aim was to attract interest to this issue, since hospital infections very often remain unnoticed or are not duly recorded, to propose measures for their prevention and control. A concurrent prospective cohort study was carried out. The epidemiological surveillance method applied was based on the active search of “clues” indicating the occurrence of ICS. All the patients submitted to surgical procedures under the day clinic scheme during the period proposed were analyzed through their clinical, surgical and anesthesic records, as well as through the collection of information from veterinarians, animal caretakers and owners. A total of 307 patients (356 surgical procedures) were analyzed from May 11 to November 11, 2007. Possible cases were evaluated by the researcher and observing veterinarians, with 34 ICS cases being identified among the patients submitted to surgery during the period proposed. Data analysis and hospital documentation provided a precise assessment of all the procedures carried out during the period and the dynamics of filling the hospital forms was also verified. The absence of a standardization of the records and prescribed surgical antibiotic prophylaxy was verified. A global ICS incidence of 9.5% was found, compatible with the rates described in the literature consulted and an incidence of 10.4 % in clean surgeries and 7.4% in potentially contaminated ones, with these indices being higher than those observed in the literature studied. No association among ICS, surgery duration time, orthopedic and non-orthopedic surgeries, with or without use of protheses. However, association between record of patient’s interference in the surgical wound and ISC occurrence were recorded. The following likely risk factors for ISC were verified: lack of a hospital infection surveillance process, non-standardized use of antibiotic prophylaxy, lack of norms and routine concerning the prevention and control of hospital infections, lack of adequate professional training and guidance, and non compliance to current legislation. Thus, based on the data investigated and observations conducted in this study, the need for actions was verified. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a incidência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico na Clinica Cirúrgica de Cães e Gatos do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e a associação da ocorrência de infecção aos fatores de riscos já descritos. Objetivou-se ainda despertar o interesse para o problema, considerando que as infecções hospitalares muitas vezes passam despercebidas ou não são devidamente registradas, e consequentemente, propor medidas para sua prevenção e seu controle. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte concorrente prospectivo. O método de vigilância epidemiológica empregado foi baseado na busca ativa de “pistas” que indicassem a ocorrência de ISC.Todos os pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos, no esquema de ambulatório dia no período proposto foram analisados através de seus prontuários clínicos, fichas cirúrgicas e anestésicas, além de colheita de informações com veterinários, cuidadores e proprietários. Foram analisados 307 pacientes (356 procedimentos) cirúrgicos, no período de 11 de maio a 11 de novembro de 2007. Os possíveis casos foram avaliados pelo pesquisador e veterinários observadores sendo identificados 34 casos de ISC entre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia no período proposto. A análise dos dados e documentação hospitalar propiciou um levantamento preciso de todos os procedimentos realizados no período e também foi verificada a dinâmica de preenchimento da documentação hospitalar. Verificou-se a inexistência de uma padronização dos registros realizados nos prontuários e da antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica prescrita. Encontrou-se uma incidência global de ISC de 9,5% sendo compatível com as taxas descritas na literatura consultada e uma incidência de 10,4 % em cirurgias limpas e 7,4% em potencialmente contaminadas, sendo estes índices maiores que os observados na literatura estudada. Não foi verificado a associação entre ISC, tempo de duração da cirurgia, cirurgias ortopédicas e não ortopédicas com ou sem utilização de próteses. Entretanto, registrou-se a associação entre o registro de interferência do paciente na ferida cirúrgica e a ocorrência de ISC. Verificou-se como possíveis fatores de risco para ISC: a falta de um processo de vigilância das infecções hospitalares, emprego não padronizado de antibioticoprofilaxia, falta de normas e rotinas referentes à prevenção e controle das infecções hospitalares, falta de treinamento e orientação adequada dos profissionais e falta do cumprimento da legislação vigente. Portanto, baseado nos dados apurados e observações realizadas durante o estudo, verificou-se a necessidade de providências no controle e prevenção das ISC.

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Zorzin, Leila Crystina Dias. "Aspectos relacionados a rotina cirúrgica de um hospital veterinário universitário como potencial ao desenvolvimento de infecção hospitalar." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8053.

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Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T10:42:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leila Crystina Dias Zorzin - 2017.pdf: 3239424 bytes, checksum: 52b57fab20289b902b47bf2813de13da (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T10:43:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leila Crystina Dias Zorzin - 2017.pdf: 3239424 bytes, checksum: 52b57fab20289b902b47bf2813de13da (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T10:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leila Crystina Dias Zorzin - 2017.pdf: 3239424 bytes, checksum: 52b57fab20289b902b47bf2813de13da (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 This study followed 30 dogs of different races, sex, band and performed 36 surgical procedures, some of which occurred simultaneously to no animal at all. The objectives sought were correlated with certain risk factors for the occurrence of nosocomial infections, to trace the microbiological profile of the animals, professionals involved in small animal surgeries and also a profile of bacterial susceptibility at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Goiás. The results were submitted to descriptive analysis to calculate the frequencies and comparison of means and standard deviation. Multivariate analysis using a dendrogram by the UPGMA method was used to evaluate the similarity of the sites regarding the presence of different microorganisms. The software R (R Core Team, 2017) was used for the statistical analysis. The most of the surgeries were classified as clean in relation to the clean-contaminated ones, the mean time of surgery was 74 minutes and an average of six people per surgery. The microbiological evaluation was obtained 272 isolates in total, which enabled the identification of 21 bacterial genera. Fifty-five percent of the bacteria identified were Gram-positive, and among these, the genera Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp as the most frequent. Among the bacteria characterized as Gram-negative (25%), the genus Pseudomonas spp. was checked in greater quantity. Isolates from animals showed a higher prevalence of Pseudomonas spp. and coagulase positive Staphylococcus. In the nostrils, hands and gloves of professionals with a higher frequency of bacteria of the genus Micrococcus spp. and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. The bacterial majority of Micrococcus spp. Was identified in the samples collaborations of the CCPA environment. The average growth rate was 6UFC/m² / h and 9UFC/m²/h on CCPA and 18UFC/m²/h and 19UFC/m/h on SI of enterobacteria and fungi respectively for both. In the evaluation of antibiotic therapy, it was observed that 93.4% of the surgeries performed adopted the administration of antimicrobials without a therapeutic scheme, and that among the drugs tested, a penicillin had the highest resistance index for the isolates. The IH in the area of Veterinary Medicine is already a worrying reality for public health. Thus, these health institutions should be concerned with the implementation of PCIH to monitor, avoid and control IH. Este estudo acompanhou 30 cães de diferentes raças, sexo e faixa etária que realizaram 36 procedimentos cirúrgicos, sendo que alguns destes aconteceram simultaneamente no mesmo animal. Os objetivos buscados foram correlacionar determinados fatores de risco para a ocorrência de infecções hospitalares, traçar o perfil microbiológico dos animais, profissionais e ambiente envolvidos em cirurgias de pequenos animais e ainda o perfil de suscetibilidade bacteriana no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise descritiva para cálculo das frequências e comparação das médias e desvio padrão. Foi empregada análise multivariada por meio de dendrograma pelo método UPGMA para avaliar a similaridade dos locais quanto à presença de diferentes microrganismos. Utilizou-se o software R (R Core Team, 2017) para as análises estatísticas. Na avaliação dos fatores de risco a maior parte das cirurgias foram classificadas como limpas em relação às limpa-contaminadas, o tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 74 minutos e teve-se como média seis pessoas por cirurgia. A avaliação microbiológica obteve-se 272 isolados no total, que possibilitaram a identificação de 21 gêneros bacterianos. Caracterizaram-se como Gram positivas 75% das bactérias identificadas, e dentre estas, os gêneros Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp foram as mais frequentes. Entre as bactérias caracterizadas como Gram negativas (25%), o gênero Pseudomonas spp. foi verificado em maior quantidade. Nos isolados a partir de animais mostraram maior prevalência de Pseudomonas spp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Nos provenientes narinas, mãos e luvas dos profissionais teve-se a maior frequência bactérias dos gêneros Micrococcus spp. e Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. Já nas amostras colhidas do ambiente do CCPA identificou-se maioria bacteriana de Micrococcus spp.. Obteve-se a média de crescimento 6UFC/m²/h e 9UFC/m²/h no CCPA e 18UFC/m²/h e 19UFC/m/h no SI de enterobactérias e fungos respectivamente para ambos. Na avaliação da antibioticoterapia, observou-se que 93,4% das cirurgias realizadas adotaram a administração de antimicrobianos no esquema terapêutico, e que dentre os fármacos testados, a penicilina apresentou o maior índice de resistência para os isolados. A IH na área da Medicina Veterinária já é uma realidade preocupante para saúde pública. Assim essas instituições de saúde devem se preocupar com a implantação de PCIH para que se monitore, evite e controle a IH.

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Klovhall, Johan, and Susanne Tegeskog. "Patientsäker hantering av sterila instrument i ett uppdukningsrum : En experimentell studie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap (HV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74735.

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Bakgrund: Vid operationer är patienten utsatt för risk att drabbas av en postoperativ infektion som kan leda till ohälsa och ett ökat lidande för patienten. Operationssjuksköterskan som arbetar förebyggande mot smittspridning behöver ha kunskap om sterila instrument och hur länge de kan vara uppdukade. Detta för att motverka postoperativa infektioner. Idag finns inga nationella riktlinjer för hur länge en övertäckt uppdukning kan stå i uppdukningsrum i väntan på användning. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur tiden påverkar bakteriekontaminationen på ett uppduktat och övertäckt instrumentbord i ett uppdukningsrum. Metod: Studien utgick från en kvantitativ ansats där experiment utfördes med hjälp av agarplattor under två, fyra och sex timmars intervall. Totalt användes 79 agarplattor under 6 olika experiment. Resultat: Resultatet visar att efter sex timmar är ett övertäckt instrument bord utan kontamination på agarplattorna. Emellertid finns det andra faktorer som kan påverka en uppdukning som kan leda till en infektion hos patienten och orsaka ohälsa och lidande. Slutsats: I operationssjuksköterskans ansvar ingår det att ha goda kunskaper kring hantering av sterila instrument samt aseptik eftersom detta kan vara avgörande för smittspridning som kan orsaka patienten ett onödigt vårdlidande. Resultatet kan ge en vägledning för evidensbaserad hantering av sterila instrument och hur länge ett övertäckt instrumentbord kan stå i ett uppdukningsrum, men studien är liten och det behövs mer forskning i ämnet. Background: At surgery the patient is exposed to develop a surgical site infection. This can cause the patient illness and suffering. The theatre nurse is working to prevent these infections and needs knowledge about how long sterile instruments can be unpacked, covered with a sterile cloth without getting contaminated with bacteria causing surgical site infections. Today there are no national guidelines for how long a covered instrument table can stand in a set-up room before operation. Aim: The aim of the study is to examine how time affects bacterial contamination of a covered instrument table up in a set-up room. Method: The study has a quantitative approach were the experiments where conducted on agar in two, four or six hour. A total of 79 agar plates were used in 6 different experiments. Results: The result shows that after six hours there is no contamination on the agar plates on covered instrument table. However, there are other factors that may affect a covered instrument table and can lead to an infection and cause the patient illness and suffering. Conclusion: The theatre nurse must have knowledge about how to handle with sterile instruments and aseptic who can be crucial for surgical site infection that may cause the patient an unnecessary suffering from care. The result can provide guidelines and evidence for how long a covered instrument table can stand in a set-up room, however the study is small and more research is needed in the subject.

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Campanini, Lidiani Aparecida. "Avaliação da atividade bactericida do biovidro F18 e F18 com prata para aplicações médicas." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7319.

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Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-20T12:56:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLAC.pdf: 1834490 bytes, checksum: 6410aa8c3bfff59b075e6e4699033664 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:45:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLAC.pdf: 1834490 bytes, checksum: 6410aa8c3bfff59b075e6e4699033664 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:45:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLAC.pdf: 1834490 bytes, checksum: 6410aa8c3bfff59b075e6e4699033664 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T12:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLAC.pdf: 1834490 bytes, checksum: 6410aa8c3bfff59b075e6e4699033664 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-21 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Millions of surgeries for implants and prosthesis placement are performed annually worldwide. Among these surgical procedures are observed some types of failures. The most worrying complication is the infection that can cause deformity in the region, amputation of body parts, and may progress to osteomyelitis and patient death. In this context, the bactericidal property of the bioactive glasses is being widely studied. The F18 is a new bioglass that was developed at Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV) and can be manipulated in different forms to be used as auxiliary agent in the medical treatment of infectious processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the bactericidal activity of F18 in powder form for coating implants and in fibers form to be used in wound healing, on the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, it was proposed to compare the kinetic of bactericidal activity of F18 in powder, F18 in powder doped with silver (F18Ag), and the standard bioglass called 45S5, on S. aureus. The bactericidal activity of F18 was tested using an analysis method based on a standard JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) Z2801: 2010, where the inoculum was in contact with the material for 24 hours and the reduction of viable cells was observed after this period. For the realization of kinetic tests the powder samples from different materials were placed in contact with the S. aureus suspension and an aliquot of these mixtures was plated in a culture media at different times. The direct count of colony on Petri dishes demonstrated the viable cells reduction. F18 both in powder form and in the form of fibers showed an extremely efficient bactericidal activity. The elimination of the microorganisms was close to 100%. The log of reduction of bacteria was between 5.9 ± 0.4 and 7.0 ± 0.2 log10 CFU ml-1, and the standard considers as a bactericide the material that shows a reduction of 2.0 logs or more. The bactericidal activity of F18Ag began after the first 30 minutes of contact with microorganisms and practically eliminated the bacterial colonies after one hour of contact. The bactericidal action of F18 started after six hours and eliminated viable cells after 24 hours. Both materials demonstrated bactericidal action similar to that presented by the standard 45S5. Milhões de cirurgias para colocação de implantes e próteses são realizadas anualmente no mundo todo. Dentre estes procedimentos cirúrgicos, são observadas alguns tipos de falhas. A complicação mais preocupante é a infecção que pode causar deformidade corporal na região, amputação de partes do corpo, e pode evoluir para osteomielite e morte do paciente. Nesse contexto, a propriedade bactericida dos vidros bioativos está sendo amplamente estudada. O F18 é um novo biovidro desenvolvido no Laboratório de Materiais Vítreos (LaMaV) da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, e que apresenta possibilidade de manipulação em diferentes formatos, podendo ser utilizado como agente auxiliar no tratamento médico de processos infecciosos. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram investigar a ação bactericida do F18 sob a forma de pó para ser utilizado em recobrimento de implantes, e sob a forma de manta composta por fibras de biovidro para utilização no auxílio de cicatrização de feridas. Os microrganismos utilizados nos testes foram Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Além disso, buscou-se comparar a cinética de atividade bactericida sobre S. aureus do F18 em pó, F18 em pó acrescido de prata (F18Ag), e o biovidro padrão no mercado atual, chamado de 45S5. A atividade bactericida do F18 foi testada, primeiramente, utilizando-se uma metodologia de análise baseada na norma JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) Z2801:2010, onde o inóculo padrão permaneceu em contato com o material durante 24 horas. Para a realização dos ensaios cinéticos as amostras dos materiais em teste foram colocadas em contato com a suspensão bacteriana de S. aureus e uma alíquota das misturas foi plaqueada em diferentes tempos. A redução de células bacterianas viáveis foi observada por meio de contagem direta de colônias em placas de Petri. O F18 tanto na forma de pó quanto na forma de manta apresentou elevada atividade bactericida. A eliminação dos microrganismos foi próxima a 100%. A redução logarítmica das bactérias foi entre 5,9 ± 0,4 e 7,0 ± 0,2 log10 UFC ml-1, sendo que a norma utilizada considera como bactericida o material que apresenta redução a partir de 2,0 logs. Nos testes cinéticos observou-se que a atividade bactericida do F18Ag iniciou-se logo após os primeiros 30 minutos de contato com os microrganismos e as células viáveis foram eliminadas após uma hora. Nos ensaios cinéticos também observou-se que a ação bactericida do F18 iniciou-se após seis horas e eliminou as células viáveis em 24 horas. Ambos os materiais demonstraram ação bactericida similar àquela apresentada pelo padrão 45S5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Surgical site infection'

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