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Journal articles on the topic 'Surgical site infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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1

Gouda, Nawal Salama. "Surgical Site Infection." Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences 14, no. 3 (March 31, 2025): 21–33. https://doi.org/10.47310/jpms2025140303.

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Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are a serious public health concern. The SSI is a common postoperative complication that can occur anywhere in the body, including the site of the incision, the surgically operated organs or tissues, or other locations where surgical instruments were placed. Along with other pathogens obtained in the community or hospital, opportunistic endogenous bacteria can cause Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) by contaminating surgical wounds or implanted medical devices. A substantial cost on patients, healthcare providers and the healthcare system overall is linked to SSIs, which impacts 0.5% to 3% of surgical patients. When compared to patients without SSIs, SSIs may result in longer hospital stays. The rates of SSI remain surprisingly high, even though many laws and standards have been put in place to avoid these infections ; this puts the healthcare system at risk for morbidity and mortality. This review presents brief information about the incidence, microbiology, preventive strategies and management of these infections.

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Karthikeyan, S., Priya ., Vimal Raj, Sivaprasanna ., and Akash . "Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Surgical Site Infection." New Indian Journal of Surgery 8, no. 1 (2017): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/nijs.0976.4747.8117.2.

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Seidelman, Jessica L., Christopher R. Mantyh, and Deverick J. Anderson. "Surgical Site Infection Prevention." JAMA 329, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.24075.

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ImportanceApproximately 0.5% to 3% of patients undergoing surgery will experience infection at or adjacent to the surgical incision site. Compared with patients undergoing surgery who do not have a surgical site infection, those with a surgical site infection are hospitalized approximately 7 to 11 days longer.ObservationsMost surgical site infections can be prevented if appropriate strategies are implemented. These infections are typically caused when bacteria from the patient’s endogenous flora are inoculated into the surgical site at the time of surgery. Development of an infection depends on various factors such as the health of the patient’s immune system, presence of foreign material, degree of bacterial wound contamination, and use of antibiotic prophylaxis. Although numerous strategies are recommended by international organizations to decrease surgical site infection, only 6 general strategies are supported by randomized trials. Interventions that are associated with lower rates of infection include avoiding razors for hair removal (4.4% with razors vs 2.5% with clippers); decolonization with intranasal antistaphylococcal agents and antistaphylococcal skin antiseptics for high-risk procedures (0.8% with decolonization vs 2% without); use of chlorhexidine gluconate and alcohol-based skin preparation (4.0% with chlorhexidine gluconate plus alcohol vs 6.5% with povidone iodine plus alcohol); maintaining normothermia with active warming such as warmed intravenous fluids, skin warming, and warm forced air to keep the body temperature warmer than 36 °C (4.7% with active warming vs 13% without); perioperative glycemic control (9.4% with glucose &amp;lt;150 mg/dL vs 16% with glucose &amp;gt;150 mg/dL); and use of negative pressure wound therapy (9.7% with vs 15% without). Guidelines recommend appropriate dosing, timing, and choice of preoperative parenteral antimicrobial prophylaxis.Conclusions and RelevanceSurgical site infections affect approximately 0.5% to 3% of patients undergoing surgery and are associated with longer hospital stays than patients with no surgical site infections. Avoiding razors for hair removal, maintaining normothermia, use of chlorhexidine gluconate plus alcohol–based skin preparation agents, decolonization with intranasal antistaphylococcal agents and antistaphylococcal skin antiseptics for high-risk procedures, controlling for perioperative glucose concentrations, and using negative pressure wound therapy can reduce the rate of surgical site infections.

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Tariq, Anum, Huma Ali, Farya Zafar, Kamran Hameed, Ali Akbar Sial, Saima Salim, Neelam Mallick, Hina Hasnain, Rasheeda Fatima, and Ghazala Raza Naqvi. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 07 (July 3, 2017): 1054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.07.1028.

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Among the Health care associated infection (HCAI) Surgical Site Infection(SSI) is one of the most common complications occur after surgery and increases mortalityand morbidity rate. The objective of this study is to identify the common causative organisminvolved in postoperative wound infections along with their sensitivity and resistivity patterns.Study Design: Prospective cross sectional study. Setting: Tertiary Health Care setup inKarachi, Pakistan. Period: Six month from April 2016 till September 2016. Method: A total of100 patients are included in this study that underwent various surgical procedure. Result: Inthis study E. coli isolated from 32% of cases followed next in frequency by S.aureus in 16%,Coagulase negative Staphylococci in 14 %.the other less common pathogen involved Klebsiella,P. aeuroginosa, Enterococcus & Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Streptococcus group D. AmikacinIimipenem and Meropenem is found to be of more Sensitive against E. Coli while Ampicillin andco trimaxazole showed higher resistivity against E. coli or other various organism. Teicoplannand vancomycin and linzolid have shown absolute sensitivity to various pathogens. Penicillinis found to be highly resistant against Coagulase negative Staphylococci. Conclusion: E.coli is the most common pathogens involved in Post-surgical Infection Amikacin, imipenem,Meropenem, Teicoplann, vancomycin. linzolid is found to be more Sensitive against variousorganism isolated in our study. Acinetobacter are highly resistant to various drugs while P.aeuroginosa have also shown optimal sensitivity pattern against various groups of antibiotics.Present study signifies the adaptation of antibiotic combination in rational way for prophylacticuse and the exploitation of a synchronized system of surgical wound management and cure.

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5

Dryden, Lisa. "Surgical site infection." Nursing Standard 27, no. 13 (November 28, 2012): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.27.13.59.s56.

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Dryden, Lisa. "Surgical site infection." Nursing Standard 27, no. 13 (November 28, 2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.11.27.13.59.c9456.

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7

Choi, Hee Jung. "Surgical Site Infection." Hanyang Medical Reviews 31, no. 3 (2011): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2011.31.3.159.

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Nauman, Syed Muhammad, Yousaf Haroon, Asrar Ahmad, and Irum Saleem. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 01 (January 10, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4133.

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9

Faraz, Ahmad, Abdul Hameed, Fazal Bari, Irum Sabir Ali, Hamzullah Khan, Fazl-e. Rahim, Amjad Naeem, Mumtaz Khan, and Abid Hussain. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 03 (March 10, 2015): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.03.1355.

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Ceftriaxone is used in wide range of day to day microbial infections in clinicalpractice3. Despite the incumbent drug regulating authority in Pakistan, there is scanty literaturecomparing the anti-microbial efficacy of different available brands of ceftriaxone. Objectives:To know the in-vitro activity of various brands of ceftriaxone against bacteria most commonlyisolated from surgical site infection (SSI). A comparison of five days cost of these brands willalso be done. Design: Experimental study. Period: Feb 2013 to Aug 2013 Setting: Surgical“C” unit Lady Reading Hospital (LRH) in collaboration with departments of pharmacologyKhyber Girls Medical College (KGMC) and microbiology department of Lady Reading HospitalPeshawar. Material & Methods: Isolates of five bacteria i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Proteusmirabilis, Escherischia coli, enterobacter Spp, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, found sensitive toceftriaxone were grown on 50 slops each and the zone of inhibition was checked for each ofthe ten brands of ceftriaxone. Results: The zones of inhibitions of different brands of ceftriaxoneagainst the above mentioned bacteria were not significantly different. The cost of therapy wassignificantly different for ten brands. Conclusions: Various brands of ceftriaxone of variablecost had no influence on their activity against bacteria involved in SSI.

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Bashir, Jamshed, Rafique Ahmed Sahito, Mushtaque Ahmed Abbasi, and Asma Jabeen. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 02 (February 10, 2015): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.02.1367.

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Wound infection can be defined as invasion of organisms through tissuesfollowing a breakdown of local and systemic host defenses. The basic principles of wound careand antisepsis introduced during the past century improved surgery dramatically. Objective:Evaluation of causative organisms which evolved in the surgical site infection (elective abdominalsurgery) at surgical unit of Liaquat university hospital Jamshoro. Subjects & Methods: Thisprospective observational study was contains 103 patients undergoing elective, abdominalsurgery were included in this study. Surgical wound categories i.e. clean, clean contaminated,were included. Prophylactic antibiotics were given in all cases. Primary closure of wounds wasemployed in all cases. Follow up period was 30 days postoperatively. All cases were evaluatedfor postoperative fever, redness and swelling of wound margins, collection and discharge of pus.Cultures were taken from all the cases with any of the above findings. Results: The mean ageof the patient was 37 years with male to female ratio of 1:5:1. The overall rate of wound infectionwas 13.04%. Most frequently involved pathogen was E.col 33.33% followed by Staph Aureus20%, Klebsiella 20%, proteus 13.33%, Pseudomonas 6.66% and no organism was isolated in6.66% cases. Most effective antibiotics were cephalosporins, quinolones and aminoglycosides’whereas septran, erythromycin and tetracycline’s were ineffective. Conclusions: Surgicalwound infections are quite common. Time of postoperative hospital stay was twice longer ininfected case. Male sex, old age, anemia, longer duration of operation and wound class weresignificant risk factors. Most common organims are found in this study E-Coli, Kllebcella andStaph Aureus, these are mostly sensitive to cephalosporins, quinolones and aminoglycosides.

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Alam, Syed Iftikhar, Muhammad Yunas Khan, Ayaz Gul, and Qutbi Alam Jan. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 02 (December 7, 2018): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.02.2066.

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Objective: To assess the post operative wound complication after opencholecystectomy for uncomplicated Cholelithiasis. Design: Cross sectional descriptive. Setting:Surgical unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Pakistan. Patients: 223 patients underwentelective open cholecystectomy January 2011 to July 2012. Results: 90% patients had normalhealing (grade 0 or I) ,7.5% had minor complications (grade II or III), 2.5% patients had majorcomplication (grade IV or V) recorded during hospital stay. On follow-up in out-patientdepartment 81%patients found to have normal healing (grade 0 or I), 15% patients had minorcomplications (grade II or III) and 4% patients had major complications (grade IV or V). There wasan increase noted in wound grades during follow up for surgical site infections as compared totheir record during hospital stay. Conclusions: Southampton wound scoring system is a usefultool for detection of surgical site infection and standardization. Auditing of surgical site infectionby Southampton wound scoring will help the patient, surgical team and sterilization protocol tobe improved.

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Hussain, Syed Muhammad Asar, Saadat Ali Janjua, Amna Fareed, Asrar Ahmad, and Irum Saleem. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 12 (November 29, 2017): 1770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.12.607.

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Objectives: To compare the frequency of surgical site infection after primaryand delayed primary wound closure in dirty abdominal wounds. Study Design: Randomizedcontrolled trial. Duration and Setting: This study was carried out over a period of six monthsfrom 07-02-2014 to 06-08-2014 in the department of surgery combined military hospital Quetta.Methodology: A total of 190 patients were included in this study. wound was observed fordevelopment of surgical site infection post operatively within seven days by the assignedinvestigator who was unaware of the wound study design. surgical site infection was assessedusing Southampton wound grading. Results: Mean age of the patients was 30.89±10.38 and32.74±9.52 in group A and B, respectively. in group-A, 73 patients (76.8%) and in group-B 66patients (69.5%) were male while 22 patients (23.2%) of group-A and 29 patients (30.5%) ingroup-B were female.in group-A surgical site infection was observed in 29 patients (30.5%)and in group-B 12 patients (12.6%) were having surgical site infection. statistically significantdifference was found between two groups (p=0.003). Conclusion: The frequency of surgicalsite infection was significantly lower after delayed primary closure of dirty wounds as comparedto primary closure.

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Nauman, Syed Muhammad, Yousaf Haroon, Asrar Ahmad, and Irum Saleem. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 01 (January 10, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.01.527.

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Objectives: To compare antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing frequency ofpostoperative surgical site wound infection rate in low risk laparoscopic cholecystectomywith controls. Study design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Surgery,Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Duration of study: This study was conducted from11-07-2015 to 10-01-2016. Subjects and methods: A total of 650 patients (325 in each group)were included in the study. Patients in group-A received antibiotic prophylaxis whereas patientsin group-B did not receive any antibiotic prophylaxis. Results: Mean age of the patients was44.91±13.37 and 42.28±13.76 years in group-A and B, respectively. In group-A there were152 patients (46.7%) and in group-B 148 patients (45.5%) were males. In group-A 173 patients(53.3%) and in group-B 177 patients (54.5%) were females. In group-A, superficial site infectionwas seen in 4 patients (1.2%) and in group-B superficial site infection was observed in 13patients (4.0%). The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p=0.027).Mean duration of symptoms was 5.75±0.50 and 5.77±0.92 days in group-A and B, respectively.Stratification with regard to age, gender and duration of symptoms was carried out. Conclusion:In conclusion, we recommend the use of pre-operative prophylactic antibiotics for patientswho are undergoing elective low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy inorder to prevent postoperativeinfectious complications.

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Keeney, James A. "Surgical Site Infection." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 98, no. 18 (September 2016): e78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.16.00663.

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Barzoloski-OʼConnor, Barbara. "Surgical site infection." OR Nurse 5, no. 1 (January 2011): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.orn.0000390913.50495.04.

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Bagnall, Nigel Mark, Stella Vig, and Prateesh Trivedi. "Surgical-site infection." Surgery (Oxford) 27, no. 10 (October 2009): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2009.08.007.

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Jaggi, Namita, Deepak Govil, G. K. Mani, T. S. Jain, Raman Sardana, and Leena Mendiratta. "Surgical Site Infection." Journal of Patient Safety & Infection Control 1, no. 1 (January 2013): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-207x(13)11004-0.

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Odom-Forren, Jan. "Surgical-site infection." Nursing Management 36, Supplement (November 2005): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-200511001-00004.

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Reilly, J., and C. Kilpatrick. "Surgical site infection." British Journal of Infection Control 5, no. 6 (December 2004): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14690446040050060401.

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Leaper, D. J. "Surgical-site infection." British Journal of Surgery 97, no. 11 (September 28, 2010): 1601–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7275.

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Rhoads, Kim F. "Surgical Site Infection." JAMA Surgery 148, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2013.2932.

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Kim, Lawrence T. "Surgical Site InfectionSurgical Site Infection." JAMA 305, no. 14 (April 13, 2011): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.447.

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Rogowska, Kinga, Aleksandra Romanowska, Aleksandra Padkowska, Michał Borawski, Aleksandra Ciuła, Klaudia Arciszewska, Jakub Maciej Pieniążek, Mateusz Dobosz, Jakub Buczkowski, and Weronika Biaduń. "Surgical Site Infection (SSI)." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 82 (June 3, 2025): 60278. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.82.60278.

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Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are a significant complication of invasive surgical procedures, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs globally. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, hygiene practices, and the implementation of infection control protocols, SSIs remain a critical issue in postoperative care. This document provides a comprehensive overview of SSIs, including their definition, causes, risk factors, and microbiology. The primary pathogens responsible for SSIs are Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, with specific concern for immunosuppressed patients who are at increased risk for opportunistic infections. The classification of SSIs based on wound cleanliness and depth is essential for determining the appropriate treatment strategy, which may include drainage, surgical debridement, and the use of local or systemic antibiotic therapy. The document also highlights the importance of preventive measures, including rigorous perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and adherence to established surgical protocols, to reduce the incidence of SSIs. The discussion is supported by data from various studies and clinical guidelines, emphasizing the need for ongoing vigilance in infection control practices to mitigate the impact of SSIs on patient outcomes.

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Surahio, Abdul Rashid, Altaf Ahmed Talpur, Abdul Salam `Memon, Afzal Junejo, and Abdul Aziz Laghari. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 01 (January 18, 2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.01.409.

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Background: Wound infection has been a major problem in the surgical fieldsince long time. Significant improvements in sterilization, preoperative preparation of patient forsurgery, surgical techniques & prophylactic usage of preoperative antibiotics have not been ableto eradicate wound infections. Development of wound infection increases the hospital stay, costof treatment & increase morbidity & mortality associated with surgery. Objectives: To assesstype of organism responsible for postoperative wound infection & its drug sensitivity patterns atPublic & private sector hospitals of Hyderabad. Study Design: Prospective, descriptive study.Setting: Public & Private Sector Hospitals of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Period: June 2013 to May2014. Materials & Method: All patients of either sex above the age of 13 years who underwentsurgery & developed wound infection were included in the study. Samples to assess culture &sensitivity pattern of organism were taken from infected wounds. Subject’s data was collectedon preformed proforma for age, sex, diagnosis, co morbid illness, type of surgery, presence orabsence of wound infection, grade of infection, and culture & sensitivity pattern of organismisolated. Results: During this 1 year period total of 424 patients of different pathologies relatedto General surgery were finally included in analysis. Mean age was 27.35 years with 61.08%were male and 38.91% female. Inguinoscrotal operations were the commonest proceduresperformed in 113(26.65%) patients followed by Appendicectomy in 102(24.06%) patients.Surgical site infection was noticed in 54(12.74%) patients with 47(13.27%) had this of grade II& above. It includes 23(22.55%) patients of Appendicectomy followed by 09(33.33%) patientsof Laparotomy. 47(13.27%) samples were sent for Culture & sensitivity with 41(11.58%) ofthem showed positive yield. E. coli noticed as commonest organism isolated in 26(63.41%)patients followed by Staphylococcus Aureus in 08(19.51%). Most sensitive antibiotics againstnoted were Meropenem & Pipracillin with Tazobactum which showed sensitivity to E.coli in25(96.15%) patients & 24(92.31%) patients respectively while their sensitivity against S.Aureus was 07(87.5%) & 06(75%) patients respectively. Vancomycin was found sensitiveagainst Staphylococcus Aureus in 07(87.5%) patients. Sensitivity of Ampicillin to most ofthese organisms was found significantly low. Conclusion: Wound infection is responsible forsignificant morbidity in developing world with the frequency of 15.53% in this study. It puts upsignificant economic burden on the hospitals.

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Winter, George. "Electrosurgery and surgical site infection." Journal of Prescribing Practice 4, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2022.4.9.384.

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Although preventable, surgical site infections have not seen a significant decrease in recent years. George Winter discusses why this could be and the role electrosurgery could play in decreasing the rate of infection

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Riojas, Patricia S. E. "Surgical site infection: risk factors." International Surgery Journal 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20221913.

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Surgical site infections are some of the most common and costly health care-associated infections. We searched PubMed for articles that talk about surgical site infection, to analyze the information contained in them and synthesize it in the present text. It is estimated that surgical site infections are developed 2 to 5% of patients undergoing surgical procedures per year. They are directly associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality, in fact, they are the leading cause of death in the immediate postoperative period. It is observed in the literature that only 4 measures are recommended by all agencies and institutions: proper hair removal, antibiotic prophylaxis, preparation of the surgical field with alcohol-based product, being recommended in the Most of them are alcoholic chlorhexidine and normothermia. In addition to the measures recommended by international mechanisms, it is essential to control risk factors as much as possible to minimize the possibility of surgical site infection, as well as to follow asepsis and antisepsis measures, as well as proper management. of the surgical wound.

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Roy, Marie-Claude, and Trish M. Perl. "Basics of Surgical-Site Infection Surveillance." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 18, no. 09 (September 1997): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/647694.

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AbstractSurgical-site infections, the third most common class of nosocomial infections, cause substantial morbidity and mortality and increase hospital costs. Surveillance programs can lead to reductions in surgical-site infection rates of 35% to 50%. Herein, we will discuss the practical aspects of implementing a hospital-based surveillance program for surgical-site infections. We will review surveillance methods, patient populations that should be screened, and interventions that could reduce infection rates.

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Soper, David E. "Preventing Surgical Site Infection." Obstetrics & Gynecology 133, no. 4 (April 2019): 624–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000003194.

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Hawn, Mary T., Catherine C. Vick, Joshua Richman, William Holman, Rhiannon J. Deierhoi, Laura A. Graham, William G. Henderson, and Kamal M. F. Itani. "Surgical Site Infection Prevention." Annals of Surgery 254, no. 3 (September 2011): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0b013e31822c6929.

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Bonai, P. H. M., G. C. M. Berber, and D. Faria Junior. "Surgical Site Infection: Review." Scientific Electronic Archives 9, no. 3 (July 15, 2016): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/932016282.

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Berlinrut, Ilan, Nitasha Bhatia, Jonathan M. Josse, David de Vinck, and Sanjeev Kaul. "Untreatable Surgical Site Infection." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 2, no. 6 (June 2014): e166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000000114.

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Smyth, E. T. M., and A. M. Emmerson. "Surgical site infection surveillance." Journal of Hospital Infection 45, no. 3 (July 2000): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2000.0736.

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Wick, Elizabeth C., Caitlin Hicks, and Charles L. Bosk. "Surgical Site Infection Monitoring." JAMA Surgery 148, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3020.

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A Jayalal S, J. "Hypocholesterolaemia: An Overlooked Risk Factor for Surgical Site Infection." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 3 (March 5, 2024): 1467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24321000310.

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Amrutham, Rajanikanth, Madhu Mohan B. Reddy, and Nagababu Pyadala. "A prospective study of surgical site infections and related risk factors in a teaching hospital." International Surgery Journal 4, no. 1 (December 13, 2016): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20164448.

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Background:Surgical site infections are the most common nosocomial infection causes morbidity and mortality among inpatients of hospital. Surgical site infection (SSI) varies hospital to hospital. The present study was designed to find out the incidence and various risk factors associated with surgical site infection in the surgical wards of MNR hospital, Sangareddy, Telanagana, India.Methods: The study was carried out on 248 patients who underwent various surgeries in the General Surgery department of MNR hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana, India. A predesigned protocol was used to collect the data. Surgical site infections were examined and graded. All the samples were collected aseptically and were processed by the standard microbiological techniques. Data was analysed by SPSS.20 software.Results:Among 248 patients, 45 developed surgical site infection. Among 45 patients, 25 were grade 3 and 20 were grade 4 type of infection. Surgical site infections (SSIs) were most commonly found among males, aged, diabetics, anaemic, underweight and overweight, hypertensive, blood transfusion and patients with longer hospital stay. Surgical Site Infections were higher in emergency cases than elective surgeries. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated from surgical site infections. Multidrug resistance organisms were predominant in surgical site infections.Conclusions:The incidence of surgical site infection is high. Age, sex, diabetic, blood transfusion, prolonged hospital stay are the important risk factors for SSIs. So implementing proper antibiotic policies and infection control measures can reduce SSIs to great extent.

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Chou, Po-Yen, Jin Yoon, Rebecca A. Hersh-Boyle, and Denis J. Marcellin-Little. "Multidrug-Resistant Orthopaedic Surgical Site Infections Treated with Linezolid in Four Dogs." VCOT Open 03, no. 02 (July 2020): e72-e76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1714141.

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Abstract Objective This study aimed to report the adverse drug events and treatment outcome of systemic linezolid therapy to manage multi-drug resistant orthopaedic surgical site infection in dogs. Materials and Methods Retrospective case review of four dogs that received linezolid to treat surgical site infections after orthopaedic surgery. Reevaluations consisted of a clinical examination or a telephone interview. Results Serum drug concentrations varied. All dogs showed a temporary resolution of clinical signs of surgical site infection. Two dogs that received linezolid at the previously reported dose developed drug-associated side effects. The side effects were anorexia, nausea, vomiting and regenerative anaemia. All side effects resolved after the discontinuation of linezolid. Surgical site infection recurred in two dogs 52 and 177 days after discontinuing linezolid respectively. Clinical significance Adverse drug events occurred in dogs receiving oral linezolid at the dosage of 10 to 20 mg/kg. Oral linezolid therapy failed to resolve deep orthopaedic surgical site infections in two out of four dogs. As a tertiary antimicrobial, linezolid should only be used in carefully selected cases while monitoring for drug-associated side effects.

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Wong, JLC, CWY Ho, G. Scott, JT Machin, and TWR Briggs. "Getting It Right First Time: the national survey of surgical site infection rates in NHS trusts in England." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 101, no. 7 (September 2019): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2019.0064.

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Introduction Surgical site infections are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients. The Getting It Right First Time surgical site infection programme set up a national survey to review surgical site infection rates in surgical units in England. The objectives were for frontline clinicians to assess the rates of infection following selected procedures, to examine the risk of significant complications and to review current practice in the prevention of surgical site infection. Methods A national survey was launched in April 2017 to assess surgical site infections within 13 specialties: breast surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, cranial neurosurgery, ear, nose and throat surgery, general surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, ophthalmology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopaedic surgery, paediatric surgery, spinal surgery, urology and vascular surgery. All participating trusts prospectively identified and collected supporting information on surgical site infections diagnosed within the six-month study period. Results Data were received from 95 NHS trusts. A total of 1807 surgical site infection cases were reported. There were variations in rates reported by trusts across specialties and procedures. Reoperations were reported in 36.2% of all identified cases, and surgical site infections are associated with a delayed discharge rate of 34.1% in our survey. Conclusion The Getting It Right First Time surgical site infection programme has introduced a different approach to infection surveillance in England. Results of the survey has demonstrated variation in surgical site infection rates among surgical units, raised the importance in addressing these issues for better patient outcomes and to reduce the financial burden on the NHS. Much work remains to be done to improve surgical site infection surveillance across surgical units and trusts in England.

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Kaoutzanis, Christodoulos, Nishant Ganesh Kumar, Julian Winocour, Keith Hood, and K. Kye Higdon. "Surgical Site Infections in Aesthetic Surgery." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 39, no. 10 (April 3, 2019): 1118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz089.

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AbstractSurgical site infections represent one of the most common postoperative complications in patients undergoing aesthetic surgery. As with other postoperative complications, the incidence of these infections may be influenced by many factors and varies depending on the specific operation performed. Understanding the risk factors for infection development is critical because careful patient selection and appropriate perioperative counseling will set the right expectations and can ultimately improve patient outcomes and satisfaction. Various perioperative prevention measures may also be employed to minimize the incidence of these infections. Once the infection occurs, prompt diagnosis will allow management of the infection and any associated complications in a timely manner to ensure patient safety, optimize the postoperative course, and avoid long-term sequelae.

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Misganaw, Desye, Bedilu Linger, and Atinkut Abesha. "Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis Use and Surgical Site Infection Pattern in Dessie Referral Hospital, Dessie, Northeast of Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 18, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1695683.

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Background. Surgical site infections are the third (14%-16%) most frequent cause of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. They still form a large health problem and result in increased antibiotic usage, increased associated costs, and prolonged hospitalization and contribute to increased patient morbidity and mortality. Therefore, studies on surgical site infections and surgical antibiotic prophylaxis contribute to identifying surgical site infection rate and risk factor associated with it as well as for identifying the gap in surgical antibiotic prophylaxis practice. Objective. To assess surgical antibiotic prophylaxis practice and surgical site infection among surgical patients. Method. A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted in 68 patients who underwent major surgery in Dessie Referral Hospital adult surgical wards between March 24 and April 25/2017. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine infection rate and risk factors for surgical site infections. Result. Assessment of 68 patients who underwent major surgery revealed an overall surgical site infection rate of 23.4%. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered for 59 operations; of these, 33 (48.6%) had inappropriate timing of administration. A combination of ceftriaxone and metronidazole 28 (47.46%) was frequently used. Factors associated with surgical site infection were wound class, patient comorbid condition, duration of the procedure, the timing of administration, and omitting prophylaxis use. Conclusion. This study indicated a higher rate of surgical site infection and also revealed that wound class, preexisting medical condition, prolonged duration of surgery, omitting of prophylaxis use, and inappropriate timing of administration were highly associated with surgical site infection.

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Lee, Sea-Won, Yeong Ji Kim, Jae Won Song, Mina Yu, Jiyoung Rhu, Pill Sun Paik, Yong Hyuk Kim, and Yun Hee Lee. "Size Matters: Predicting Surgical Site Infection After Whole Breast Radiotherapy in the Era of Hypofractionation." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2024): 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14010184.

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Objectives: Few studies have analyzed surgical site infections associated with hypofractionated RT. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for surgical site infections with a particular focus on volumetric parameters that reflect the size of the volumes treated, including tumors, surgical cavities, and breasts. Methods: A total of 145 early breast cancer patients who were surgically staged 0—II undergoing hypofractionated RT on the whole breast were retrospectively reviewed. Tumor size (cm) was measured from surgical pathology. Surgical cavity volume (cc) and breast volume (cc) were calculated by segmenting each axial slice of simulation CT. The cavity-to-breast ratio (%) was calculated as surgical cavity volume/breast volume × 100. Results: The incidence of surgical site infection was 4.8% at a median of 6.3 months after the completion of RT. In univariate analysis, tumor size (OR 2.01, p = 0.025), surgical cavity volume (OR 1.03, p = 0.013), cavity-to-breast ratio (OR 1.29, p = 0.005), and BMI (OR 1.23, p = 0.014) were significantly associated with surgical site infection. In multivariate analysis, the cavity-to-breast ratio (OR 1.24, p = 0.039) remained significantly associated with surgical site infection. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of volumetric parameters, specifically the cavity-to-breast ratio, as significant predictors of surgical site infection in a pure cohort of early breast cancer patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery and hypofractionated RT. Tailored approaches, including the use of prophylactic antibiotics, prophylactic aspiration, and close follow-up, may reduce the morbidity associated with surgical site infection and prevent the potential compromise of tumor outcomes.

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Sarahi, Elizabeth Rodea Montellano. "Early Identification of Postsurgical Sepsis and Surgical Site Infection." International Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Research Studies 03, no. 03 (March 30, 2023): 565–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7785132.

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One of the most typical sources of hospital infection is surgical site infection. The term "Surgical Site Infection", which is separated into "Wound infections" and "organ or space infections," was coined by the Centers for Disease Control to describe the issue of postoperative infections. The organization also created the criteria that identify this type of infection.  It might be difficult to recognize the problem early and to start evidence-based treatments quickly. The prognosis of these individuals can be considerably improved by early discovery, protocolized therapy based on the first bundle, prompt control of the septic focus, and the use of adjuvant therapies.

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Byval’tsev, V. A., I. A. Stepanov, V. E. Borisov, A. A. Kalinin, I. V. Pleshko, E. G. Belykh, and M. A. Aliev. "Surgical site infections in spinal neurosurgery." Kazan medical journal 98, no. 5 (October 15, 2017): 796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2017-796.

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The review presents current data on the problem of surgical site infections in spinal neurosurgery. Infectious complications are the most common cause of unsatisfactory results of surgical treatment and prolonged hospital stay of patients after spinal surgery. Clinical and economic analysis shows that each case of infection at the site of surgical intervention causes additional 7.3 days of hospital stay in the postoperative period and $3152 extra costs per patient. According to the world literature, the incidence of wound infection in spinal neurosurgery varies from 0.7 to 11.9%. The main risk factors for this complication are long period from the moment of hospitalization to the operation, significant blood loss and long duration of surgical intervention. In the article, special role in the development of wound infection is given to the malnutrition syndrome. Patients suffering from this syndrome are considered to be at high risk of surgical site infections developing. Insufficient amounts of protein and energy substances are the cause of disturbed reparative processes in the wound and decreased level of immune defense. Diagnosis of wound infection is based on a comprehensive analysis of clinical and laboratory-instrumental research methods. The review presents current data on the pathogens of surgical site infections, regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis and effective methods of treatment (local and systemic antibiotic therapy, vacuum-assisted closure, flow-washing drainage, hyperbaric oxygenation). Undoubtedly, early diagnosis and correctly chosen management of a patient allows to reverse signs of wound infection and to avoid unfavorable clinical outcomes after surgical interventions on the spine.

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Horan, Teresa C., David H. Culver, Robert P. Gaynes, William R. Jarvis, Jonathan R. Edwards, and Casetta R. Reid. "Nosocomial Infections in Surgical Patients in the United States, January 1986-June 1992." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 2 (February 1993): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646686.

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AbstractObjectives:To describe the distribution of nosocomial infections among surgical patients by site of infection for different types of operations, and to show how the risk of certain adverse outcomes associated with nosocomial infection varied by site, type of operation, and exposure to specific medical devices.Design:Surveillance of surgical patients during January 1986-June 1992 using standard definitions and protocols for both comprehensive (all sites, all operations) and targeted (all sites, selected operations) infection detection.Setting and Patients:Acute care US hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System: 42,509 patients with 52,388 infections from 95 hospitals using comprehensive surveillance protocols and an additional 5,659 patients with 6,963 infections from 11 more hospitals using a targeted protocol.Results:Surgical site infection was the most common nosocomial infection site (37%) when data were reported by hospitals using the comprehensive protocols. When infections reported from both types of protocols were stratified by type of operation, other sites were most frequent following certain operations (e.g., urinary tract infection after joint prosthesis surgery [52%]). Among the infected surgical patients who died, the probability that an infection was related to the patient's death varied significantly with the site of infection, from 22% for urinary tract infection to 89% for organ/space surgical site infection, but was independent of the type of operation performed. The probability of developing a secondary bloodstream infection also varied significantly with the primary site of infection, from 3.1% for incisional surgical site infection to 9.5% for organ/space surgical site infection (p<.001). For all infections except pneumonia, the risk of developing a secondary bloodstream infection also varied significantly with the type of operation performed (p<.00l) and was generally highest for cardiac surgery and lowest for abdominal hysterectomy. Surgical patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia were more than twice as likely to develop a secondary bloodstream infection as nonventilated pneumonia patients (8.1% versus 3.3%, p<.001).Conclusions:For surgical patients with nosocomial infection, the distribution of nosocomial infections by site varies by type of operation, the frequency with which nosocomial infections contribute to patient mortality varies by site of infection but not by type of operation, and the risk of developing a secondary bloodstream infection varies by type of primary infection and, except for pneumonia, by type of operation.

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Zukowska, Agnieszka, and Maciej Zukowski. "Surgical Site Infection in Cardiac Surgery." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 6991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236991.

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Surgical site infections (SSIs) are one of the most significant complications in surgical patients and are strongly associated with poorer prognosis. Due to their aggressive character, cardiac surgical procedures carry a particular high risk of postoperative infection, with infection incidence rates ranging from a reported 3.5% and 26.8% in cardiac surgery patients. Given the specific nature of cardiac surgical procedures, sternal wound and graft harvesting site infections are the most common SSIs. Undoubtedly, DSWIs, including mediastinitis, in cardiac surgery patients remain a significant clinical problem as they are associated with increased hospital stay, substantial medical costs and high mortality, ranging from 3% to 20%. In SSI prevention, it is important to implement procedures reducing preoperative risk factors, such as: obesity, hypoalbuminemia, abnormal glucose levels, smoking and S. aureus carriage. For decolonisation of S. aureus carriers prior to cardiac surgery, it is recommended to administer nasal mupirocin, together with baths using chlorhexidine-based agents. Perioperative management also involves antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical site preparation, topical antibiotic administration and the maintenance of normal glucose levels. SSI treatment involves surgical intervention, NPWT application and antibiotic therapy

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Avato, Joan L., and Kwan Kew Lai. "Impact of Postdischarge Surveillance on Surgical-Site Infection Rates for Coronary Artery Bypass Procedures." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 23, no. 7 (July 2002): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502076.

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Objective:To assess the influence of postdischarge infection surveillance on risk-adjusted surgical-site infection rates for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures.Design:Prospective surveillance of surgical-site infections after CABG.Setting:Tertiary-care referral hospital.Methods:Data on surgical-site infections were collected for 1,324 CABG procedures during 27 months. They were risk adjusted and analyzed according to the surgical surveillance protocol of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with and without postdischarge data.Results:Data were available for 96% of the patients. Of the 88 surgical-site infections, 28% were identified prior to discharge and 72% postdischarge. More chest than harvest-site infections were identified (46% vs 11%) prior to discharge, and more harvest-site than chest infections were identified in the outpatient setting (42% vs 14%). The surgical-site infection rate for patients stratified under risk index 1, calculated without postdischarge surveillance, was 2.9%; when compared with that of the NNIS System, the P value was .29. When postdischarge surveillance was included, the surgical-site infection rate was 4.9% and statistically significant when compared with that of the NNIS System (P = .007). For patients stratified under risk index 2, the rates with and without postdischarge surveillance were 11.7% and 10.0%, respectively; when compared with the NNIS System rates, the P values were .000008 and .0006, respectively.Conclusions:Only 28% of the surgical-site infections would have been detected if surveillance had been limited to hospital stay. Postdischarge surveillance identified more surgical-site infections among risk index 1 patients. Hospitals with comprehensive postdischarge surveillance after CABG procedures are likely to record higher surgical-site infection rates than those that do not perform such surveillance.

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., Romaniyanto, R. B. Gunawan, E. M. Rosa, and F. Arofiati. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION IN ORTHOPEDIC SURGICAL WOUND." Journal of Bio Innovation 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46344/jbino.2020.v09i06.14.

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., Romaniyanto, R. B. Gunawan, E. M. Rosa, and F. Arofiati. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION IN ORTHOPEDIC SURGICAL WOUND." Journal of Bio Innovation 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46344/jbino.2020.v09i06.14.

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Shenoy, Deepthi, Keerthana Nalluri, C. Manasa, Pradeep Reddy, and R. Srinivasan. "A study on evaluation of risk factors and anti-microbial prophylaxis in the prevention of surgical site infection." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2-s (April 15, 2019): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2-s.2477.

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Background: Surgical site infections are potential complications associated with a type of surgical procedure. Although surgical site infections are among the most preventable healthcare associated infections, they still represent a significant burden in terms of morbidity, mortality and addition costs to healthcare systems and service payers worldwide. Appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis has shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of surgical site infections. Aim: The aim of the study is to carry out an evaluation of the risk factors and prophylactic antibiotics used to prevent surgical site infection in surgeries performed in an NABH accredited quaternary care hospital in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Objective: To evaluate patient related risk factors contributing to the incidence of surgical site infection. To evaluate the prophylactic anti-biotic used in the prevention of post-operative surgical site infection and to determine the incidence of surgical site infection. Methodology: Subjects who meet the study criteria will be enrolled in the study. Collection of patient related data with subsequent identification and evaluation of risk factors and prophylactic anti-biotics, and calculation of incidence of surgical site infection using statistical analysis. Results: In this study, on observation of 372 surgical cases, it was estimated that 1 in 10 patients acquired Surgical Site Infection within 30 days post-surgery. Conclusion: Conclusively, it can be said that the incidence of surgical site infection varies by different patient and procedure factors as well as prophylactic anti-biotic properties. They particularly show greater association to age, gender, certain comorbidities (like diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and renal insufficiency), and duration of surgery, administration of prophylactic antibiotic, frequency, timing and dose. Therefore, greater care must be taken for every specific patient and procedure and also choice of antibiotic prophylaxis.

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Kumar, Dr Karan. "Surgical Site Infection in Clean, Clean-Contaminated and Contaminated Cases." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 04, no. 12 (December 28, 2016): 14981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i12.111.

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ABOU-HATAB, MOSTAFA, and MAMDOUH EL-BAHNASAWY. "INFECTION CONTROL TO AVOID SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 43, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesp.2013.94813.

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