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1
Baase, Mathabo. "The Ratification of Inadequate Surrogate Motherhood Agreements and the Best Interest of the Child." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 22 (May 21, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a6083.
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South Africa has developed domestic legislation governing all surrogacy matters within the country. These provisions are contained in Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005.
 In Ex parte MS; In re: Confirmation of Surrogate Motherhood Agreement 2014 2 All SA 312 (GNP), the commissioning parents did not adhere to the requirement provided by Chapter 19. The parties to the (initially informal) surrogacy agreement authorised the artificial fertilisation of the surrogate mother prior to the confirmation of the surrogate motherhood agreement by the court. In considering the best interest of the resultant child, the High Court decided to ratify the inadequate surrogate motherhood agreement.
 This discussion aims to establish whether the court's judgement in Ex parte MS; In re: Confirmation of Surrogate Motherhood Agreement 2014 2 All SA 312 (GNP) was in accordance with the provisions of current legislation and case law. It furthermore aims to answer two primary questions: firstly, whether adjudicators should make use of the best interest of the child when ratifying inadequate surrogate motherhood agreements; and secondly, in what manner the court should go about implementing the best interest of the child when validating inadequate surrogate motherhood agreements.
 It is submitted that courts should refrain from applying the best interest of the child as a constitutional right in inadequate surrogacy matters where the child is yet to be born alive, in accordance with the Digesta Texts. Parties to the invalid agreement should rather be instructed to make use of a section 22 parental responsibilities and rights agreement, a section 28 termination agreement, or adoption as provided for by chapter 15 of the Children's Act.
 
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Piersanti, Valeria, Francesca Consalvo, Fabrizio Signore, Alessandro Del Rio, and Simona Zaami. "Surrogacy and “Procreative Tourism”. What Does the Future Hold from the Ethical and Legal Perspectives?" Medicina 57, no. 1 (2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010047.
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Background and objectives: To explore the ethical and legal complexities arising from the controversial issue of surrogacy, particularly in terms of how they affect fundamental rights of children and parents. Surrogacy is a form of medically-assisted procreation (MAP) in which a woman “lends” her uterus to carry out a pregnancy on behalf of a third party. There are pathological conditions, such as uterine agenesis or hysterectomy outcomes, that may prevent prospective mothers from becoming pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term; such patients may consider finding a surrogate mother. Many issues relating to surrogacy remain unresolved, with significant disagreements and controversy within the scientific community and public opinion. There are several factors called into play and multiple parties and stakeholders whose objectives and interests need to somehow be reconciled. First and foremost, the authors contend, it is essential to prioritize and uphold the rights of children born through surrogacy and heterologous MAP. Materials and methods: To draw a parallel between Italy and the rest of the world, the legislation in force in twelve European countries was analyzed, eleven of which are part of the European Union (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Portugal) and three non-members of the same (United Kingdom, Ukraine and Russia), as well as that of twelve non-European countries considered exemplary (United States, Canada, Australia, India, China, Thailand, Israel, Nigeria and South Africa); in particular, legislative sources and legal databases were drawn upon, in order to draw a comparison with the Italian legislation currently in force and map out the evolution of the Italian case law on the basis of the judgments issued by Italian courts, including the Constitutional and Supreme Courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR); search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar were also used, by entering the keywords “surrogacy” and “surrogate motherhood”, to find scientific articles concerning assisted reproduction techniques with a close focus on surrogacy. Results: SM is a prohibited and sanctioned practice in Italy; on the other hand, it is allowed in other countries of the world, which leads Italian couples, or couples from other countries where it is banned, to often contact foreign centers in order to undertake a MAP pathway which includes surrogacy; in addition, challenges may arise from the legal status of children born through surrogacy abroad: to date, in most countries, there is no specific legislation aimed at regulating their legal registration and parental status. Conclusion: With reference to the Italian context, despite the scientific and legal evolution on the subject, a legislative intervention aimed at filling the regulatory gaps in terms of heterologous MAP and surrogacy has not yet come to fruition. Considering the possibility of “fertility tourism”, i.e., traveling to countries where the practice is legal, as indeed already happens in a relatively significant number of cases, the current legislation, although integrated by the legal interpretation, does not appear to be effective in avoiding the phenomenon of procreative tourism. Moreover, to overcome some contradictions currently present between law 40 and law 194, it would be appropriate to outline an organic and exhaustive framework of rules, which should take into account the multiplicity of interests at stake, in keeping with a fair and sustainable balance when regulating such practices.
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Piersanti, Valeria, Francesca Consalvo, Fabrizio Signore, Alessandro Del Rio, and Simona Zaami. "Surrogacy and “Procreative Tourism”. What Does the Future Hold from the Ethical and Legal Perspectives?" Medicina 57, no. 1 (2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010047.
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Background and objectives: To explore the ethical and legal complexities arising from the controversial issue of surrogacy, particularly in terms of how they affect fundamental rights of children and parents. Surrogacy is a form of medically-assisted procreation (MAP) in which a woman “lends” her uterus to carry out a pregnancy on behalf of a third party. There are pathological conditions, such as uterine agenesis or hysterectomy outcomes, that may prevent prospective mothers from becoming pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term; such patients may consider finding a surrogate mother. Many issues relating to surrogacy remain unresolved, with significant disagreements and controversy within the scientific community and public opinion. There are several factors called into play and multiple parties and stakeholders whose objectives and interests need to somehow be reconciled. First and foremost, the authors contend, it is essential to prioritize and uphold the rights of children born through surrogacy and heterologous MAP. Materials and methods: To draw a parallel between Italy and the rest of the world, the legislation in force in twelve European countries was analyzed, eleven of which are part of the European Union (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Portugal) and three non-members of the same (United Kingdom, Ukraine and Russia), as well as that of twelve non-European countries considered exemplary (United States, Canada, Australia, India, China, Thailand, Israel, Nigeria and South Africa); in particular, legislative sources and legal databases were drawn upon, in order to draw a comparison with the Italian legislation currently in force and map out the evolution of the Italian case law on the basis of the judgments issued by Italian courts, including the Constitutional and Supreme Courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR); search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar were also used, by entering the keywords “surrogacy” and “surrogate motherhood”, to find scientific articles concerning assisted reproduction techniques with a close focus on surrogacy. Results: SM is a prohibited and sanctioned practice in Italy; on the other hand, it is allowed in other countries of the world, which leads Italian couples, or couples from other countries where it is banned, to often contact foreign centers in order to undertake a MAP pathway which includes surrogacy; in addition, challenges may arise from the legal status of children born through surrogacy abroad: to date, in most countries, there is no specific legislation aimed at regulating their legal registration and parental status. Conclusion: With reference to the Italian context, despite the scientific and legal evolution on the subject, a legislative intervention aimed at filling the regulatory gaps in terms of heterologous MAP and surrogacy has not yet come to fruition. Considering the possibility of “fertility tourism”, i.e., traveling to countries where the practice is legal, as indeed already happens in a relatively significant number of cases, the current legislation, although integrated by the legal interpretation, does not appear to be effective in avoiding the phenomenon of procreative tourism. Moreover, to overcome some contradictions currently present between law 40 and law 194, it would be appropriate to outline an organic and exhaustive framework of rules, which should take into account the multiplicity of interests at stake, in keeping with a fair and sustainable balance when regulating such practices.
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Walker, Cherryl. "Conceptualising motherhood in twentieth century South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 21, no. 3 (1995): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079508708455.
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G’sell, Brady. "Multiple Maternities: Performative Motherhood and Support Seeking in South Africa." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 46, no. 1 (2020): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/709217.
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Josephine, Adeagbo Morolake. "“Motherhood Is Hard”: Exploring the Complexities of Unplanned Motherhood Among HIV-Positive Adolescents in South Africa." SAGE Open 9, no. 2 (2019): 215824401984880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019848802.
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Ntshongwana, Phakama, Gemma Wright, Helen Barnes, and Michael Noble. "LONE MOTHERHOOD IN SOUTH AFRICA: SOME METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES AND POLICY IMPERATIVES." South African Review of Sociology 46, no. 4 (2015): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2015.1100096.
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Good, Kenneth. "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 3 (1987): 505–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00009952.
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The nine member-states of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (S.A.D.C.C.) – Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Botswana, Tanzania, Malawi, Lesotho, Swaziland – are notable for their collective weakness relative to South Africa, and their very wide economic and political heterogeneity.1 Only four, or at most five, have economies whose annual G.D.P. exceeds $2,000 million: two of these, Angola and Mozambique, are under more or less constant attack from South Africa or its surrogate forces, while Tanzania is actually the most remote, physically and economically. At the same time, Malawi, Swaziland, and Lesotho – who are not in the so-called ‘Frontline’, unlike the other six – have rather close political relations with Pretoria, Malawi most substantively since as early as 1966 and Swaziland since 1982.2 Botswana is more independent politically, with a modest G.D.P. and very small population.
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Stinson, Kathryn, and Landon Myer. "HIV-infected women's experiences of pregnancy and motherhood in Cape Town, South Africa." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 7, no. 1 (2012): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2011.652811.
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Mukuna, Robert Kananga, and Peter J. O. Aloka. "INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TEENAGE MOTHERS RESILIENCY IN OVERCOMING ADVERSITIES IN PREGNANCY AND EARLY MOTHERHOOD IN SOUTH AFRICA." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 79, no. 1 (2021): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/21.79.104.
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The phenomenon of teenage motherhood is a major concern worldwide. The teenage mothers endure many challenges that could affect their academic goals and successes if there is insufficient support. However, some teenage mothers manage to develop certain forms of flexibility to manage these adversities. This study explored the teenage mothers' resiliency in overcoming adversities in pregnancy and early motherhood at a rural high school in South Africa. Within the Interpretative Phenomenological qualitative paradigm, an exploratory case study research design was adopted. 10 participants (N=10) were selected from a rural high school district using a purposive sampling technique. The study employed semi-structured interviews to collect data. The findings demonstrated that teenage mothers were resilient to continuing and completing their schooling by adopting self-motivation and school and family support. This study suggested that the South African Department of Education should develop a training programme for teenage mothers on psychosocial adjustment mechanisms to help them cope with their situations. Keywords: interpretative phenomenological analysis, rural high school, teenage motherhood, teenage mother resiliency, teenage pregnancy
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Iwelunmor, Juliet, Nompumelelo Zungu, and Collins O. Airhihenbuwa. "Rethinking HIV/AIDS Disclosure Among Women Within the Context of Motherhood in South Africa." American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 8 (2010): 1393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.168989.
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Schindehutte, Minet, Michael Morris, and Catriona Brennan. "Entrepreneurs and Motherhood: Impacts on Their Children in South Africa and the United States." Journal of Small Business Management 41, no. 1 (2003): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-627x.00069.
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Muñoz, Lorena. "Transnational Motherhood and Economic Failure among Immigrant Domestic Workers in South Africa and the United States." Feminist Formations 31, no. 2 (2019): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ff.2019.0015.
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Grant, Nicholas. "The National Council of Negro Women and South Africa: Black Internationalism, Motherhood, and the Cold War." Palimpsest: A Journal on Women, Gender, and the Black International 5, no. 1 (2016): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pal.2016.0004.
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Sibiya, Maureen Nokuthula, Dorinda Borg, Shanaz Ghuman, et al. "Societal Influences on the Utilization of Contraception Amongst Women in South Africa." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 2 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n2p41.
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The strong desire to experience motherhood, mediated by prevailing social and cultural norms encourage childbearing in society. Contraceptive use and pregnancy among HIV positive women in South Africa is of growing concern as it may be associated with various adverse factors having socio-economic and health impacts. The timeous initiation and optimal utilisation of antenatal care services is imperative to ensure positive pregnancy outcomes and good maternal health; not always possible due to various challenges in developing countries. Motherhood is a component of a women’s identity in cultural societies and important for female social status. Major challenges are gender-based violence and gender inequality as well as physiological factors that place women at risk like cultural and behavioural practices requiring parental consent for access to reproductive and sexual health services tend to discourage girls and women in their pursuit for decision making in reproductive health. This study examines the societal influences on contraceptive usage amongst women attending an antenatal clinic, their contraceptive use and HIV status in the city of Durban, province KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a Primary Health Care (PHC) facility with a total of 283 pregnant women in trimester one visiting the antenatal clinic for the first time who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Results evidenced that almost 70% of the study population are aware of their HIV status prior to conceiving. Contraceptive usage in HIV positive participants was similar 82 (81%) to 97 (75%) in HIV negative participants. The HIV positive participants were aware of the consequences of non-contraceptive use. HIV positive women were not deterred by the desire to use contraception nor conceive (OR: 1.04, CI: 0.61 - 1.79). The study reports a high number of the women are single (>75%), low level of education (90%), unemployed (>70%). HIV status has no impact on contraceptive use and the prevalence of pregnancy among HIV positive women. The number of miscarriages (11%) and early neonatal deaths (6%) reported appeared higher in HIV positive women. Smoking (>50%) and alcohol consumption (>50%) were equally high amongst the pregnant women. Comprehensive programs for planned pregnancies in HIV positive women is necessary for a paradigm shift in the prevailing social and cultural norms worldwide. Reproductive health education extending to embrace the boys and men in the population will increase the importance and acceptance of contraception usage for both HIV positive and negative women in reproductive health care.
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Marshak, Naomi. "‘She's just like my mother’: measuring motherhood in the context of the HIV epidemic in South Africa." Anthropology Southern Africa 34, no. 3-4 (2011): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2011.11500016.
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Ballot, Andreas, Morten Sandvik, Thomas Rundberget, Christo J. Botha, and Christopher O. Miles. "Diversity of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 2 (2014): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13153.
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The South African Hartbeespoort Dam is known for the occurrence of heavy Microcystis blooms. Although a few other cyanobacterial genera have been described, no detailed study on those cyanobacteria and their potential toxin production has been conducted. The diversity of cyanobacterial species and toxins is most probably underestimated. To ascertain the cyanobacterial composition and presence of cyanobacterial toxins in Hartbeespoort Dam, water samples were collected in April 2011. In a polyphasic approach, 27 isolated cyanobacterial strains were classified morphologically and phylogenetically and tested for microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), saxitoxins (STXs) and anatoxin-a (ATX) by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and screened for toxin-encoding gene fragments. The isolated strains were identified as Sphaerospermopsis reniformis, Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides, Cylindrospermopsis curvispora, Raphidiopsis curvata, Raphidiopsis mediterrranea and Microcystis aeruginosa. Only one of the Microcystis strains (AB2011/53) produced microcystins (35 variants). Forty-one microcystin variants were detected in the environmental sample from Hartbeespoort Dam, suggesting the existence of other microcystin producing strains in Hartbeespoort Dam. All investigated strains tested negative for CYN, STXs and ATX and their encoding genes. The mcyE gene of the microcystin gene cluster was found in the microcystin-producing Microcystis strain AB2011/53 and in eight non-microcystin-producing Microcystis strains, indicating that mcyE is not a good surrogate for microcystin production in environmental samples.
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Abbott, Salome, Piet Becker, and Robin J. Green. "The Relationship between Maternal Atopy and Childhood Asthma in Pretoria, South Africa." ISRN Allergy 2013 (January 27, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/164063.
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Introduction. Asthma is the commonest chronic condition of children. Diagnosis of this condition remains difficult. Many surrogate markers are used, such as documenting evidence of atopy. Method. A random sample of asthmatic children and their mothers attending the Children’s Chest and Allergy Clinic at Steve Biko Academic Hospital were enrolled. Children were classified as having atopic or nonatopic asthma. Mothers completed a questionnaire to uncover atopic features. Results. Along with their mothers, 64 children with atopic asthma and 36 with nonatopic asthma were studied. The proportion of children with atopic asthma does not differ for mothers with and without a positive SPT (), a history of asthma (), symptoms suggestive of an allergic disease (), or who were considered to be allergic (). The odds ratio of a child having atopic asthma when having a mother with a doctor diagnosed history of asthma is 4.76, but the sensitivity is low (21.9%). Conclusion. The data demonstrates that all maternal allergic or asthmatic associations are poor predictors of childhood atopic asthma. Despite the increased risk of atopic asthma in a child to a mother that has a doctor diagnosis of asthma (OR 4.76 ), this is a poor predictor of atopic asthma (sensitivity 21.9%).
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Thaldar, D. W. "Criteria for assessing the suitability of intended surrogate mothers in South Africa: Reflections on Ex Parte KAF II." South African Journal of Bioethics and Law 12, no. 2 (2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2019.v12i2.00670.
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Thaldar, D. W. "Criteria for assessing the suitability of intended surrogate mothers in South Africa: Reflections on Ex Parte KAF II." South African Journal of Bioethics and Law 12, no. 2 (2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2019.v12i2.670.
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De Wet-Billings, Nicole. "Single motherhood, social independence and non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes among young females (15-24 years old) in South Africa." AAS Open Research 4 (August 3, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13238.2.
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Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) acquired during youth follow into and affect adulthood. The association between young mother’s social independence and NCD status is of policy interest due to its effect on economic and social development. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between social independence and NCD outcomes among young, single mothers in South Africa. Methods: Data from the South African National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) in 2008 and 2017 was used to determine if single mothers developed hypertension, diabetes or asthma by various indicators of social independence, including highest level of education and employment status. The sample was initially made-up of unmarried females (15-24 years old) without any children in 2008. Both fertility and social independence was followed-up to 2017. Results: In total, 66 young females developed an NCD by 2017 and 87% (n=57) of these women had a child in the interim period. Employment of young females increased from 4.78% in 2008 to 37.79% in 2017, but completion of secondary or tertiary education declined from 67.94% in 2008 to 56.01% in 2017. In addition, half (50.88%) of the young females were partially independent by 2017, with only 11.03% being fully independent at this time. Finally, logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of developing an NCD increased if young females with children were not socially independent. Conclusions: The relationship between social independence and NCDs suggest that policies and programmes in South Africa need to incorporate socioeconomic status as a determinant of disease and in particular, need to address socioeconomic indicators as additive measures and not autonomous indicators.
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De Wet-Billings, Nicole. "Single motherhood, social independence and non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes among young females (15-24 years old) in South Africa." AAS Open Research 4 (June 14, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13238.1.
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Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) acquired during youth follow into and affect adulthood. The association between young mother’s social independence and NCD status is of policy interest due to its effect on economic and social development. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between social independence and NCD outcomes among young, single mothers in South Africa. Methods: Data from the South African National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) in 2008 and 2017 was used to determine if single mothers developed hypertension, diabetes or asthma by various indicators of social independence, including highest level of education and employment status. The sample was initially made-up of unmarried females (15-24 years old) without any children in 2008. Both fertility and social independence was followed-up to 2017. Results: In total, 66 young females developed an NCD by 2017 and 87% (n=57) of these women had a child in the interim period. Employment of young females increased from 4.78% in 2008 to 37.79% in 2017, but completion of secondary or tertiary education declined from 67.94% in 2008 to 56.01% in 2017. In addition, half (50.88%) of the young females were partially independent by 2017, with only 11.03% being fully independent at this time. Finally, logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of developing an NCD increased if young females with children were not socially independent. Conclusions: The relationship between social independence and NCDs suggest that policies and programmes in South Africa need to incorporate socioeconomic status as a determinant of disease and in particular, need to address socioeconomic indicators as additive measures and not autonomous indicators.
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Dolbin-MacNab, Megan L., and Loriena A. Yancura. "International Perspectives on Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: Contextual Considerations for Advancing Global Discourse." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 86, no. 1 (2017): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016689565.
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Globally, it is common for grandparents to serve as surrogate parents to their grandchildren, often in response to family crises and other challenges such as poverty, disease epidemics, and migration. Despite the global nature of this intergenerational caregiving arrangement, there have been few contextually focused examinations of how grandparents’ surrogate parenting roles are enacted across countries and cultures. This analytic review addresses this issue by exploring demographic and cultural contexts, needs and experiences, and formal and informal supports for grandparents raising grandchildren in four diverse countries: China, New Zealand, Romania, and South Africa. We conclude our analysis by discussing key contextual factors, and their associated interrelationships, from which future research may elucidate how cultural, historical, and sociopolitical factors uniquely shape grandparents’ experiences. We also make recommendations for contextually informed policies and practice.
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Mukuna, Kananga Robert. "An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Basotho Teenage Mothers’ Experiences in Early Motherhood at a Rural School." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 3 (2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0059.
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This study explored Basotho teenage mothers' experiences in early motherhood at a rural school in a district in South Africa. The interpretative phenomenological qualitative approach and the contextual and phenomenological study designs were used in this study. Five participants (N=5) were purposively selected. Semi-structured interviews were employed as a tool for data collection. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the data. The findings demonstrated that Basotho teenage mothers experience insufficient support from the family and the school management team. They are expelled from the school during their pregnancy and only allowed to return to school after giving birth. They also lack support from their teenage husbands. Thus, Basotho teenage mothers are stigmatised, discriminated against, and lack support from their teenage husbands, peers, and the community during their early motherhood. The study recommended that the School-Based Support Team (SBST) should train teachers on the best support mechanisms for teenage mothers.
 
 Received: 24 August 2020 / Accepted: 21 November 2020 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Xiong, Khou, Joy Kamunyori, and Jane Sebidi. "The MomConnect helpdesk: how an interactive mobile messaging programme is used by mothers in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 3, Suppl 2 (2018): e000578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000578.
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South Africa’s MomConnect mobile messaging programme, which aims to promote safe motherhood and improve pregnancy outcomes for South African women, includes a helpdesk feature which allows women registered on the system to ask maternal and child health (MCH)-related questions and to provide feedback on health services received at public health clinics. Messages sent to the helpdesk are answered by staff located at the National Department of Health. We examined event data from the MomConnect helpdesk database to identify any patterns in messages received, such as correlation of frequency or types of messages with location. We also explored what these data could tell us about the helpdesk’s effectiveness in improving health service delivery at public health clinics. We found that approximately 8% of registered MomConnect users used the helpdesk, and that usage was generally proportional to the use of antenatal care (ANC) services in provinces (as indicated by number of ANC first visits and number of MomConnect registrations), except in two provinces. Language, category and key topics of helpdesk messages were correlated with provinces. Most users accessed the helpdesk to seek maternal information, and where feedback about health services was provided, there were significantly more compliments than complaints. The MomConnect helpdesk is an important resource providing expectant mothers and mothers of infants with an interactive option for accessing MCH-related information—above that included in the standard MomConnect messages—and advances achievement of the health goals of the MomConnect programme.
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Milanese, Steve, Susan Gordon, and Narasimman Swaminathan. "The value placed on roles and attributes of clinical educators: An international comparison of Indian, South African and Australian undergraduate physiotherapy students." Allied Health Scholar 1, no. 1 (2020): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/tahs.v1i1.1568.
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Aim and Background: Clinical Education opportunities for undergraduate Physiotherapy students are now increasingly occurring internationally. The clinical educator (CE) plays a significant role in the clinical education process particularly when a student undertakes a clinical placement in a different country as the CE often takes on a surrogate caretaker role. This study explores the self-reported perceptions of Physiotherapy students from three countries representing different global society clusters – South Africa (Sub-Saharan Africa), India (Southern Asia) and Australia (Anglo), regarding the roles and attributes of a CE that they value in the clinical education process.
 Method: Data was collected from undergraduate Physiotherapy students in a university in India (n=23) and Australia (n=154) and compared with data from a similar student cohort in South Africa (n=70). Students were asked roles and attributes of a clinical educator were of most value in the clinical education setting.
 Results: The relative values placed on CE roles/attributes across the three cohorts was similar, however specific differences between cohorts suggest that clinical educators should be aware of differences when supervising international students.
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Boshoff, Douw, and Chris E. Cloete. "Can listed property shares be a surrogate for direct property investment behaviour?" South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 15, no. 1 (2012): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v15i1.20.
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The listed property sector in South Africa has grown to a size which could be considered to be a good representation of the income producing property market in general. Stock market listed property investment funds offer the opportunity to compare indirect property investment to direct property investment, which could bridge the gap between irrational investment behaviour and intrinsic asset values. This study investigates the relationship between listed property share prices and the property values in listed property funds. The share prices are correlated with various factors, such as the accounting ratios of the companies, the financial statements of the companies and general economic variables. The outcome of the study is an explanation of the behaviour of listed property shares, and its relationship to the direct property market and the general economy. This would assist in the explanation of market behaviour and provides the opportunity to more accurately predict portfolio asset values, which might be used in the valuation of individual real estate assets.
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Erfort, Gareth, Theodor Willem Von Backström, and Gerhard Venter. "Numerical optimisation of a small-scale wind turbine through the use of surrogate modelling." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 3 (2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i3a2368.
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Wind conditions in South Africa are suitable for small-scale wind turbines, with wind speeds below 7 m.s−1. This investigation is about a methodology to optimise a full wind turbine using a surrogate model. A previously optimised turbine was further optimised over a range of wind speeds in terms of a new parameterisation methodology for the aerodynamic profile of the turbine blades, using non-uniform rational B-splines to encompass a wide range of possible shapes. The optimisation process used a genetic algorithm to evaluate an input vector of 61 variables, which fully described the geometry, wind conditions and rotational speed of the turbine. The optimal performance was assessed according to a weighted coefficient of power, which rated the turbine blade’s ability to extract power from the available wind stream. This methodology was validated using XFOIL to assess the final solution. The results showed that the surrogate model was successful in providing an optimised solution and, with further refinement, could increase the coefficient of power obtained.
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Majumdar, Anindita. "Conceptualizing Surrogacy as Work-Labour." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (2018): 210–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118778481.
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Using ethnographic findings, this article reflects on Indian women engaged in commercial surrogacy for foreign and Indian couples and expands on the existing ideas of paid and unpaid employment by conceptualizing transnational commercial surrogacy in India. The latter is undertaken through a mapping of the meanings surrogates and intended couples make of their participation in the transnational commercial surrogacy arrangement. Here, ideas about motherhood, domesticity and contractual labour come together to create an understanding of the unique role of surrogates in the arrangement. While emerging research has aimed to conceptualize the surrogate’s contribution through differing theoretical understandings of work and labour, my ethnographic findings suggest that surrogacy and its linkages with paid work are more complex than conveyed by its researched connections with care work and/or sex work. Invoking established theorizing of sexualized care work and reproductive choice, I point to the need for a deeper engagement with the idea of work-labour itself. Within this wider conceptualization are social categories that mediate between commerce and intimacy—including that of the paid domestic worker. By using frames used to study paid domestic work in India and South Asia, I portray surrogacy and the commercial surrogate through notions of domesticity, family and intimacy paying particular attention to its linkages with paid work.
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Hersey, S. P., R. M. Garland, E. Crosbie, et al. "An overview of regional and local characteristics of aerosols in South Africa using satellite, ground, and modeling data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 8 (2015): 4259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4259-2015.
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Abstract. We present a comprehensive overview of particulate air quality across the five major metropolitan areas of South Africa (Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Tshwane (Gauteng Province), the Industrial Highveld Air Quality Priority Area (HVAPA), and Durban), based on a decadal (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009) aerosol climatology from multiple satellite platforms and detailed analysis of ground-based data from 19 sites throughout Gauteng Province. Satellite analysis was based on aerosol optical depth (AOD) from MODIS Aqua and Terra (550 nm) and MISR (555 nm) platforms, Ångström Exponent (α) from MODIS Aqua (550/865 nm) and Terra (470/660 nm), ultraviolet aerosol index (UVAI) from TOMS, and results from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. At continentally influenced sites, AOD, α, and UVAI reach maxima (0.12–0.20, 1.0–1.8, and 1.0–1.2, respectively) during austral spring (September–October), coinciding with a period of enhanced dust generation and the maximum integrated intensity of close-proximity and subtropical fires identified by MODIS Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). Minima in AOD, α, and UVAI occur during winter. Results from ground monitoring indicate that low-income township sites experience by far the worst particulate air quality in South Africa, with seasonally averaged PM10 concentrations as much as 136% higher in townships that in industrial areas. We report poor agreement between satellite and ground aerosol measurements, with maximum surface aerosol concentrations coinciding with minima in AOD, α, and UVAI. This result suggests that remotely sensed data are not an appropriate surrogate for ground air quality in metropolitan South Africa.
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Hendrix, Melvin. "The British Admiralty Records as a Source for African History." History in Africa 13 (1986): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171540.
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What is more characteristically English than the Navy?The relationship between naval power and British sovereignty is one of long standing in British foreign policy. This was especially evident in the nineteenth century, when Britain achieved almost unchallenged global naval pre-eminence following the Napoleonic Wars, keeping order in a world that British commercial interests were creating. As a consequence, the traditional role of the navy as a national defense force was changing dramatically to that of an international policeman on the one hand and surrogate statesman on the other. These two roles were generally most pronounced in the emerging tropical areas of trade in Asia, Africa, and South America.It is in relation to Africa that this essay is concerned, and over the course of the nineteenth century, the influence of the Royal Navy on African societies was an evolving, but considerable, force--as surveyor, policeman, employer, ally, adversary, diplomat, and enforcer. On the whole, Britain's Africa policy throughout much of the century was based on the suppression of the slave trade, while simultaneously providing protection for British citizens promoting “legitimate” commercial interests.Since the trade in slaves from Africa was chiefly a maritime enterprise, its navy became the chief instrument for implementing these foreign policy objectives, a role that shifted in the second half of the century to a more direct imperialist posture.
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Hochfeld, Tessa. "Missed opportunities." International Social Work 50, no. 1 (2007): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872807071484.
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English The draft National Family Policy of South Africa contains pervasive conservative discourses which have a serious negative impact on both social welfare and the social work profession. The NFP promotes family self-reliance (resonating with neo-liberal welfare discourses internationally), reinforces gender inequalities and misses the opportunity to construct progressive notions of motherhood and fatherhood. French Le Projet de Politique Nationale sur la Famille de l'Afrique du Sud est empreint d'une idéologie conservatrice qui a des conséquences négatives importantes tant sur l'aide sociale que sur la profession du travail social. Cette politique fait la promotion du développement autocentré de la famille (ce qui rappelle les discours néo-libéraux sur l'aide sociale à l'échelle internationale), renforçant ainsi les inégalités de genre et empêchant, par le fait même, l'occasion de construire des notions progressistes sur la maternité et la paternité. Spanish El contenido de la Política Nacional para la Familia en Sud Africa contiene discursos conservadores que tienen un serio impacto negativo tanto en el bienestar social como en la profesión del trabajo social. La PNF promueve la auto-dependencia (en consonancia en los discursos internacionales neo-liberales del bienestar), refuerza las inequidades de género y pierde la oportunidad de construir nociones progresistas de maternidad y paternidad.
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Duma, Noxolo, and Thandinkosi Madiba. "The prevalence of peripartum depression and its relationship to mode of delivery and other factors among mothers in Ixopo, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." South African Journal of Psychology 50, no. 4 (2020): 530–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246320931355.
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Peripartum depression is a common mental health condition among mothers, occurring between 4 and 6 weeks post-delivery. This study sought to evaluate the influence that mode of delivery and other related factors have on the development of peripartum depression. The study was carried out in Ixopo, in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. All women whose infants had been delivered within 4–6 weeks of the study were included until the sample size of 276 was reached. A demographic questionnaire and an Edinburgh postnatal depression scale were administered. Mothers with Edinburgh postnatal depression scale scores of ⩾10 were considered to be suffering from peripartum depression, and peripartum depression was ruled out in those with a score of <10. A total of 110 mothers had Edinburgh postnatal depression scale score ⩾10, thus presenting a prevalence of 39.9%. Of these, 51 (46.4%) had undergone normal vaginal delivery and 59 had a Caesarean section (53.6%). Of the latter group, 23 had elective Caesarean section and 36 had emergency Caesarean section. Logistic regression showed no significant association between peripartum depression and mode of delivery ( p = .074); women who had delivered their child by emergency Caesarean section were three times more likely to develop peripartum depression compared to those who had delivered via normal vaginal delivery (odds ratio: 2.733, confidence interval: 1.002–7.452). Unemployment was found to have a statistically significant association with peripartum depression ( p = .003) and single motherhood was not associated ( p = .425). Emergency Caesarean sections and unemployment were shown to be risk factors for peripartum depression.
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Glasby, Tim M., Peter T. Gibson, Gregory West, Peter Davies, and Sofietje Voerman. "Range and habitat associations of the native macroalga Caulerpa filiformis in New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 11 (2015): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14282.
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Caulerpa filiformis is a green seaweed found in New South Wales (NSW, Australia), South Africa, Mozambique and Peru. It has been suggested that the abundance of the species has increased in NSW over recent decades. Extensive aerial and diver surveys identified a 500-km northerly extension to the range of C. filiformis in NSW (to 28°21′S) compared with previous records. The alga has a disjunct distribution with small isolated populations around rocky headlands in far northern NSW, but then no apparent populations for 350km southwards. The far northern populations could be the result of recent human-mediated transport (a species introduction), or were simply not detected previously. The increased distribution around the previous northerly limit is likely a natural range expansion. The distribution of C. filiformis in NSW and globally seems confined to a temperature range of ~16–23°C. We found no relationship between abundance of C. filiformis and human population or oceanic chlorophyll-a (a surrogate for nutrient availability). We demonstrate that C. filiformis is predominately subtidal, being found along sections of coastline where there is a mixture of rocky reefs and beaches. It is argued that sand movement may have facilitated increases in abundance of C. filiformis.
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Lewis, D. A. "5. HIV AND WOMEN: THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab5.
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Africa as a continent has been devastated by the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Women are more likely to acquire HIV/AIDS for a number of reasons and incidence studies show that younger women are particularly at risk of HIV acquisition. Biologically, they are more vulnerable and the acquisition of HIV can be influenced by hormonal contraceptives as well as sexually transmitted infections, which are often more asymptomatic than is the case for men. Women in Africa are also more vulnerable because of cultural issues; in some countries polygamy is accepted practice. Women are often economically disadvantaged and disempowered. It is often hard for them to insist on the use of condoms with husbands and regular partners. Physical and sexual abuse of women, including rape, remains a major problem on the continent, particularly in times of civil war. Many women are forced to work as sex workers or be involved in transactional sex in order to survive. Most countries rely on anonymous antenatal surveys to generate HIV seroprevalence data for women of reproductive age. These data is often used as surrogate markers for HIV prevalence rates in men of a similar age. The seroprevalence of HIV among pregnant women differs remarkably around the continent, with the highest rates being seen in Southern Africa, as high as 30%, and much lower rates being seen in West Africa. These reasons underlying these differences are complex and not completely understood. UNAIDS estimated in 2005 that 470�000 (87%) of the world's 540�000 newly infected children (<15 years old) reside in Sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is thus a national priority in many Sub-Saharan African countries. Despite policies, treatment is sometimes not given at the clinic level for several reasons, and when it is, most commonly it is with single dose Nevirapine. Data from South Africa has shown that both mothers and infected babies rapidly acquire nevirapine resistance. It is likely that this will lead to early failure of first line antiretroviral (ARV) therapy among these mothers once they start their ARVs. In South Africa, for example, either efavirenz or nevirapine form the backbone of the first-line ARV regimens. AIDS defining illnesses (ADIs) in women living in Africa are similar to those observed in men. Tuberculosis is the most common ADI but other life-threatening illnesses such as cryptococcal meningitis are relatively common compared to other parts of the world. Cervical cancer and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions are more common in HIV-infected than in non-infected women. Most countries in Africa do not have cervical screening programmes and, even in richer countries such as South Africa, the national policy is to screen women three times in their life at 30, 40 and 50 years of age. Many HIV specialist centres, with additional donor funds, are now attempting to perform annual cervical screening, at least in South Africa.
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DEACON, HARRIET. "MIDWIVES AND MEDICAL MEN IN THE CAPE COLONY BEFORE 1860." Journal of African History 39, no. 2 (1998): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853798007191.
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Relatively little research has been done on the history of midwifery at the Cape, although there has lately been increasing interest in the social history of medicine, as well as in the history of abortion, rape, infanticide and motherhood in South Africa. One of the reasons for the dearth of research is the relative absence of women, especially black women, from the historical record. The archival record of what was called the Cape Colony during the early nineteenth century is rich enough to reveal something about women's history, however. The Cape was first settled by Europeans in 1652 under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company (DEIC), and was captured by the British in 1795 and again in 1806. During the first half-century of British rule at the Cape, urban midwives came under greater professional and official scrutiny and left some traces in the historical archive. The remaining absences tell their own stories, too, and in this paper these silences will be made to speak, if only softly and tentatively, of the role of women in colonial African medical care.
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Arias-Colmenero, Tomás, Mª Ángeles Pérez-Morente, Antonio Jesús Ramos-Morcillo, Concepción Capilla-Díaz, María Ruzafa-Martínez, and César Hueso-Montoro. "Experiences and Attitudes of People with HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (2020): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020639.
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The aim of this article was to explore the experiences and attitudes of people with HIV/AIDS. A systematic review of qualitative studies was carried out. Twenty-seven articles were included, with sample sizes ranging from 3 to 78. Articles from North America, South America, Central America, Europe, and Africa were included. Five topics emerged from the synthesis: feelings about the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS; stigma and HIV/AIDS; changes in sexual behavior after becoming infected; living with the virus; and pregnancy and motherhood in seropositive women. The moment of diagnosis is of vital importance for these people due to feelings such as disappointment, sadness, fear, despair, lack of awareness, and pain. Social support is highly valued among these people and is linked to an improvement in these peoples’ quality of life. Different kinds of stigma accompany people with HIV/AIDS throughout their life, like social stigma, self-stigma, and health professionals’ stigma. Seropositive women who decide to become mothers can feel frustration because they cannot breastfeed. Spirituality helps some people to deal with the fact of being a virus or disease carrier.
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Pillay, Nirvana. "‘There is no more future for me? Like really, are you kidding?’: agency and decision-making in early motherhood in an urban area in Johannesburg, South Africa." Global Health Action 14, no. 1 (2021): 1886456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1886456.
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Bhattacharya, Sharad Nath, Mousumi Bhattacharya, and Basav Roychoudhury. "Behaviour of the Foreign Exchange Rates of BRICS: Is it Chaotic?" Journal of Prediction Markets 11, no. 2 (2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v11i2.1247.
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The article focuses on the behaviour of foreign exchange rates of BRICS countries in reference to US dollar with special emphasis on examining presence of nonlinear dependence and deterministic chaos. The findings did not indicate random walk behaviour in the returns for all exchange rates and performance of GARCH as well as EGARCH models are reasonably good in capturing the conditional volatility. Further evidences suggest existence of nonlinear dependence and we compute Maximal Lyapunov Exponent and Correlation Dimension test with multiple surrogate series which confirms the chaotic nature of the exchange rates for all countries under study except for South Africa. The findings support short run predictability in exchange rates while long run predictions are unlikely to be successful. The chaotic nature of the foreign exchange market calls for newer intervention mechanism by the Central Bank of the respective countries to limit the exchange rate volatility.
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Nicolaou, Veronique, Larske Soepnel, Naomi Sharlene Levitt, Kenneth Huddle, Kirsten Klipstein-Grobusch, and Norris Shane. "Cardiometabolic Outcomes of Women Exposed to Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy at 3–6 Years Post-Partum in an Urban South African Setting." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A432—A433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.882.
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Abstract Objective: Comparison of cardiometabolic outcomes in women exposed to hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy (HFDP) and a control group 3–6 years post-partum in urban South Africa. Design and Methods: A comparative study was performed of 103 women exposed to HFDP and 101 not exposed to HFDP 3–6 years post-partum at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Soweto. Index pregnancy data were obtained from medical records. Post-partum, participants were re-evaluated for biochemical analysis (two-hour 75gm OGTT, fasting insulin, lipids creatinine and glucose levels). Cardiovascular risk was assessed by estimation of the Framingham risk score (FRS). Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was used as a surrogate marker for subclinical atherosclerosis. Factors associated with progression to these cardiometabolic outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic and linear regression models. Results: 46 (45.1%) HFDP-exposed women progressed to diabetes compared to 5 (5.0%) women in the control group (p&lt;0.001); only 20 (43.4%) of the HFDP group were aware of their diabetic status. Adjusted odds ratio (aOR, 95% confidence interval (CI)) of progressing to type 2 diabetes was 11.0 (3.3–36.2). Both 10-year estimated cardiovascular risk (FRS) and mean CIMT were statistically higher in the HFDP-exposed group (8.46 IQR 4.9–14.4; 0.48 mm IQR 0.44-0,53, respectively) compared to the control group (3.48 IQR 2.1–5.7; 0.46mm IQR 0.42–0.50 respectively) though mostly driven by age, systolic blood pressure and diabetes. Conclusion: African women with a history of HFDP have an increased risk of cardiometabolic conditions within 6 years post-partum in an urban sub-Saharan African setting.
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Leßmeister, Anna, Katharina Schumann, Anne Mette Lykke, Katja Heubach, Adjima Thiombiano, and Karen Hahn. "Substitution of the most important and declining wild food species in southeast Burkina Faso." Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 18 (December 1, 2015): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/fvss.18.29.
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Wild plant species are important nutritious supplements to otherwise nutrient poor diets of rural populations in West Africa. Consequently, a decline of wild food species has a direct negative impact on the nutritional status of local households. In this study, we firstly investigated the preferred wild food species in south-east Burkina Faso, their perceived change in abundance as well as their contribution to wild food income. Secondly, we studied how these species might be substituted in times of species shortfall. Thirdly, we investigated the impact of socio-economic variables on the substitution choice. We conducted 155 household interviews in two villages and found 21 wild food species. With a contribution of almost 70% to wild food income, Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa were economically most important. All species were considered declining to some degree. The wide range of cited substitutes for the ten most important wild food species indicates a great knowledge on alternative plant species in the area. For the majority, the substitution choice did not depend on socio-economic characteristics. Cited as surrogate for several important wild food species, the native tree Balanites aegyptiaca was the most important substitute species. Many valued wild food species were substituted with other highly valued wild food species and therefore the decline of one species can lead to a shortfall of another substitute. Thus, even though our results suggest that people are able to counteract the decrease or absence of wild food species, growing decline of one species would concurrently increase the pressure on other native food species.
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Tande, Lifita N., Erik Resendiz-Mora, and Valerie Dupont. "Bioh2, Heat and Power from Palm Empty Fruit Bunch via Pyrolysis-Autothermal Reforming: Plant Simulation, Experiments, and CO2 Mitigation." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 4767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164767.
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Empty fruit bunch, a significant by-product of the palm oil industry, represents a tremendous and hitherto neglected renewable energy resource for many countries in South East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The design and simulation of a plant producing pure hydrogen through autothermal reforming (ATR) of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) was carried out based on successful laboratory experiments of the core process. The bio-oil feed to the ATR stage was represented in the experiments and in the simulation by a surrogate bio-oil mixture of 11 organic compounds shown to be main constituents of PEFB oil from previous work, and whose combined elemental composition and volatility was determined to be as close as possible to that of the real PEFB bio-oil. The experiments confirmed that H2 yields close to equilibrium predictions were achievable using an in-house synthetised Rh-Al2O3 catalyst in a packed bed reactor. Initial sensitivity analysis on the plant revealed that feed molar steam to carbon ratio should not exceed 3 for the optimal design of the ATR hydrogen production plant. An overall plant efficiency of 39.4% was obtained for the initial design, this value was improved to 67.5% by applying pinch analysis to enhance the integration of heat in the design. The proposed design renders CO2 savings of about 0.56 kg per kg of raw PEFB processed. The proposed design and accompanying experimental studies together make a strong case on the possibility of polygeneration of H2, heat, and power from an otherwise discarded agricultural waste.
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Goldstein, Daniel A., Jonathon Clark, Yifan Tu, et al. "Global differences in cancer drug prices: A comparative analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 18_suppl (2016): LBA6500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.18_suppl.lba6500.
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LBA6500 Background: Cancer drug prices are different in every country in the world, however, little is known about the magnitude of these differences. The primary objective of this study was to describe the differences in prices globally. The secondary objective was to understand ability to pay, using gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity (GDPcap), as a surrogate. Methods: We calculated monthly drug doses for 23 cancer drugs, 15 of which are available generically. We then calculated monthly drug prices from 6 countries on 5 different continents: Australia (AUS), China (CHI), India (IND), South Africa (SA), United Kingdom (UK), and United States (US). Given the lack of availability of discounted prices, we used list prices in order to make appropriate comparisons. Prices were obtained from locally and nationally recognized institutions. The monthly cost was converted to US$ at the exchange rate ruling on 19 January 2016. We obtained GDPcap data for each country from the International Monetary Fund, in order to estimate the monthly drug price as a percentage of GDPcap. Results: Results are displayed in the table. The median monthly patented drug price ranged from US$1515 (IND) to $8694 (US). The median monthly generic drug price ranged from US$120 (SA) to $654 (US). The median monthly % of GDPcap for patented drugs ranged from 71% (AUS) to 313% (IND). The median monthly % of GDPcap for generic drugs ranged from 3% (AUS) to 48% (CHI). Detailed information regarding specific drugs will be presented. Conclusions: There is a wide variation in drug prices globally. Despite lower prices in poorer countries, both generic and patented drugs appear to be less affordable in poorer countries. Price differences likely have some impact on access to care within individual countries. [Table: see text]
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Folger, Lian V., Pratik Panchal, Michelle Eglovitch, Rachel Whelan, and Anne CC Lee. "Diagnostic accuracy of neonatal foot length to identify preterm and low birthweight infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 11 (2020): e002976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002976.
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IntroductionEighty percent of neonatal deaths occur among babies born preterm and/or small for gestational age (SGA). In sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, approximately 40% of births occur outside of health facilities, and gestational age (GA) and birth weight are commonly unknown. Foot length (FL) has been proposed as a simple, surrogate measurement to identify and triage small babies born in the community. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of newborn FL to classify preterm and low birthweight infants.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, POPLINE and WHO Global Health Library databases were searched. Studies of live-born infants that compared FL with GA and/or birth weight were included. Data on diagnostic accuracy were summarised, described, and pooled, as appropriate.ResultsSix hundred and two studies were identified and 41 included. Techniques for measuring FL included use of a firm plastic ruler, callipers, footprint or a measuring board. Twelve studies assessed the diagnostic accuracy of FL to identify preterm births; however, data were not pooled given heterogeneity and low quality of GA. 19 studies used FL to identify low birthweight infants (<2500 g, <2000 g). Among studies in Asia (n=3), FL <7.7 cm had pooled sensitivity and specificity of 87.6% (95% CI 61.1% to 99.0%) and 70.9% (95% CI 23.5% to 95.1%), respectively, to identify <2500 g infants. FL <7.3 cm had 82.1% (95% CI 63.7% to 92.2%) sensitivity and 82.1% (95% CI 59.2% to 90.8%) specificity for identifying <2000 g infants (n=3). In the African studies (n=3), FL <7.9 cm had pooled sensitivity and specificity of 92.0% (95% CI 85.6% to 95.7%) and 71.9% (95% CI 44.5% to 89.1%), respectively, to identify <2500 g neonates.ConclusionsFL is a simple proxy measure that can identify babies of low birthweight with high sensitivity, though somewhat lower specificity. Additional research is needed to determine the validity of FL to identify preterm infants, and understand the programmatic impact of screening on healthcare seeking and outcomes.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015020499
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Bartels, P., J. Joubert, M. de la Rey, et al. "27BIRTH OF AFRICA'S FIRST NUCLEAR-TRANSFERRED ANIMAL PRODUCED WITH HANDMADE CLONING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab27.
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Cloning technology has the potential to stimulate the development of the animal biotechnology industry in southern Africa, as well as provide conservationists with an additional tool to possibly assist with conserving critically endangered wildlife species sometime in the future. The aim of this study was to determine whether cloning could produce blastocysts and possibly live progeny in a field-type laboratory without micromanipulators and CO2 incubator. Approx. 1×1-cm ear skin notches were surgically removed from a physically immobilized 9-year-old Holstein cow, a former South African milk production record holder. The tissues were placed into physiological saline and transported to the laboratory at 4°C within 2h, cleaned with chlorohexidine gluconate and sliced finely in Minimal Essential Medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. The resultant tissue explants were treated as previously described (Bartels et al., 2003 Theriogenology 59, 387) and actively growing fibroblast cultures were made available for the nuclear transfer process. Bovine oocytes from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries were collected and matured for 21h in modified TCM-199 medium supplemented with 15% cattle serum, 10IUmL−1 eCG and 15IUmL−1 hCG. Nuclear transfer was performed using the HMC technique (Vajta et al., 2003 Biol. Reprod. 68, 571–578). At 21h after the start of maturation, cumulus cells and zonae pellucidae were removed and oocytes were randomly bisected by hand. Cytoplasts were selected using Hoechst staining and a fluorescent microscope. After a two-step fusion, reconstructed embryos were activated with calcium ionophore and dimethylaminopurine. Culture was performed in SOFaaci medium supplemented with 5% cattle serum using WOWs (Vajta et al., Mol. Reprod. Dev. 50, 185–191). All incubations including culture of donor cells were performed in the submarine incubator system (SIS; Vajta et al., 1997 Theriogenology 48, 1379–1385). In two consecutive experiments, 6 blastocysts were produced from 52 reconstructed embryos. On Day 7, 5 blastocysts were selected for transfer into 3 previously synchronized recipients. All three recipients became pregnant, but two of the recipients aborted at six and seven months, respectively. Post-mortem examination on the first aborted fetus did not reveal any identifiable etiology, but coincided with 6 abortions from natural pregnancies during a heat wave, while the organism Brucella abortis was isolated from the second aborted fetus. The third pregnancy went to term, and a healthy calf, weighing 27kg, was delivered by Caesarean section. The three-month-old calf is being raised by a surrogate Jersey cow under standard dairy conditions and is expected to join the dairy in eighteen months’ time. The birth of ‘Futhi’, meaning ‘replicate’ in Zulu, is Africa’s first cloned animal and signifies an important milestone in the development of animal biotechnology in Africa.
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"Sex Roles and Stereotyping: Experiences of Motherhood in South Africa." Agenda, no. 69 (January 1, 2006): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4066819.
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Anakpo, Godfred, and Umakrishnan Kollamparambil. "Teen motherhood and women’s later life outcomes: evidence from South Africa." African Population Studies 33, no. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.11564/33-1-1379.
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Roberts, Kathryn J., Colette Smith, Lucie Cluver, et al. "Adolescent Motherhood and HIV in South Africa: Examining Prevalence of Common Mental Disorder." AIDS and Behavior, September 27, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03474-8.
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AbstractThe mental health of adolescents (10–19 years) remains an overlooked global health issue, particularly within the context of syndemic conditions such as HIV and pregnancy. Rates of pregnancy and HIV among adolescents within South Africa are some of the highest in the world. Experiencing pregnancy and living with HIV during adolescence have both been found to be associated with poor mental health within separate explorations. Yet, examinations of mental health among adolescents living with HIV who have experienced pregnancy/parenthood remain absent from the literature. As such, there exists no evidence-based policy or programming relating to mental health for this group. These analyses aim to identify the prevalence of probable common mental disorder among adolescent mothers and, among adolescents experiencing the syndemic of motherhood and HIV. Analyses utilise data from interviews undertaken with 723 female adolescents drawn from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of adolescents living with HIV (n = 1059) and a comparison group of adolescents without HIV (n = 467) undertaken within the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Detailed study questionnaires included validated and study specific measures relating to HIV, adolescent motherhood, and mental health. Four self-reported measures of mental health (depressive, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and suicidality symptomology) were used to explore the concept of likely common mental disorder and mental health comorbidities (experiencing two or more common mental disorders concurrently). Chi-square tests (Fisher’s exact test, where appropriate) and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to assess differences in sample characteristics (inclusive of mental health status) according to HIV status and motherhood status. Logistic regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional associations between combined motherhood and HIV status and, likely common mental disorder/mental health comorbidities. 70.5% of participants were living with HIV and 15.2% were mothers. 8.4% were mothers living with HIV. A tenth (10.9%) of the sample were classified as reporting a probable common mental disorder and 2.8% as experiencing likely mental health comorbidities. Three core findings emerge: (1) poor mental health was elevated among adolescent mothers compared to never pregnant adolescents (measures of likely common mental disorder, mental health comorbidities, depressive, anxiety and suicidality symptoms), (2) prevalence of probable common mental disorder was highest among mothers living with HIV (23.0%) compared to other groups (Range:8.5–12.8%; Χ2 = 12.54, p = 0.006) and, (3) prevalence of probable mental health comorbidities was higher among mothers, regardless of HIV status (HIV & motherhood = 8.2%, No HIV & motherhood = 8.2%, Χ2 = 14.5, p = 0.002). Results identify higher mental health burden among adolescent mothers compared to never-pregnant adolescents, an increased prevalence of mental health burden among adolescent mothers living with HIV compared to other groups, and an elevated prevalence of mental health comorbidities among adolescent mothers irrespective of HIV status. These findings address a critical evidence gap, highlighting the commonality of mental health burden within the context of adolescent motherhood and HIV within South Africa as well as the urgent need for support and further research to ensure effective evidence-based programming is made available for this group. Existing antenatal, postnatal, and HIV care may provide an opportunity for mental health screening, monitoring, and referral.
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Distiller, Natasha. "Am I That Name? Middle-class lesbian motherhood in post-apartheid South Africa." Studies in the Maternal 3, no. 1 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.16995/sim.72.
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Pitso, T., and J. G. Kheswa. "The Vicious Cycle of Teenage Motherhood: A case study in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, July 1, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n10p536.
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