Academic literature on the topic 'Surveyor's General Office'
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Journal articles on the topic "Surveyor's General Office"
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Manies, Kristen L., David J. Mladenoff, and Erik V. Nordheim. "Assessing large-scale surveyor variability in the historic forest data of the original U.S. Public Land Survey." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-108.
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The U.S. General Land Office Public Land Survey (PLS) records are a valuable resource for studying pre-European settlement vegetation. However, these data were taken for legal, not ecological, purposes. In turn, the instructions the surveyors followed affected the data collected. For this reason, it has been suggested that the PLS data may not truly represent the surveyed landscapes. This study examined the PLS data of northern Wisconsin, U.S.A., to determine the extent of variability among surveyors. We statistically tested for differences among surveyors in recorded tree species, size, location, and distance from the survey point. While we cannot rule out effects from other influences (e.g., environmental factors), we found evidence suggesting some level of surveyor bias for four of five variables, including tree species and size. The PLS data remain one of the best records of pre-European settlement vegetation available. However, based on our findings, we recommend that projects using PLS records examine these data carefully. This assessment should include not only the choice of variables to be studied but also the spatial extent at which the data will be examined.
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McParland, Edward. "The Office of the Surveyor General in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century." Architectural History 38 (1995): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1568623.
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Allred, G. K. "The land surveyor as a public officer." CISM journal 44, no. 1 (April 1990): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1990-0006.
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The cadastral surveyor has a unique position in society. His responsibilities are quite different from those of a doctor, lawyer, or accountant who normally need act with only the interests of a single client in mind. The land surveyor in establishing a boundary, may be engaged by one landowner but nevertheless, the monuments he places also define the extent of lands of the client’s neighbor and potential adversary. He must preserve in all his work, the judicial mind and the impartial attitude of an arbiter, rather than the bias of an advocate.
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McFall, Roddy. "A “world-startling discovery” - Stories in the Canada Lands Survey Records." Bulletin - Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives (ACMLA), no. 159 (July 23, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/acmla.n159.233.
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In 2017, a small collection of survey plans in the custody of Library and Archives Canada (LAC) grew exponentially when Natural Resources Canada’s Office of the Surveyor General transferred over 90,000 original survey maps and field books from the Canada Lands Survey Records (CLSR). Dating as early as 1769, these underused archival records document the survey, settlement, and sustainable use of Crown Lands. Among many other things, the CLSR collection documents Canada’s Indigenous history and culture such as the distribution of language groups, treaty rights, the location of Residential Schools and Indian reserves, and Indigenous land use and occupation. Through these, we can see the history of Indian reserves, National Parks, military bases, railway development, the fur trade, and the Arctic. As we will see, the records also help tell the story of the significant Indigenous contribution to the Klondike Gold Rush.
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Oduyemi, Olufolahan, Michael Iheoma Okoroh, Oluwaseun Samuel Fajana, and Oluwumi Arowosafe. "The need for economic performance measures for life cycle costing of sustainable commercial office buildings." Journal of Facilities Management 16, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-08-2017-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current level of awareness, usage and advocated benefits of economic performance measures of life cycle costing (LCC) in sustainable commercial office buildings. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaire survey to 120 construction professionals was used to gauge the current level of awareness, usage and advocated benefits of economic performance measures in LCC. Findings The key findings of the statistical analysis indicated that there is a low awareness and usage of economic performance measures, and revealing the entire value of capital outflow alternatives was the most advocated benefit of its application. Research limitations/implications Although the data used in this paper were from professionally qualified members of either the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) and the British Institute for Facilities Management (BIFM), the research is limited in some ways in that it does not cover all the professionals in the construction industry. Nevertheless, all the professionals who responded to the questionnaire have up-to-date level of awareness of economic performance measures in LCC. Practical implications The use of economic performance measures helps to make available the information required for building performance. Therefore, economic performance methods in LCC are useful devices for users to appraise and distribute recognisable values from initial costs, operating and maintenance costs to clients in the life cycle of an asset. Social implications Value for money for construction products and its facilities should not be viewed only in terms of costs to design and construction. Rather, it is vital for corporate occupants and society in general to consider other key variables such as operations, maintenance, renovation, replacement and end-of-life costs. Originality/value This study fills the gap in the existing knowledge by addressing concerns over performance measurement to improve the confidence in LCC for sustainable commercial office buildings.
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White, M. A., and G. E. Host. "Forest disturbance frequency and patch structure from pre-European settlement to present in the Mixed Forest Province of Minnesota, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 8 (August 2008): 2212–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-065.
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We used General Land Office survey data (1860–1890) and interpreted aerial photography from the 1930s, 1970s, and 1990s to quantify forest disturbance frequency and spatial patterns for four time periods in the Mixed Forest Province of Minnesota. The study region included eight subsections within the Mixed Forest Province of Minnesota’s Ecological Classification System. Presettlement disturbance and spatial pattern estimates varied across the eight subsections indicating a strong relationship to soil and landform characteristics. Land surveyors primarily recorded higher severity disturbances that resulted in significant tree mortality. The 1900–1940 era was characterized by a short-term increase in fire frequency that was relatively uniform across the study region, in contrast to the variability of the presettlement (1860–1890) landscape. In the postsettlement period (1940–1995), timber harvest replaced fire as the dominant disturbance factor. Similar management practices among subsections created similar harvest rates throughout the study region. These management practices imposed a more homogeneous pattern dominated by small (10–25 ha) patches. Management practices now have a greater influence than natural processes in the generation of landscape pattern in the Mixed Forest Province of Minnesota. Information on presettlement forest conditions and subsequent changes can be used by land managers to restore spatial pattern variability in managed forest landscapes.
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Predmore, S. Andrew, Josh McDaniel, and John S. Kush. "Presettlement forests and fire in southern Alabama." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 9 (September 2007): 1723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-016.
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Although the loss of Pinus palustris P. Mill. (longleaf pine) dominated communities and the alteration of the presettlement fire regimes have been documented, there is little information on the ecology of the presettlement lower Coastal Plain forests of the southeastern United States. We used 12 637 witness trees, which were recorded by General Land Office surveyors between 1820 and 1846, to identify presettlement witness tree associations and to explore witness tree – environmental variable relationships. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to identify three witness tree associations including a Pinus spp. – Quercus marilandica (L.) Muenchh. association, a Quercus spp. – Carya spp. association, and a Persea spp. – Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. association. Canonical correspondence analysis and contingency tables were used to describe and test witness tree relationships with slope, elevation, and soil drainage. Additionally, bearing distances, used as an indicator of forest density, were compared among the witness tree associations. Species orientation shown by the DCA ordination diagram was interpreted as a gradient of fire frequency. This interpretation of a fire gradient was supported through the analysis of bearing distances, which showed high bearing distances associated with witness trees located on the high fire frequency end of the gradient. The relationships between witness trees and environmental variables as well as relationships between witness trees and bearing distances suggest that fire-dependent longleaf communities dominated the presettlement study area.
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Zhang, Quanfa, Kurt S. Pregitzer, and David D. Reed. "Catastrophic disturbance in the presettlement forests of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-184.
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The General Land Office (GLO) survey notes (1840-1856) were used to examine the interaction among natural disturbance, vegetation type, and topography in the presettlement forests of the Luce District, an ecological unit of approximately 902 000 ha in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S.A. The surveyors recorded 104 fire and 126 windthrow incidences covering 3.1 and 2.8% of the total length of the surveyed lines, respectively. The rotation periods over the entire landscape were 480 years for fire and 541 years for windthrow, but these varied with vegetation type and topographic position. Fire occurred more frequently on southerly aspects and at elevations where pinelands were concentrated. The density of windthrow events increased with elevation and slope, with the highest occurrence on westerly aspects. Based on the estimated rotation periods, we calculated that 7.5, 24.4, and 68.1% of the presettlement forest were in the stand initiation, stem exclusion, and old forest (including both understory reinitiation and old growth) stages, respectively. Pinelands and mixed conifers were the major components in both the stand initiation (34.5 and 31.1%) and the stem exclusion stage (20.9 and 39.8%), while mixed conifers (39.3%) and northern hardwoods (34.7%) were the major old-forest cover types. The diverse mosaic of various successional stages generated by natural disturbance suggests a "shifting-mosaic" landscape in this region.
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Radeloff, Volker C., David J. Mladenoff, Hong S. He, and Mark S. Boyce. "Forest landscape change in the northwestern Wisconsin Pine Barrens from pre-European settlement to the present." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 1649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-089.
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Natural disturbance patterns can provide useful information for ecosystem management. Our objective was to provide a detailed spatial picture of the pre-European settlement vegetation cover for the northwestern Wisconsin Pine Barrens and to compare it with the present vegetation cover. We analyzed the presettlement conditions using an extensive data set comprised of U.S. General Land Office surveyor records from the mid-19th century and related it to the vegetation cover in 1987 as depicted in a Landsat satellite forest classification. Changes were quantified by calculating differences in abundance and relative importance of tree species at presettlement time and today. Our results revealed a strong decline of jack, red, and white pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb., Pinus resinosa Ait., and Pinus strobus L., respectively), accompanied by an increase of oak (Quercus spp.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and other hardwood species. Certain vegetation types, e.g., red pine and oak savannas, were removed from the landscape. The forest density gradient of the presettlement landscape with open savannas and woodlands in the South and denser forests in the North disappeared. These changes, especially the increase in forest cover, are ecologically significant because numerous species are adapted to open habitat, which was previously created by fire, and their populations are declining.
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Clary, Renee, and James Wandersee. "The journey from elite society to government geologist: Henry de la Beche's (1796-1855) powerful impact on the importance of observation within an emerging professional science." Earth Sciences History 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.33.2.b0764512965g836u.
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Henry De la Beche (1796-1855) entered the scientific realm within an elite group of gentleman geologists. As a firm advocate of observation, De la Beche's philosophy of science involved the collection of fects, from which satisfactory theories or solutions to geological problems could only arise after accumulated observations were compiled. He authored many texts, but insisted that he recorded only fects and did not support particular theories, which often relied on scant observation. When De la Beche's finances floundered, his persistence at procuring government support for his mapping projects resulted in his eventual appointment (1835) as director of what would become the British Geological Survey. As a government scientist, De la Beche maintained a staunch advocacy of observation. He used his position to promote field work, and ensured quality in the deliberate recording of accurate information. He provided clear instructions to local survey directors, and advocated a "general mode of observing and recording fects" for "systematic investigations and uniformity of results" (1845). His methods guaranteed that facts, and not selective interpretations, would be available for those who needed them. He insisted that utilitarian geological products, such as survey maps and mining records, were consistent and of high quality. He also promoted the importance of these products—and the field work that produced them—within the elite societies of which he remained a member. Through his government position, De la Beche successfully advocated for public displays of facts and collections, and largely through his efforts the Museum of Practical Geology, the School of Mines, and the Mining Record Office were established. Therefore, De la Beche's emphasis of observation over theory had far-reaching impact in the emerging Victorian professionalization of science. Although he lost personal funding and could not sustain only an elite participation in the emerging geological discipline, his government position provided a powerful platform from which he was able to teach, systematize, and institutionalize field-based geological observation. De la Beche's success is measured through the establishment of feet repositories in Great Britain, and also through the impact that surveyors who studied his field methods brought to other countries.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surveyor's General Office"
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Rowe, Oliver allan. "A survey to assess perceptions on the value of examining survey records within the Surveyor-General(s) Office(s)." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10561.
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The examination of survey diagrams and records submitted by Professional Land Surveyor(s), has been the responsibility of the Surveyor-General(s) Office(s) in South Africa since the passing of the Land Survey Act 9 of 1927 and its successor, the Land Survey Act 8 of 1997. As it stands Professional Land Surveyor(s), registered with the South African Institute of Professional and Technical Surveyors, are the only persons authorised to place and replace cadastral boundaries. Together with the Surveyor-General(s) Office(s), they ensure the integrity of our land tenure system. This research investigated the perceptions of the Professional Land Surveyor(s) and the examiners, as to whether this examination process is necessary to ensure the integrity of the land tenure system, or whether it is a mere hindrance to the registration of land within the Deeds Office(s). A qualitative research approach was undertaken whereby a questionnaire was developed and distributed to all registered Professional Land Surveyor(s) operating in KwaZulu-Natal. In addition, semi-structured interviews were performed at the offices of the Surveyor-General with the staff involved with the examination process. It was established that the examination, although perceived as a delay in the registration of property, is vital and if compromised there is a distinct risk of losing the security and integrity that presently exist within the cadastral system. It would appear that the integrity of our cadastral system is not found solely in the professional land surveyor or the examination section, but rather that the combined efforts of the two parties provides an end product that is accurate, correct and ensures that the integrity of the cadastre system is maintained.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
Book chapters on the topic "Surveyor's General Office"
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Hamer, Kenneth. "Jurisdiction." In Professional Conduct Casebook. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817246.003.0049.
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Regulatory and disciplinary bodies derive their jurisdiction from various sources, such as under statute, the royal prerogative, royal charter, or by contract with their members. The healthcare professions are governed by statute. In addition to the General Medical Council (GMC) and the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service (MPTS), the regulations relating to professional conduct matters concerning the General Dental Council (GDC), the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC, the General Osteopathic Council (GOsC), and the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) are all derived from statute. Architects are regulated under a statutory scheme and many professions, including accountants, actuaries, engineers, and surveyors, are regulated by professional bodies incorporated under royal charter. The Home Office Police Board for Forensic Pathology and the Council for the Registration of Forensic Pathologists are set up under the royal prerogative. See generally Meadow v. General Medical Council [2007] QB 462, at [28]–[29]. The disciplinary regulations for other bodies, such as the Jockey Club (governed by royal charter), the National Greyhound Racing Club, and the British Boxing Board of Control, are governed by contractual arrangements.
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Potts, Gwynne Tuell. "William and Lucy Clark Croghan." In George Rogers Clark and William Croghan, 219–36. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178677.003.0017.
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William Croghan, Irish immigrant, British and Continental Army officer, surveyor, and community leader, died at his home in September 1822. He left behind a large family and distinguished farm, more than fifty thousand acres scattered across several states, and the admiration of a nation. His widow, Lucy Clark, lived another sixteen years, much of it as witness to the tragedies of her children, but she endured, as a frontier woman ought, and welcomed Andrew Jackson, James Monroe, Meriwether Lewis, and, of course, Zachary Taylor to her home. Three children married brilliantly; son, George, a War of 1812 hero, married New York’s Serena Livingston, niece to Robert. Eldest daughter, Ann, married Thomas S. Jesup, newly appointed quartermaster general of the US Army; and son, William, married Mary O’Hara, one of the nation’s wealthiest heiresses. Lucy lived to see Locust Grove secured by eldest son, Dr. John Croghan, and died peacefully in the home she had known for more than forty years.