Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surrogates of biodiversity

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Academic literature on the topic 'Surrogates of biodiversity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Surrogates of biodiversity"

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Carmel, Yohay, and Liron Stoller-Cavari. "Comparing Environmental and Biological Surrogates for Biodiversity at a Local Scale." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 52, no. 1 (April 12, 2006): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.52.1.11.

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A recent debate concerns the relative merit of the two major types of surrogates for biodiversity, biological surrogates and environmental surrogates. Evidence, in the form of direct comparison of these two surrogate types, is scarce. We conducted a direct comparison of the performance of a series of biological and environmental surrogates, at a local scale (300 km2), which is often the relevant scale for land planning and management. Performance was referred to as the degree of surrogate congruence with a spatial pattern of diversity of woody species, of geophytes, and of land snails. "Environmental domains", surrogates based on numerical classification of environmental variables (topography, soil, and vegetation cover), outperformed other environmental surrogates (qualitatively delineated vegetation units and physiographic land types). The environmental domains surrogates were robust to subjective decisions on a number of classes and on input variables that drove the classification. The best biological surrogate was the woody species diversity pattern, with performance similar to that of the environmental domains. Our results support the notion that environmental domains may be reliable and cost-effective surrogates for biodiversity at small scales, particularly in data-poor regions.
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Harris, Peter T., Andrew D. Heap, Tara J. Anderson, and Brendan Brooke. "Comment on: Williams et al. (2009) “Australia's deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity”. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 214–224." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 10 (August 21, 2009): 2082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp207.

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Abstract Harris, P. T., Heap, A. D., Anderson, T. J., and Brooke, B. 2009. Comment on: Williams et al. (2009) “Australia's deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity”. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 214–224. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2082–2085. Williams et al. (2009) report on new multibeam sonar bathymetry and underwater video data collected from submarine canyons and seamounts on Australia's southeast continental margin to “investigate the degree to which geomorphic features act as surrogates for benthic megafaunal biodiversity” (p. 214). The authors describe what they view as deficiencies in the design of the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the southeast region of Australia, in which geomorphology information was employed as a surrogate to infer regional-scale patterns of benthic biodiversity. This comment is designed to support and underscore the importance of evaluating MPA designs and the validity of using abiotic surrogates such as geomorphology to infer biodiversity patterns, and also seeks to clarify some of the discrepancies in geomorphic terminologies and approaches used between the original study and the Williams et al. (2009) evaluation. It is our opinion that the MPA design criteria used by the Australian Government are incorrectly reported by Williams et al. (2009). In particular, we emphasize the necessity for consistent terminology and approaches when undertaking comparative analyses of geomorphic features. We show that the MPA selection criteria used by the Australian Government addressed the issues of false homogeneity described by Williams et al. (2009), but that final placement of MPAs was based on additional stakeholder considerations. Finally, we argue that although the Williams et al. (2009) study provides valuable information on biological distributions within seamounts and canyons, the hypothesis that geomorphic features (particularly seamounts and submarine canyons) are surrogates for benthic biodiversity is not tested explicitly by their study.
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Trevelin, Leonardo C., Markus Gastauer, Xavier Prous, Gilberto Nicácio, Robson Zampaulo, Iuri Brandi, Guilherme Oliveira, José O. Siqueira, and Rodolfo Jaffé. "Biodiversity surrogates in Amazonian iron cave ecosystems." Ecological Indicators 101 (June 2019): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.086.

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Geue, Julia C., Paula J. Rotter, Caspar Gross, Zoltán Benkő, István Kovács, Ciprian Fântână, Judit Veres-Szászka, et al. "Limited reciprocal surrogacy of bird and habitat diversity and inconsistencies in their representation in Romanian protected areas." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): e0251950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251950.

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Because it is impossible to comprehensively characterize biodiversity at all levels of organization, conservation prioritization efforts need to rely on surrogates. As species distribution maps of relished groups as well as high-resolution remotely sensed data increasingly become available, both types of surrogates are commonly used. A good surrogate should represent as much of biodiversity as possible, but it often remains unclear to what extent this is the case. Here, we aimed to address this question by assessing how well bird species and habitat diversity represent one another. We conducted our study in Romania, a species-rich country with high landscape heterogeneity where bird species distribution data have only recently started to become available. First, we prioritized areas for conservation based on either 137 breeding bird species or 36 habitat classes, and then evaluated their reciprocal surrogacy performance. Second, we examined how well these features are represented in already existing protected areas. Finally, we identified target regions of high conservation value for the potential expansion of the current network of reserves (as planned under the new EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030). We found a limited reciprocal surrogacy performance, with bird species performing slightly better as a conservation surrogate for habitat diversity than vice versa. We could also show that areas with a high conservation value based on habitat diversity were represented better in already existing protected areas than areas based on bird species, which varied considerably between species. Our results highlight that taxonomic and environmental (i.e., habitat types) data may perform rather poorly as reciprocal surrogates, and multiple sources of data are required for a full evaluation of protected areas expansion.
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Jackson, Susan E., and Carolyn J. Lundquist. "Limitations of biophysical habitats as biodiversity surrogates in the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (2016): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15050.

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The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park (HGMP) is recognised for its diverse natural environment and associated biodiversity, as well as the extensive social, cultural and economic values derived therein. Here, we evaluate the current level of biodiversity protection provided by existing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the HGMP. We use abiotic datasets to develop a habitat classification system to identify the suite of biophysical habitats found in the Marine Park, and their relative protection within existing MPAs (both no-take marine reserves and Cable Protection Zones). Our analysis demonstrated that half of the biophysical habitats identified in the HGMP are not currently afforded protection within MPAs, and that biophysical classifications poorly differentiate across subtidal, soft-sediment habitats using available data layers. We then evaluated representation of these environmental surrogates within a biodiversity prioritisation analysis based on distribution models for demersal fish species. Biophysical habitat surrogates showed poor representation across habitats within highest-priority areas based on prioritisations of demersal fish biodiversity. This suggests the need for further development of biophysical habitat surrogates that are more strongly correlated with biodiversity, if they are to be used to inform biodiversity protection in the HGMP.
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Kent, Rafi, and Yohay Carmel. "Evaluation of five clustering algorithms for biodiversity surrogates." Ecological Indicators 11, no. 3 (May 2011): 896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.12.005.

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Williams, Alan, Nicholas J. Bax, Rudy J. Kloser, Franziska Althaus, Bruce Barker, and Gordon Keith. "Australia’s deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 1 (December 3, 2008): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn189.

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Abstract Williams, A., Bax, N. J., Kloser, R. J., Althaus, F., Barker, B., and Keith G. 2009. Australia’s deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 214–224. Australia’s southeast network of deep-water marine reserves, declared in July 2007, was designed using a hierarchy that represented the distribution of marine biodiversity as a nested set of bioregions. In this hierarchy, geomorphic units, individual or aggregations of seabed geomorphic features, are the finest scale used in the design process. We evaluated the interaction between two hierarchical levels (depth and geomorphic features), using video survey data on seamounts and submarine canyons. False within-class homogeneity indicated that depth, size, complexity, configuration, and anthropogenic impact need to be added as modifiers to allow geomorphic features to act as surrogates for biodiversity distribution. A consequence of using unmodified geomorphic surrogates, and of not correctly nesting geomorphic features within depth, is the diminished recognition of the importance and comparative rarity of megafaunal biodiversity of the continental margin (<1500-m depths). We call this area the zone of importance, because it is where targeted marine impacts coincide with the greatest megafaunal biodiversity. Refining the geomorphic classification is desirable for future biodiversity characterization, but an alternative approach is to define patterns in biodiversity and abiotic variables jointly, and to utilize finer scale information and provide a classification that preserves the maximum information of both datasets.
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P. Faith, Daniel, C. R. Margules, P. A. Walker, J. Stein, and G. Natera. "Practical application of biodiversity surrogates and percentage targets for conservation in Papua New Guinea." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 4 (2000): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010289.

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A conservation planning study in Papua New Guinea (PNG) addresses the role of biodiversity surrogates and biodiversity targets, in the context of the trade-offs required for planning given real-world costs and constraints. In a trade-ofts framework, surrogates must be judged in terms of their success in predicting general biodiversity complementarity values ? the amount of additional biodiversity an area can contribute to a protected set. Wrong predictions of low complementarity (and consequent allocation of non-protective land uses) may be more worrisome than wrong predictions of high complementarity (and consequent allocation of protection, perhaps unnecessarily forgoing other land uses benefiting society). Trade-ofts and targets work well when predictions of complementarity are based on surrogate information that is expressed as a continuum of variation. The PNG study used hierarchical variation for environmental domains and vegetation types, and a nominated target then dictated the level within those hierarchies that was used. Internationally-promoted targets provide a potential basis for comparative evaluation of biodiversity protection levels among countries or regions. However, conventional application of percentage targets, in focusing on proportions of total area or on proportions of habitat types, does not serve the goal of biodiversity protection or sustainability well because targets can be miss-used to restrict the amount of biodiversity protected. At the same time, recent complaints about percentage targets are equally misguided in claiming, based on species-area curves, that 10% targets imply 50% extinctions. We apply a new approach to percentage targets in PNG, in which the maximum diversity that could be protected by an unconstrained 10% of the total area of the country becomes the working biodiversity target. Reaching that same biodiversity target may then require more than 10% of the area, because of constraints (e.g., existing reserves) and costs. In the baseline analysis for PNG, we found that hierarchical variation at the level of 564 vegetation types, combined with the 608 environmental domains, could be protected in an unconstrained 10% of the country. This process of determining a biodiversity target also revealed some "must-have" areas for any future conservation plan. Sur.h must-have areas were also identified for a 15%-based target. The satisfaction of the 10%-based target in practice required 16.8% of PNG (Faith et al. 2001a). This low-cost proposed protected set corresponded to greater net benefits relative to our application of two conventional targets approaches.
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Albuquerque, Fabio, and Yaiyr Astudillo-Scalia. "The role of rarity as a surrogate of marine fish species representation." PeerJ 8 (February 10, 2020): e8373. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8373.

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Because the distribution of most of the species is poorly known, conservationists use surrogates to help maximize the representation level of all species. Historically, species richness has been used to calculate the importance of priority areas for conservation, but several studies revealed sites with high species richness often fail to determine the smallest number of sites that will protect the highest number of species. Rarity, however, has played a prominent role in safeguarding planning units. While the performance of rarity has been previously assessed in terrestrial systems, we tested the hypothesis that rarity of a site can be used as a measure of the importance of a site to a conservation network in marine ecosystems. We used the presence data (at a 1-degree resolution) to calculate five rarity indices of fish diversity at a global extent and compared the results to those obtained by using species richness and site complementarity. Our objectives were to: (1) determine if rarity indices can be used as surrogates of fish biodiversity by representing the highest number of species in the smallest number of sites; and (2) determine if the effectiveness of these indices to represent fish biodiversity is impacted by the metric used to define rarity. Results indicate that rarity could be an effective surrogate for marine fishes, as most results showed a mean of 100% effectiveness. In the context of marine biodiversity conservation, results show that rarity indices could be considered affordable and feasible surrogates of species representation, with the most significant benefit to those areas of the world that are in most need to access alternative tools. Results also open a new area of collaboration between biogeography and marine conservation biology since planners can use biogeographical patterns of rarity to enhance the performance of the current protected area network.
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Oliver, Ian, Andrew Holmes, J. Mark Dangerfield, Michael Gillings, Anthony J. Pik, David R. Britton, Marita Holley, et al. "LAND SYSTEMS AS SURROGATES FOR BIODIVERSITY IN CONSERVATION PLANNING." Ecological Applications 14, no. 2 (April 2004): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-5181.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surrogates of biodiversity"

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Ibarra, Eliessetch José Tomás. "Andean temperate forest owls : detectability, habitat relationships and reliability as biodiversity surrogates." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51520.

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South American temperate forests are globally exceptional for their high concentration of endemic species. These ecosystems are one of the most endangered biomes on Earth because nearly 60% of forests have been lost. Current knowledge of most Neotropical forest owls is limited. I examined (i) detectability, (ii) occurrence and habitat-resource utilization across spatial scales, and (iii) surrogacy reliability of the threatened habitat-specialist rufous-legged owls (Strix rufipes) and habitat-generalist austral pygmy-owls (Glaucidium nana) in southern Chile. During 2011-2013, I conducted 1,145 owl broadcast surveys, and established 505 vegetation plots and 505 avian point-transects across 101 sites comprising a range of conditions from highly degraded habitat to structurally complex old-growth forest stands. I recorded 292 detections of S. rufipes and 334 detections of G. nana. Detectability for both owls increased with greater moonlight and decreased with environmental noise, and for G. nana greater wind speed decreased detectability. Detection of either species was positively correlated with the detection of the other species. For S. rufipes, occurrence probability ranged from 0.05-1 across sites, and was positively associated with bamboo density and the variability in diameter at breast height of trees (multi-aged forests). For G. nana, occurrence ranged from 0.67-0.98, but the parameter estimates for covariates overlapped zero, meaning they occurred across the full range of habitat conditions. Relative to G. nana, S. rufipes had lower total resource utilization, but achieved similar peak occurrence for resources related to stand-level forest complexity and forest homogeneity at the landscape scale. I found that S. rufipes were reliable surrogates for avian species richness, endemism and measures of functional biodiversity (e.g. large-tree users, understorey users, degree of community specialization). Strix rufipes and specialist avian species and guilds aggregated at the relatively stable, least degraded, sites. This “specialist aggregation” was driven by forest-stand structural complexity. Forest management practices that maintain multi-aged stands with large trees and high bamboo cover will benefit both owls, and will be linked to a higher density of vulnerable endemic species, specialized wildlife communities and, likely, ecosystem stability in temperate forests.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Payet, Karine. "The effect of spatial scale on the use of biodiversity surrogates and socio-economic criteria in systematic conservation assessments." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/944.

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Tucker, David Ian. "The assessment of ecological condition in south-east Queensland, Australia: An evaluation of reliability across variable environments and surrogate efficacy for biodiversity values." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/94285/1/David_Tucker_Thesis.pdf.

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Multimetric ecological condition assessment has become an important biodiversity management tool. This study was the first to examine the reliability of these ecological surrogates across variable environments, and the implications for surrogate efficacy. It was demonstrated that through strategic application and design of the multimetric ecological condition index, the effects of environmental gradients and disturbance regimes can be mitigated, and that ecological condition assessment may serve as a scientifically rigorous approach for conservation planning.
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Solomon, Mariaan. "The relative performance of surrogate measures for viable populations." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12062006-130505/.

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Andréen, Sigrid. "The development of landscape structures affecting biodiversity in the Hanveden and Tyresta green wedges." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120849.

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The green wedges of Stockholm are meant to support a high level of biodiversity as well as cultural and recreational services but evaluating the spatial development of the wedges is difficult because their delineation has changed since they were first used in a regional development plan. This study examines a part of the Hanveden and Tyresta wedges in southern Stockholm, with the goal to use robust ecological theory to evaluate the development of the wedges from 1992 until today with focus on conserving a high level of biodiversity. Using an already existing GIS-based method of identifying connectivity weaknesses in the wedges, more weaknesses were found in 2010 than in 1992 although the total area of the wedges had only declined 3.3%. The shape of the wedges had also changed, with more narrow parts in 2010 than in 1992. To more effectively compare the development of factors in the landscape that are relevant for biodiversity, this study proposes a new method using the common shrew and hazel grouse as surrogate species. The total area loss for the common shrew was 2.96% from 1991 to 2013 and 2.23% for the hazel grouse. Fragmentation increased for both species. A large part of the greenspaces relevant to the surrogate species are covered by the green wedges, meaning that important cultural and recreational values identified by the county council are also present in areas relevant to the surrogate species. Using surrogate species to delineate and monitor the green wedges could enhance the cultural and recreational qualities of the wedges, emphasize the need for connectivity planning, identify ecologically important parts of the greenspaces as well as provide a tool for following up the development of the urban greenspaces of Stockholm. However, formulating goals relevant to biodiversity is important to fully evaluate development and municipal cooperation is needed.
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Ilmonen, J. (Jari). "Benthic macroinvertebrate and bryophyte assemblages in boreal springs: diversity, spatial patterns and conservation." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514290633.

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Abstract In this thesis, I studied the patterns in the assemblage composition as well as the biogeography and ecology of spring macroinvertebrates and bryophytes in Finland. My main objectives were to assess the importance environmental variables to macroinvertebrate and bryophyte assemblage composition in springs at the level of multiple spatial scales. In addition, I assessed the importance of springs in the boreal mire landscape, and sought the ecological and environmental determinants of a key species in boreal springs. In a large-scale study, I also examined the concordance between macroinvertebrates and bryophytes across boreal ecoregions, and assessed how macroinvertebrate assemblage variation corresponds to terrestrially-based ecoregions. Locally, spring macroinvertebrate assemblage structure displays high variation between different kinds of mesohabitats within springs, highlighting the importance of careful sampling of all habitat types in spring surveys. Helocrenes and other aquatic-terrestrial ecotone habitats harbour the highest species diversity and most spring-dependent species among spring habitat types. Further, spring-influenced mire patches were shown to have distinct cranefly assemblages in the mire landscape and to harbour higher cranefly diversity than mire types with lower trophic status, emphasising the importance of springs for mire biodiversity. Regionally, a red-listed spring-dependent caddisfly species appeared to be a surrogate for a high spring conservation value, indicating high overall species diversity and the occurrence of additional red-listed species. On a large geographical scale, intersecting the boreal ecoregions, a pattern of gradual change of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage composition from south to north was detected, largely corresponding to terrestrially-derived ecoregions. However, the physical attributes of springs also need to be taken into account in bioassessment studies. Macroinvertebrate assemblage variation also correlated with physical habitat-scale variables, but not with changes in water chemistry. In contrast, spring bryophyte assemblages showed a distinct response to variation in water chemistry, but not to variation in physical habitat characteristics. Bryophytes and insect assemblages were concordant with each other on the large geographical scale, although the concordance was rather weak. Because of their different kind of responses to the physical and chemical variables, insects and bryophytes of springs are poor surrogates for each other in boreal springs.
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Öster, Mathias. "Biological diversity values in semi-natural grasslands : indicators, landscape context and restoration." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Botany, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1352.

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Semi-natural grasslands, which are a declining and fragmented habitat in Europe, contain a high biodiversity, and are therefore of interest to conservation. This thesis examines how plant diversity is influenced by the landscape context, and how plant and fungal diversity can be targeted by practical conservation using indicator species and congruence between species groups. Reproduction and recruitment of the dioecious herb Antennaria dioica was also investigated, providing a case study on how fragmentation and habitat degradation may affect grassland plants.

Grassland size and heterogeneity were of greater importance for plant diversity in semi-natural grassland, than present or historical connectivity to other grasslands, or landscape characteristics. Larger grasslands were more heterogeneous than smaller grasslands, being the likely reason for the species-area relationship.

A detailed study on A. dioica discovered that sexual reproduction and recruitment may be hampered due to skewed sex-ratios. Sex-ratios were more skewed in small populations, suggesting that dioecious plants are likely to be particularly sensitive to reduced grassland size and fragmentation.

A study on indicators of plant species richness, used in a recent survey of remaining semi-natural grasslands in Sweden, revealed several problems. A high percentage of all indicator species were missed by the survey, removing an otherwise significant correlation between indicator species and plant species richness. Also, a null model showed that the chosen indicator species did not perform significantly better than species chosen at random from the available species pool, questioning the selection of the indicators in the survey. Diversity patterns of the threatened fungal genus Hygrocybe were not congruent with plant species richness or composition. Plants are thus a poor surrogate group for Hygrocybe fungi, and probably also for other grassland fungi. Implications from this thesis are that conservation of semi-natural grasslands should target several species groups, and that an appropriate scale for plant conservation may be local rather than regional.

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Kaya, Ozdemirel Banu. "Protected Area Site Selection Based On Abiotic Data: How Reliable Is It?" Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613060/index.pdf.

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Protected area site selection is generally carried out using biodiversity data as surrogates. However, reliable and complete biodiversity data is rarely available due to limited resources, time and equipment. Instead of drawing on inadequate biodiversity data, an alternative is to use environmental diversity (ED) as a surrogate in conservation planning. However, there are few studies that use environmental diversity for site selection or that evaluates its efficiency
unfortunately, no such example exists for Turkey, where biodiversity is high but our knowledge about it is unsatisfactory. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of environmental surrogates and the utility of different biological taxa in conservation planning. The objective was to find out the most efficient surrogates, either environmental or biological, for conservation planning, so that limited resources can be used more efficiently to establish an effective protected areas network. The study was carried out in northeastern Turkey, within the Lesser Caucasus ecoregion. The taxonomic groups considered include large mammals, breeding birds, globally threatened reptiles and amphibians, butterflies, highly threatened plants, and ecological communities. The distribution data was taken from a previous study, while climate and topographical data were obtained from various sources and produced through spatio-statistical techniques. Complementarity-based site selection was carried out with Marxan software, where the planning unit was the 100 sq.km. UTM grid square. Various statistical methods, including geographically weighted regression, principal components analysis, and p-median algorithm, were used to determine ED across the units. Performance of different approaches and different sets of surrogates were tested by comparing them to a random null model as well as representation success. Results indicate that endemic or non-endemic highly threatened plant species, butterfly species and ecological communities represent biodiversity better than other taxa in the study area. As such, they can be used on their own as efficient biodiversity surrogates in conservation area planning. Another finding is that highly threatened plant species are required to be used in the site selection process if they need to be represented well
in other words, they are their own surrogates. It was demonstrated that while ED alone can be used as a surrogate to represent biodiversity of an area, they are not as good as biodiversity surrogates themselves. It is also suggested that using species taxa with smaller distributional ranges or taxa that complement each other due to ecological differences as surrogates provide better results. On the other hand, ED might be a more suitable surrogate if resources are very limited or field work is impossible. In such cases, using ED in conjunction with one of the better biodiversity surrogates is probably the best solution.
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"Evaluating the Use of Surrogates of Marine Mammal Species Representation in Biodiversity Conservation Planning." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53746.

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abstract: Biodiversity is required to guarantee proper ecosystem structure and function. However, increasing anthropogenic threats are causing biodiversity loss around the world at an unprecedented rate, in what has been deemed the sixth mass extinction. To counteract this crisis, conservationists seek to improve the methods used in the design and implementation of protected areas, which help mitigate the impacts of human activities on species. Marine mammals are ecosystem engineers and important indicator species of ocean and human wellbeing. They are also disproportionally less known and more threatened than terrestrial mammals. Therefore, surrogates of biodiversity must be used to maximize their representation in conservation planning. Some of the most effective surrogates of biodiversity known have only been tested in terrestrial systems. Here I test complementarity, rarity, and environmental diversity as potential surrogates of marine mammal representation at the global scale, and compare their performance against species richness, which is the most popular surrogate used to date. I also present the first map of marine mammal complementarity, and assess its relationship with environmental variables to determine if environmental factors could also be used as surrogates. Lastly, I determine the global complementarity-based hotspots of marine mammal biodiversity, and compare their distributions against current marine protected area coverage and exposure to global indices of human threats, to elucidate the effectiveness of current conservation efforts. Results show that complementarity, rarity, and environmental diversity are all efficient surrogates, as they outcompete species richness in maximizing marine mammal species representation when solving the minimum-set coverage problem. Results also show that sea surface temperature, density, and bathymetry are the top environmental variables most associated with complementarity of marine mammals. Finally, gap analyses show that marine mammals are overall poorly protected, yet moderately exposed to hotspots of cumulative human impacts. The wide distribution of marine mammals justify global studies like the ones here presented, to determine the best strategy for their protection. Overall, my findings show that less popular surrogates of biodiversity are more effective for marine mammals and should be considered in their management, and that the expansion of protected areas in their most important habitats should be prioritized.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2019
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Yong, Ding Li. "Assessing biodiversity in farming landscapes: a cross-taxonomic approach to conservation planning." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/135763.

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Surrogates of biodiversity are necessary tools for guiding the effective conservation of biodiversity. One of the best known approaches to assessing biodiversity is cross-taxonomic surrogacy, which is underpinned by the hypothesis that selected taxa (i.e. the surrogate) can provide useful and commensurate information on other components of biodiversity (i.e. the target). In this thesis, I examined the effectiveness of cross-taxonomic surrogacy by assessing cross-taxonomic patterns of congruence among ecologically important vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, and with respect to time and different landscape contexts. Using a long-term dataset, I first assessed patterns of cross-taxonomic congruence between three vertebrate groups over a 15-year period. My analyses revealed that patterns of cross-taxonomic congruency were inconsistent over time, varied among the taxa compared, and across different landscape contexts. Bird and mammal diversity were weakly concordant, but strengthened with time. However, there was little association between either birds or mammals, and reptiles. My findings suggested that cross-taxonomic surrogacy has limited effectiveness in heavily disturbed landscapes such as Nanangroe where ecological communities are expected to exhibit high temporal variation. Second, I examined the responses of two ecologically important insect groups (wild bees, beetles) to landscape context. Here, I found that species richness of bee assemblages showed no clear responses to different landscape contexts, unlike beetle assemblages. These patterns persisted even when both insect assemblage was partitioned into functionally-defined groups. Further analyses showed that both groups were responding to different landscape and vegetation components. My findings here demonstrated that wild bee diversity is weakly congruent with beetle diversity, and that surrogacy relationships between even charismatic insects should not be assumed without rigorous testing. Third, I examined how sets of woodland patches prioritised to best conserve each surrogate group (bird, herpetofauna, bee, beetle, tree) represented the other four groups using a complementarity-based approach. Thereafter, I compared these findings with correlation-based analysis to determine patterns of cross-taxonomic congruence. I found that patch sets selected to optimise representation of the surrogate varied in how it incidentally represented other taxa. Beetles achieved the highest incidental representation of other taxa while bees and trees performed the worst. Yet, beetles were the most costly taxa to conserve given the large number of patches needed to meet beetle targets, an ecological consequence of the high diversity and compositional turnover of beetle assemblages. My findings show that species diversity of any taxa should be a pertinent consideration in identifying cross-taxonomic surrogates to prioritise sites for biodiversity conservation. Fourth, I performed a meta-analytical review of the global surrogate literature to assess the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on cross-taxonomic surrogacy in terrestrial systems. Drawing from a dataset compiled from 146 studies, my analyses revealed that anthropogenic disturbance plays an important role in shaping patterns of cross-taxonomic congruence, especially at landscape and regional scales. Spatial scale was an important predictor of cross-taxonomic patterns, but only at very large scales. In conclusion, my findings caution against extrapolating cross-taxonomic surrogates across landscapes subjected to different levels of disturbance and spatial scales to assess biodiversity. Focusing on ubiquitous, human-modified landscapes, my work underscores a number of practical and theoretical issues concerning the use of cross-taxonomic surrogacy. By collectively or individually examining the roles of time, landscape context and habitat structure with respect to diverse groups of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, my thesis makes explicit the need to consider important ecological processes that can better guide the use of biodiversity surrogates in conservation.
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Books on the topic "Surrogates of biodiversity"

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Lindenmayer, David, Philip Barton, and Jennifer Pierson. Indicators and surrogates of biodiversity and environmental change. Clayton, Vic: CSIRO Publishing, 2015.

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Lindenmayer, David, Philip Barton, and Jennifer Pierson, eds. Indicators and Surrogates of Biodiversity and Environmental Change. CSIRO Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486304103.

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Ecological indicators and surrogates are used widely by resource managers to monitor and understand complex biota and ecosystem processes. Their potential to guide complex resource management has meant they have been proposed for use in all ecosystems worldwide. Despite extensive research into indicators and surrogates, there remains much controversy about their use, in addition to major issues and knowledge gaps associated with their identification, testing and application. Indicators and Surrogates of Biodiversity and Environmental Change provides insights into the use of indicators and surrogates in natural resource management and conservation – where to use them, where not to use them, and how to use them. Using an ecological approach, the chapters explore the development, application and efficacy of indicators and surrogates in terrestrial, aquatic, marine and atmospheric environments. The authors identify current gaps in knowledge and articulate the future directions for research needed to close those gaps. This book is written by the world’s leading thinkers in the area of indicators and surrogates. It is the first major synthesis of learnings about indicators and surrogates and will be a critical resource for the vast number of people developing and applying them in ecosystems around the world. It will be an essential resource for scientists, policy makers and students with interests in surrogates and indicators.
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Lindenmayer, David, Philip Barton, and Jennifer Pierson. Indicators and Surrogates of Biodiversity and Environmental Change. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surrogates of biodiversity"

1

York, Alan. "Ecologically sustainable management: the utility of habitat surrogates for assessing terrestrial invertebrate diversity in temperate forests." In The Other 99%: The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates, 34–39. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1999.007.

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Berndt, Lisa A., Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, and Hervé Jactel. "Relevance of exotic pine plantations as a surrogate habitat for ground beetles (Carabidae) where native forest is rare." In Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, 247–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2807-5_13.

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Yamaura, Yuichi, Motoki Higa, Masayuki Senzaki, and Itsuro Koizumi. "Can Charismatic Megafauna Be Surrogate Species for Biodiversity Conservation? Mechanisms and a Test Using Citizen Data and a Hierarchical Community Model." In Biodiversity Conservation Using Umbrella Species, 151–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7203-1_11.

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Kietzka, Gabriella J., Charl Deacon, and Michael A. Patten. "Odonata as surrogates of biodiversity." In Dragonflies and Damselflies, 359–70. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898623.003.0025.

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Abstract Biodiversity surrogacy has become an essential component of conservation management, especially given the current global biodiversity crisis. Successful surrogates of biodiversity allow for rapid, cost-effective surveys and can signal early warnings of potential threats. Proposed surrogates should be well-known taxonomically and represent the diversity of other taxa that occur in the same ecosystem, much like Odonata, which are renowned for their use as biodiversity surrogates. This chapter discusses the history and terminology of surrogacy, a long-standing controversy, which dates back to the 1960s. We review some of the available literature, discuss methods for surrogate selection, and highlight the characteristics of dragonflies that make them successful biodiversity surrogates. Adults, nymphs, and exuviae of dragonflies can all be used as biodiversity surrogates, and each life stage has several advantages and disadvantages associated with their application. However, conservation measures that combine information from all three life stages have been found the most effective. Subsets of local dragonfly assemblages, in some cases even single rare and threatened species, have represented whole dragonfly assemblages. Using dragonflies as surrogates for other taxa has found mixed success dependent on scale and other factors. Lastly, the issue of standardization is brought to light by investigating confounding factors for using dragonflies as biodiversity surrogates and we recommend future research considerations for the way forward.
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Corlett, Richard T. "Conservation in the Anthropocene." In The Ecology of Tropical East Asia, 213–62. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817017.003.0008.

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This chapter considers options for conserving the biodiversity of Tropical East Asia in the face of the pervasive threats described in previous chapters. Sources of funding are first considered, including domestic governments, foreign aid, non-governmental organizations, businesses, payments for ecosystem services, REDD+, biodiversity offsets, tourism, and eco-certification. The next section discusses the use of surrogates in conservation planning, methods of prioritizing species, and various approaches to prioritizing areas and ecosystems. The establishment of new protected areas is dealt with along with alternative models for protection. This is followed by the options for reducing unsustainable exploitation of timber, wildlife, and other forest products, controlling fires, managing invasive species, and minimizing the magnitude and impacts of climate change. The potential for restoring forests and reintroducing species is then discussed. The chapter ends with sections on education and related issues, and a discussion of possible ways forward for biodiversity conservation in Tropical East Asia.
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Althaus, Franziska, Alan Williams, Rudy J. Kloser, Jan Seiler, and Nicholas J. Bax. "Evaluating Geomorphic Features as Surrogates for Benthic Biodiversity on Australia’s Western Continental Margin." In Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat, 665–79. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385140-6.00048-7.

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Jones, Barbara K. "The Question of Charisma." In Wild Capital, 68–100. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401049.003.0004.

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Charismatic fauna can play a critical role in how we navigate the challenges of natural resource preservation and conservation. Their highly relatable appeal makes them ideal candidates for conservation campaigns, branding, and marketing, while their easy identification is valuable for ecotourist experiences. The revenue generated from both ecotourism and conservation campaigns (donations indicate a willingness to pay) can help assign a recognized value to our natural world and all its natural capital, making conservation rather than development our economic choice. For many people, the plight of highly recognizable charismatic species embodies the biodiversity crisis, as relying on their appealing faces as proxies for habitat protection makes sense. Their presence has the potential to generate ecotourist dollars that can be used to preserve and protect ecosystems and habitats beyond their own terrains, creating an umbrella effect. The benefit of utilizing charismatic fauna as surrogates for larger ecological issues is how effectively these animals can be used to protect the landscapes and biodiversity of entire ecosystems.
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"Can Higher Taxonomic Hierarchy Units be Effective Surrogates of Plant Hotspots and Conservation Areas? A Test on Endemic Plants in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot." In Biodiversity and Biogeographic Patterns in Asia-Pacific Region I: Statistical Methods and Case Studies, edited by Youhua Chen, 133–41. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681080154115010019.

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