Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Suriname'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2007.
Title from document title page (viewed on June 28, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 346 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 308-341).

Ce travail aborde les dynamiques d’adaptations et de mutations des Églises évangéliques fréquentées par les immigrés brésiliens présents au Suriname – pays né dans une perspective de reconnaissance sociale et politique de la diversité ethnique et culturelle, cristallisée dans l’apanjhat (idéologie qui légitime les politiques multiculturelles). Les premières Églises, installées dans ce pays par des missionnaires envoyés par des institutions évangéliques du Brésil, ont été la Dieu est Amour, en 1994, et l'Assemblée de Dieu, en 1996. À partir des années 2000, des divisions dans la Dieu est Amour, de nouvelles missions venues du Brésil et une autre venue de Guyane française ont modifié ce champ religieux, en faisant apparaître de nouvelles Églises, qui, à côté des deux citées, vont former un groupe d'Églises nommées Brasyonkerki, terme qui, en langue vernaculaire surinamienne, signifie « Églises de Brésiliens », du fait de s’adresser essentiellement aux Brésiliens et d’utiliser le portugais comme langue liturgique. Insérées dans une société marquée par la pluralité ethnique, la transmigration et les zones d’orpaillage, ces Églises s'adaptent, se métamorphosent et sont influencés par les immigrés brésiliens. Elles se trouvent alors dans une tension entre une prédilection pour ces immigrés et le prosélytisme universel qui leur est propre
This work approaches the dynamics of adaptations and transformations of the evangelic Churches attended by the Brazilian immigrants living in Suriname - country born in a perspective of social and political recognition of ethnic and cultural diversity, crystallized in the apanjhat (ideology which legitimizes the multicultural policies). The first Churches, settled in this country by missionaries sent by evangelic institutions of Brazil, were « God is Love », in 1994, and « Assemblies of God », in 1996. From the 2000s, divisions in « God is Love », new missions came from Brazil and another coming of French Guiana modified this religious field, by revealing new Churches, which, next to both –churches- quoted, are going to form a group of Churches named « Brasyonkerki », term meaning in Surinamese vernacular language, "Brazilians' Churches", addressed essentially to the Brazilians and to use Portuguese as liturgical language. Inserted into a society marked by the ethnic plurality, the transmigration and the zones of gold washing, these Churches adapt themselves, metamorphose and are influenced by the Brazilian immigrants. They are then in a tension between a preference for these immigrants and a universal proselytism of their own
Este trabalho aborda a dinâmica da formação, as adaptações e as mutações das Igrejas evangélicas frequentadas por imigrantes brasileiros no Suriname, país nascido na dinâmica de reconhecimento social e político da diversidade étnica e cultural, cristalizada no apanjhat (ideologia que legitima as suas políticas multiculturais). As primeiras instaladas ali foram a Deus é Amor, em 1994, e a Assembleia de Deus, em 1996, por missionários enviados por instituições evangélicas do Brasil. A partir dos anos 2000, cisões na Deus é Amor, missões vindas do Brasil e uma da Guiana Francesa tumultuaram esse campo religioso, fazendo surgir novas Igrejas, que, junto às duas citadas, formam um grupo de Igrejas denominadas de Brasyonkerki, termo que significa, na língua vernacular surinamesa, “Igrejas de brasileiros” — assim reconhecidas pelos surinameses porque, além de voltadas para brasileiros, utilizam o português como língua litúrgica. Envoltas por um quadro de sociedade plural, transmigração e garimpos de ouro, elas se adaptam, se metamorfoseiam, influenciam e são influenciadas pelos imigrantes brasileiros, e se encontram num dilema entre seu direcionamento a eles e seu proselitismo universalista característico

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto das Relações Internacionais, Programa de Pós-Graduação, 2015.
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Durante a década de 1990, milhares de garimpeiros brasileiros migraram para as áreas de garimpo no interior amazônico do Suriname. Desde o ano de 1998, estima-se que há pelo menos quinze mil migrantes brasileiros vivendo e trabalhando nesse país vizinho. Esse movimento migratório provocou grandes mudanças demográficas, econômicas, sociais, ecológicas e políticas no interior surinamês que, por sua vez, influenciaram o relacionamento político-diplomático entre o Suriname e o Brasil. O presente trabalho descreve as principais causas e consequências da migração dos garimpeiros brasileiros para o interior do Suriname.
In the 1990s, a large number of Brazilian wildcat miners crossed the northern borders of Brazil in order to work in the jungle-covered interior of Suriname. Since 1998, there are at least fifteen thousand Brazilian migrants living and working in this relatively small, South American nation. This migratory wave has provoked large demographic, economic, social, ecological and political changes in the Surinamese interior. Inevitably, this situation have also influenced the bilateral relations between Brazil and Suriname. This master´s thesis describes the primary causes and consequences of this migratory phenomenon.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2017.
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Esta dissertação de mestrado põe em evidência um dos seis povos Marrons do Suriname, o povo Ndyuka, descendentes de Africanos que foram escravidavos e escaparam das plantações durante o século XVIII. O povo Ndyuka foi o primeiro grupo de escravos fugitivos com os quais o governo colonial holandês assinou um tratado de paz, em 1760. A dissertação trata especificamente da língua e da cultura dos Ndyuka, que indissociavelmente refletem o importante papel que os Maroons desempenharam no desenvolvimento da história do Suriname. A dissertação, ao tratar de aspectos da cultura dos Ndyuka, procura levar ao entendimento de como os Ndyuka se diferenciaram e se fortaleceram como um grupo etnico distinto, fazendo sua própria história, longe do habitar milenar de seus ancestrais, com um modelo próprio de sustentabilidade. Mostramos, por meio de uma descrição sincrônica de aspectos culturais do povo, como têm resistido por séculos, independentemente das forças opostas à sua sobrevivência. A pesquisa empreendida tem como sua preocupação principal o uso e fortalecimento da língua Ndyuka no sistema educacional surinamês, assim como o reconhecimento do Ndyuka como língua co-oficial do Suriname. Esta dissertação pretende contribuir com a discussão sobre multilinguismo e fortalecimento de línguas minoritárias, examinando relações entre nível de proficiência linguística e políticas educacionais, no caso, o Ndyuka, sublinhando, dentre outros, a necessidade e urgente de estudos linguísticos cujos resultados devem ser aplicados ao ensino da língua Ndyuka na escola e ao desenvolvimento de sua escrita.
This Master thesis is about one of the six Maroons tribes of Suriname, the Ndyuka, who are descendants of escaped African slaves from the plantations, during the eighteen century. The Ndyuka was the first group of escaped slaves with whom the Dutch colonial government signed a peace treaty in 1760. The thesis approaches specifically the Ndyuka language and culture, which inextricably reflect the role of the Maroons in the development of Suriname history. The thesis aims to present an understanding of how the Ndyuka differentiated and strengthened themselves as an ethic group, building their own history, far away from the millenary habitat of the African ancestry, and creating their own sustainable model. I show, by means a synchronic description of cultural aspects of the Ndyuka, how they preserved their culture for centuries, despite the contrary forces against their survival. The research has as its main aim the use and strengthening of Ndyuka language in the Suriname educational system, as well as the recognition of Ndyuka as a co-official language of Suriname. This master thesis is thought to be a contribution to the discussion on multilingualism and strengthening minority languages. It focuses on Ndyuka to examine the relationship between the level of linguistic and educational policies, and highlights, among other issues, the urgent need for linguistic studies to incorporate the teaching of the Ndyuka language at school as well as to preserve the language through writing and documentation.
ABSTRACT IN NDYUKA : WAN SYATU PISI FOSI U BIGIN AINI NDYUKAA : wooko yaaso a wang wooko abaa wan fu den sigisi busi kondee sama fu Saanan, den Ndyuka sama, den baka pikin fu Afiikan sama di be de saafu anga be e wooko a den paandasi aini a ten fu a jali wan dusun anga tin a seibin. Den Ndyuka sama be de a fosi guupu fu saafu di be lowe anga di fii anga den sitaafu basi aini a jali wan dunsu seibin ondoo anga sigisi tenti. A wooko yaaso e go abaa a Ndyuka tongo anga a fasi fa den Ndyuka sama e libi. Den tu sani ya e go ana anga ana fu soy fa busikondee sama go na fesi aini den ten di pasa aini Saanan. A wooko yaaso e soy fa Ndyuka sama e libi anga fa den taanga den seefi enke wan spesuutu guupu, fa den libi makandii den ten di pasa, faawe fu den dunsu jali fu Afiikan lutu anga den deng eigi sabi fu tan a libi. Aini a wooko ya mi e soy diifeenti sowtu sani fu a fasi fa den Ndyuka libi omen yali anga den eigi sabi anga koni a winsi fa a be e taanga gi den. A ondoo suku abi wan spesuutu bosikopu, dati na a taki abaa den tongo fu Saanan anga fa wi mu taanga a Ndyuka tongo aini a leli sesitema fu Saanan, so seefi a elikeni fu a Ndyuka enke wan fu deng spesuutu tongo fu Saanan. A wooko yaaso de wan yeepi abaa a pisi toli fu den difeenti tongo di de anga fu taanga den tongo di den e fika a baka. Wi e ondoo suku den banti abaa a posisi fu den tongo anga leli, spesuutu a Ndyuka pe we syi taki a Ndyuka tongo de fanowdu fu leli pikin a sikoo anga fu sikiifi anga kibii a Ndyuka tongo.

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Esta dissertação trata do islã surinamês de origem javanesa, distante (não apenas geograficamente) do centro irradiador árabe-islâmico. O Suriname, país sul-americano e caribenho, abriga considerável comunidade muçulmana, a maior em termos percentuais fora da Ásia, África e Europa Oriental. Nele, encontra-se em curso a oposição entre o reformismo e o tradicionalismo no islã. A tendência reformista preza mais por um islã árabe puritano, universalista, com destaque para os valores morais; a tradicional prioriza a comunidade javanesa local e a tradição muçulmana oriunda de Java. A pesquisa envolveu discussões acerca da construção da identidade, da memória à qual os grupos encontram-se vinculados e das “negociações” entre o pertencimento étnico javanês e o pertencimento religioso. Um aspecto que emerge ao longo do trabalho é a diversidade do islã. No Suriname são praticadas cerimônias islâmicas semelhantes às descritas por Clifford Geertz em suas pesquisas realizadas em Java, na década de 1950, como é o caso do slametan, um rito de passagem pós-morte que expressa o momento de transição entre o mundo dos vivos e o dos mortos.
This essay is about the Surinamese Islam of Javanese origin, distant (not only geographically) from the Islamic-Arab irradiating center. Suriname, a South American and Caribbean country, shelters a considerable Muslim community, the biggest out of Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe in terms of percentage. In it, the opposition is current between the reformism and the traditionalism within the Islam. The reformist tendency values highly more for an Arab puritanical and universalist Islam, stressing its moral values; the traditional one values the Javanese local community and the Muslim tradition originating from Java. The inquiry involved discussions about the construction of the identity; the memory to which the groups are linked; and the “negotiations” between belonging to the Javanese ethnic group and belonging to religion. An aspect that surfaces along the work is the diversity of the Islam. In Suriname, Islamic similar ceremonies are practiced to the described ones by Clifford Geertz in his inquiries carried out in Java, in decade of 1950, as the slametan, a rite of passage after death that express the moment of transition between the world of the living creatures and the one of the dead men.

This thesis explores hybridity and ethnicity in Nickerie, Western Suriname. It undertakes this exploration from the perspective of doglas, Surinamese people with mixed African and Asian parentage. In Suriname’s postcolonial process of nation-building, ethnicity has been essentialized, with doglas representing a category of anomaly, but also of uncertainty. What I have termed ‘dogla discourse’ refers to the opinions, experiences and negotiations among and about doglas in Nickerie that both shored up and destabilized Suriname’s ethnic essentialism. Dogla discourse fuses and confuses ethnic categories and boundaries in its insistent hybridity. The thesis shows that being dogla does not simply align with common tropes of ‘mixed-race’. I argue that in embracing conflicting paradigms of ethnicity, doglas in Nickerie both emphasized and undermined ethnic essentialism. This was expressed in idioms of kinship and sexual relations, in notions of the pure/impure dogla body, and in the relevance and irrelevance of ‘cultural spirituality’. Furthermore, dogla discourse problematized the role of ethnicity in the enduring struggles of how to define ‘the national’ in postcolonial states. Thus, the thesis presents an ethnographic contribution to studies of ‘mixed-race’ in contexts of postcolonial nation-building, and theoretically expands conceptualizations of ‘the hybrid’.

En zone d’endémie, chez le patient infecté par le VIH, l’histoplasmose disséminée est le principal diagnostic différentiel de la tuberculose. Pourtant aucune étude n’a jusqu’à présent comparé ces deux pathologies. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de comparer les cas de tuberculose et d’histoplasmose chez les patients infectés par le VIH afin d’identifier d’éventuelles différences épidémiologiques, cliniques, biologiques ou radiologiques. L’étude a concerné une population de 205 individus infectés par le VIH, admis en hospitalisation au centre hospitalier de Cayenne du 01/01/1997 au 31/12/2008 et sélectionnés rétrospectivement sur la base de données hospitalière française (99 tuberculoses et 106 histoplasmoses). Après une analyse multivariable, les éléments statistiquement significatifs en faveur de la tuberculose étaient la toux Odds Ratio (OD)=0. 2 [Intervalle de confiance 95% (IC)=0. 05-0. 73) et un taux de protéine C supérieur à 70mg/L OR=0. 98 [IC=0. 97-0. 99]. Ceux en faveur de l’histoplasmose étaient l’origine géographique Guyane française OR=5. 2 [IC=1. 30-20. 73], la présence d’infections opportunistes concomitantes OR=6. 71[IC=1. 50-29. 96] , la localisation disséminée de l’agent pathogène OR= 6. 40[IC=1. 44-28. 45], un taux de lymphocytes CD4+ inférieur à 60/mm3 OR=11. 62[IC=2. 30-58. 63], un taux de polynucléaires neutrophiles inférieur à 2750/mm3 OR=10. 54[IC=2. 83-39. 24], un taux de plaquettes inférieur à 150000/mm3 OR=19. 20[IC=3. 35-110. 14] et un taux de gamma glutamyl transférase supérieur à 72UI/L OR=4. 99[IC=1. 31-18. 99]. Au regard des différences suscitées, il est ainsi possible d’orienter le clinicien grâce à des critères cliniques et paracliniques simples
In endemic areas, disseminated histoplasmosis is the main differential diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. Despite this, no study has ever compared these two pathologies ? the main objective of this study was thus to compare cases of tuberculosis and histoplasmosis among HIV-infected patients in order to identify epidemiologic, clinical, biological, or radiological differences. The study concerned a population of 205 patients infected with HIV hospitalized in Cayenne General Hospital between 01/01/1997 and 31/12/2008. Patients were selected pestrospectively from the French Hospital Database on HIV (99 tuberculosis and 106 histoplamosis). After multivariate analysis, the statistically significant elements in favour of tuberculosis were cough Odds ratio (OD)=0. 25[95% confidence interval [95% (IC)=0. 05-0. 73] and CRP concentration >70mg/L OR=0. 98 [IC=0. 97-0. 99]. Variables in favour of diddeminated histoplamosis were geographic origin from French Guiana OR=5. 2 [IC=1. 30-20. 73], the presence of concomitant oppotunistic infections OR=6. 71[IC=1. 50-29. 96], disseminated localisations of the pathogen OR= 6. 40[IC=1. 44-28. 45], CD4 lymphocyte count <60/mm3 OR=11. 62[IC=2. 30-58. 63], neutrophil count <2750/mm3 OR=10. 54[IC=2. 83-39. 24], platelet count <150000/mm3 OR=19. 20[IC=3. 35-110. 14], and gamma glutamyl transferase concentration >72UI/L OR=4. 99[IC=1. 31-18. 99]. Tuberculosis and histoplamosis do have similarities, but a number of epidemiologic, clinical and biological factors are more associated with one of the two pathologies. It is thus possible to orient clinicians with simple clinical and paraclinical criteria

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Antropologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Antropologia Social, 2006.
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Ao longo das duas últimas décadas, têm se tornado comum encontrar imigrantes brasileiros em Paramaribo, capital do Suriname. A paisagem urbana vem sendo modificada pela presença desses sujeitos, que imprimem não apenas marcas materiais - a diversidade comercial que se alastrou pela cidade é um exemplo disso - como também tornam sua língua e linguagem, seus costumes, práticas religiosas, festas e celebrações parte da dinâmica social surinamesa. No entanto, alguns conflitos são estabelecidos no contato com a sociedade surinamesa e sua estrutura plural etnicizada, o que torna a construção de uma identidade coletiva nos moldes aceitos e inteligíveis localmente um desafio para os brasileiros. Como desse conflito passam a construir sua identidade coletiva? Como incorporam valores caros a essa sociedade para que sejam reconhecidos enquanto partícipes dessa realidade social? Seria este um processo de reconhecimento e inserção possíveis?

Les Saramaka du Suriname, descendants d'esclaves échappés des plantations au XVIIème siècle, ont une pharmacopée traditionnelle encore vive. Le Bitter-cup, ou " gobelet amer ", en est un exemple puisqu'il garde encore sa place sur les étals des marchés de Paramaribo. Nous avons mené une enquête ethnopharmacologique afin de détailler ses usages : mis à macérer pendant une nuit avec du rhum ou de l'eau, le contenu est bu d'un trait au matin comme tonique amer, stomachique, fébrifuge ou encore antimalarique. Pour mettre fin aux controverses que suscite sa provenance botanique, nous avons procédé à une étude anatomique du bois et des gobelets provenant du marché, ainsi qu'à l'établissement de signatures chimiques par Chromatographie Liquide Haute Performance (CLHP). Ces deux méthodes complémentaires nous ont permis d'identifier Quassia amara L. comme source des gobelets. Des tests in vitro sur Plasmodium falciparum n'ont pas confirmé l'activité antipaludique, mais après un fractionnement bioguidé par CLHP semi-préparative, certaines fractions se montrent très performantes contre les parasites.

African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and African cultivation practices are said to have influenced emerging colonial plantation economies in the Americas(1,2). However, the level of impact of African rice practices is difficult to establish because of limited written or botanical records(2,3). Recent findings of O. glaberrima in rice fields of Suriname Maroons bear evidence of the high level of knowledge about rice among African slaves and their descendants, who consecrate it in ancestor rituals(4,5). Here we establish the strong similarity, and hence likely origin, of the first extant New World landrace of O. glaberrima to landraces from the Upper Guinean forests in West Africa. We collected African rice from a Maroon market in Paramaribo, Suriname, propagated it, sequenced its genome(6) and compared it with genomes of 109 accessions representing O. glaberrima diversity across West Africa. By analysing 1,649,769 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in clustering analyses, the Suriname sample appears sister to an Ivory Coast landrace, and shows no evidence of introgression from Asian rice. Whereas the Dutch took most slaves from Ghana, Benin and Central Africa(7), the diaries of slave ship captains record the purchase of food for provisions when sailing along the West African Coast(8), offering one possible explanation for the patterns of genetic similarity. This study demonstrates the utility of genomics in understanding the largely unwritten histories of crop cultures of diaspora communities.

La conduite, le contrôle et le devenir de l'interrogatoire posthume sont des questions qui agitent les Marrons ndjuka du Tapanahoni (Surinam) depuis une trentaine d'années. Après avoir été abolie au début des années 1970, cette pratique divinatoire présentée comme ancestrale et qui vise à établir les circonstances du décès d'un individu, a récemment fait l'objet d'une volonté de réhabilitation de la part de certains clans, laissant apparaître des lignes de clivages entre les divers protagonistes de ce qui s'avera, au fil de l'enquête, être un véritable débat politique centré autour du bien-fondé de la reprise de la pratique. En adoptant un point de vue qui visait à révéler tout d'abord la nature (politique) des enjeux de cette controverse, puis à saisir les logiques de la position des villageois parmi lesquels j'ai enquêté, j'ai cherché à expliciter, de manière dynamique, les modalités de l'exercice du pouvoir chez les Marrons ndjuka. Plus largement, ce travail interroge la façon dont un système politique peut prendre appui sur des référents religieux.

Through a continuing search for anticancer compounds as part of an International Cooperative Biodiversity Grant program, the extracts of two plants were selected for study on the basis of their cytotoxic activity. These extracts were further fractionated to yield four compounds. The structures of these compounds were elucidated with mass spectrometry and 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. The ethyl acetate extract of the twigs of Garcinia macrophylla from Suriname was weakly cytotoxic in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell bioassay. The known benzophenone guttiferone A and a new guttiferone analog, named guttiferone G, were isolated from the extract and found to be responsible for the bioactivity. A known triterpene, friedelin, was also isolated from the extract and found to be inactive. The structure of guttiferone A was determined by comparison of its NMR data to those found in the literature. The structure of guttiferone G was determined by comparison to guttiferone A and through careful examination of both 1D and 2D NMR data. An extract of Bridelia tulasneana from Madagascar yielded one compound. It was identified as the known lignan deoxypodophyllotoxin and was responsible for the bioactivity. It was identified by a comparison of its spectral data to those found in the literature and those of an authentic sample.
Master of Science

xxii, 995 p. A print copy of this thesis (with two accompanying DVD videos) is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Since 2005, I have been working with members of the Kari'nja community of Konomerume, Suriname to document, describe, preserve, and revitalize their heritage language, the Aretyry dialect of Kari'nja (Cariban family). Simultaneously, I have worked to develop, pilot, and articulate a model of field research that depends on participation from speech community members. This dissertation combines exposition of this model of field research with presentation of a large body of the results from the application of that new model. Ethnically Kari'nja, Konomerume community members have witnessed a decline in language use in recent generations. Although I work primarily with members of the Konomerume community, a village on the banks of the Wajambo River in Suriname, in recent years, I have expanded my work to include two other communities in the region, Corneliskondre and Kalebas Kreek. My work with Kari'nja community members concerns four broad, interrelated areas of endangered languages research, each described in a section of the dissertation. Following Chapter 1, which provides an orientation to the dissertation as a whole, Chapter 2 reviews strengths and problems with prior models of fieldwork, then proposes a new model of fieldwork with members of Indigenous communities. Chapter 3 demonstrates some of the linguistic results of our work together in Konomerume, offering a more pedagogical overview of some aspects of Kari'nja grammar followed by more academic descriptions of nonverbal predication and an innovative main clause progressive construction. Chapter 4 addresses how documentation can be combined with applied linguistics to support revitalization through formal language teaching. Finally, Chapter 5 describes the documentary corpus that is found in the appendices, explaining procedural steps used in creating the corpus and outlining the actual documentary products that we have produced. The Appendices are the concrete representation of the body of collaborative work that the Kari'nja community and I have done together. They include DVD videos, a substantial collection of transcribed, translated, and grammatically annotated texts in multiple genres, a dictionary, a pedagogical grammar sketch, and a curriculum guide for formal teaching of introductory Kari'nja.
Committee in charge: Spike Gildea, Chairperson, Linguistics; Eric Pederson, Member, Linguistics; Susan Guion, Member, Linguistics; Janne Underriner, Member, Linguistics; Brian Klopotek, Outside Member, Anthropology

Suriname is highly forested and inhabited by Indigenous peoples who are dependent on a diverse range of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) for their subsistence and income. NTFP knowledge is decreasing due to fragmented knowledge transmission. The NTFP-containing forests are also of interest to multinational extractive companies. Without co-managed governance and weak tenure security, livelihoods and biodiversity can become jeopardised. This thesis focuses on two Indigenous communities that vary in forest-dependency and exposure to urbanisation. Children’s ethnobotanical knowledge is compared to determine causes of ethnobotanical knowledge losses. In addition, land tenure regimes are assessed and ecological impacts from NTFP harvests are determined. Voucher specimens were collected and ethnobotanical data were obtained from informants. Questionnaires were used to elicit and record children’s ethnobotanical knowledge and that of NTFP gatherers to define important NTFP species. Market surveys were held to determine commercial NTFPs. It was shown that school attendance and the limited time spent in forests disrupt the acquisition of ethnobotanical knowledge by children. At the same time, acculturation can lead to cross-cultural knowledge exchange, strengthening the communities’ knowledge about NTFPs. The research further demonstrated that the uses of commercial and food NTFPs were known prior to the acquisition of knowledge of plant names, confirming that ethnobotanical knowledge acquisition at a young age happens through observation. Ecological risks from overharvesting seeds from vegetal NTFPs included trophic cascades: population declines of targeted species and animals that feed on them. For the commercially most traded animals, a decrease in abundancy was noticed as a result of increased local and non-local demands. Because of a sudden high global demand for Potamotrygon boesemani, stocks of this endemic stingray are imperilled. NTFP gathering largely happened outside the communities’ communal forest on State lands under active or proposed logging concessions. Traditional NTFP practices should be safeguarded by protecting gathering sites and targeted species. Strengthening of Indigenous with government co-management is needed for effective forest governance. Moreover, long-term research is desirable on current NTFP stocks and the impacts of NTFP harvesting on target species and their ecosystem. An immediate moratorium on P. boesemani is required to prevent this species from further collapse or potential extinction.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

Desde o final dos anos 1980, o Suriname presencia um fluxo migratório, sem precedentes, de brasileiros em direção ao seu território. A corrida do ouro é o principal fator que vem atraindo levas de garimpeiros e redirecionando, também, toda a rede que o garimpo agrega. A mineração é uma atividade de grande importância econômica para o Suriname, já que sua economia é altamente dependente da extração aurífera, sendo majoritariamente desenvolvida de modo informal e, sobretudo, por brasileiros que vivem nesse país em situação irregular. Assim, nesta tese analisamos as mobilidades dos garimpeiros, no e para o Suriname, atreladas à mineração do ouro em pequena escala, levando em conta que tais dinâmicas estão imersas em variados contextos multiterritoriais, além de envolverem distintos agentes com interesses convergentes e/ou divergentes. A metodologia utilizada inclui pesquisa de campo nas principais cidades que fazem parte desses itinerários tanto no Brasil quanto nos demais países do Platô das Guianas , assim como nas áreas de garimpo situadas na floresta amazônica surinamesa, além de levantamento de bibliografia secundária, consulta de documentos oficiais em arquivos, bibliotecas e órgãos do governo e demais fontes de arquivamento. Juntamente com a contribuição da pesquisa empírica original sobre as implicações transnacionais da mineração do ouro na Bacia Amazônica, a presente tese propõe a exploração teórica das territorialidades emergentes e suas consequências em meio à multiterritorialidade, além dos respectivos processos territoriais implicados nela, a partir da interpretação dessas complexas mobilidades transgressoras. Desse modo, demonstramos que os garimpeiros estão inseridos em assimétricas relações de poder e variados quadros morais que envolvem, dentre outros, populações tradicionais, agentes do capital privado atrelados à mineração em média/grande escala e o Estado. A coexistência e a sobreposição dessas múltiplas lógicas territoriais influenciam decisivamente nas negociações, tensões e conflitos, redefinindo regras, interações e significados, tanto nos territórios da garimpagem quanto nos demais setores da mineração do ouro.
Since the late 1980s, Suriname has been experiencing an unprecedented flow of Brazilian immigrants into its territory. The gold rush has been the main factor attracting waves of garimpeiros and redirecting the entire network related to mining. Mining is of great economic importance for Suriname. The economy is highly dependent on gold extraction, which for the most part has been developed informally and primarily by irregular Brazilian immigrants. Therefore, in this thesis, we analyzed mobilities of garimpeiros associated with small-scale gold mining in and toward Suriname. We considered these dynamics as embedded within diverse multi-territorial contexts, involving particular agents with convergent and or divergent interests. The methodology applied in this study included field research in the main cities that form part of these itineraries. These cities are located in Brazil and other countries in the Guiana Shield, as well as in mining areas in the Surinamese Amazon forest. In addition, we conducted secondary research, which included consulting official documents in archives, libraries, government institutions, and other archival resources. In combination with the original empirical research concerning the transnational implications of gold mining in the Amazon basin, we aimed to theoretically explore emergent territorialities and their consequences in a multi-territory setting, as well as the respective territorial processes involved in it (starting from interpretations of complex transgressive mobilities). We thus demonstrated that garimpeiros are caught up in asymmetrical power relationships and diverse moral frameworks involving agents such as traditional populations, agents of private capital involved in medium- or large-scale mining initiatives, and the State. The coexistence and intersections of multiple territorial logics decisively influence negotiations, tensions, and conflicts. In addition, they redefine rules, interactions, and meanings in mining territories, as well as other areas related to gold mining.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this analysis was to analyze and describe the steps that have been taken in the development of the mental health policy in Suriname after the WHO AIMS. The objectives are: 1.To review the steps to be taken in developing a mental health policy and plan for a country 2.To gather information and data concerning mental health policy and plan development in Suriname 3.To draw conclusion from the experience gained that can be applied to other countries. In general, the information that was gathered from the four countries Guyana, Barbados, Trinidad & Tobago and Suriname, was compared with the WHO steps for developing a mental health policy and plan. Were these steps taken into consideration, when developing their mental health policy and plan? If not, what were the reasons why it did not happen? The checklist for evaluating a mental health plan was used in Suriname. This checklist assisted to see if the results of the recommendations given by the WHO AIMS to develop a effective and balanced mental health plan were taken into consideration. The mayor findings of the analysis are that Suriname as well as Guyana used the steps in developing their mental health policy and plan. Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago did not develop a mental health policy and plan. Suriname and Guyana have a mental health coordinating body at the Ministry of Health. Trinidad & Tobago as well as Barbados have a mental health focal person at the Ministry of Health of the respective countries. It can be concluded that successfully improving of health systems and services for mental health is combining theoretical concepts, expert knowledge and cooperation of many stakeholders. The appointment of a mental health coordinating unit at the Ministry of Health is crucial for the development of mental health in a country. Furthermore, mental health is everyone’s business and responsibility. Implementing the steps to be taken when developing a mental health policy and plan as recommended by WHO may be a slow process requiring the mobilization of political will. That’s why it is crucial that persons responsible for this process work close with all stakeholders in relevant sectors, taking their needs into consideration and try to translate that in clear objectives. It is common knowledge that improving the quality of mental health must be accompanied by the availability of financial and human resources. Finally, a mental health policy and plan should be one document tackling all aspects of mental health of a community.

Through the ICBG (International Cooperative Biodiversity Group) program and a continuing search for anticancer compounds, plant extracts were obtianed from Suriname and Madagascar and screened for cytotoxic activity in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Fractionation of a leaf and flower extract of Casearia nigrescens led to the isolation of six new clerodane diterpenes. Four were new natural products and the other two were previously unreported hydrolysis products. Their structures were determined using mass spectrometry and 1-D and 2-D NMR. All six compounds were cytotoxic in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Fractionation of a leaf extract of Vernonia pachyclada led to the isolation of four new sesquiterpene lactones. Their structures were determined using mass spectrometry, 1-D and 2-D NMR, and (in one case) single crystal X-ray diffraction. All four compounds were cytotoxic in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Fractionation of an extract of Casimirella ampla led to the isolation of three new diterpenes and two known diterpenes. Their structures were determined using mass spectrometry and 1-D and 2-D NMR. All five compounds were cytotoxic in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Fractionation of root and stem extracts of Mendoncia cowanii led to the isolation of two new naphthaquinones, and two known naphthaquinones. Their structures were determined using mass spectrometry and 1-D and 2-D NMR. All four compounds were cytotoxic in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line and three compounds exhibited weak inhibition of Akt kinase. The fractionation of five additional extracts resulted in the isolation of twelve known compounds. Their structures were determined using mass spectrometry, 1-D and 2-D NMR, and comparison to literature data. All twelve compounds were cytotoxic in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line.
Ph. D.

One of the most striking features of Saramaccan syntax is the almost categorically finite status of its sentential complements and serial verbs. In fact, a study of these constituents in the language is to primarily observe how characteristics of finite sentential structures are beginning to be lost in certain instances. The first three chapters are largely preliminary in nature. Chapter I briefly introduces Saramaccan, discusses the Government and Binding grammatical model and outlines why it is superior to competing approaches. This chapter also defines many of the pertinent concepts needed for the analyses. Chapter II looks at tense, modality and aspect markers and determines when a +Tense value is possible for a clause. In this context, we find that the complements of perception verbs are finite. The remainder of Chapter II and all of Chapter III determine the dislocation patterns and identifying parameters of various categories. The next three chapters investigate serial structures. In Chapter IV, it is found among other things that complementizer-like fu (from for) and taa 'say, that' are main verbs. Chapter V analyzes the Instrumental, Benefactive and Dative serials. We conclude that the Instrumental and Benefactive are contained within finite clauses, while the Dative serial verb is either an infinitive or has been deleted. Finally in Chapter VI, the many serials discussed exhibit a wide range of features which lead us to believe that some are fully finite, others are infinitives, and one has reanalyzed to another category. It is claimed in the last chapter, based on the evidence, that there is really no difference between sentential complements and serial structures; both are or were finite clauses. In addition, based on the nature of serials reported in the literature for West African languages, Saramaccan appears to be significantly different. This leads to the conclusion that serials spontaneously emerged in Saramaccan during the creolization process rather than being a continuation of such structures from West African languages.

Orientador: Ricardo Cardoso Benine
Resumo: Moenkhausia grandisquamis e M. xinguensis, esta última a espécie tipo do gênero, foram descritas no século XIX. Nas últimas décadas, várias amostras, identificadas previamente como M. xinguensis e M. grandisquamis, foram coletadas em rios da bacia Amazônica. Por meio de análises refinadas destes materiais, verificou-se que existem, pelo menos, duas espécies não descritas sob estes nomes. Além disso, verificou-se que algumas amostras de M. grandisquamis haviam sido identificadas erroneamente como M. xinguensis. Neste trabalho, M. grandisquamis é redescrita, uma nova redescrição de M. xinguensis é fornecida, e duas novas espécies são descritas.
Abstract: Moenkhausia grandisquamis and M. xinguensis, the latter the type species of the genus, were described in the 19th century. In recent decades, several samples identified as M. grandisquamis and M. xinguensis were collected from Amazon basin. Through refined analyzes of these materials, were found two undescribed species. Furthermore, it was observed that some populations of M. grandisquamis had been erroneously identified as M. xinguensis. In this work, M. grandisquamis is redescribed, a new redescription of M. xinguensis is provided, and two new species are described.
Mestre

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2017.
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O principal objetivo desta dissertação é pesquisar “a efetividade da colaboração entre as autoridade tradicionais do Maroon e o governo central do Suriname”. O propósito é contribuir para uma governança efetiva das comunidades, em razão dos diversos desafios e transformações pelos quais têm passado com vistas a alcançar um desenvolvimento sustentável. Para isso, é importante investigar ambos os sistemas de governo, de modo a compreender como as políticas governamentais influenciam o desenvolvimento no interior do país. A pesquisa foi realizada através de uma abordagem metodológica que incluiu o estudo da literatura disponível, de uma coleção de dados primários obtidos atravês de pesquisa de campo, como entrevistas e questionários, que foram utilzados na realização do estudo. A pesquisa foi realizada na localizade de Brownsweg e em aldeias quilombolas da tribo Saamaka, no distrito de Brokopondo. Nos diversos estudos existentes sobre desenvolvimento sustentável e colaboração o foco central tem sido a ação humana- o que significa que deve também ser levado em conta as consequências futuras dessas ações de hoje. Um dos estudos mostra que a colaboração é muito importante no processo de desenvolvimento das comunidades, especialmente quando líderes estão envolvidos o que demonstra claramente que a colaboração é essencial para qualquer processo de desenvolvimento no Suriname. O efeito da ausência de colaboração, se reflete nas várias iniciativas de desenvolvimento do governo no interior em geral. As lideranças que participaram da pesquisa desejam empenhar mais esforço a fim de trabalhar em conjuntos, com o objetivo de obter maiores realizações em suas localidades e para o Suriname em geral. As lideranças também querem ter uma voz nas políticas de desenvolvimento de suas comunidades. Durante as entrevistas, vários líderes indicaram que os diferentes papéis que desempenham em sua comunidade não advêm do governo, mas de sua própria comunidade e das várias tarefas que assumem como líderes tradicionais. Eles afirmam que continurão a existir como líderes das comunidades Maroon, enquanto nascerem membros dessas comunidades. Portanto, é seu desejo que o governo envolva-os efetivamente no desenvolvimento de políticas sobre as quais devem assumir a responsabilidade. Os líderes tradicionais querem uma colaboração como o governo central baseada no respeito mútuo, na confiança e no envolvimento em relação às suas comunidades e arredores. A conclusão geral desta pesquisa é que há uma ausência de colaboração efetiva dentro das instituições pesquisadas e envolvimento.
The main objective of this thesis is ‘effective collaboration between the traditional authority of the Maroon and the central government’. The goal is to contribute to effective governance of the communities in the light of the many challenges and changes they face and to enhance sustainable development. Therefore, it is important to look into both systems as well as how government policies influence the development of the interior. For this purpose the research was executed through a methodological approach. A study of available literature, a collection of secondary data from government agencies and primary data obtained through field instruments such as interviews and questionnaires were used in conducting the research. The research was done in the resort Brownsweg in villages of Maroons of the Saamaka tribe in the Brokopondo district. In the many studies about sustainable development and collaboration the central focus is human action for the betterment of humanity. That means that they should take into account the consequences of today’s action for the future. One of the studies shows that collaboration is very important in the development process of communities, especially when leaders are involved. It is evident that collaboration is essential for any development process in Suriname. The effect of the lack of collaboration was found to be reflected in the several development initiatives of the government in the interior in general. The leaders who took part in the survey want to put more effort into working together in order to accomplish things for both their resort and for Suriname in general. They also want a voice in the development policies of their communities. During the interviews several leaders have indicated, that the different roles they play within their community are not coming from the government but from their own community and the various tasks they have as traditional leaders. They as leaders of the Maroon communities will continue to exist as long as people are born. Therefore, it is their desire that the government involve them in the development of policies to the accountability thereof. The traditional leaders want a collaboration based on mutual respect, trust and involvement in government action regarding their communities and surroundings. The general conclusion of this research is that there is a lack of effective collaboration within the research institutions and between these institutions, but both parties recognize the need of collaboration and involvement.

This study seeks to understand how global discourses of sea level rise (SLR) and mangrove ecology influence national climate change adaptation policy to reduce coastal vulnerability in Suriname. A majority of the Surinamese population lives along the low elevation coastal zone and is highly exposed to projected SLR. Failure by the international community to reach agreement on climate change mitigation means that vulnerable coastal communities must adapt. The Suriname coast is predominantly shaped by mudbanks and mangroves which together provide protection against coastal erosion and trap sediments resulting in coastal accretion. Knowledge claims of mangrove ecology and utility in SLR adaptation are contested between scientists, policy makers and community activist groups. Scientific understandings of coastal processes, specifically the relationship between mangroves and mudbanks and resulting erosion, remain inconclusive. Local knowledge has offered alternative explanations for this relationship, but it also has limitations, particularly for large-scale ecological processes. This study argues that global discourses of SLR and mangrove ecology need to be countered for sustainable adaptation to ALR. Equitable adaptation should include local knowledge and understanding of coastal processes while also drawing on scientific methods of data analysis at large scales.

Le systeme d'apprehension du monde vegetal par les aluku (boni), en guyane francaise, a d'abord ete etudie a travers la nomenclature et la classification des vegetaux dans cette societe. L'observation de l'usage des plantes dans les differents domaines: technologie, hygiene, alimentation, medecine et rituel, a ensuite permis de mettre en evidence le statut du vegetal dans la societe aluku

As part of an ongoing investigation of new bioactive metabolites from rainforest flora, extracts from five different plants were determined to have interesting compounds that were new and/or cytotoxic. These phytochemicals were isolated by various separation techniques and then characterized by common spectroscopic methods. A bark extract of a Tambourissa species yielded a new hydroxybutanolide with moderate cytotoxicity. The long hydrocarbon chain in this molecule is unique, and its structure was determined by various NMR techniques. A fruit extract from Macaranga alnifolia yielded four new prenylated stilbenes, one new geranylated dihydroflavanol, and five known compounds. The stilbenoids are highly cytotoxic, and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) further evaluated one of the new compounds. Bark and leaf extracts from Cerbera manghas yielded a known iridoid and a known cardiac glycoside, both of which showed good bioactivity. The cytotoxicity associated with the iridoid is unprecedented, and it also was further evaluated by the NCI. An extract of a Cordia species yielded two known compounds - a naphthoquinone dimer and a triterpene. Both of these structures are new to the Cordia genus of plants and showed moderate bioactivity. An extract of a Monoporus species yielded a known triterpene saponin. The compound has been previously located in the same plant family, but it is new to this genus and has no prior record of cytotoxicity.
Ph. D.

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Faperj
Colégio Cruzeiro, CRUZEIRO, Brasil
A imigração de brasileiros no Suriname é um fenômeno relativamente recente que começou a ser percebido em meados dos anos 80, quando as primeiras modestas ondas de migração, formadas sobretudo por garimpeiros e prostitutas, se instalaram principalmente no interior do país. Estima-se que atualmente vivam na antiga Guiana Holandesa cerca de 16.000 brasileiros, concentrados particularmente na zona norte da capital Paramaribo, onde exercem atividades diversas nos setores de mineração, prestação de serviços, comércio e prostituição. Esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar as práticas e representações linguísticas de imigrantes brasileiros residentes na capital do Suriname, país onde coexistem cerca de 20 línguas faladas por distintas etnias, sendo o holandês a única com status de idioma oficial. Por entender, assim como Calvet ([1999] 2004), que as práticas linguísticas e as representações, ou seja, as imagens que os sujeitos constroem em torno das línguas, são não só interdependentes, mas se relacionam com os contextos sociais, ideologias e relações de poder nas quais estão inseridas, discuto neste trabalho os conceitos de mercado linguístico e violência simbólica conforme Bourdieu ([1982] 1996) e, naturalmente, contextualizo a imigração brasileira e apresento o panorama sociolinguístico observado no país, com ênfase na capital Paramaribo. A pesquisa in loco que constitui o corpus desta investigação demonstrou ainda que o gênero dos falantes exerce forte influência sobre as práticas e, sobretudo, sobre as representações linguísticas dos sujeitos, o que apontou para a necessidade de se discutir as interações entre linguagem e essas duas categorias. Assim, o presente trabalho apresenta ainda uma revisão bibliográfica das pesquisas sociolinguísticas mais relevantes que se dispuseram a analisar tais relações, como as pioneiras contribuições variacionistas de Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) e Eckert (1989), os estudos centrados em contato linguístico de Piller & Pavlenko (2001, 2006) e, ainda, as desconstruções de um emergente campo dos estudos da linguagem, a linguística queer (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). A reflexão teórica aqui proposta visará a discutir não só como esses dois fatores afetam as escolhas dos falantes, mas como os indivíduos constroem e afirmam seu gênero e outras identidades através da linguagem.
The Brazilian immigration in Suriname is a relatively recent phenomenon that came into prominence in the mid-80's, when the first modest waves of immigrants, most of them miners and prostitutes, settled mainly in the countryside. Around 16,000 Brazilians are currently living in the former Dutch Guiana, particularly in the northern part of the capital Paramaribo, where they work mostly in retail, the service industry, mining and prostitution. This research aims to analyze the language practices and representations of Brazilian immigrants living in the capital of Suriname, where about 20 languages are spoken by different ethnic groups and Dutch remains the only one with an official status. In our understanding, language representations, that means, the images that speakers have about languages, and language practices are, as defined by Calvet ([1999] 2004) not only interdependent, but are also related to social contexts, ideologies and power relationships. Thus, we discuss in this work the concepts of linguistic market and symbolic violence according to Bourdieu ([1982] 1996) and contextualize the Brazilian immigration and the current sociolinguistic panorama observed in the country, with an emphasis on the capital Paramaribo. The data collected in the field research also demonstrated that the gender of the speakers exerts a strong influence on their language practices and, above all, on their language representations. These observations led to the discussion on the relationships between language and gender. Thus, this work presents a bibliographical review of the most relevant sociolinguistic researches that discussed these relations, such as the first contributions of Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) and Eckert (1989), the studies based on language contact by Piller & Pavlenko (2001, 2006) and the deconstructions of an emerging field of language studies: the Queer Linguistics (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). The reflection on the theories presented in this work aims to discuss not only how gender affects the speakers' choices, but also how individuals construct and affirm their gender and other identities through language.
De immigratie van Brazilianen in Suriname is een vrij recent fenomeen en verscheen halfweg de jaren 80. De eerste golf van migranten bestonden voornamelijk uit mijnwerkers en prostituees die zich vestigden op het platteland in Suriname. Ongeveer 16.000 Brazilianen leven momenteel in het voormalige nederlanstalige Guyana, hoofdzakelijk in het noordelijke deel van de hoofdstad Paramaribo, waar ze voornamelijk werken in de kleinhandel, dienstensector, de mijnindustrie en prostitutie. Dit onderzoek richt zich op het analyseren van de taalgebruiken en representaties van Braziliaanse immigranten die leven in de hoofdstad van Suriname, waar ongeveer 20 talen gesproken worden door verschillende etnische groepen waarvan het Nederlands de enige taal is met een officiële status. Taalrepresentaties, d.i. het beeld dat sprekers hebben over een taal, en taalgebruiken worden door Calvet (1999, 2004) gedefinieerd als niet alleen onderling afhankelijk, maar gerelateerd tot de sociale context, ideologieën en krachtige relaties. Om deze reden onderzoeken we in dit werk de concepten van de taalkundige markt en het symbolisch geweld dat daarmee gepaard gaat volgens Bourdieu ([1982] 1996). Verder onderzoeken we ook de Braziliaanse immigratie en het huidig sociolinguistisch panorama dat geobserveerd wordt in het land, met de nadruk op de hoofdstad Paramaribo. De data dat werd verworven door het veldwerk toont ons dat de gender van de spreker een sterke invloed uitoefent op de taalgebruiken en bovenal op de taalrepresentatie. Deze observaties brengen ons naar de discussie van de relatie tussen taal en gender. Omwille van die reden focust dit werk zich op een bibliografische kijk op de meest relevante, sociolinguïstieke onderzoeken die deze relaties reeds aangehaald hebben. We kijken naar de eerste bijdragen van Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) en Eckert (1989) en alsook de studies die gebaseerd zijn op taal contact door Piller en Pavlenko (2001,2006) en ook de bijdragen van een opkomend gebied van taalstudies: Queer linguistics (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). De theorieën die we aanhalen in dit werk brengen ons naar de discussie hoe het geslacht van de spreker zijn keuzes beïnvloedt, maar ook hoe individuen hun geslacht en andere identiteiten vormen en bevestigen door middel van taal.

Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 26, 2010). Advisor: Marilyn Norconk. Keywords: predation; anti-predator strategies; alarm calls. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-120).

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2008.
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A presente tese aborda a problemática relativa a eletrificação rural em comunidades tradicionais na região Amazônica. O objetivo da tese é pesquisar a sustentabilidade de projetos de geração descentralizada de energia elétrica a partir de aproveitamento de fontes renováveis de energia nessas comunidades. Essa opção de geração de energia elétrica, a partir dos próprios recursos naturais e renováveis que são encontrados na região, apresenta-se como alternativa à convencional expansão da rede elétrica a partir de uma usina geradora central. Pois, pelas próprias necessidades de sobrevivência, essas comunidades costumam viver de forma dispersa num vasto território, distantes dos centros urbanos. A discussão do atendimento dessas comunidades se torna importante, diante da implantação da lei da universalização dos serviços públicos de energia do Estado Brasileiro. A legislação prevê metas para a sua implantação e segundo estimativas do governo federal há aproximadamente 300.000 domicílios na Amazônia que devem ser atendidos por meio de alguma forma de geração descentralizada de energia elétrica. Existem diversas opções tecnológicas que podem ser usadas para prover este atendimento, bem como diversos modelos de negócio, implementação e gestão desses empreendimentos. A proposta da tese é de contribuir com esse debate, a partir de um estudo sistemático do setor elétrico, das ações realizadas pelo Estado nos últimos 20 anos, e da análise de uma experiência de implantação de uma microcentral hidrelétrica numa comunidade tradicional na Amazônia surinamesa. Além desse estudo de caso, a pesquisa acompanha a implantação de uma unidade de geração descentralizada de energia elétrica com uma turbina hidrocinética num assentamento agroextrativista no sul de estado de Amapá. A metodologia usada neste caso é a da pesquisa-ação, pelas próprias características da pesquisa, pois um dos objetivos da tese é de elaborar e aplicar um novo modelo para a implementação e gestão de sistemas de geração descentralizada. A pesquisa mostra que projetos de eletrificação rural em comunidades tradicionais não podem considerar a energia como mero bem de consumo. Há a necessidade de inserir a ação de eletrificação num sistema de ações interligados que promovem o desenvolvimento da comunidade, usando a energia como indutor. Assim o problema passa a ser uma questão de desenvolvimento local e a sua resolução tem que usar os instrumentos apropriados para essa problemática. Por fim, a pesquisa ressalta a importância da figura do patrocinador para o modelo de implementação e aponta caminhos para viabilizar a participação do setor elétrico em projetos dessa natureza. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This thesis discusses rural electrification in traditional communities in the Amazon. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the sustainability of decentralized electricity generation projects with renewable energy sources in traditional communities. This option of electricity generating, through exploring own natural and renewable resources usually present in their area, is an alternative to the conventional electrical grid expansion. The traditional communities, as for their own survival needs, normally live in a wide spread dispersed way in a vast territory, distant from the urban centers. The discussion of this subject is important, as the Brazilian government promulgated a law that establishes the universalization of public electric energy services. This legislation foresees goals and deadlines for its implantation and the federal government estimates that there are approximately 300.000 households in the Amazon that should be assisted through some form of decentralized electricity generation. There are several technological options that can be used to provide this service, as well as several business, implantation and administration models of these plants. The proposal of the thesis is to contributing with this debate, starting with a systematic survey of the electric sector, of the initiatives on decentralized electricity generation with renewable sources realized by the state in the last 20 years, and a case study of an experience of a micro hydropower plant in a traditional community in the Surinamese Amazon. The research also accompanied the implantation of a decentralized electricity generation unit with a hydrokinetic turbine in an agrarian and extractive settlement in the southern region of the state of Amapá in the Brazilian Amazon. The methodology used in this case is that of research-action, due to the characteristics of the research. One of the objectives of this thesis is to elaborate and apply a new model for the implantation and management of decentralized generation systems. The research showed that rural electrification project in traditional communities cannot consider energy as a simple commodity. There is a need to insert the electrification action in a system of interconnected actions that promote the community's development, using the energy as an inductor. So the problem passes to one of local development and its resolution has to use the appropriate instruments available. Finally, the research emphasizes the importance of a sponsor in the execution of this kind of projects and it shows ways to make the participation of the electric sector in this kind of projects feasible. _______________________________________________________________________________ RÉSUMÉ
Cette thèse traite la problématique de l´électrification rurale au sein des communautés traditionnelles en Amazonie. Son objectif est celui de faire une recherche concernant la durabilité des projets de génération décentralisée d´énergie électrique à partir de l´exploitation des sources renouvelables d´énergie dans ces communautés. Cette option de génération d´énergie électrique, à partir des ressources naturelles et renouvelables de la région, se présente comme une alternative à l´expansion conventionnelle du réseau électrique qui s´utilise d´une usine génératrice centrale. En fonction de leurs nécessités particulières de survie, ces communautés vivent de façon dispersée dans des vastes extensions territoriales, éloignées des centres urbains. La discussion sur l´offre d´énergie à ces communautés devient importante face à l´implantation de la loi d´universalisation des services publics d´énergie par l´État brésilien. Des cibles et des délais sont prévus pour l´implantation de la loi et, selon les données estimées par le gouvernement brésilien, il existe environ 300.000 domiciles en Amazonie qui doivent être assistées par une forme de génération décentralisée d´énergie électrique. Il existent diverses options technologiques qui peuvent être utilisées pour garantir cet approvisionnement d´énergie, ainsi que de divers business models, modèles d´implémentation et de gestion de ces initiatives. La proposition de la thèse est celle de contribuer avec ce débat, à partir d´une étude systématique du secteur électrique, des actions menées par l´État brésilien durant les 20 dernières années et de l´analyse d´une expérience d´implantation d´une micro central hydroélectrique au sein d´une communauté dans l´Amazonie surinamaise. En plus de cette étude de cas au Surinam, la recherche a accompagné l´implantation d´une turbine de génération d´énergie hydrocynétique dans une aire de concession agraire et extractive dans la région sud de l´état de l´Amapá. En fonction des caractéristiques particulières de la recherche, il a été utilisée la recherche-action comme méthodologie, car, l´un des objectifs de la thèse est celui d´élaborer et appliquer un modèle pour la mise en oeuvre et gestion des systèmes de génération décentralisée d´énergie. La recherche a montré que, quand il s´agit d´électrification rurale au sein des communautés traditionnelles, l´énergie ne peut pas être considérée simplement comme un bien de consommation. Il devient nécessaire que l´action pour l´électrification soit insérée dans un système d´actions intégrées qui puissent promouvoir le développement des communautés, en utilisant l´énergie comme inducteur du développement. De ce fait, le problème devient une question de développement local et sa résolution doit utiliser des instruments spécifiques pour ce type de problématique. Enfin, la recherche introduit le parrain, un acteur important pour ce modèle d´implantation, et suggère aussi des chemins pour rendre viable la participation du secteur électrique dans ce type des projets. _______________________________________________________________________________ RESUMÉ
Deze thesis beschrijft de elektriciteit voorziening in traditionele gemeenschappen in het Amazone gebied. Het doel is om de duurzaamheid van gedecentraliseerde energie opwekking met hernieuwbare energie bronnen in traditionele gemeenschappen te bestuderen. Deze optie van elektriciteits opwekking door het ontwikkelen van eigen natuurlijke en hernieuwbare hulpbronnen die normaal beschikbaar zijn in hun leefgemeenschappen, is een alternatief voor de conventionele elektriciteits netwerk uitbreiding. De traditionele gemeenschappen leven, als gevolg van hun overlevings behoeften, geografisch wijd verspreid in een groot gebied, op een grote afstand van de stedelijke centra. De bestudering van deze problematiek is nu relevant, omdat de Braziliaanse regering een wet heeft afgekondigd die zich richt op het algemeen maken van publieke elektrische nuts voorzieningen voor rurale gebieden. Deze wetgeving voorziet in doelen en mijlpalen voor de implementatie van rurale elektriciteits voorzieningen en schattingen van de federale regering geven aan dat er ongeveer 300.000 huishoudens in het Amazone gebied van Brazilië zijn, die moeten worden ondersteund door een vorm van gedecentraliseerde elektriciteits opwekking. Er zijn verschillende technologische opties die daarvoor gebruikt kunnen worden, alsmede meerdere business, implementatie en administratie modellen voor het opzetten van deze projecten. De aanbeveling van de thesis is een bijdrage te leveren aan dit debat, met als beginpunt een systematisch onderzoek van de elektriciteits sector, gevolgd door de analyse van de initiatieven op het gebied van gedecentraliseerde elektriciteit opwekking met hernieuwbare energie bronnen in de voorgaande 20 jaren, en een case study van de eerste installatie van een micro waterkracht centrale in een traditionele gemeenschap in het Surinaamse Amazone gebied. Naast deze case study, werd tijdens de promotieonderzoek, de implementatie van een gedecentraliseerde elektriciteit generatie installatie met een hydrokinetische turbine in een agrarische en extractiefe nederzetting in het zuiden van de staat Amapá in Braziliaans Amazone gebied begeleid. De toegepaste methodologie is actie-onderzoek, vanwege de karakteristieken van het onderzoek. Een van de doelstellingen van deze thesis is om een nieuw model voor de implementatie en administratie van gedecentraliseerde energie generatie systemen. Het onderzoek toont dat rurale elektrificatie projecten in traditionele gemeenschappen de energie niet als eenvoudige commodity kan beschouwen. Het is noodzakelijk om deze initiatieven voor elektrificatie in een ge-integreerde activiteiten systeem te plaatsen, om zo de energie te gebruiken als een geleider voor het bevorderen van de ontwikkeling van de gemeenschap. Op deze manier, verschuift het probleem naar een van locale (gemeenschaps) ontwikkeling en moet men de instrumenten die hiervoor beschikbaar zijn benutten. Tot slot benadrukt de studie het belang van een sponsor (ondersteuner) bij de uitvoering van dit soort projecten, en het geeft manieren aan om de deelname van de elektriciteits sector in deze projecten mogelijk te maken.

As part of an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG), extracts of plants from Suriname and Madagascar were bioassayed for cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity. Six cytotoxic extracts and one potential antimalarial were selected for fractionation, and yielded a number of bioactive compounds which were characterized by spectroscopy methods. Craspidospermum verticillatum (Apocynaceae) yielded four known indole alkoids. Casimirella sp (Icacinaceae) gave three new and five known diterpenoids. Pentopetia androsaemifolia (Apocynaceae) afforded one new and three known cardenolide glycosides. Physalis angulata (Solanaceae) yielded seven known physalins. Roupellina boivinnii (Apocynaceae) yielded four known and three new cardenolide glycosides, and three known cucurbitacins were isolated from Octolepis aff. dioica (Thymelaeaceae). In addition to these structural studies, a synthetic approach to lucilactaene, a cell cycle inhibitor was developed.
Ph. D.

Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 16, 2010). Advisor: Marilyn Norconk. Keywords: White-faced sakis; goal-directed foraging; spatial memory; mental maps; arboreal pathways; distance-minimization; topographical mental mapping; preference. Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-194).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geological Sciences." Discipline: Geology; Department/School: Geological Sciences.