Journal articles: 'Surplus population'

1

Mortikov, Vitalii. "About surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market." Population 24, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.10.

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The objective of the article — to analyze not only microeconomic, but macroeconomic aspects of surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market, to research economic policy oriented on its redistribution. The concept of employer/employee surplus in the labor market is clarified. This surplus is a socio-economical phenomenon, some noneconomic factors must be taken into account in researching it. The influence of inflation, social and age characteristics, changes in the market positions of labor market subjects on their salary offers and surplus has been determined. It makes sense to differentiate between nominal and real surplus, fixed surplus and surplus that can be influenced. The article presents grouping of job advertisements based on salary formulation. Informational aspects of the identifying economic surplus are considered. The author proposes direct and indirect indicators to reveal the changes in economic surplus: wage proposals in the vacancy announcements, salary reviews, resume data, population polls, prices for services of individual entrepreneurs, dynamics of unemployment and shadow employment etc. Potential of the government policy on surplus redistribution and the regulation of employer/employee behavior is substantiated. Some instruments aimed at such redistribution through incomes of employers, employees are proposed: minimum wages regulations, changes in taxation (personal income taxation, wage taxes); indexation of personal incomes, subsidization of wages, antimonopoly and administrative regulation of prices. The government can also influence the behavior of surplus receivers through immigration policy. The influence of some instruments on surplus regulation is contradictory. Minimum wage regulations can increase and decrease the surplus at the same time.

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2

Tyner, James A. "Population geography I: Surplus populations." Progress in Human Geography 37, no. 5 (January 31, 2013): 701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132512473924.

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Rehmann, Jan. "Hypercarceration: A Neoliberal Response to “Surplus Population”." Rethinking Marxism 27, no. 2 (March 31, 2015): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2015.1007790.

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4

Azeri, Siyaves. "Surplus-Population and the Political Economy of Fear." Critical Sociology 45, no. 6 (November 10, 2017): 889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920517737143.

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Fear, of which the fear of death is a variation, can be analysed in its relation to forms of societies. Pertaining to Marx’s concept of ‘surplus-population’ and his analysis of the capitalist law of population, it is argued that the main source of anxiety and fear in capitalist society is the fear of life, which is expressed in the form of fear of the dead and of monsters. Capital posits the identity of every human individual through its law of population. What humans fear the most is the life that they live, which turns them into walking dead. Human’s fear of life is twofold: on the one hand, she fears from being posited a zombie, a piece within the pile of human trash, that is, the surplus-population; on the other hand, she is scared of the dead, capital the spectre, which vampire-like sucks upon living labour.

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5

Wray, L. Randall. "Did the Rising Tide Eliminate Our “Surplus” Population?" Journal of Economic Issues 35, no. 2 (June 2001): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2001.11506387.

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Habibi, Muhtar, and Benny Hari Juliawan. "Creating Surplus Labour: Neo-Liberal Transformations and the Development of Relative Surplus Population in Indonesia." Journal of Contemporary Asia 48, no. 4 (February 5, 2018): 649–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2018.1429007.

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7

Li, Tania Murray. "After Development: Surplus Population and the Politics of Entitlement." Development and Change 48, no. 6 (September 27, 2017): 1247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dech.12344.

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8

McIntyre, Michael. "Race, Surplus Population and the Marxist Theory of Imperialism." Antipode 43, no. 5 (June 1, 2011): 1489–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2011.00898.x.

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9

Walters, Carl J., Ray Hilborn, and Villy Christensen. "Surplus production dynamics in declining and recovering fish populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 11 (November 2008): 2536–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-170.

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Surplus production rates predicted by simple biomass dynamics models are generally expected to follow a simple dome-shaped pattern as population size changes and to show similar trajectories during population decline and recovery. Age-structured models, however, predict substantially lower surplus production rates during population recovery than during decline because of reduced mean fecundity, unless recruitment compensation is very strong. Ecosystem models like Ecosim predict more complex patterns, with reduced production during recoveries due to both age-structure effects and cultivation–depensation effects related to changes in competitor and predator abundances. Production-driven recoveries, where surplus production per biomass is higher during recovery than decline, are predicted in cases where there has been substantial change in overall ecosystem productivity or community structure. 110 case examples illustrate that simple, repeatable relationships between stock size and production are uncommon, and the most common pattern is production-driven change in stock size, where changes in production rate apparently independent of stock size then drive stock increase or decrease. We conclude that nonstationarity in productivity needs to be considered as part of population rebuilding and that empirical estimates of surplus production may provide insight in this process.

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10

SANTAMARIA-GARCIA, JUANA. "BARGAINING POWER IN THE NASH DEMAND GAME AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH." International Game Theory Review 11, no. 01 (March 2009): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198909002200.

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A population of buyers and a population of sellers meet repeatedly in order to exchange a good. The price is fixed through a variant of the Nash demand game. This paper analyzes the prices that are robust to experimentation in the sense of stochastic stability. Under some conditions only one price is selected and it gives a share of the surplus to each side of the market that corresponds to the generalized Nash bargaining solution. The bargaining power of each party depends on the division of the unclaimed surplus and the population sizes. The bargaining power of a given population will increase either with a reduction in its fraction of the unclaimed surplus or with a decrease in its own size.

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Hoffman, Joseph I., Rebecca S. Chen, David L. J. Vendrami, Anna J. Paijmans, Kanchon K. Dasmahapatra, and Jaume Forcada. "Demographic Reconstruction of Antarctic Fur Seals Supports the Krill Surplus Hypothesis." Genes 13, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030541.

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Much debate surrounds the importance of top-down and bottom-up effects in the Southern Ocean, where the harvesting of over two million whales in the mid twentieth century is thought to have produced a massive surplus of Antarctic krill. This excess of krill may have allowed populations of other predators, such as seals and penguins, to increase, a top-down hypothesis known as the ‘krill surplus hypothesis’. However, a lack of pre-whaling population baselines has made it challenging to investigate historical changes in the abundance of the major krill predators in relation to whaling. Therefore, we used reduced representation sequencing and a coalescent-based maximum composite likelihood approach to reconstruct the recent demographic history of the Antarctic fur seal, a pinniped that was hunted to the brink of extinction by 18th and 19th century sealers. In line with the known history of this species, we found support for a demographic model that included a substantial reduction in population size around the time period of sealing. Furthermore, maximum likelihood estimates from this model suggest that the recovered, post-sealing population at South Georgia may have been around two times larger than the pre-sealing population. Our findings lend support to the krill surplus hypothesis and illustrate the potential of genomic approaches to shed light on long-standing questions in population biology.

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12

Rajaram, Prem Kumar. "Refugees as Surplus Population: Race, Migration and Capitalist Value Regimes." New Political Economy 23, no. 5 (January 5, 2018): 627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2017.1417372.

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13

Shaw, Ian G. R. "The Urbanization of drone warfare: policing surplus populations in the dronepolis." Geographica Helvetica 71, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-71-19-2016.

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Abstract. This paper explores the urbanization of drone warfare and the securitization of the “surplus population”. Defined as a bloc of humanity rendered as structurally unnecessary to a capital-intensive economy, the surplus population is an emerging target for the post-welfare security state. If we now live in an age of a permanent conflict with uncertain geographies, then it is at least partly fueled by this endemic crisis at the heart of the capitalist world system. Of key significance is the contradictory nature of the surplus population. The “security threat” generated by replacing masses of workers with nonhumans is increasingly managed by policing humans with robots, drones, and other apparatuses. In other words, the surplus population is both the outcome and target of contemporary capitalist technics. The emerging “dronification of state violence” across a post-9∕11 battlespace has seen police drones deployed to the urban spaces of cities in Europe and North America. The drone, with its ability to swarm in the streets of densely packed urban environments, crystallizes a more intimate and invasive form of state power. The project of an atmospheric, dronified form of policing not only embodies the technologization of state security but also entrenches the logic of a permanent, urbanized manhunt. The paper concludes by discussing the rise of the dronepolis: the city of the drone.

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14

Diastrina, Dita. "The Influence of Regional Original Income (PAD) and Remaining Budget Financing (SiLPA) on Economic Growth with General Allocation Funds (Dau) as Moderating Variables in Regency/City Governments in North Sumatra Province in 2011-2015." ProBisnis : Jurnal Manajemen 12, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/probisnis.v12i2.17.

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This study aims to identify and analyze whether revenue (PAD) and Surplus Financing Articles (SiLPA) effect on economic growth by the General Allocation Fund (DAU) as moderating variables. The study population was the District / City in the province of North Sumatra. The method of this thesis is a descriptive statistical analysis, classic assumption test, test hypotheses and residual test. Independent variables in this study is revenue (PAD) and Surplus Financing Articles (SiLPA), while the dependent variable is economic growth and moderating variable is the General Allocation Fund (DAU) with Total population of this research are 33 districts / cities using purposive sampling obtained 18 districts / cities as samples from 2013 to 2015. the type of data used is secondary data. The results of this study demonstrate that, in the original income (PAD) and Surplus Financing Articles (SiLPA) have a significant effect on economic growth at the Regency / City in the province of North Sumatra. In partial revenue (PAD) has a significant effect on economic growth, while Budget Financing Surplus (SiLPA) has no effect and no significant effect on economic growth in the Regency / City in the province of North Sumatra. General Allocation Fund (DAU) can moderate revenue (PAD) on economic growth, while the financing Budget Surplus, DAU can not moderate relations to economic growth. while Budget Financing Surplus (SiLPA) has no effect and no significant effect on economic growth in the Regency / City in the province of North Sumatra. General Allocation Fund (DAU) can moderate revenue (PAD) on economic growth, while the financing Budget Surplus, DAU can not moderate relations to economic growth. while Budget Financing Surplus (SiLPA) has no effect and no significant effect on economic growth in the Regency / City in the province of North Sumatra. General Allocation Fund (DAU) can moderate revenue (PAD) on economic growth, while the financing Budget Surplus, DAU can not moderate relations to economic growth.

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15

Koch, Charles J. "Testing the Power Transition Theory with Relative Military Power." Journal of Strategic Security 14, no. 3 (October 2021): 86–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.3.1884.

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This article tests the power transition theory using relative military power within a dyad pair. The author hypothesizes that when a dyad pair achieves relative military power parity, the two states are likely to initiate war. Furthermore, when a dyad pair no longer maintains relative military power parity, the probability of war between the two states decreases. Although the sample population used to test this hypothesis is small (n=3), the mixed-method analysis indicates support to the power transition theory. Furthermore, results are more substantial when using military expenditure and surplus domestic when compared to results using military personnel and surplus domestic product. No statistically significant difference exists (p=.99) when comparing military expenditure and surplus domestic product with a combination of military expenditure, military personnel, and surplus domestic product. These results indicate that relative military power possesses the potential to provide researchers an additional quantitative measure to test the power transition theory. Although these initial results are promising, further research is required to test a larger sample population of dyads.

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16

Koonce, Joseph F., and Brian J. Shuter. "Influence of Various Sources of Error and Community Interactions on Quota Management of Fish Stocks." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, S2 (December 19, 1987): s61—s67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-309.

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We compare the performance of fishery control systems based on population and surplus production models. We show that the population method is superior to a surplus production method over a wide range of observational and structural error conditions. We also show that adaptive fishery control systems have potential to reduce uncertainty surrounding management of fisheries like the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) fishery of western Lake Erie where unknown bias and error in harvest statistics combine with environmental variability to contribute substantial uncertainty to the quota derivation process.

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17

Bolt, Paul J. "Bare Branches: The Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population (review)." China Review International 11, no. 2 (2004): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2005.0051.

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18

Shelden, Randall G., and William B. Brown. "The crime control industry and the management of the surplus population." Critical Criminology 9, no. 1-2 (September 2000): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02461037.

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19

Soederberg, Susanne. "The Mexican Debtfare State: Dispossession, Micro-Lending, and the Surplus Population." Globalizations 9, no. 4 (August 2012): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2012.699932.

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20

Welch, Rebecca J., and Daniel M. Parker. "Brown hyaena population explosion: rapid population growth in a small, fenced system." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15123.

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Context In the past 200 years, many carnivores have experienced a widespread decline in numbers and range reductions. Conservation interventions include the use of small, fenced reserves that have potential restoration benefits for conservation. Over the past 25 years, the Eastern Cape province of South Africa has seen the establishment of many small (≤440 km2) game reserves, and the reintroduction of the larger, indigenous wildlife that had been extirpated by the early 20th century, including brown hyaenas (Hyaena brunnea). These game reserves have restored the environment to a more natural state but little information exists concerning the benefits and implications of introducing elusive animals that are seldom seen after reintroduction. Fenced reserves have the potential to provide surplus animals that can be relocated for restoration purposes (where applicable) or serve as a buffer to the extinction of naturally occurring populations, but careful management is required to monitor populations appropriately, so as to avoid the costs of rapid population increase. Aims The reintroduction of brown hyaenas to the Eastern Cape has provided a case study to assess the role of small reserves and their potential to contribute to conservation, by determining the persistence and population growth of brown hyaenas in a small, enclosed reserve. Methods Estimates of brown hyaena density were calculated using a capture–recapture approach from individually identifiable images captured during a 3-month camera trapping survey. Key results After a single decade, the brown hyaena population increased by at least 367%, from six individuals to a minimum of 28 individuals. These results suggest that this brown hyaena population has the highest density ever recorded for the species in southern Africa. Conclusions and Implications Because brown hyaena populations were high relative to natural unfenced populations, high fences may provide two utilities for their conservation. Fenced reserves may provide surplus animals to support reintroductions and provide protected populations to buffer the risk of species extinction.

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21

PRYJMAK, Wasyl, and Olga GOŁUBNYK. "MANAGING MIGRATION OF POPULATION BY IMPACTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 162, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3292.

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The factors which influence migration processes are analysed in the article. The method of the limited surplus is applied to find logical regularities between the migratory increase of population in the regions of Poland and socio-economic factors. With the help of the WizWhy program, production models of the dependences sought are built.

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Meilvidiri, Wayrohi, and Rizka Jafar. "MENAKSIR MERAUKE SEBAGAI KOTA YANG SEDANG BERKEMBANG." Musamus Journal of Economics Development 2, no. 1 (November 16, 2019): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/feb.v2i1.2480.

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This study is to answer whether the city of Merauke is developing or not by using the prerequisite concept of agriculture surplus, urban production and transportation to exchange. The Data used is the value of agricultural, industrial and electrical energy production; and motor vehicles. Population and population density data, the county capital mileage to the district capital, and road conditions as supporting data. Qualitative descriptive is used to describe, and analyze the data to draw conclusions based on the concepts and facts found. Findings of this study that the first prerequisite, agriculture surplus is fulfilled, while the second prerequisite, urban production, not fulfilled, the third requirement of transportation to exchange is also not fulfilled. It can be said that the city of Merauke using these three verses can not be said as a thriving city. Keywords: agriculture surplus, urban production, transportation to exchange

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23

Cahyanti, Theresia Widi Asih, Achmad Munawar, and Bambang Riyanto. "Correlation of the Increase in the Transportation Infrastructure Development Budget with a production surplus." E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 10019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132810019.

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In this study, identify the function of the road construction budget for transportation infrastructure can trigger an increase the output surplus of production was done. The increase in the road development budget is calculated using the growth factor method of the road construction budget combined with the length of the road. The production surplus is calculated based on the productivity of the commodity compared to the commodity needs of the population in the regency. The research method used excel software. The object under study is the surplus of commodity production taken and processed based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics for last 10 years. Meanwhile, the road construction budget data were obtained related agencies for the last 5 years. The expected result in this research is to obtain a correlation between the road construction budget and the production surplus.

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24

Balasopoulos. "Dark Light: Utopia and the Question of Relative Surplus Population." Utopian Studies 27, no. 3 (2016): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/utopianstudies.27.3.0615.

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25

Tansel, Cemal Burak. "Debtfare states and the poverty industry: money, discipline and the surplus population." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 1200–1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2016.1231371.

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26

Fusen, Nita Yolanda Oktavia, Heraeni Tanuatmodjo, and Aneu Cakhyaneu. "The Influence Of Risk Based Capital, Investment Returns, and Operational Costs, On the Surplus Underwriting Of Islamic Insurance Companies at the 2014-2018 Period." Ekspansi: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan, Perbankan dan Akuntansi 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/ekspansi.v12i2.2209.

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This study aims to see the overview and influence of risk based capital, investment returns, and operational costs, on the surplus underwriting in Sharia general insurance companies in Indonesia period 2014-2018. Surplus underwriting over the past five years has been fluctuating and almost all sharia general insurance companies in Indonesia have decreased. This is due to the decline in performance and financial instruments in Sharia general insurance companies in Indonesia. The research methods used in this study are causality methods with a quantitative approach. The population in this research is the Sharia general insurance company registered with Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). The method used for sampling in research is by purposive sampling with the number of samples as many as eleven Sharia general insurance companies in Indonesia for 5 years of research. The data used is secondary data. The statistical analysis technique used in this study was the analysis of a regression of data panels using the Eviews 9 application. The dependent variables in this study are surplus underwriting and independent variables in this research are risk based capital, investment returns, and operational costs. The results showed that risk based capital positively affect the surplus underwriting, investment returns positively affect the surplus underwritimg and operational cost positively affect the surplus underwriting

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Astuti, Hikmah Fuji, and Erinos NR. "Pengaruh Intergovernmental Revenue, Kekayaan Daerah dan Sisa Lebih Pembiayaan Anggaran terhadap Belanja Modal (Studi Empiris pada Kabupaten/Kota di Sumatra Barat)." JURNAL EKSPLORASI AKUNTANSI 3, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 624–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jea.v3i3.383.

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This study aims to examine the effect of intergovernmental revenue, regional wealht and financing surplus budget of capital expenditure. Population in this study were districts/cities in West Sumatera Province in 2015-2019. The analytical tool used in this study Is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that intergovernmental revenue and regional wealth has positive significant influence of capital expenditure. Financing surplus budget doesn’t significant influence of capital expenditure.

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28

Issawi, Charles. "Technology, Energy, and Civilization: Some Historical Observations." International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 3 (August 1991): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800056300.

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The degree of development (or, if you prefer, material civilization) of any society is set by the size of its surplus (the total amount it produces minus the amount needed for the bare subsistence of the population) and the uses to which the surplus is put. In Emerson's wise words, “The question of history is what each generation has done with its surplus produce. One bought crusades, one churches, one villas, one horses and one railroads.” The size of the surplus is, in turn, determined by four factors: the amount of energy available to the society, the society's technology, the mix of its economy, and the size of its population. Until comparatively recently, energy was, with the important exception of sailing ships, provided exclusively by human or animal power.1 Two important steps forward were the invention of the watermill and that of the windmill; their development will be discussed later. Nevertheless, it has been estimated that until the Industrial Revolution, some 80–85 percent of total energy was provided by plants, animals, and people.2 This means that the basic factors determining the amount of energy available to a society were the amount of land (arable, pasture, and woodland) it had at its disposal and the land's productivity. Land “was not simply the principal source of food for the population [the other being the seas and rivers] but also virtually the sole source of the raw materials used in industrial production”—fibers, hides, hair, wood, and so forth; almost all industrial workers were engaged in processing agricultural materials.

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BARONIAN, LAURENT. "THE MARXIAN WAGE THEORY AGAINST THE “ABSOLUTE IMMIZERATION” DOCTRINE." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 35, no. 1 (January 21, 2013): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s105383721200065x.

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This paper provides a refutation of the “absolute immizeration” doctrine that S. Hollander attributes to Marx, by emphasizing the Marxian original categories and laws of capitalist production in order to base Marx’s opposition to this doctrine on his more profound opposition to Classics about the law of supply and demand for labor.The paper proceeds as follows: first, it is shown that the Marxian subsistence wage does not exclude population growth. Second, the analysis of surplus population will reveal how it is not only a condition of the business cycle, but also one of its immediate results. In this sense, the so-called theory of dual labor force, which Hollander uses to discard the role of surplus population in the decreasing real-wage trend, proves a misunderstanding of the origin and nature of the industrial reserve army.From the labor demand side, on the other hand, the endogeneity of technical progress precludes any “ongoing process” of increasing organic composition of capital. Finally, it will appear that categories of labor power, wages defined as the value of labor power, or laws such as decreasing necessary labor and increasing surplus labor, allow Marx to develop a law of supply and demand for labor partly unrelated to the number of workers and the evolution of population growth, which necessarily rules out any birth-rate control policy.

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Utami, Embun Hayat, Idhar Yahya, and Abdhy Aulia Adnans. "The Effect of Fiscal Decentralization, Balancing Funds, Budget Surplus, and Regional Investments on the Financial Performance of Regency/City Governments in Sumatra." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220408.

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This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of fiscal decentralization, balancing funds, budget surplus, and regional investment on the Financial Performance of Regency/City Governments throughout Sumatra. This study uses secondary data obtained from Sumatra's Regency/city budgets. The total population of this study is 154 Regency and cities throughout Sumatra. Sample identification using Cluster Random Sampling. Hypothesis testing using multiple linear regression analysis methods. This study indicates that only the remaining budget surplus has a negative and significant effect on the financial performance of Regency/city governments throughout Sumatra. While other variables, namely fiscal decentralization, balancing funds, and regional investment, have a positive and significant impact on the financial performance of Regency/city governments throughout Sumatra. Simultaneously, fiscal decentralization, balancing funds, budget surplus, and regional investment have a positive and significant impact on the Financial Performance of Regency/City Governments throughout Sumatra. Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization, Balancing Funds, Budget Surplus, Regional Investment, Regional Government Financial Performance.

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Shimmin, G. A., D. A. Taggart, and P. D. Temple-Smith. "Variation in reproductive surpluses of the agile antechinus (Antechinus agilis) at different teat-number locations." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 5 (2000): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00017.

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The teat number of Antechinus agilis can vary from 6 to 10 depending on geographical location. Previous studies have found that there are more eggs ovulated and embryos produced than the number of teats available; however, the full range of teat numbers has not been examined. The aim of this study was to determine how pre- and post-embryonic loss varies between females from different populations characterised by differences in the number of teats. In the current study females from 6-, 8- and 10-teat populations across Victoria were trapped during gestation. Reproductive tracts of females were removed and the number of embryos and corpora lutea counted. Evaluation of the reproductive surpluses in these three populations indicate that females from the 8-teat population have the lowest level of reproductive surplus, from both oocyte to embryo and embryo to teat. Females from the 6-teat population had few losses from the oocyte to embryo stage; however, a maximum of only ~60% of these embryos could result in pouch young because of the reduced number of teats. A similar pattern of high embryo loss occurred in the 10-teat populations, despite an increased number of teats being available, because of the excessive numbers of embryos produced.

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Parfitt, Claire. "Debtfare states and the labour of finance." Finance and Society 2, no. 1 (October 24, 2016): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v2i1.1666.

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Kremer, Michael, and Christopher M. Snyder. "Preventives Versus Treatments *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 3 (March 25, 2015): 1167–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv012.

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Abstract Preventives are sold ex ante, before disease status is realized, while treatments are sold ex post. Even if the mean of the ex ante distribution of consumer values is the same as that ex post, the shape of the distributions may differ, generating a difference between the surplus each product can extract. If, for example, consumers differ only in ex ante disease risk, then a monopolist would have more difficulty extracting surplus with a preventive than with a treatment because treatment consumers, having contracted the disease, no longer differ in disease risk. We show that the ratio of preventive to treatment producer surplus can be arbitrarily small, in particular when the distribution of consumer values has a Zipf shape and the disease is rare. The firm’s bias toward treatments can be reversed, for example, if the source of private information is disease severity learned ex post. The difference between the producer surplus earned from the products can result in distorted R&D incentives; the deadweight loss from this distortion can be as large as the entire producer-surplus difference. Calibrations for HIV and heart attacks based on risk factors in the U.S. population suggest that the distribution of disease risk is sufficiently Zipf-similar to generate substantial differences between producer surplus from preventives and treatments. Empirically, we find that proxies for the Zipf-similarity of the disease-risk distribution are associated a significantly lower likelihood of vaccine development but not drug development.

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Lykova, L. N. "MAIN TRENDS OF THE EXECUTION OF REGIONAL BUDGETS IN 2018." Federalism, no. 1 (July 29, 2019): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2019-1-72-85.

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In the process of the execution of consolidated budgets of the subjects of Federation in 2018 here were such positive events as strong revenues’ growth, significant budget surplus indicators in the most of the regions and the total reduction of the debt burden. But all these events did not lead to the evident growth of real incomes of the population. Profit tax revenues grew most significantly in the past year due to the increasing energy prices. Federal grants to the budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation increased considerably. The latter took place together with the shift from the goal-oriented kinds of support to regions (subsidies, subventions and other transfers) to the non-conditional kinds of grants. In the same time these is a shift from formalized to non-formalized categories of grants. In 2018 Russian regions succeeded to preserve the tendency towards the increase of the social expenditures. Significant volumes of consolidated budget surplus of several regions are a matter of grave concern because the high level of budget surplus exists in these regions together with serious decrease of real incomes of the population.

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Essink, Karel, Hans L. Kleef, and Wim Visser. "On the pelagic occurrence and dispersal of the benthic amphipod Corophium volutator." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 69, no. 1 (February 1989): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400049067.

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Field data on the pelagic occurrence of Corophium volutator were obtained in 1981–82 in the Dollard (Ems estuary). The pelagic population density averaged over a tidal half cycle was in the range 0–15 m-3. The pelagic population represents about 0.06% of the benthic population. On most sampling days pelagic occurrence resulted in a net flood surplus transport.

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Haist, V., and M. Stocker. "Growth and Maturation of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, S1 (December 19, 1985): s138—s146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-269.

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Juvenile growth rate, adult surplus energy, and the maturation schedule for the Strait of Georgia Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) stock were investigated over the period 1950–81. The variance in weight at age 2 is largely accounted for by juvenile abundance and sea surface temperature, indicating density-dependent juvenile growth moderated by environmental factors. Density and environmental factors have been equally important in moderating juvenile growth. Yearly variation in maturation of 3-yr-old herring is related to their average length; however, in two of the eight years studied the 3-yr-olds matured at considerably smaller sizes. The variance in adult surplus energy (growth plus gonad production) was largely accounted for by body weight, adult biomass, and sea surface temperature. A dome-shaped relationship between surplus energy and biomass was indicated, suggesting that over a broad range of population size, adult surplus energy is not density dependent. The relationship of sea surface temperature to both juvenile growth and adult surplus energy was quadratic with an optimum value. Recruitment biomass has been a relatively larger component than adult production of total stock growth, particularly during the period of high fishing intensity. This resulted in large fluctuations in stock biomass; in recent years, with lower fishing intensity, adult production has been a larger component of stock growth, and the stock biomass has become more stable.

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Anders, Therese, Christopher J. Fariss, and Jonathan N. Markowitz. "Bread Before Guns or Butter: Introducing Surplus Domestic Product (SDP)." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa013.

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Abstract Scholars systematically mismeasure power resources and military burdens by using gross domestic product (GDP) as a proxy for the income states can devote to arming. The core problem is that GDP confounds two conceptually distinct forms of income into one additive indicator. Subsistence income represents resources needed to provide the “bread” necessary to cover the basic subsistence needs of the population. Surplus income represents the remaining resources that could be allocated to “guns” or “butter.” Our new measure of surplus domestic product (SDP) corrects for this measurement error by decomposing subsistence income and surplus income from total GDP. Validation exercises demonstrate that SDP outperforms GDP at measuring the distribution of power resources. Though theoretically we expect states’ decisions to arm are influenced by the distribution of power; empirical models using GDP find mixed support for this expectation. Strikingly, using SDP reveals strong support for this proposition.

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Arat, Yavuz, and Mehmet Uysal. "Symbiotic relationship between university and the city: the case of Alaeddin Keykubat Campus of Selçuk University-Konya." Journal of Human Sciences 16, no. 2 (May 8, 2019): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v16i2.5500.

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The university establishment process in Konya started in the 1950s for the first time. After 1960s, the institutions giving higher education in the city came into activity, and in 1976 Selçuk University was established. Selçuk University, since its establishment, has lead the single-centered city to develop towards the north, and at the same time, also the campus as a center of attraction has caused a shift of the population concentration to the region. The university, which makes good use of the city's potentials in the change of the city form, also made it possible to create surplus values by using the values that the city has in the fields of agriculture, agriculture industry, and technology. The Selçuk University Alâeddin Keykubat Campus is still a potential force that creates economic surplus, attracts population and shapes the city.

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Hamza, E., and E. Tóth. "Types of private holdings and their role in subsistence of rural population in Hungary." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/867-agricecon.

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The research analyses the fundamental resources, farm structures, and composition by aim of farming, labour force and family income sources of the agricultural private holdings from the aspects of subsistence and income generation as well as of rural development. By processing the various databases, the research provides a clear picture on the situation of private holdings and groups of farms (self-supplying, marketing the surplus, commercial holdings). On the basis of the analyses, it is possible to estimate the number of competitive farms, that is, of professional farms, and the number of the producers who are not engaged in commercial production. This points out the need to extend the sphere of rural activities are connected to the other sectors of the national economy.

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Morehart, Christopher T. "CHINAMPAAGRICULTURE, SURPLUS PRODUCTION, AND POLITICAL CHANGE AT XALTOCAN, MEXICO." Ancient Mesoamerica 27, no. 1 (2016): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536116000109.

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AbstractThis article examines the productivity of agriculture at the Postclassic polity of Xaltocan, Mexico. Employing multiple lines of data (remote sensing, artifactual, ecofactual, chronological, demographic, historic, ethnographic, and environmental), it reconstructs the potential productivity of an integrated raised field,chinampasystem that surrounded the polity. This exercise reveals that the system was capable of producing a sizeable caloric surplus above the needs of the kingdom's estimated total population and the number of laborers necessary to maintain full production. To situate the processes related to agricultural production, the paper considers how farmers’ strategies were articulated with multiple institutions. Increased integration between political, social, and household institutions possibly fostered residents’ incorporation into the body politic and provided mechanisms to finance the political economy. Such integration and dependency fractured, however, when Xaltocan was conquered.

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Kozobrod, Inna, M. Pyatinsky, and Elena Vlasenko. "AZOV SEA VIMBA INDICATOR ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF FISH POPULATION IN TERMS OF LACK OF BIOLOGICAL DATA BY LBI MODEL." Fisheries 2021, no. 3 (June 7, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2021-3-68-75.

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Stock assessment of vimba population Vimba vimba (Linnaeus, 1758) in period 2015–2020 was performed by qualitative indicator method LBI (Length-Based Indicators) that allows to assess qualitative characteristics of the population and fisheries and MSY biological reference points. The indicator, qualitative approach to stock assessment was applied due to absence vimba population of stable stock-recruitment relationship (due to artificial reproduction exist), which makes impossible to apply surplus production approach to solve production equation dB/dt. LBI model was performed based on available length-weight vimba frequencies dynamics information, which allows to evaluate qualitative population characteristics and fisheries impact. Model results shows no overexploitation signals: in period 2015–2020 fisheries are carried out in maximum sustainable yield level. Indicator results according to reference points indicate no significant signals of reduction optimal length class (Lopt), small-size or large-size class. In 2016 and 2018 uncertain overexploitation of small-scale classes leads to no significant changes was underlined. In terms of biological and fisheries data lacking, LBI methods allow to perform stock assessment procedure more stable and robust then surplus or cohort approach, and output scientific advice to fisheries management.

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Funke, Jayson J. "Book Review: Debtfare States and the Poverty Industry: Money, Discipline and the Surplus Population." Human Geography 8, no. 3 (November 2015): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861500800310.

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Neilson, David, and Thomas Stubbs. "Relative surplus population and uneven development in the neoliberal era: Theory and empirical application." Capital & Class 35, no. 3 (October 2011): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816811418952.

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Bateman, Milford. "Book Review: Debtfare States and the Poverty Industry: Money, Discipline and the Surplus Population." Review of Radical Political Economics 50, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613416671043.

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Sardana, Kavita, John C. Bergstrom, and J. M. Bowker. "Effects of Ad-hoc Data Truncation and Homogeneous Preferences on Recreational Demand and Values: An Application to the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 53, no. 1 (February 2021): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2020.30.

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AbstractWe estimate a travel cost model for the George Washington & Jefferson National Forests using an On-Site Latent Class Poisson Model. We show that the constraints of ad-hoc truncation and homogenous preferences significantly impact consumer surplus estimates derived from the on-site travel cost model. By relaxing the constraints, we show that more than one class of visitors with unique preferences exists in the population. The resulting demand functions, price responsive behaviors, and consumer surplus estimates reflect differences across these classes of visitors. With heterogeneous preferences, a group of ‘local residents’ exists with a probability of 8% and, on average take 113 visits.

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Andri, Kuntoro Boga, and Nugraha Pangarsa. "Analyzing Determinant Components on East Java Rice Surplus Contribution Using Dynamical System Approach." International Journal of Agriculture System 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v4i2.686.

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The Ministry of Agriculture has proclaimed rice as a main food commodity, beside corn, soybeans, meat and sugar. In order to achieve the target of the Ministry of Agriculture, East Java provincial government has stipulated a policy, focusing on rice surplus of 5 million tons in 2014. This attempt is to reach the surplus number through a wide selection of technological innovations (determinant component) that increases the productivity of rice (New Superior Variety/VUB, Site Specific Nutrient Management/SSNM, Integreted Crop Management/ PTT, Jarwo/double row planting system, balanced fertilization, SOP harvest / postharvest), as well as an increase in Planting Index/IP by improving irrigation and food diversification program. By using a dynamical system approach (modeling), it can be measured the contribution of each determinant components in achieving surplus / rice self-sufficiency through simulation. The results of the simulation, it was known that the East Java’s rice surplus will continue to decline from 1,806,282 tons (2014) with 170% self-sufficiency index, fell to 1.706.771 tons (2017) and would be 1.367.901 tons (2025). This condition is due to the increasing number of population, agricultural area continues to shrink and productivity is relatively fixed. Index sufficiency / surplus will increase if there is an interference of educational policy to implement a massive exceed of VUB, SSNM, PTT, Jarwo, balanced fertilization, SOP harvest / post-harvest, IP increasing and the succession of diversification in East Java. A surplus of 4.7 million tons of rice in 2014 within East Java can be achieved by implementing massive educational policy movement of PTT and VUB (100% of the area), the application of SOP harvest / post-harvest to reach at least 50% of the area of paddy and controlling OPT strictly. The highest self-sufficiency index (281%) and a surplus of 5.22 million tons will be achieved in case of an interference in implementing policy of PTT jarwo (100% of the area) and an IP increasing amounted to 1.0 (additional areas that can be irrigated, 33.000 ha). Sustainable rice surplus would be achieved in case of an attempt to make food diversification program completely successful, strengthen family planning programs and strictly guard the Regulation No. 5/2012 on the minimum acreage of paddy fields that must be maintained.

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Sadiq, Sanusi Mohammed, I. P. Singh, and M. M. Ahmad. "Navigating Fish Food Insecurity by Simultaneous Household and Marketed Surplus-Led Productions in Kogi State of Nigeria." Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal 8, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/aa.v8i2.4779.

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The study determined the factors influencing simultaneously household and marketed surplus-led fish production in Nigeria’s Kogi State using cross-sectional data collected from 105 fish farmers. The sample size was achieved using a multi-stage sampling technique and the collected data were elicited viz. structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to achieve the conceptualized objectives. Empirical evidence showed that marketed surplus-led fish production was affected by less risky non-farm incomes with high-income turnover and capital paucity. However, marketable surplus-led production was enhanced by enlarged income, readily available demand that matches the supply, and entrepreneurship zeal among the youthful population in the studied area. In view of the foregoing, the research recommends the need to strengthen the value chain of fish marketing so as to contain any challenge viz. market imperfection which in the long run will jeopardize market-orientation of fish farming which is nascent among most of the farmers in the studied area. In addition, there is a need to address gender inequality in order to arrest poverty vulnerability among women folk viz. budget gender mainstreaming so as to achieve growth and development which are pre-requisite for globalization.Keywords: Food security; Marketable surplus; Purpose; Fish farming; Kogi State; Nigeria

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Kim, Jee-Yeon, and HyoJin Kim. "Analysis of Net Budget Surplus in Special account for Education Expenses and Influencing Factors: Focusing on Unused Budget." Korean Society for the Economics and Finance of Education 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46967/jefe.2022.31.3.27.

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The purpose of this study was conducted with the purpose of responding to external pressure to reduce local education finance, which was raised by inefficiency in the process of budgeting and executing the external local education finance, which is represented by a decrease in the school-age population and excessive net budget surplus. Accordingly, the current status of net budget surplus generation by year and factors influencing the occurrence of the special account for education expenses were analyzed, and policy improvement plans based on this were explored. As a result of the study, the total amount of net budget surplus in the special account for education expenses increased sharply in 2015 and then has been on a downward trend since 2019. Considering that the amount of tax revenue has continuously increased, this seems to be due to the offices of education’s efforts to reduce disuse of appropriation. It was found that the unused budget was mainly generated from reserve contingency fund, facility cost, and labor cost. In general, most of the unused budget came from the budget execution balance, which was due to the difference between successful bids, the reduction in contract review, and the inability to adjust the budget of the amount carried forward due to non-execution of construction during the semester. Based on these analysis results, increase efforts to organize the main budget of net budget surplus, stipulate regulations on the treatment and use of net budget surplus, make it mandatory to deposit a portion of net budget surplus into the rainy day fund, establish a plan for facility-related project expenses from a mid- to long-term perspective, and efforts to improve financial management efficiency through operation and early budget execution were. suggested.

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Zheng, Fangyu, Chiwei Xiao, Zhen You, and Zhiming Feng. "Evaluating the Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity in Laos Using a Three-Dimensional Tetrahedron Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 13816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113816.

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(1) Background: The quantitative evaluation and comprehensive measurement of resources and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) are key links in the study of RECC from classification to synthesis. Laos, as the only landlocked country of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), is an important economic corridor (i.e., China-MSEA Economic Corridor) of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). (2) Methods: Based on the human settlements index (HSI), resource carrying index (RCI), and socio-economic development index (SDI), here, a three-dimensional tetrahedron model for the comprehensive assessment of RECC with equilibrium significance was constructed, including HSI-based suitability classification, RCI-based restrictive classification, and SDI-based adaptability classification. Taking provinces as the basic unit, we quantitatively assessed and comprehensively evaluated RECC in Laos using a three-dimensional tetrahedron model. (3) Results: The human settlement environment in Laos is mainly characterized by the moderate suitable category (85%), while the high suitability area (merely 5%) supports more than 30% of the total population. Laos had over 90% of its area in good condition in resources and environmental carrying status (surplus or balanced state), translating into more than 95% of the population. The social and economic development level is mainly characterized by low-level development (43%), with nearly 30% of the population living in these low-level areas. The comprehensive bearing state of resources and environment is characterized by surplus, and 85% of the population is distributed in the surplus area, which occupies 63% of the land. (4) Conclusions: It is possible to better explore the adaptation strategies and countermeasures for enhancing RECC in Laos and provide a scientific reference for regional sustainable development. We believe that the three-dimensional tetrahedron method can be applied to quantitatively evaluate and comprehensively measure RECC at larger scale, e.g., the BRI regions.

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Djurdjev, Branislav, Kristina Kosic, and Aleksandra Dragin. "Demographic growth and development of spa places in Serbia." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 87, no. 1 (2007): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0701069d.

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The paper deals with analysis of population growth and components of demographic growth in five most important spa settlements in Serbia: Vrnjacka banja, Niska banj, Banja Koviljaca. As indices of demographic development, we have analyzed: natural and mechanical movement of population, age and sex, activity and sex, households and apartments in spa places. The finding is that demographic development of spa places in Serbia has been politically influenced. Due to dismantling state territory of former Yugoslavia, the choice of domestic tourist destination for Serbian population became smaller. Because of that, spas became more important tourist destination which fostered demographic growth of those places. The data analysis demonstrated that during the last six decades, population in all spa places increased with higher insensitive compare with the rest of Serbia. This is the result of high inmigration, particularly in the last decade, when the share of this movement was over 90%. The pacing of population ageing in spa places, did not follow ageing of total population in Serbia. Average age in Serbia between 1961-2002. increased for 31.8%, while in spas population ageing was more intensify with 36.4% increase. The number of household showed constant increase from census to census, as well as in Serbia as in each of spa places with no exception. Average size of household in spas in 1948. was smaller than the average in Serbia for almost one member. By the year 2002. the average sizes of households in spas and in Serbia was almost equalized. Spa places suffered sortage of apartments in 1948. By the year 2002. the evidence showed considerable surplus which as the biggest in Vrnjacka Banja spa. The amount of surplus was 15%, which is higher than the average in Serbia. The purpose of this surplus is rent and accommodation of spa visitors. Overall results point out that despite of population decrease of Serbia, spa places enjoy more and more permanent residents. Among the reasons economic stability of spa places (in the areas of services and medical care) should be emphasized, which triggered inmigration increase, outmigration decrease, and slower rate of ageing (despite of small rate of natural increase).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Surplus population'

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