Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surrogates of biodiversity / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Surrogates of biodiversity.

Journal articles on the topic 'Surrogates of biodiversity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Surrogates of biodiversity.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Carmel, Yohay, and Liron Stoller-Cavari. "Comparing Environmental and Biological Surrogates for Biodiversity at a Local Scale." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 52, no. 1 (April 12, 2006): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.52.1.11.

Full text

Abstract:

A recent debate concerns the relative merit of the two major types of surrogates for biodiversity, biological surrogates and environmental surrogates. Evidence, in the form of direct comparison of these two surrogate types, is scarce. We conducted a direct comparison of the performance of a series of biological and environmental surrogates, at a local scale (300 km2), which is often the relevant scale for land planning and management. Performance was referred to as the degree of surrogate congruence with a spatial pattern of diversity of woody species, of geophytes, and of land snails. "Environmental domains", surrogates based on numerical classification of environmental variables (topography, soil, and vegetation cover), outperformed other environmental surrogates (qualitatively delineated vegetation units and physiographic land types). The environmental domains surrogates were robust to subjective decisions on a number of classes and on input variables that drove the classification. The best biological surrogate was the woody species diversity pattern, with performance similar to that of the environmental domains. Our results support the notion that environmental domains may be reliable and cost-effective surrogates for biodiversity at small scales, particularly in data-poor regions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Harris, Peter T., Andrew D. Heap, Tara J. Anderson, and Brendan Brooke. "Comment on: Williams et al. (2009) “Australia's deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity”. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 214–224." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 10 (August 21, 2009): 2082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp207.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Harris, P. T., Heap, A. D., Anderson, T. J., and Brooke, B. 2009. Comment on: Williams et al. (2009) “Australia's deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity”. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 214–224. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2082–2085. Williams et al. (2009) report on new multibeam sonar bathymetry and underwater video data collected from submarine canyons and seamounts on Australia's southeast continental margin to “investigate the degree to which geomorphic features act as surrogates for benthic megafaunal biodiversity” (p. 214). The authors describe what they view as deficiencies in the design of the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the southeast region of Australia, in which geomorphology information was employed as a surrogate to infer regional-scale patterns of benthic biodiversity. This comment is designed to support and underscore the importance of evaluating MPA designs and the validity of using abiotic surrogates such as geomorphology to infer biodiversity patterns, and also seeks to clarify some of the discrepancies in geomorphic terminologies and approaches used between the original study and the Williams et al. (2009) evaluation. It is our opinion that the MPA design criteria used by the Australian Government are incorrectly reported by Williams et al. (2009). In particular, we emphasize the necessity for consistent terminology and approaches when undertaking comparative analyses of geomorphic features. We show that the MPA selection criteria used by the Australian Government addressed the issues of false homogeneity described by Williams et al. (2009), but that final placement of MPAs was based on additional stakeholder considerations. Finally, we argue that although the Williams et al. (2009) study provides valuable information on biological distributions within seamounts and canyons, the hypothesis that geomorphic features (particularly seamounts and submarine canyons) are surrogates for benthic biodiversity is not tested explicitly by their study.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Trevelin, Leonardo C., Markus Gastauer, Xavier Prous, Gilberto Nicácio, Robson Zampaulo, Iuri Brandi, Guilherme Oliveira, José O. Siqueira, and Rodolfo Jaffé. "Biodiversity surrogates in Amazonian iron cave ecosystems." Ecological Indicators 101 (June 2019): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.086.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Geue, Julia C., Paula J. Rotter, Caspar Gross, Zoltán Benkő, István Kovács, Ciprian Fântână, Judit Veres-Szászka, et al. "Limited reciprocal surrogacy of bird and habitat diversity and inconsistencies in their representation in Romanian protected areas." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): e0251950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251950.

Full text

Abstract:

Because it is impossible to comprehensively characterize biodiversity at all levels of organization, conservation prioritization efforts need to rely on surrogates. As species distribution maps of relished groups as well as high-resolution remotely sensed data increasingly become available, both types of surrogates are commonly used. A good surrogate should represent as much of biodiversity as possible, but it often remains unclear to what extent this is the case. Here, we aimed to address this question by assessing how well bird species and habitat diversity represent one another. We conducted our study in Romania, a species-rich country with high landscape heterogeneity where bird species distribution data have only recently started to become available. First, we prioritized areas for conservation based on either 137 breeding bird species or 36 habitat classes, and then evaluated their reciprocal surrogacy performance. Second, we examined how well these features are represented in already existing protected areas. Finally, we identified target regions of high conservation value for the potential expansion of the current network of reserves (as planned under the new EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030). We found a limited reciprocal surrogacy performance, with bird species performing slightly better as a conservation surrogate for habitat diversity than vice versa. We could also show that areas with a high conservation value based on habitat diversity were represented better in already existing protected areas than areas based on bird species, which varied considerably between species. Our results highlight that taxonomic and environmental (i.e., habitat types) data may perform rather poorly as reciprocal surrogates, and multiple sources of data are required for a full evaluation of protected areas expansion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Jackson, Susan E., and Carolyn J. Lundquist. "Limitations of biophysical habitats as biodiversity surrogates in the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (2016): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15050.

Full text

Abstract:

The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park (HGMP) is recognised for its diverse natural environment and associated biodiversity, as well as the extensive social, cultural and economic values derived therein. Here, we evaluate the current level of biodiversity protection provided by existing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the HGMP. We use abiotic datasets to develop a habitat classification system to identify the suite of biophysical habitats found in the Marine Park, and their relative protection within existing MPAs (both no-take marine reserves and Cable Protection Zones). Our analysis demonstrated that half of the biophysical habitats identified in the HGMP are not currently afforded protection within MPAs, and that biophysical classifications poorly differentiate across subtidal, soft-sediment habitats using available data layers. We then evaluated representation of these environmental surrogates within a biodiversity prioritisation analysis based on distribution models for demersal fish species. Biophysical habitat surrogates showed poor representation across habitats within highest-priority areas based on prioritisations of demersal fish biodiversity. This suggests the need for further development of biophysical habitat surrogates that are more strongly correlated with biodiversity, if they are to be used to inform biodiversity protection in the HGMP.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Kent, Rafi, and Yohay Carmel. "Evaluation of five clustering algorithms for biodiversity surrogates." Ecological Indicators 11, no. 3 (May 2011): 896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.12.005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Williams, Alan, Nicholas J. Bax, Rudy J. Kloser, Franziska Althaus, Bruce Barker, and Gordon Keith. "Australia’s deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 1 (December 3, 2008): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn189.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Williams, A., Bax, N. J., Kloser, R. J., Althaus, F., Barker, B., and Keith G. 2009. Australia’s deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 214–224. Australia’s southeast network of deep-water marine reserves, declared in July 2007, was designed using a hierarchy that represented the distribution of marine biodiversity as a nested set of bioregions. In this hierarchy, geomorphic units, individual or aggregations of seabed geomorphic features, are the finest scale used in the design process. We evaluated the interaction between two hierarchical levels (depth and geomorphic features), using video survey data on seamounts and submarine canyons. False within-class homogeneity indicated that depth, size, complexity, configuration, and anthropogenic impact need to be added as modifiers to allow geomorphic features to act as surrogates for biodiversity distribution. A consequence of using unmodified geomorphic surrogates, and of not correctly nesting geomorphic features within depth, is the diminished recognition of the importance and comparative rarity of megafaunal biodiversity of the continental margin (<1500-m depths). We call this area the zone of importance, because it is where targeted marine impacts coincide with the greatest megafaunal biodiversity. Refining the geomorphic classification is desirable for future biodiversity characterization, but an alternative approach is to define patterns in biodiversity and abiotic variables jointly, and to utilize finer scale information and provide a classification that preserves the maximum information of both datasets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

P. Faith, Daniel, C. R. Margules, P. A. Walker, J. Stein, and G. Natera. "Practical application of biodiversity surrogates and percentage targets for conservation in Papua New Guinea." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 4 (2000): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010289.

Full text

Abstract:

A conservation planning study in Papua New Guinea (PNG) addresses the role of biodiversity surrogates and biodiversity targets, in the context of the trade-offs required for planning given real-world costs and constraints. In a trade-ofts framework, surrogates must be judged in terms of their success in predicting general biodiversity complementarity values ? the amount of additional biodiversity an area can contribute to a protected set. Wrong predictions of low complementarity (and consequent allocation of non-protective land uses) may be more worrisome than wrong predictions of high complementarity (and consequent allocation of protection, perhaps unnecessarily forgoing other land uses benefiting society). Trade-ofts and targets work well when predictions of complementarity are based on surrogate information that is expressed as a continuum of variation. The PNG study used hierarchical variation for environmental domains and vegetation types, and a nominated target then dictated the level within those hierarchies that was used. Internationally-promoted targets provide a potential basis for comparative evaluation of biodiversity protection levels among countries or regions. However, conventional application of percentage targets, in focusing on proportions of total area or on proportions of habitat types, does not serve the goal of biodiversity protection or sustainability well because targets can be miss-used to restrict the amount of biodiversity protected. At the same time, recent complaints about percentage targets are equally misguided in claiming, based on species-area curves, that 10% targets imply 50% extinctions. We apply a new approach to percentage targets in PNG, in which the maximum diversity that could be protected by an unconstrained 10% of the total area of the country becomes the working biodiversity target. Reaching that same biodiversity target may then require more than 10% of the area, because of constraints (e.g., existing reserves) and costs. In the baseline analysis for PNG, we found that hierarchical variation at the level of 564 vegetation types, combined with the 608 environmental domains, could be protected in an unconstrained 10% of the country. This process of determining a biodiversity target also revealed some "must-have" areas for any future conservation plan. Sur.h must-have areas were also identified for a 15%-based target. The satisfaction of the 10%-based target in practice required 16.8% of PNG (Faith et al. 2001a). This low-cost proposed protected set corresponded to greater net benefits relative to our application of two conventional targets approaches.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Albuquerque, Fabio, and Yaiyr Astudillo-Scalia. "The role of rarity as a surrogate of marine fish species representation." PeerJ 8 (February 10, 2020): e8373. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8373.

Full text

Abstract:

Because the distribution of most of the species is poorly known, conservationists use surrogates to help maximize the representation level of all species. Historically, species richness has been used to calculate the importance of priority areas for conservation, but several studies revealed sites with high species richness often fail to determine the smallest number of sites that will protect the highest number of species. Rarity, however, has played a prominent role in safeguarding planning units. While the performance of rarity has been previously assessed in terrestrial systems, we tested the hypothesis that rarity of a site can be used as a measure of the importance of a site to a conservation network in marine ecosystems. We used the presence data (at a 1-degree resolution) to calculate five rarity indices of fish diversity at a global extent and compared the results to those obtained by using species richness and site complementarity. Our objectives were to: (1) determine if rarity indices can be used as surrogates of fish biodiversity by representing the highest number of species in the smallest number of sites; and (2) determine if the effectiveness of these indices to represent fish biodiversity is impacted by the metric used to define rarity. Results indicate that rarity could be an effective surrogate for marine fishes, as most results showed a mean of 100% effectiveness. In the context of marine biodiversity conservation, results show that rarity indices could be considered affordable and feasible surrogates of species representation, with the most significant benefit to those areas of the world that are in most need to access alternative tools. Results also open a new area of collaboration between biogeography and marine conservation biology since planners can use biogeographical patterns of rarity to enhance the performance of the current protected area network.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Oliver, Ian, Andrew Holmes, J. Mark Dangerfield, Michael Gillings, Anthony J. Pik, David R. Britton, Marita Holley, et al. "LAND SYSTEMS AS SURROGATES FOR BIODIVERSITY IN CONSERVATION PLANNING." Ecological Applications 14, no. 2 (April 2004): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-5181.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Ilg, Christiane, and Beat Oertli. "Effectiveness of amphibians as biodiversity surrogates in pond conservation." Conservation Biology 31, no. 2 (November 10, 2016): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12802.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Jyväsjärvi, Jussi, Risto Virtanen, Jari Ilmonen, Lauri Paasivirta, and Timo Muotka. "Identifying taxonomic and functional surrogates for spring biodiversity conservation." Conservation Biology 32, no. 4 (May 28, 2018): 883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13101.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Rodrigues, Ana S. L., and Thomas M. Brooks. "Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (December 2007): 713–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095737.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Barton, Philip S., Martin J. Westgate, Claire N. Foster, Kim Cuddington, Alan Hastings, Luke S. O'Loughlin, Chloe F. Sato, Michael R. Willig, and David B. Lindenmayer. "Using ecological niche theory to avoid uninformative biodiversity surrogates." Ecological Indicators 108 (January 2020): 105692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105692.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Burgas, Daniel, Patrik Byholm, and Tiina Parkkima. "Raptors as surrogates of biodiversity along a landscape gradient." Journal of Applied Ecology 51, no. 3 (March 10, 2014): 786–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12229.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Williams, Paul, Dan Faith, Lisa Manne, Wes Sechrest, and Chris Preston. "Complementarity analysis: Mapping the performance of surrogates for biodiversity." Biological Conservation 128, no. 2 (March 2006): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.047.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Magierowski, Regina H., and Craig R. Johnson. "ROBUSTNESS OF SURROGATES OF BIODIVERSITY IN MARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITIES." Ecological Applications 16, no. 6 (December 2006): 2264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2264:rosobi]2.0.co;2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Tulloch, Ayesha I. T., Iadine Chadès, Yann Dujardin, Martin J. Westgate, Peter W. Lane, and David Lindenmayer. "Dynamic species co-occurrence networks require dynamic biodiversity surrogates." Ecography 39, no. 12 (March 14, 2016): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02143.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Sen Gupta, Subhasree. "Biomonitoring the status of aquatic bodies using zooplankton as surrogate species amidst urban landscape." Holistic approach to environment 12, no. 4 (September 19, 2022): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.12.4.2.

Full text

Abstract:

The concept of surrogates in biodiversity assessments has been widely accepted in the recent years. Surrogates are taxonomic groups that indicate the overall biodiversity at a particular site. Zooplankton is an important component of the aquatic ecosystem, playing a major role in energy transfer between the phytoplankton or producers and the consumers at higher trophic levels. In this study zooplanktons were considered as surrogates for biomonitoring status of two aquatic bodies amidst urban landscape at the southern fringes of Kolkata, West Bengal, India through different seasons. Zooplankton diversity and abundance was found to vary with seasons in both the ponds in correlation with limnological parameters. Pond 1 was found to be larger in size, having partial macrophyte cover in comparison with Pond 2 which is smaller and devoid of any macrophyte cover over the study period. The Pond 1 elucidated higher diversity of zooplankton having higher water pH and phosphate concentration and less nitrite concentration. Pond 2 elaborated less zooplankton diversity with lower pH, less phosphate and higher nitrite concentration. Diversity and abundance of zooplankton surrogates provided valuable information about the status of water bodies amidst urban landscape and can be utilised as a tool for biomonitoring.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Boykin, Kenneth G., William G. Kepner, and Alexa J. McKerrow. "Applying Biodiversity Metrics as Surrogates to a Habitat Conservation Plan." Environments 8, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8080069.

Full text

Abstract:

Unabated urbanization has led to environmental degradation and subsequent biodiversity loss across the globe. As an outcome of unmitigated land use, multi-jurisdictional agencies have developed land use plans that attempt to protect threatened or endangered species across selected areas by which some trade-offs between harm to species and additional conservation approaches are allowed among the partnering organizations. Typical conservation plans can be created to focus on single or multiple species, and although they may protect a species or groups of species, they may not account for biodiversity or its protection across the given area. We applied an approach that clustered deductive habitat models for terrestrial vertebrates into metrics that serve as surrogates for biodiversity and relate to ecosystem services. In order to evaluate this process, we collaborated with the partnering agencies who are creating a Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan in southern California and compared it to the entire Mojave Desert Ecoregion. We focused on total terrestrial vertebrate species richness and taxon groupings representing amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles, and two special status species using the Normalized Index of Biodiversity (NIB). The conservation planning area had a lower NIB and was less species rich than the Mojave Desert Ecoregion, but the Mojave River riparian corridor had a higher NIB and was more species-rich, and while taxon analysis varied across the geographies, this pattern generally held. Additionally, we analyzed desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and desert kit fox (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) as umbrella species and determined that both species are associated with increased NIB and large numbers of species for the conservation area. Our process provided the ability to incorporate value-added surrogate information into a formal land use planning process and used a metric, NIB, which allowed comparison of the various planning areas and geographic units. Although this process has been applied to Apple Valley, CA, and other geographies within the U.S., the approach has practical application for other global biodiversity initiatives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Gutiérrez, Jhonatan Andrés Muñoz, Guillaume Xavier Roussea, Joudellys Andrade-Silva, and Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie. "Taxones superiores de hormigas como sustitutos de la riqueza de especies, en una cronosecuencia de bosques secundarios, bosque primario y sistemas agroforestales en la Amazonía Oriental, Brasil." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1.23526.

Full text

Abstract:

Deforestation in Amazon forests is one of the main causes for biodiversity loss worldwide. Ants are key into the ecosystem because act like engineers; hence, the loss of ants’ biodiversity may be a guide to measure the loss of essential functions into the ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil ant’s richness and to estimate whether higher taxa levels (Subfamily and Genus) can be used as surrogates of species richness in different vegetation types (fallows, old-growth forests and agroforestry systems) in Eastern Amazon. The samples were taken in 65 areas in the Maranhão and Pará States in the period 2011-2014. The sampling scheme followed the procedure of Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF). Initially, the vegetation types were characterized according to their age and estimated species richness. Linear and exponential functions were applied to evaluate if higher taxa can be used as surrogates and correlated with the Pearson coefficient. In total, 180 species distributed in 60 genera were identified. The results showed that ant species richness was higher in intermediate fallows (88) and old secondary forest (76), and was lower in agroforestry systems (38) and mature riparian forest (35). The genus level was the best surrogate to estimate the ant’s species richness across the different vegetation types, and explained 72-97 % (P < 0.001) of the total species variability. The results confirmed that the genus level is an excellent surrogate to estimate the ant’s species richness in the region and that both fallows and agroforestry systems may contribute in the conservation of Eastern Amazon ant community.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Turak, E., R. Marchant, L. A. Barmuta, J. Davis, S. Choy, and L. Metzeling. "River conservation in a changing world: invertebrate diversity and spatial prioritisation in south-eastern coastal Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 3 (2011): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09297.

Full text

Abstract:

Concentration of human populations with likely impacts of climate change present major challenges for river conservation in the south-eastern coastal region of Australia. Quantitative methods for spatial prioritisation of conservation actions can play a major role in meeting these challenges. We examined how these methods may be applied to help plan for potential impacts of climate change in the region, using macroinvertebrate assemblages as surrogates of river biodiversity. Environmental gradients explaining broad-scale patterns in the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages are well represented in protected areas; however, their effectiveness for conserving river biodiversity with climate change depends on linking management inside and outside protected areas. Projected increases in temperature and sea level may be used to prioritise conservation to counter likely major impacts in high-altitude zones and the coastal fringes, whereas elsewhere, considerable uncertainty remains in the absence of better downscaled projections of rainfall. Applying such spatial prioritisations using biodiversity surrogates could help river-focussed conservation around the world.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

York, Alan. "Invertebrates and fire—challenges and opportunities for conserving biodiversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 124, no. 1 (2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs12047.

Full text

Abstract:

Fires, whether planned or unplanned, impact upon a suite of organisms in natural ecosystems. Direct (short-term) and indirect (longer term) effects influence the composition and structure of invertebrate communities through the interaction of site history, characteristics of individual fire events and species life-history traits. Prediction of fire responses based on vascular plant species life-history traits, and the development of a functional classification based on shared traits, underpins current fire management in south-eastern Australia. Can a similar approach be developed for terrestrial invertebrates, or should we focus on utilising a framework based on surrogates developed around vegetation composition and structure, or taxonomic alternatives? This paper considers whether the use of surrogates offers promise as a strategy of dealing with the complexity of invertebrate biodiversity and associated issues surrounding fire management. It proposes a functional approach, based on species’ life-history traits, that can complement existing strategies; and identifies opportunities that have potential for resolving existing challenges in biodiversity conservation in fire-prone environments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Sato, Chloe F., Martin J. Westgate, Philip S. Barton, Claire N. Foster, Luke S. O'Loughlin, Jennifer C. Pierson, Jayne Balmer, et al. "The use and utility of surrogates in biodiversity monitoring programmes." Journal of Applied Ecology 56, no. 6 (March 8, 2019): 1304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13366.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Forest, Félix. "Quest for adequate biodiversity surrogates in a time of urgency." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 48 (November 15, 2017): 12638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717722114.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Higa, Motoki, Yuichi Yamaura, Masayuki Senzaki, Itsuro Koizumi, Takeshi Takenaka, Yoshiyuki Masatomi, and Kunikazu Momose. "Scale dependency of two endangered charismatic species as biodiversity surrogates." Biodiversity and Conservation 25, no. 10 (June 30, 2016): 1829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1161-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Forest, Félix, Keith A. Crandall, Mark W. Chase, and Daniel P. Faith. "Phylogeny, extinction and conservation: embracing uncertainties in a time of urgency." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1662 (February 19, 2015): 20140002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0002.

Full text

Abstract:

Evolutionary studies have played a fundamental role in our understanding of life, but until recently, they had only a relatively modest involvement in addressing conservation issues. The main goal of the present discussion meeting issue is to offer a platform to present the available methods allowing the integration of phylogenetic and extinction risk data in conservation planning. Here, we identify the main knowledge gaps in biodiversity science, which include incomplete sampling, reconstruction biases in phylogenetic analyses, partly known species distribution ranges, and the difficulty in producing conservation assessments for all known species, not to mention that much of the effective biological diversity remains to be discovered. Given the impact that human activities have on biodiversity and the urgency with which we need to address these issues, imperfect assumptions need to be sanctioned and surrogates used in the race to salvage as much as possible of our natural and evolutionary heritage. We discuss some aspects of the uncertainties found in biodiversity science, such as the ideal surrogates for biodiversity, the gaps in our knowledge and the numerous available phylogenetic diversity-based methods. We also introduce a series of cases studies that demonstrate how evolutionary biology can effectively contribute to biodiversity conservation science.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Hanson, Jeffrey O., Jonathan R. Rhodes, Cynthia Riginos, and Richard A. Fuller. "Environmental and geographic variables are effective surrogates for genetic variation in conservation planning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 48 (October 31, 2017): 12755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711009114.

Full text

Abstract:

Protected areas buffer species from anthropogenic threats and provide places for the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity to continue. However, genetic variation, the raw material for evolution, is difficult to capture in conservation planning, not least because genetic data require considerable resources to obtain and analyze. Here we show that freely available environmental and geographic distance variables can be highly effective surrogates in conservation planning for representing adaptive and neutral intraspecific genetic variation. We obtained occurrence and genetic data from the IntraBioDiv project for 27 plant species collected over the European Alps using a gridded sampling scheme. For each species, we identified loci that were potentially under selection using outlier loci methods, and mapped their main gradients of adaptive and neutral genetic variation across the grid cells. We then used the cells as planning units to prioritize protected area acquisitions. First, we verified that the spatial patterns of environmental and geographic variation were correlated, respectively, with adaptive and neutral genetic variation. Second, we showed that these surrogates can predict the proportion of genetic variation secured in randomly generated solutions. Finally, we discovered that solutions based only on surrogate information secured substantial amounts of adaptive and neutral genetic variation. Our work paves the way for widespread integration of surrogates for genetic variation into conservation planning.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Bacaro, Tordoni, Martellos, Maccherini, Marignani, Muggia, Petruzzellis, et al. "Cross Taxon Congruence Between Lichens and Vascular Plants in a Riparian Ecosystem." Diversity 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11080133.

Full text

Abstract:

Despite that congruence across taxa has been proved as an effective tool to provide insights into the processes structuring the spatial distribution of taxonomic groups and is useful for conservation purposes, only a few studies on cross-taxon congruence focused on freshwater ecosystems and on the relations among vascular plants and lichens. We hypothesized here that, since vascular plants could be good surrogates of lichens in these ecosystems, it would be possible to assess the overall biodiversity of riparian habitats using plant data only. In this frame, we explored the relationship between (a) species richness and (b) community composition of plants and lichens in a wetland area located in central Italy to (i) assess whether vascular plants are good surrogates of lichens and (ii) to test the congruence of patterns of species richness and composition among plants and lichens along an ecological gradient. The general performance of plant species richness per se, as a biodiversity surrogate of lichens, had poor results. Nonetheless, the congruence in compositional patterns between lichens and vascular plants varied across habitats and was influenced by the characteristics of the vegetation. In general, we discussed how the strength of the studied relationships could be influenced by characteristics of the data (presence/absence vs. abundance), by the spatial scale, and by the features of the habitats. Overall, our data confirm that the more diverse and structurally complex the vegetation is, the more diverse are the lichen communities it hosts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

A. Vanderklift, M., and T. J. Ward. "Using biological survey data when selecting Marine Protected Areas: an operational framework and associated risks." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 2 (2000): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000152.

Full text

Abstract:

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the main tools for protecting marine biodiversity, but they are often selected on the basis of little or no ecological data. As a result, there is a risk that MPAs will not successfully protect marine biodiversity. We propose an operational framework to help prioritize the need for information, and to direct the subsequent collection of appropriate biological data. The framework consists of 7 steps: (1) formulating clearly-defined objectives, (2) a broad-scale classification based on easily accessible surrogates, (3) identifying biological variables for detailed survey, (4) assessing the utility of surrogates, (5) designing and implementing the biological survey, (6) modelling and using inferential statistics to optimize the use of existing knowledge, and (7) validating candidate areas. Each step in the framework involves identifying areas of uncertainty, and the risks that a MPA will fail to achieve its intended objectives. The aim of our operational framework is to make the risks and uncertainties clear, and to force decisions to be made to minimise their potential impact on the outcome of the MPA selection process. We identify four key ecological uncertainties in MPA identification: (1) the reliability of surrogates, (2) spatial uncertainty in survey data, (3) temporal uncertainty in the patterns of the biodiversity in the MPA, and (4) uncertainty in the degree to which important ecological processes will be maintained. We conclude that the key to success in a MPA selection process is the use of clearly specified objectives for the MPA and an explicit assessment of uncertainties involved. We contend that without a competent ecological basis, new MPAs may be little more than the political exercises to appease lobby groups, and are unlikely to be effective tools in protecting marine biodiversity from continuing decay.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Vianna, Dana Moiana, and Paulo De Marco Júnior. "Higher-Taxon and Cross-Taxon Surrogates for Odonate Biodiversity in Brazil." Natureza & Conservação 10, no. 1 (2012): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/natcon.2012.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Hanford, Jayne K., Mathew S. Crowther, and Dieter F. Hochuli. "Effectiveness of vegetation-based biodiversity offset metrics as surrogates for ants." Conservation Biology 31, no. 1 (October 4, 2016): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12794.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Lawler, J. J., and D. White. "Assessing the mechanisms behind successful surrogates for biodiversity in conservation planning." Animal Conservation 11, no. 4 (August 2008): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00176.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Bräuniger, Claudia, Sonja Knapp, Ingolf Kühn, and Stefan Klotz. "Testing taxonomic and landscape surrogates for biodiversity in an urban setting." Landscape and Urban Planning 97, no. 4 (September 2010): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Shokri, Mohammad Reza, and William Gladstone. "Limitations of habitats as biodiversity surrogates for conservation planning in estuaries." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185, no. 4 (August 10, 2012): 3477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2804-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

VILLASEÑOR, JOSE L., GUILLERMO IBARRA-MANRÍQUEZ, JORGE A. MEAVE, and ENRIQUE ORTÍZ. "Higher Taxa as Surrogates of Plant Biodiversity in a Megadiverse Country." Conservation Biology 19, no. 1 (February 2005): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00264.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

McArthur, M. A., B. P. Brooke, R. Przeslawski, D. A. Ryan, V. L. Lucieer, S. Nichol, A. W. McCallum, C. Mellin, I. D. Cresswell, and L. C. Radke. "On the use of abiotic surrogates to describe marine benthic biodiversity." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 88, no. 1 (June 2010): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.03.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Halme, Panu, Jan Holec, and Jacob Heilmann-Clausen. "The history and future of fungi as biodiversity surrogates in forests." Fungal Ecology 27 (June 2017): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.10.005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Guareschi, S., C. Gutiérrez-Cánovas, F. Picazo, D. Sánchez-Fernández, P. Abellán, J. Velasco, and A. Millán. "Aquatic macroinvertebrate biodiversity: patterns and surrogates in mountainous Spanish national parks." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 22, no. 5 (May 30, 2012): 598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2256.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

P. Faith, Daniel, P. A. Walker, and C. R. Margules. "Some future prospects for systematic biodiversity planning in Papua New Guinea - and for biodiversity planning in general." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 4 (2000): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010325.

Full text

Abstract:

We describe three challenges for biodiversity planning, which arise from a study in Papua New Guinea, but apply equally to biodiversity planning in general. These are 1) the best use of available data for providing biodiversity surrogate information, 2) the integration of representativeness and persistence goals into the area prioritization process, and 3) implications for the implementation of a conservation plan over time. Each of these problems is linked to the effective use of complementarity. Further, we find that a probabilistic framework for calculating persistence-based complementarity values over time can contribute to resolving each challenge. Probabilities allow for the exploration of a range of possible complementarity values over different planning scenarios, and provide a way to evalua!e biodiversity surrogates. The integration of representativeness and persistence goals, via estimated probabilities of persistence, facilitates the crediting of partial protection provided by sympathetic management. For the selection of priority areas and land use allocation, partial protection may be a "given" or implied by an allocated land use. Such an integration also allows the incorporation of vulnerability/threat information at the level of attributes or areas, incorporating persistence values that may depend on reserve design. As an example of the use of persistence probabilities, we derive an alternative proposed priority area set for PNG. This is based on 1) a goal of 0.99 probability of persistence of all biodiversity surrogate attributes used in the study, 2) an assumption of a 0.10 probability of persistence in the absence of any form of formal protection, and 3) a 0.90 probability of persistence for surrogate attributes in proposed priority areas, assuming formal protection is afforded to them. The calculus of persistence also leads to a proposed system of environmental levies based on biodiversity complementarity values. The assigned levy for an area may change to reflect its changing complementarity value in light of changes to protection status of other areas. We also propose a number of complementarity-based options for a carbon credits framework. These address required principles of additionality and collateral benefits from biodiversity protection. A related biodiversity credits scheme, also based on complementarity, encourages investments in those areas that make greatest ongoing contributions to regional biodiversity representation and persistence. All these new methods point to a new "systematic conservation planning" that is not focused only on selecting sets of areas but utilizes complementarity values and changes in probabilities of persistence for a range of decision making processes. The cornerstone of biodiversity planning, complementarity, no longer reflects only relative amounts of biodiversity but also relative probabilities of persistence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Parmain, G., C. Bouget, J. Müller, J. Horak, M. M. Gossner, T. Lachat, and G. Isacsson. "Can rove beetles (Staphylinidae) be excluded in studies focusing on saproxylic beetles in central European beech forests?" Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485314000741.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractMonitoring saproxylic beetle diversity, though challenging, can help identifying relevant conservation sites or key drivers of forest biodiversity, and assessing the impact of forestry practices on biodiversity. Unfortunately, monitoring species assemblages is costly, mainly due to the time spent on identification. Excluding families which are rich in specimens and species but are difficult to identify is a frequent procedure used in ecological entomology to reduce the identification cost. The Staphylinidae (rove beetle) family is both one of the most frequently excluded and one of the most species-rich saproxylic beetle families. Using a large-scale beetle and environmental dataset from 238 beech stands across Europe, we evaluated the effects of staphylinid exclusion on results in ecological forest studies. Simplified staphylinid-excluded assemblages were found to be relevant surrogates for whole assemblages. The species richness and composition of saproxylic beetle assemblages both with and without staphylinids responded congruently to landscape, climatic and stand gradients, even when the assemblages included a high proportion of staphylinid species. At both local and regional scales, the species richness as well as the species composition of staphylinid-included and staphylinid-excluded assemblages were highly positively correlated. Ranking of sites according to their biodiversity level, which either included or excluded Staphylinidae in species richness, also gave congruent results. From our results, species assemblages omitting staphylinids can be taken as efficient surrogates for complete assemblages in large scale biodiversity monitoring studies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Westwood, Nathan, Mollie Pearson, Erdem Mustafa, and Annette T. Scanlon. "Differences in abundance and diversity of diurnal invertebrates among three Fijian forests, and a comparison of two trapping methods for rapid assessments." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18027.

Full text

Abstract:

Apart from some high-profile exceptions (e.g. charismatic long-horned beetles), the ecology and conservation of Fijian invertebrates have received little research attention, and their potential as biodiversity surrogates or indicators is poorly understood. We surveyed diurnal terrestrial invertebrates within three Fijian forest types (lowland, upland, and coastal) using Malaise traps and beating trays to compare invertebrate abundance and diversity among forests. We also evaluated the efficiency of the two trapping methods for rapid invertebrate assessments. Overall, we collected 2584 invertebrates representing 321 morphospecies within 22 arthropod orders. We found significant differences in the abundance and diversity of invertebrates among forest sites for beating-tray samples, but not for Malaise-trap samples. Upland forest had the greatest diversity (Simpsons diversity index, D = 0.98); coastal forest recorded the lowest diversity (D = 0.14), but the greatest abundance of invertebrates. Several orders of invertebrates were relatively abundant across sites and traps (i.e. had high sampling reliability; they included Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera), so could be targeted as surrogates for broader biodiversity sampling. Given the urgency with which baseline data are needed across the South Pacific, invertebrate sampling provides a rapid biodiversity assessment tool, including for working in remote areas with few resources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

CIMON-MORIN, JÉRÔME, MARCEL DARVEAU, and MONIQUE POULIN. "Site complementarity between biodiversity and ecosystem services in conservation planning of sparsely-populated regions." Environmental Conservation 43, no. 1 (June 2, 2015): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000132.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARYThe consequences of considering ecosystem services (ES) in conservation assessment are still widely debated. The degree of success depends on the extent to which biodiversity and ES can be secured under joint conservation actions. Unlike biodiversity, ES conservation is inseparably linked to human beneficiaries. Reconciling biodiversity with ES and conservation can be particularly challenging in sparsely populated areas. This study, in a sparsely-populated region of eastern Canada, focused on freshwater wetland biodiversity and ten ES provided by wetlands. Within a given maximal total area, the results showed that planning for biodiversity underrepresented local flow ES supply by 57% and demand by 61% in conservation networks. Planning for ES alone underrepresented wetland biodiversity surrogates by an average of 34%. Considering both biodiversity and ES simultaneously, all of the biodiversity and ES targets were achieved with only a 6% mean increase in area. Achieving all conservation targets starting from a network that was primarily built for either ES or biodiversity features alone was two to five times less efficient than considering both ES and biodiversity simultaneously in conservation assessment. A better framework is required to translate these spatial synergies into effective joint conservation actions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Jiménez-Carmona, Francisco, Soledad Carpintero, and Joaquín Luís Reyes-López. "Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as surrogates for epigeic arthropods in Northern Andalusian ‘dehesas’ (Spain)." Sociobiology 67, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v67i2.4895.

Full text

Abstract:

The ‘dehesas’ are important and vast agro-silvo-pastoral systems typical of the Iberian Peninsula that are undergoing a crisis due to their low economic profitability and environmental degradation. Thus, it is necessary to identify effective tools that provide a reliable idea of the status of these ecosystems as a starting point for future measures of conservation. In this study we analyse the possible role of ants as surrogates for epigeic arthropods, a common biodiversity indicator group. A total of 15 farms were sampled throughout Sierra Morena (Andalusia, Spain) with pitfall traps, both for the ‘dehesa’ habitats themselves and for different microhabitats within the study sites. First, we achieve a complete list of the species of ants of the area. The results indicate that the ‘dehesa’ habitats were very homogenous for all farms, while microhabitats showed differences in species richness and ant communities’ composition compared to the ‘dehesas’. To evaluate the role of ants as surrogates, the number of traps occupied by each order of arthropod and by each ant species was compared. We found a high correlation between them what confirm the surrogate character of ants for the rest of arthropods in these ecosystems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Sutcliffe, P. R., C. J. Klein, C. R. Pitcher, and H. P. Possingham. "The effectiveness of marine reserve systems constructed using different surrogates of biodiversity." Conservation Biology 29, no. 3 (April 28, 2015): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12506.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Larsen, Frank Wugt, Jesper Bladt, Andrew Balmford, and Carsten Rahbek. "Birds as biodiversity surrogates: will supplementing birds with other taxa improve effectiveness?" Journal of Applied Ecology 49, no. 2 (January 16, 2012): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02094.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Rees, Matthew J., Alan Jordan, Owen F. Price, Melinda A. Coleman, and Andrew R. Davis. "Abiotic surrogates for temperate rocky reef biodiversity: implications for marine protected areas." Diversity and Distributions 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12134.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Pat Hutchings, and William Gladstone. "Effectiveness of habitat classes as surrogates for biodiversity in marine reserve planning." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 24, no. 4 (June 27, 2013): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2377.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

A. McAlpine, C., D. B. Lindenmayer, T. J. Eyre, and S. R. Phinn. "Landscape surrogates of forest fragmentation: Synthesis of Australian Montreal Process case studies." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 2 (2002): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020108.

Full text

Abstract:

Habitat loss and fragmentation are key biodiversity indicators of the Montreal Protocol for monitoring progress towards ecologically sustainable forest management. Over the last 15 years, an array of landscape metrics have been developed as spatial measures of habitat loss and fragmentation. However, most metrics require rigorous empirical testing if they are to provide scientifically credible information to managers and policy makers. We present a synthesis of three Australian case studies for developing Montreal Indicator 1.1e, fragmentation of forest type, each representing different levels of landscape modification: St Mary State Forest, south-east Queensland; Tumut, southern New South Wales; and the Central Highlands, Victoria. Collectively, the studies found that no single landscape metric captured the response of the target species and fauna assemblages, or served as a reliable ecological surrogate for the conservation of a large set of species. Rather, species demonstrated a diversity of responses to habitat loss and fragmentation. Fragmentation effects were more important for the Tumut study, but not important for the Central Highlands study. Stand-scale habitat variables and area of suitable habitat were dominant explanatory variables for the St Mary study. Differences in observed response are partly explained by: (i) differences in landscape structure, particularly the proportion of preferred forest habitat remaining; (ii) differences in the ecology of target species; and (iii) the insensitivity of the landscape measures. Based on the outcomes of the three case studies, we propose principles for developing landscape surrogates for conserving biodiversity in Australia's eucalypt forest landscapes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Przeslawski, Rachel, David R. Currie, Shirley J. Sorokin, Tim M. Ward, Franziska Althaus, and Alan Williams. "Utility of a spatial habitat classification system as a surrogate of marine benthic community structure for the Australian margin." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 9 (July 13, 2011): 1954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr106.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Przeslawski, R., Currie, D. R., Sorokin, S. J., Ward. T. M., Althaus, F., and Williams, A. 2011. Utility of a spatial habitat classification system as a surrogate of marine benthic community structure for the Australian margin. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1954–1962. This study tests whether a continental-scale classification of Australian benthic habitats (termed “seascapes”) and the interpolated environmental data from which they are derived are useful as abiotic surrogates of biodiversity at a local [tens of kilometres, Great Australian Bight (GAB)] and regional scale [hundreds of kilometres, Western Australian (WA) margin]. Benthic invertebrate community structure is moderately associated with specific seascapes in both the GAB (R = 0.418) and WA margin (excluding hard substrata, R = 0.375; all substrata, R = 0.313). Mud content, seafloor slope, and seafloor temperature are significantly correlated with invertebrate communities at both scales, with disturbance and primary production correlated with GAB communities. Seascapes are not consistently useful surrogates because the strength and significance of relationships between seascapes and community structure differs among seascapes, regions, and spatial scales. Nevertheless, a national system of seascapes is an appropriate surrogate for broad-scale benthic invertebrate community patterns when biological data are limited, provided the uncertainty is acknowledged and, where possible, an assessment made of each seascape's ability to differentiate biological communities. Further refinement of seascape derivations may include updated and additional environmental data (particularly for hard vs. soft substrata) and validation among biological datasets from a range of habitats and scales.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!