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1
A, Ojemann George, ed. Conversations with Neil's brain: The neural nature of thought and language. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1994.
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The embodied self: Friedrich Schleiermacher's solution to Kant's problem of the empirical self. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.
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3
Proctor, Kim. Measuring Group Consciousness. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.33.
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Although group consciousness is an important concept in explaining political behavior, both theoretical guidance on how to measure group consciousness and empirical consensus regarding its operationalization are lacking. This has the potential to lead to both diverging results and inaccurate empirical conclusions, which greatly limits the ability to understand the role that group consciousness plays in politics. Using data from Pew’s 2013 “Survey of LGBT Americans,” this analysis provides a foundation for measuring group consciousness using item response theory (IRT). Through an examination of dimensionality, monotonicity, model fit, and differential item functioning, the results demonstrate that many assumptions about measuring group consciousness have been incorrect. Further, the findings suggest that previous conclusions about subgroup differences may be the result of survey bias, rather than actual between-group differences. Moving forward, scholars of political behavior should use IRT to measure latent constructs.
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Kelly, Edward F., and Ralph G. Locke. Altered States of Consciousness and Psi: An Historical Survey and Research Prospectus (Parapsychological Monographs, No 18). Parapsychology Foundation, 2002.
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5
Magne, Angvik, and Borries Bodo von 1943-, eds. Youth and history: A comparative European survey on historical consciousness and political attitudes among adolescents. Hamburg: Körber-Stiftung, 1997.
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6
Hŭi-sŏn, Chʻoe, ed. Kyoyuk e kwanhan kungmin ŭisik chosa =: A Survey research of national consciousness on education in Korea. [Seoul]: Kyoyuk Chŏngchʻaek Chamun Hoeŭi, 1992.
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7
Goff, Philip. Consciousness and Fundamental Reality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677015.001.0001.
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A core philosophical project is the attempt to uncover the fundamental nature of reality, the limited set of facts upon which all other facts depend. Perhaps the most popular theory of fundamental reality in contemporary analytic philosophy is physicalism: the view that the world is fundamentally physical in nature. The first half of this book argues that physicalist views cannot account for the evident reality of conscious experience and hence that physicalism cannot be true. However, the book also tries to show that familiar arguments to this conclusion—Frank Jackson’s form of the knowledge argument and David Chalmers’ two-dimensional conceivability argument—are not wholly adequate. The second half of the book explores and defends a radical alternative to physicalism known as “Russellian monism.” Russellian monists believe that (i) physics tells us nothing about the concrete, categorical nature of material entities, and that (ii) it is this “hidden” nature of matter that explains human and animal consciousness. Throughout the second half of the book various forms of Russellian monism are surveyed, and the key challenges facing it are discussed. Ultimately the book defends a cosmopsychist form of Russellian monism, according to which all facts are grounded in facts about the conscious universe.
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Ron, James, Shannon Golden, David Crow, and Archana Pandya. Reach. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199975044.003.0002.
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This chapter analyzes the diffusion of human rights consciousness among global South publics. Survey data reveal broad diffusion of human rights discourse, as respondents report hearing “human rights” regularly in their lives. Actual engagement with organized human rights activities is much lower, however, as knowledge about, contact with, and participation in human rights organizations is relatively rare. Concerning to those who hope the human rights sector is reaching and engaging those most likely in need of human rights protections, statistical analysis shows those with lower socioeconomic statuses are less likely to engage with human rights organizations or activities. This chapter discusses implications for social movement mobilization, including potential strategies for increasing participation in local human rights activities among diverse publics.
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Edwards, Elisa. The Fourth of July Is Surely Come. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199390205.003.0007.
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In this chapter, Edwards explores the meaning of Drake’s subtly revolutionary inscription and interprets it as an example of double-consciousness and alienation. Although some have interpreted Dave’s couplet as a straightforward celebration of the holiday, Edwards critiques this view, finding evidence of a “countervailing assertion of Dave the Potter’s black consciousness” in the inscription. The allusion to drums conflates war and nationalistic celebration with a tool often noted by paranoid plantation owners for being a tool of slave communication. The couplet thus hints at a “radical directive” to rebel. Edwards concludes by considering a variety of other meanings circulating around Dave’s inscription.
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Kaukua, Jari. Self-Awareness in Islamic Philosophy: Avicenna and Beyond. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
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Kaukua, Jari. Self-Awareness in Islamic Philosophy: Avicenna and Beyond. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
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12
Morewedge, Carey K., and Daniella M. Kupor. When the Absence of Reasoning Breeds Meaning. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.41.
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Intuitions, attitudes, images, mind-wandering, dreams, and religious messages are just a few of the many kinds of uncontrolled thoughts that intrude on consciousness spontaneously without a clear reason. Logic suggests that people might thus interpret spontaneous thoughts as meaningless and be uninfluenced by them. By contrast, our survey of this literature indicates that the lack of an obvious external source or motive leads people to attribute considerable meaning and importance to spontaneous thoughts. Spontaneous thoughts are perceived to provide meaningful insight into the self, others, and the world. As a result of these metacognitive appraisals, spontaneous thoughts substantially affect the beliefs, attitudes, decisions, and behavior of the thinker. We present illustrative examples of the metacognitive appraisals by which people attribute meaning to spontaneous secular and religious thoughts, and the influence of these thoughts on judgment and decision-making, attitude formation and change, dream interpretation, and prayer discernment.
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Clealand, Danielle. The Power of Race in Cuba. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632298.001.0001.
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The Power of Race in Cuba analyzes racial ideologies that negate the existence of racism and their effect on racial progress and activism through the lens of Cuba. Since 1959, Fidel Castro and the Cuban government have married socialism and the ideal of racial harmony to create a formidable ideology that is an integral part of Cubans’ sense of identity and their perceptions of race and racism in their country. While the combination of socialism and a colorblind racial ideology is particular to Cuba, strategies that paint a picture of equality of opportunity and deflect the importance of race are not particular to the island’s ideology and can be found throughout the world and in the Americas in particular. By promoting an anti-discrimination ethos, diminishing class differences at the onset of the revolution, and declaring the end of racism, Castro was able to unite belief in the revolution to belief in the erasure of racism. The ideology is bolstered by rhetoric that discourages racial affirmation. The second part of the book examines public opinion on race in Cuba, particularly among black Cubans. It examines how black Cubans have indeed embraced the dominant nationalist ideology that eschews racial affirmation, but also continue to create spaces for black consciousness that challenge this ideology. This work gives a nuanced portrait of black identity in Cuba and through survey data, interviews with formal organizers, and hip-hop artists draws from the many black spaces, both formal and informal, to highlight what black consciousness looks like in Cuba.
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Schwyzer, Philip. Nationalism in the Renaissance. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.70.
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Although an influential school of thought locates the origins of nationalism in the late eighteenth century, the Tudor era has long been associated with the rise of English national consciousness. This chapter surveys recent studies of sixteenth-century nationalism and argues that the national community imagined in Tudor literature was in many respects more British than English. Whether or not a developed nationalist ideology was present in sixteenth-century England, the works of Shakespeare and his contemporaries have been crucial to the development and expression of national consciousness in later eras. Indeed, it is precisely where early modern literary texts look forward to the nation as something yet to come that they speak most powerfully to nationalist sensibilities.
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Husserl, Edmund. Phantasy, Image Consciousness, and Memory (1898-1925) (Edmund Husserl Collected Works). Springer, 2006.
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Husserl, Edmund. Phantasy, Image Consciousness, and Memory, 1898-1925 (Edmund Husserl Collected Works). Springer, 2005.
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17
Branham, R. Bracht. Inventing the Novel. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841265.001.0001.
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Bakhtin as a philosopher and a student of the novel is intent upon the novel’s role in the history of consciousness. His project fails if he is wrong about the dialogic nature of consciousness or the cultural centrality of the novel as the only discourse that can model human consciousness and its intersubjective character. Inventing the Novel is an argument in four stages: the Introduction surveys Bakhtin’s life and his theoretical work in the 1920s, which grounded his work on the novel, as investigated in following chapters. Chapter 1 sketches Bakhtin’s view of literary history as an agonistic dialogue of genres, concluding with his claim that the novel originates as a new way of evaluating time. Chapter 2 explores Bakhtin’s theory of chronotopes: how do forms of time and space in ancient fiction delimit the possible representation of the human? Chapter 3 assesses Bakhtin’s poetics of genre in his account of Menippean satire as crucial in the history of the novel. Chapter 4 uses Petronius to address the prosaics of the novel, exploring Bakhtin’s account of how novelists of “the second stylistic line” orchestrate the babble of voices expressive of an era into “a microcosm of heteroglossia,” focusing it through the consciousness of characters “on the boundary” between I and thou. Insofar as this analysis succeeds, it evinces the truth of Bakhtin’s claim that the role of Petronius’s Satyrica in the history of the novel is “immense.”
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Hummer, Hans. The Made and the Given, the Carnal and the Spiritual. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797609.003.0005.
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This chapter outlines an alternative approach to kinship that is free of modern biogenetic biases and is derived from Karl Schmid’s concept of “self-consciousness” and recent anthropological work on kinship by Janet Carsten, Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, among others. It surveys David Schneider’s classic critique of kinship studies, anthropologists’ rejection of kinship as a primordial or base form regulating a society, the shift to meaning over function, and the critique of constructionism. It emphasizes the need to take the new kinship studies into account if one wishes to illuminate indigenous social ontologies and understand what kinship meant in medieval Europe.
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Boden, Margaret A. 6. But is it intelligence, really? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199602919.003.0006.
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Suppose that future AGI systems equalled human performance. Would they have real intelligence, real under-standing, real creativity? Would they have selves, moral standing, free choice? Would they be conscious? And without consciousness, could they have any of those other properties? ‘But is it intelligence, really?’ considers these philosophical questions, suggesting some answers that are more reasonable than others. It looks at concepts such as the Turing Test; the many problems of consciousness; the studies of AI-inspired philosophers Paul Churchland, Daniel Dennett, and Aaron Sloman; virtual machines and the mind–body problem, and moral responsibility. It concludes that no one knows, for sure, whether an AGI could really be intelligent.
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Arras, John D., James Childress, and Matthew Adams. Concluding Reflections. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190665982.003.0009.
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This chapter begins with a critical examination of the respective pros and cons of the various methods that have been surveyed in the preceding eight chapters. It reiterates that rather than staking out and defending a final position, the book aspires to uncover the costs and benefits of the respective methodological approaches that are surveyed. In the words of Kierkegaard, it aims to make life “harder” rather than “easier” for bioethics by uncovering some outstanding challenges. It culminates in a meta-level discussion about the real value of reflections on methodology such as those reviewed in this book. It is argued that the interesting question is not “Which method?” but, rather, “What does self-consciousness about method contribute to practical ethics?”
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Schechter, Elizabeth. The Unity Puzzle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809654.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the major philosophical debate about the split-brain phenomenon. Split-brain surgery severs the major white matter fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. A number of individuals who underwent this surgery later agreed to act as participants in experiments designed to reveal its psychobehavioral consequences. The basic finding is that, after they are surgically divided in this way, the two hemispheres cannot interact in all the ways they once could: indeed, split-brain subjects sometimes give the impression of having two minds and spheres of consciousness, one associated with each hemisphere. A split-brain subject nonetheless seems to be one of us, at the end of the day. The aim of the book is to reconcile these apparently opposing intuitions by explaining how a split-brain person could have multiple minds.
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Caracciolo, Marco. Degrees of Embodiment in Literary Reading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457747.003.0002.
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This chapter surveys some of the key issues in the study of embodiment in literary reading. Recent research in psycholinguistics has called attention to the role of motor resonance and experiential models in understanding language—two psychological mechanisms often brought together under the heading of “embodied simulation.” How does literary reading, and particularly reading literary narrative, leverage these embodied phenomena? Does embodiment always matter in reading or only in specific circumstances? Building on linguist David Ritchie’s scalar account of embodied simulation, and using Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho as a case study, this chapter distinguishes among various types of embodied involvement and shows how they shape the experience of reading Ellis’s novel. It also draws attention to the question of consciousness, calling for empirical research on the interplay between unconscious processes and lived experience (mental imagery, bodily feelings, etc.) in engaging with literary narrative.
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Miller, Peggy J., and Grace E. Cho. The Age of Self-Esteem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.003.0002.
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Chapter 2, “The Age of Self-Esteem,” continues to trace the intellectual history of childrearing and self-esteem, tracking the widespread dissemination of self-esteem that marked the late decades of the twentieth century and ushered in the age of self-esteem. Studies of self-esteem surged during this period, but the burgeoning of interest was not confined to academic psychology. This chapter describes the confluence of scholarly, educational, and social currents that carried self-esteem into the consciousness of ordinary Americans, as well as the dynamic relationship between academic and popular discourses. It also introduces “Centerville,” the small Midwestern city that was the site of the Millennial study. Popular culture images of self-esteem circulated ubiquitously in Centerville, forming an ambient environment of self-esteem; a sampling of these images is reproduced in this chapter.
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Alvis, Bret D., and Christopher G. Hughes. Delirium. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0061.
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Delirium in the postoperative period, characterized by inattention, disorganized thinking, disorientation, and/or altered levels of consciousness within the first few days after surgery, has been associated with significant increases in hospital stay, functional decline, prolonged cognitive dysfunction, and mortality. It is underdiagnosed without routine assessments with validated tools such as the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), the 4AT, the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU), or the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). Prevention strategies for postoperative delirium include multimodal pain control, judicious use of medications that affect the sensorium, including benzodiazepines and anticholinergics, maintenance of appropriate volume status, and optimization of the patient’s environment. In patients who develop delirium with severe agitation, antipsychotic and alpha-2 agonist medications may be useful. Because postoperative delirium occurs commonly and is associated with worse outcomes, an understanding of its disease process, risk factors, and management is essential for an anesthesiologist.
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Krishnan, Vaishnav, Bernard S. Chang, and Donald L. Schomer. The Application of EEG to Epilepsy in Adults and the Elderly. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0019.
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Surface or scalp electroencephalography (EEG) has become an indispensable tool for the diagnosis, classification, and care of patients with epilepsy across the age spectrum. This chapter provides an overview of interictal and corresponding ictal scalp EEG patterns observed in adults with certain classical epilepsy syndromes. In patients with one or more new-onset seizures, the value of EEG testing begins with a close examination of the interictal record. The morphology, frequency, and topography of interictal epileptiform discharges (when present) are typically sufficient to broadly distinguish between the propensity to develop “generalized seizures” (those that rapidly engage a distributed epileptogenic network) or “focal seizures” (which have a stereotyped onset within a clearly lateralized focal region or network). Epileptiform discharges may also be seen in patients without epilepsy who are affected by certain acute (e.g., severe metabolic encephalopathies) or chronic neuropsychiatric syndromes (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). An examination of the ictal recording is of crucial importance in patients with medication-refractory focal onset seizures as it serves to guide patient selection and ancillary testing for the possibility of resective surgery for epilepsy. This chapter also highlights the limited anatomical sensitivity of EEG for seizures that lack an associated impairment in consciousness (“simple partial seizures”) or those that remain confined to mesial, deep or inferior cortical regions.
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Mertus, Julie. Global Governance and Feminist Activism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.203.
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Competing narratives exist in feminist scholarship about the successes and challenges of women’s activism in a globalized world. Some scholars view globalization as merely another form of imperialism, whereby a particular tradition—white, Eurocentric, and Western—has sought to establish itself as the only legitimate tradition; (re)colonization of the Third World; and/or the continuation of “a process of corporate global economic, ideological, and cultural marginalization across nation-states.” On the other hand, proponents of globalization see opportunity in “the proliferation of transnational spaces for political engagement” and promise in “the related surge in the number and impact of social movements and nongovernmental organizations. Feminist involvement in global governance can be understood by appreciating the context and origins of the chosen for advancing feminist interests in governance, which have changed over time. First wave feminism, describing a long period of feminist activity during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, developed vibrant networks seeking to develop strong coalitions, generate broad public consensus, and improve the status of women in society. Second wave feminist concerns dominated the many international conferences of the 1990s, influencing the dominant agenda, the problems identified and discussed, the advocacy tactics employed, and the controversies generated. Third wave feminism focused more on consciousness raising and coalition building across causes and identities.
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Komline, David. The Common School Awakening. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190085155.001.0001.
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A statue of Horace Mann, erected in front of the Boston state house in 1863, declares him the “Father of the American Public School System.” For over a century and a half, most narratives about early American education have proceeded as if this epithet were true. It has been etched into the general American consciousness as surely as it has been etched into the stone pedestal on which Mann stands. As Mann looms over the Boston Common, so he has loomed over discussions of early American schooling. The Common School Awakening offers a new narrative about the rise of public schools in America. The story begins before Horace Mann ever entered the scene as the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. In the first half of the nineteenth century a broad and distinctly American religious consensus emerged, allowing people from across the religious spectrum to cooperate in systematizing and professionalizing America’s schools, all in an effort to Christianize the country. At the height of this movement, several states introduced state-sponsored teacher training colleges and concentrated government oversight of schools in offices such as the one held by Mann. Shortly thereafter, the religious consensus that had served as the foundation for this common school system disintegrated. But the system itself remained, the legacy not just of one man, but of a whole network of reformers who put into motion a transatlantic and transdenominational religious movement—the “Common School Awakening.”
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Pinto, Sarah. The Doctor and Mrs. A. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286676.001.0001.
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In the years leading up to India’s independence, a young Punjabi woman known to us only as Mrs. A., ill at ease in her marriage and eager for personal and national freedom, sat down with psychiatrist Dev Satya Nand for an experiment in his new and “Oriental” method of dream analysis. Her analysis, which appeared in a case self-published by Satya Nand, included a surge of emotion and reflections on sexuality, gender, marriage, ambition, trauma, and art. She turned to female figures from Hindu myth to reimagine her social world and its ethical arrangements. The stories of Draupadi and Shakuntala, from the Mahabharata, and Ahalya, from the Ramayana, helped her envision a future beyond marriage, colonial rule, and gendered constraints. This book is an exploration of Mrs. A.’s case, its window onto gender and sexuality in late colonial Indian society, and the ways her case put ethics in motion, creating alternatives to ideals of belonging, recognition, and consciousness. It finds in Mrs. A.’s musings repertoires for the creative transformation of ethical ideals and explores the possibilities of thinking with a concept of “counter-ethics” and from a position that sees ethics as plural in both content and form. Following Mrs. A. in pursuing mythic narratives and turning in its conclusion to art as a guide for theorizing, this book asks what perspectives on gender, power, meaning, and imagination are possible from the position of the counter-ethic and its orientation toward movement and change.
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TWENTY FIRST CENTURY-WOMEN’S CENTURY. INDIA: Ashok Rawal on Internet WEBSITE: www.shriramsharma.com, 2011.
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WE WILL INHABIT A NEW WORLD-WE WILL NEO CREATE WORLD HUMANITY. INDIA: Ashok Rawal on Internet WEBSITE: www.shriramsharma.com, 2012.
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32
(Editor), T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger (Editor), and K. Mizumura (Editor), eds. The Polymodal Receptor - A Gateway to Pathological Pain (Progress in Brain Research). Elsevier Science, 1996.
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Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.
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