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1
Kwako, Laura E., Jennie G. Noll, Frank W. Putnam, and Penelope K. Trickett. "Childhood sexual abuse and attachment: An intergenerational perspective." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 3 (July 2010): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104510367590.
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Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a recognized risk factor for various negative outcomes in adult survivors and their offspring. We used the Dynamic-Maturational Model of attachment theory as a framework for exploring the impact of maternal CSA on children’s attachment relationships in the context of a longitudinal sample of adult survivors of CSA and non-abused comparison mothers and their children. Results indicated that children of CSA survivors were more likely to have extreme strategies of attachment than the children of non-abused mothers. However, because both groups were at socioeconomic risk, both were typified by anxious attachment. Explanations for findings and implications for children’s development are explored.
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Luterek, Jane A., Gerlinde C. Harb, Richard G. Heimberg, and Brian P. Marx. "Interpersonal Rejection Sensitivity in Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 19, no. 1 (January 2004): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260503259052.
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This study investigated whether interpersonal rejection sensitivity serves a mediating role between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and three long-term psychological correlates of CSA in adult female survivors: depressive symptoms, anger suppression, and attenuated emotional expression. Interpersonal rejection sensitivity has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of depression and is elevated in CSA survivors. Similarly, attenuated emotional expression, particularly anger, has been related to adjustment difficulties in CSA survivors. Participants in this study were 355 female undergraduates, 34 ofwhomreported a history of CSA. Results demonstrated that interpersonal rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between CSA and later depressive symptoms. Interpersonal rejection sensitivity partially mediated the relationship between CSA and anger suppression; however, it did not mediate the relationship between CSA and attenuated emotional expression. These results are examined within the context of the current literature on adult CSA survivors and their implications are discussed.
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Endrass, J., and A. Rossegger. "Mental Disorders in Victims of Sexual Violence." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70515-2.
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Many investigations have shown a strong relationship between childhood sex abuse (CSA) and severe negative health and social outcomes among female and male victims of childhood sex abuse. The risk for unintended pregnancies, risky sexual behavior in general, and HIV-risk behavior is considerably elevated, leading to the contraction of sexually transmitted diseases. Furthermore, CSA victims are likely to be assaulted again as adults and a minority of CSA victims can become a perpetrator themselves. With respect to mental health outcomes, a higher prevalence of alcoholism, drug abuse, addiction, and pathologic gambling is found in CSA survivors. Additionally, CSA survivors are more vulnerable to anorexia nervosa, affective disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or suffer personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorder (BPD). Furthermore, childhood sex abuse victims are more vulnerable to suicidal behaviour, showing frequent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.
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Fairweather, Angela, and Bill Kinder. "Predictors of Relationship Adjustment in Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28, no. 3 (September 7, 2012): 538–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260512455510.
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The current study investigated: (1) the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and four relationship adjustment variables (consensus, cohesion, affection, and satisfaction); (2) whether finding meaning in CSA and using mature defenses would predict relationship adjustment; and (3) whether meaning and mature defenses would moderate the association between CSA severity and relationship adjustment. The sample consisted of 287 undergraduate women, 95 of whom reported a history of CSA. All participants were involved in a romantic relationship at the time of the study. Results indicated a significant relationship between CSA history and dyadic consensus, whereby abused women reported less agreement with their partners than nonabused women. In the abused sample, CSA severity significantly predicted affection and mature defenses significantly predicted both affection and consensus in relationships. Furthermore, mature defenses moderated the relationship between CSA severity and dyadic cohesion (i.e., joint activities with one’s partner). Contrary to hypotheses, meaning was not related to relationship adjustment and did not moderate the association between CSA severity and relationship adjustment. These findings advance the CSA literature by elucidating factors that predict healthy adjustment to CSA.
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Morais, Hugo B., Apryl A. Alexander, Rebecca L. Fix, and Barry R. Burkhart. "Childhood Sexual Abuse in Adolescents Adjudicated for Sexual Offenses: Mental Health Consequences and Sexual Offending Behaviors." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215625224.
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Most studies on the mental health consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) focus predominantly on CSA survivors who do not commit sexual offenses. The current study examined the effects of CSA on 498 male adolescents adjudicated for sexual offenses who represent the small portion of CSA survivors who engage in sexual offenses. The prevalence of internalizing symptoms, parental attachment difficulties, specific sexual offending behaviors, and risk for sexually offending were compared among participants with and without a history of CSA. Results indicated that participants with a history of CSA were more likely to be diagnosed with major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder than those who did not report a history of CSA. A history of CSA was also positively correlated with risk for sexually offending and with specific offense patterns and consensual sexual behaviors. No significant differences emerged on parental attachment difficulties. These results highlight that adolescents adjudicated for sexual offenses with a history of CSA present with differences in sexual and psychological functioning as well as markedly different offending patterns when compared with those without a CSA history. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Abu-Rayya, Hisham M., Eli Somer, and Hikmat Knane. "Maladaptive Daydreaming Is Associated With Intensified Psychosocial Problems Experienced by Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Violence Against Women 26, no. 8 (May 3, 2019): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219845532.
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We measured maladaptive daydreaming (MD) and psychosocial indices among 194 participants, aged 18-56 years: 99 female survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and 95 control respondents with no reported history of sexual abuse. Our data show that survivors of CSA scored higher on MD compared to controls. Survivors of CSA with probable MD scored higher on psychological distress, social phobia, and social isolation compared to survivors of CSA without suspected MD, implying that MD might exacerbate the psychosocial problems linked with CSA. MD psychological screening of female survivors of CSA and the development of a treatment module for MD could improve the quality of clinical services provided to survivors.
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Kaye-Tzadok, Avital, and Bilha Davidson-Arad. "The Contribution of Cognitive Strategies to the Resilience of Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Non-Abused Women." Violence Against Women 23, no. 8 (June 15, 2016): 993–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216652506.
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This study examines the contribution of four strategies—self-forgiveness, realistic control, unrealistic control, and hope—to the resilience of 100 women survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), as compared with 84 non-sexually abused women. The findings show that CSA survivors exhibited lower resilience, lower self-forgiveness, lower hope, and higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms (PTS). They also indicate that resilience was explained by the participants’ financial status, PTS severity, and two cognitive strategies—self-forgiveness and hope. Finally, PTS and hope mediated the relation between CSA and resilience.
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Lahav, Yael, Karni Ginzburg, and David Spiegel. "Post-Traumatic Growth, Dissociation, and Sexual Revictimization in Female Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors." Child Maltreatment 25, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559519856102.
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Background:Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors are at high risk of sexual revictimization. At the same time, some survivors report positive transformations resulting from the traumatic experience, a phenomenon known as post-traumatic growth (PTG). Although one might expect PTG to be related to reduced risk of revictimization, the link between PTG and revictimization has not been investigated. Furthermore, mixed findings regarding the associations between PTG and distress imply that the effects of PTG are multifaceted. One potential explanation may be that dissociation shapes the implications of PTG, making it more like denial than adaptive processing of traumatic experience. This longitudinal study explores (a) the associations between PTG and sexual revictimization and (b) the moderating role of dissociation within the associations between PTG and revictimization.Method:Participants were 111 female CSA survivors who participated in a 6-month efficacy trial evaluating the effectiveness of group psychotherapy for CSA survivors with HIV risk factors.Results:Dissociation moderated the associations between PTG and revictimization: Whereas PTG had nonsignificant effects on revictimization in participants with low dissociation, it predicted elevated levels of revictimization in participants with high dissociation.Conclusions:Reports of PTG among some CSA survivors might mirror dissociative beliefs that increase their risk of revictimization.
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Wyatt, Gail E., Tamra Burns Loeb, Katherine A. Desmond, and Patricia A. Ganz. "Does a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse Affect Sexual Outcomes in Breast Cancer Survivors?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 6 (February 20, 2005): 1261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.01.150.
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Purpose Little is known about a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in breast cancer survivors and its relationship to sexual functioning after cancer. As part of a larger survey study examining sexuality and intimacy in breast cancer survivors, we conducted in-person interviews with a subsample of participants. Methods A total of 147 women in Los Angeles, CA, and Washington, DC, completed a structured interview that addressed sexual socialization and a history of sexual abuse. Trained female interviewers conducted the interviews. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to examine the prevalence of CSA, and its potential impact on sexual health and functioning. Results One in three women reported at least one CSA incident. Among women who had experienced CSA, 71% reported a single incident, and 22% reported a penetrative form of sexual contact. In multivariate regression analyses examining physical and psychological aspects of sexuality and body image, CSA was not a significant predictor of physical discomfort. However, a history of penetrative CSA was a significant predictor of psychological discomfort (P = .02). Conclusion The prevalence of CSA in this sample was similar to the general population literature on this topic. In this small sample, a past history of CSA did not contribute significantly to the physical discomforts associated with sexual intimacy after breast cancer; however, our findings suggest that a past history of penetrative CSA is associated with increased psychological discomfort, and may warrant additional examination in future research.
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Wardecker, Britney M., Robin S. Edelstein, Jodi A. Quas, Ingrid M. Cordón, and Gail S. Goodman. "Emotion Language in Trauma Narratives Is Associated With Better Psychological Adjustment Among Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 36, no. 6 (April 28, 2017): 628–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x17706940.
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Traumatized individuals are often encouraged to confront their experiences by talking or writing about them. However, survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) might find it especially difficult to process abuse experiences, particularly when the abuse is more severe. The current study examined whether CSA survivors who use emotion language when describing their abuse experiences exhibit better mental health. We analyzed the trauma narratives of 55 adults who, as children, were part of a larger study of the long-term emotional effects of criminal prosecutions on CSA survivors. Abuse narratives were analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program. We examined whether positive and negative emotion language in participants’ abuse narratives were associated with self- and caregiver-reported mental health symptoms and whether these associations differed by abuse severity. As hypothesized, participants who used more positive and negative emotion language had better psychological outcomes, especially when the abuse was more severe.
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Hunt, Laura J. "Missions in the Context of Recovery from Childhood Sexual Abuse." Missiology: An International Review 38, no. 3 (July 2010): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182961003800307.
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Although survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) do not constitute a mission field in the geographical sense, current awareness of the impact of CSA provides data that allow Christians to reach out with compassion to that population. This paper connects studies on CSA with elements of trauma. It points out some of the factors needed for recovery from CSA to aid missionary awareness and includes an excursus on the concept of forgiveness as seen in the Gospels. Finally, it calls the church to provide communities that embody an effective mindset for mission outreach to this population.
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Lund, J. I., K. L. Day, L. A. Schmidt, S. Saigal, and R. J. Van Lieshout. "Adult social outcomes of extremely low birth weight survivors of childhood sexual abuse." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7, no. 6 (September 19, 2016): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174416000532.
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Preterm birth and exposure to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are early physiological and psychological adversities that have been linked to reduced social functioning across the lifespan. However, the joint effects of being born preterm and being exposed to CSA on adult social outcomes remains unclear. We sought to determine the impact of exposure to both preterm birth and CSA on adult social functioning in a group of 179 extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) survivors and 145 matched normal birth weight (>2500 g) participants in the fourth decade of life. Social outcome data from a prospective, longitudinal, population-based Canadian birth cohort initiated between the years of 1977 and 1982 were examined. At age 29–36 years, ELBW survivors who experienced CSA reported poorer relationships with their partner, worse family functioning, greater loneliness, lower self-esteem and had higher rates of avoidant personality problems than those who had not experienced CSA. Birth weight status was also found to moderate associations between CSA and self-esteem (P=0.032), loneliness (P=0.021) and family functioning (P=0.060), such that the adverse effects of CSA were amplified in ELBW survivors. Exposure to CSA appears to augment the adult social risks associated with perinatal adversity. Individuals born preterm and exposed to CSA appear to be a group at particularly high risk for adverse social outcomes in adulthood.
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Nelson, Sarah. "ACEs policy and adults: The missing role of sexual abuse." Scottish Affairs 29, no. 4 (November 2020): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2020.0342.
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Traumatised adults have been rather neglected in policy on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in comparison with children. Yet the key message from the original ACE studies was the need to change the way adults with ill health are heard, understood, diagnosed and treated. Within ACEs policy, childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has also had marginal attention. This paper traces how adult survivors of CSA provided the spark for the first and subsequent ACE studies, describing the serious mental and physical health issues this trauma can bring throughout the lifecourse. It raises the possibility that some of the original ten ACEs may be more impactful to health and wellbeing over the lifecourse than others and should receive greater priority in terms of prevention and recovery. A series of questions is asked about how physical and mental health services are responding, and how they may need to be monitored in order to fully integrate the needs of CSA survivors into current Scottish ACEs policy.
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Estévez, Ana, Nagore Ozerinjauregi, David Herrero-Fernández, and Paula Jauregui. "The Mediator Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Impulsive Symptoms in Female Survivors of CSA." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 4 (April 24, 2016): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516645815.
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Child abuse is a traumatic experience that may have psychological consequences such as dysfunctional beliefs. The aim of this study was to analyze the impulsive behaviors (alcohol abuse, gambling, drug abuse, eating disorders, Internet abuse, videogame abuse, shopping and sex addiction) in sexual abuse survivors and to study the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the appearance of impulsive behaviors in adult female victims. The sample consisted of 182 adult women who had suffered childhood sexual abuse (CSA), mostly referred by associations for the treatment of childhood abuse and maltreatment. Sexual abuse was found to be positively related to the domains of Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy. Moreover, these domains were significantly related to impulsivity and impulsive behaviors. Finally, the Disconnection/Rejection domain was found to mediate between CSA and eating disorders and alcohol abuse. These results may provide important guidance for clinical intervention.
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Ward, Kaitlin P., David S. Wood, and Troy M. Young. "Retreat Intervention Effectiveness for Female Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse." Research on Social Work Practice 30, no. 7 (May 4, 2020): 760–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731520921936.
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Purpose: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a widespread issue that can have detrimental effects on adult well-being. As demand for CSA treatment is high, it is important for clinicians to understand what forms of interventions are effective. Method: This quasi-experimental study examined the effectiveness of a 4-day retreat intervention for 986 adult female CSA survivors. Multilevel growth curve modeling was used to analyze treatment group effects, and paired-sample t tests were used for the wait-list group. Results: The intervention significantly reduced post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (Cohen’s d = 0.69) and increased life satisfaction (Cohen’s d = 0.98), social support (Cohen’s d = 0.20), and coping self-efficacy (Cohen’s d = 1.14); these changes were maintained 1-year postintervention. The wait-list group did not report statistically significant changes across time. Discussion: Findings suggest retreat interventions may be a promising form of CSA treatment and encourage more empirical work on retreat interventions across diverse samples and settings.
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Schnur, Julie B., Matthew J. Dillon, Rachel E. Goldsmith, and Guy H. Montgomery. "Cancer treatment experiences among survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A qualitative investigation of triggers and reactions to cumulative trauma." Palliative and Supportive Care 16, no. 6 (August 15, 2017): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147895151700075x.
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ABSTRACTObjective:Some 25% of women and 8% of men in the United States have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) before the age of 18. For these individuals, healthcare visits and interactions can be retraumatizing due to perceived similarities to past abuse (e.g., pain, undressing, lack of control). However, no prior studies have provided formal qualitative analyses regarding CSA survivors' reactions to cancer treatment. Therefore, our study's objective was to identify key themes pertaining to CSA survivors' cancer treatment experiences.Method:Male and female members of the Amazon Mechanical Turk (N= 159, mean age = 44.27 years,SD= 10.02) participated in an anonymous online survey study. The inclusion criteria included reporting: history of CSA; a diagnosis of colorectal, gynecological, breast, or skin cancer; and experience of triggers and/or difficulties during cancer treatment. Participants' responses to open-ended questions were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.Results:We identified two primary themes describing CSA survivors' experiences: Theme 1: treatment-related triggers (key subthemes: procedure-related, provider-related, and emotional triggers); and Theme 2: questioning the meaning of cumulative trauma (e.g., “Why me again?”).Significance of results:For CSA survivors, cancer and its treatment can trigger thoughts and emotions associated with the original abuse as well as negative evaluations of themselves, the world, and their future. Our findings are consistent with past research on CSA survivors' experiences in non-cancer healthcare settings and add to the literature by highlighting their struggles during cancer treatment. The present results can inform further research on trauma survivors' reactions to cancer treatment and give cancer care providers the context they need to understand and sensitively serve a substantial yet often overlooked patient group.
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Guyon, Roxanne, Mylène Fernet, and Natacha Godbout. "‘‘A journey back to my wholeness’’: A qualitative metasynthesis on the relational and sexual recovery process of child sexual abuse survivors." International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience 7, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1072589ar.
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Objective: This study aims to document the relational and sexual recovery process of child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors.
Method: Using the framework-based synthesis approach (Dixon-Woods, 2011), a metasynthesis was conducted on qualitative peer-reviewed studies published between 2004 and 2019, focusing on the recovery from relational and sexual outcomes related to CSA experiences. Criteria of inclusion: 1) included self-identified men or women who had sustained sexual abuse in childhood; 2) focused on CSA related relational or sexual outcomes and recovery processes; 3) included a qualitative component incorporating interviews or focus groups; 4) were carried out in Western countries. According to these criteria, a sample of eight articles was constituted. A direct content analysis was performed using The Drive to Move Forward Framework (Ochocka et al., 2005).
Results: Findings yielded three main categories that illustrate the relational and sexual recovery process of CSA survivors: 1) The Drive to Move Forward after CSA; 2) Positive Strategies Mobilized to Recover from Relational and Sexual Issues Left by CSA and; 3) Social Circumstances that Facilitate or Hinder the Relational and Sexual Recovery Process.
Conclusion: Although their relational and sexual recovery process may involve setbacks, and that they may be confronted with impeding social circumstances, survivors mobilize strategies and social resources to help them move forward after CSA.
Implication: In order to help CSA survivors in achieving a satisfying relational and sexual life, providers should adopt a personalized approach that respects their process of relational and sexual recovery and adopt an ecological perspective to better understand the factors that can modulate this process.
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Emetu, Roberta E., William L. Yarber, Catherine M. Sherwood-Laughlin, and Alexis S. Brandt. "Self-Reported Sexual Behavioral Similarities and Differences Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men With Childhood Sexual Abuse Histories: A Qualitative Exploratory Study." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 4 (July 2020): 155798832094935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320949355.
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Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) have the highest burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a risk factor for high-risk sexual behavior and STI acquisition. Studies that have explored sexual behavior based on the type of reported sexual abuse are limited. This study aimed to further understand current sexual behaviors and perceptions among YMSM that have experienced different types of CSA. Sixteen YMSM who were survivors of CSA were interviewed utilizing a phenomenological conceptual framework and methodology. Thematic findings were divided into two parts. Part I gave an overview of the entire sample, and themes were as follows: unprotected oral sex used to evaluate penile abnormalities, trust promoting unprotected sex, and alcohol and other drugs not cited as the reason for casual sex. Part II demonstrated the differences among those with a history of CSA involving non-penile–anal intercourse and those with a history of CSA involving penile–anal intercourse. The major themes in Part II were that victims of CSA involving penile–anal intercourse reported the following: a hypersexual self-definition, an STI diagnosis and noncondom use history, and a third sexual partner during sexual activity. Based on the findings, early life experiences such as CSA should be considered when developing preventative sexual health strategies and individuals who experienced penetrative sexual abuse may have different needs which should be further explored.
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Rapsey, Charlene, Anna Campbell, Ken Clearwater, and Tess Patterson. "Listening to the Therapeutic Needs of Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 9-10 (April 3, 2017): 2033–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517701453.
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Childhood sexual abuse of males is not uncommon with estimated prevalence rates across countries and different studies indicating that 8% of boys experience sexual abuse before age 18. A number of adverse outcomes are recognized in terms of mental health, behavioral, and relational difficulties. However, research also indicates that there is potential for healing. The present study explores the barriers, benefits, and processes involved in engagement in formal therapy for adult survivors of CSA from the male survivor’s point of view. Nine men spoke of their treatment experiences in response to semistructured interviews. Participants were all members of a group for male survivors of sexual abuse. Seven participants reported benefiting from treatment. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of the interviews identified three superordinate themes: “motivation to engage in treatment,” “developing a connection with treatment providers,” and “changing thinking about the abuse.” These themes reveal a number of obstacles that are encountered in seeking treatment including stigma, process barriers, and engagement of a skilled and empathic therapist. For the men who were able to take part in therapy despite these barriers, improved quality of life were noted through the two primary mechanisms of relationship and changed thinking. Key changes in thinking included developing an awareness that they were not responsible for the abuse, understanding the effects of abuse, and developing an identity distinct from the experience of abuse. These changes in thinking occurred within the context of a robust therapeutic relationship.
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Lowit, Alison, Linda Treliving, Stephen Arcari, Kathleen Yates, Malcolm Kay, Philip Crockett, Michael Forrester, Ian Reid, and Andrew Moskowitz. "Gender and the psychological effects of childhood sexual abuse: A replication of Gold, Lucenko, Elhai, Swingle, and Sellers (1999)." MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA, no. 2 (June 2010): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mal2010-002005.
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While childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been linked to a wide range of subsequent psychological problems in women, relatively few studies have included male CSA survivors; those that have typically have been limited by small sample sizes and/or failing to take into account population-based gender differences in symptom reporting. Gold et al. (1999) is one of the few exceptions. The aim of this study was to replicate, with a larger sample, the Gold et al. (1999) study by comparing levels of psychological distress and symptomatology reported by CSA survivors, adjusting for gender-specific population base rates. The Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) was administered to 282 female and 51 male CSA survivors referred to a Scottish NHS psychotherapy service. SCL-90-R scores were analysed after adjusting for population norms. Male CSA survivors reported significantly higher levels of distress and more anxious and depressive symptoms than female CSA survivors, but only after adjusting for population base rates. Five out of the six significant subscale or summary scores were identical to those found in Gold et al. (1999).
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Francis Laughlin, Charity, and Kaitlyn A. Rusca. "Strengthening Vicarious Resilience in Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Narrative Approach to Couples Therapy." Family Journal 28, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480719894938.
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Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is correlated with numerous adverse effects, both intrapersonal and interpersonal. Couples where one or more partners is a CSA survivor often report problems in social/relational adjustment, emotional expressiveness, revictimization, low relationship satisfaction and stability, and sexual dysfunction. Despite the adverse effects of CSA, some individuals with a history of CSA retain typical levels of functioning, and data from studies of resilience in CSA survivors suggest the importance of social and relational support for favorable outcomes. Resilience is not only an individual factor but also a social, ecological process, and research on vicarious resilience in therapist–client relationships suggests that resilience can be transmitted across relationship systems through a combination of witnessing resilience stories and beliefs about the possibility of resilience and its transmission. We suggest that in romantic partnerships (including nonheteronormative configurations) where one or more partners has a history of CSA, narrative couples therapy is well suited to address the systemic impacts of trauma and resilience by facilitating the transmission of each partner’s resilience to the other. Two narrative interventions, mapping and definitional ceremonies, are suggested to facilitate the transmission of resilience within the couple system through the sharing and witnessing of each other’s subjugated resilience narratives, thereby promoting a re-authored preferred identity based on acceptance, strength, and agency rather than shame, avoidance, and interpersonal difficulty.
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Valerio, Paola, and Georgia Lepper. "Change and Process in Short and Long-term Groups for Survivors of Sexual Abuse." Group Analysis 43, no. 1 (February 19, 2010): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316409357126.
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The link between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and psychiatric disorders in adulthood is well documented. Because much CSA is enshrouded in secrecy, group work is often recommended as a method of treatment. While studies show good outcomes in short-term groups, there are fewer studies of long-term analytic groups for survivors of CSA. This study compares outcomes in long and short-term groups and explores the findings through analysis of the process of one long-term group.
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Messman-Moore, Terri L., and Patricia J. Long. "Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders as Predictors of Child to Adult Sexual Revictimization in a Sample of Community Women." Violence and Victims 17, no. 3 (June 2002): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.3.319.33662.
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Alcohol- and substance-related diagnoses were examined as factors in child to adult sexual revictimization. Three hundred community women completed interviews and self-report instruments to obtain information regarding victimization and to diagnose substance use disorders (alcohol and substance abuse/dependence). Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors were more likely than nonvictims to meet criteria for both substance use disorders and to report rape (e.g., unwanted intercourse due to threat or use of force, or due to the inability to consent due to the respondent’s alcohol or drug use) and coerced intercourse (e.g., unwanted intercourse due to verbal coercion or misuse of authority by the perpetrator) by acquaintances, strangers, and husbands. In general, both CSA and substance use disorders were predictive of adult sexual victimization, but there were no significant interactions between these factors. Overall, substance use disorders were related to rape for all women; this relationship was not unique to CSA survivors. Alcohol- and substance-related diagnoses predicted rape by all three types of perpetrators, but CSA was predictive of rape only by acquaintances and strangers and not husbands. In contrast, CSA predicted coerced intercourse by all three perpetrators, while alcohol- and substance-related diagnoses predicted coerced intercourse by acquaintances and strangers, but not husbands. Results highlight the need to continue the study of revictimization of CSA survivors, including examination of both rape and sexually coercive experiences by different types of perpetrators. Findings support continued research of substance use disorders as risk factors for sexual victimization among all women.
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McNally, Richard J., Carel S. Ristuccia, and Carol A. Perlman. "Forgetting of Trauma Cues in Adults Reporting Continuous or Recovered Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Psychological Science 16, no. 4 (April 2005): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01536.x.
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According to betrayal trauma theory, adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) who were molested by their caretakers (e.g., a father) are especially likely to dissociate (“repress”) their memories of abuse. Testing college students, some reporting CSA, DePrince and Freyd (2004) found that those scoring high on a dissociation questionnaire exhibited memory deficits for trauma words when they viewed these words under divided-attention conditions. Replicating DePrince and Freyd's procedure, we tested for memory deficits for trauma words relative to neutral words in adults reporting either continuous or recovered memories of CSA versus adults denying a history of CSA. A memory deficit for trauma words under divided attention was expected in the recovered-memory group. Results were inconsistent with this prediction, as all three groups exhibited better recall of trauma words than neutral words, irrespective of encoding conditions.
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Plummer, Malory. "Lived Experiences of Grooming Among Australian Male Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517732539.
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Because child sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive social issue affecting up to one in five girls, and one in 10 boys, there have been significant developments in legal responses to the problem of CSA. One such response is to acknowledge the significance of grooming behaviors in the commission of child sex offenses by criminalizing behaviors that are engaged in with the intention of facilitating the sexual abuse of a child. However, grooming behaviors remain underresearched, and current knowledge is based largely upon the perspectives of offenders, with few studies analyzing how grooming is experienced by victims. The purpose of this article is to address key gaps in the grooming literature by analyzing the lived experiences of grooming from the perspectives of 11 adult male CSA survivors. Qualitative analysis revealed novel insights into the characteristics, stages, and impact of grooming for male survivors. The implications of the findings suggest that New South Wales’s (NSW) grooming legislation could better reflect the types of grooming behaviors engaged in by child sex offenders. Tentative evidence for enduring impacts of grooming also indicates the need for further qualitative research into men’s experiences of sexual grooming during childhood with larger and more representative samples.
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Brown, Monique, Titilayo James, Chigozie Nkwonta, and Amandeep Kaur. "Views on HIV Disclosure Among Older Adults Living With HIV Who Are Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1088.
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Abstract Rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among people living with HIV are twice the CSA estimates among the general population. These statistics suggest that CSA prevalence may range from 16-22% among older adults living HIV (OALH). HIV disclosure continues to be a key consideration among people living with HIV. However, studies examining the views on HIV disclosure among OALH who are CSA survivors are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the views on HIV disclosure among OALH who are CSA survivors using a qualitative approach. Twenty-four adults aged 50-67 years, living with HIV and with a CSA history participated in the study. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and were analyzed using thematic analysis. The iterative analytic process included discussion of initial thoughts and key concepts, identification and reconciliation of codes, and naming of emergent themes. Three themes emerged: “You don’t have to tell the person if it’s just casual sex”, “Nothing ought to be hidden especially when you get ready to engage in sex”, and “As for me, I don’t disclose”. Views on HIV disclosure among OALH varied. Some participants stated that disclosure of HIV status should be dependent on the type of sexual relationship, while some OALH stated that participants should disclose regardless of type of relationship. Some participants were hesitant to disclose their HIV status due to anticipated HIV-related stigma. Understanding the perspectives on HIV disclosure among OALH with a CSA history may help to inform disclosure intervention programs for this vulnerable population.
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Aakvaag, Helene Flood, Siri Thoresen, Tore Wentzel-Larsen, and Grete Dyb. "Adult Victimization in Female Survivors of Childhood Violence and Abuse: The Contribution of Multiple Types of Violence." Violence Against Women 23, no. 13 (August 30, 2016): 1601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216664427.
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Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a well-established risk factor for adult victimization in women, but little is known about the importance of relationship to perpetrator and exposure to other violence types. This study interviewed 2,437 Norwegian women (response rate = 45.0%) about their experiences with violence. Logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate associations of multiple categories of childhood violence with adult victimization. Women exposed to CSA often experienced other childhood violence, and the total burden of violence was associated with adult rape and intimate partner violence (IPV). Researchers and clinicians need to take into account the full spectrum of violence exposure.
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Wager, Nadia Marie. "Understanding children’s non-disclosure of child sexual assault: implications for assisting parents and teachers to become effective guardians." Safer Communities 14, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-03-2015-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine adult survivors’ of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) retrospective reflections on their motives for not disclosing their abuse. The aim was to identify factors that might facilitate early disclosure in order to both enhance the future safety of young people who have experienced sexual victimisation and to offer a means of reducing the numbers of future victims. Design/methodology/approach – This was a retrospective web-based, mixed-methods survey which was completed by 183 adult survivors of CSA. The data presented here is in relation to answers offered in response to an open-ended question which were thematically analysed. Findings – In all, 75 per cent of the survivors of CSA indicated that they had not told anyone of the abuse whilst they were a child. Analysis of the responses revealed five barriers to disclosure which included: a lack of opportunity, normality/ambiguity of the situation, embarrassment, concern for others and a sense of hopelessness. Additionally, some respondents highlighted implicit attempts to disclose and others reported later regret over non-disclosure. Practical implications – A timely disclosure of CSA, which is appropriately responded to, has the potential to reduce the risk for subsequent sexual exploitation/revictimisation, and to foreshorten the predations of offenders. To achieve this, responsible and trusted adults in the lives of children need to learn how to invite a genuine disclosure of CSA. Originality/value – This paper offers practical suggestions for parents and teachers on what signs indicate that an invitation might be warranted and for creating the right context for their invitation to be accepted.
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Williams, Mary R. "Suits by adults for childhood sexual abuse: Legal origins of the “repressed memory” controversy." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 24, no. 2 (June 1996): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539602400205.
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In the last decade there has been a proliferation of civil lawsuits by adults claiming to be survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Many states have permitted such suits to go forward by applying some form of “delayed discovery of injury” exception to the statute of limitations. Advocates for those claiming to have been falsely accused have generated a new concept—“false memory syndrome”—as an alternative explanation for delayed memories of CSA. Its proponents claim that there is an epidemic of therapy-induced “false memories” of CSA. Psychotherapists and the profession as a whole have become involved in a heated controversy, whose substance as well as intensity is to a large extent litigation driven. To understand the controversy and get a handle on its future, it is important to examine its legal origins, history and context.
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Abrahamson, Vanessa. "Do Occupational Therapists Feel Equipped to Deal with the Adult Legacy of Childhood Sexual Abuse?" British Journal of Occupational Therapy 61, no. 2 (February 1998): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269806100204.
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Research findings are consistent in showing a strong, specific and coherent association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and long-term psychiatric problems. Occupational therapists working in mental health services must therefore have contact with survivors of abuse, yet the literature reveals a paucity of research on their role. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine occupational therapists to explore their knowledge and practice concerning this issue. All respondents considered that awareness of CSA was pertinent to their profession and should be taught during education and training. None of them had received teaching in this area. Most respondents thought that it was not their role to deal with CSA in depth. However, the context in which they worked provided an opportunity for initial disclosure which might not happen elsewhere and needed to be handled skilfully. Occupational therapy techniques, including creative methods, link in well with other approaches, especially counselling, in treating the long-term effects of CSA. Continuing educational requirements and the role of occupational therapy with this client group need to be addressed by the profession.
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Crete, Gerald K., and Anneliese A. Singh. "Resilience Strategies of Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse and their Female Partners: A Phenomenological Inquiry." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 37, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.4.05.
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This phenomenological study explored the lived experience of male survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) who identified as resilient in their current relationships with female partners. The study was grounded in Relational-Cultural Theory (Jordan, 2004; Miller, 1976) in order to examine the relational movements within participants' relationships with their female partners. The findings identified seven relational movements that corresponded with growth in resilience. Resilient male survivors moved from past abuse to therapeutic processing and from isolation to finding a purpose. Personal and relational challenges to resilience were self-hatred, insecurity, restricted emotionality, masculine identity crisis, and negative coping strategies. Resilient male survivors developed mutual empathy, greater trust, and deeper connections; reprocessed their masculine identity; and developed a positive vision for the future. Implications for future research and practice and study limitations are discussed.
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Foulder-Hughes, Lynda. "The Educational Needs of Occupational Therapists Who Work with Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 61, no. 2 (February 1998): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269806100205.
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This study aimed to examine the education and training needs of occupational therapists who work with adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Two sample groups were used: occupational therapy pre-registration courses and occupational therapists working in mental health settings. Two postal surveys were designed in order to elicit both quantitative and qualitative data. Seventeen courses and 43 occupational therapists responded from around the United Kingdom. The results indicated that although most of the occupational therapy courses offered some form of education around CSA issues, this had been available for a relatively short period of time (generally for less than 5 years). However, the majority of occupational therapists who responded were senior staff with more than 5 years' clinical experience who had not received such education as students. Consequently, the education offered differed greatly from that of 5 years ago. All the occupational therapists felt that their current level of knowledge could be improved. Recommendations regarding prospective educational requirements and further research are made.
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Rogers, Paul, Michelle Lowe, and Matthew Boardman. "The roles of victim symptomology, victim resistance and respondent gender on perceptions of a hypothetical child sexual abuse case." Journal of Forensic Practice 16, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-08-2012-0004.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact victim symptomology, victim resistance and respondent gender have on attributions of blame, credibility and perceived assault severity in a hypothetical child sexual abuse case. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 356 respondents read a hypothetical child sexual abuse scenario in which victim symptomology (negative vs none vs positive) and victim resistance (resistant vs non-resistant) were manipulated before completing six childhood sexual abuse (CSA) attribution items. The impact these manipulations plus respondent gender differences had on attributions ratings was explored via a series of AN(C)OVA. Findings – Overall, respondents judged the victim more truthful if she displayed negative – as opposed to either no or positive (i.e. life affirming) – symptomology and a resistant victim to be more truthful than one who offered no resistance. Finally, men deemed a 14-year-old female victim of sexual assault less reliable and more culpable for her own abuse than women. Men were particularly mistrustful of the girl if she was non-resistant and later failed to display negative, post-abuse symptomology. Practical implications – Findings highlight the need for greater awareness of the fact that not all CSA survivors display stereotypically negative post-abuse symptoms. The current study also extends knowledge of the role victim resistant and respondent gender play in this growing research field. Originality/value – The current study is the first to explore attributions of CSA blame and credibility across negative (i.e. typical) verses no or positive/life affirming (i.e. atypical) post-abuse symptomology.
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Hébert, Martine, Marc Tourigny, Mireille Cyr, Pierre McDuff, and Jacques Joly. "Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Timing of Disclosure in a Representative Sample of Adults from Quebec." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 9 (September 2009): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400908.
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Objective: Our study sought to explore patterns of disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA) in a sample of adult men and women. Method: A telephone survey conducted with a representative sample of adults ( n = 804) from Quebec assessed the prevalence of CSA and disclosure patterns. Analyses were carried out to determine whether disclosure groups differed in terms of psychological distress and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, and a logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with prompt disclosure. Results: Prevalence of CSA was 22.1% for women and 9.7% for men. About 1 survivor out of 5 had never disclosed the abuse, with men more likely not to have told anyone, than women. Only 21.2% of adults reported prompt disclosure (within a month of the first abusive event), while 57.5% delayed disclosure (more than 5 years after the first episode). CSA victims who never disclosed the abuse and those who delayed disclosure were more likely to obtain scores of psychological distress and posttraumatic stress achieving clinical levels, compared with adults without a history of CSA. In the multivariate analysis, experiencing CSA involving a perpetrator outside the immediate family and being female were factors independently associated with prompt disclosure. Conclusion: A significant number of adult women and men reported experiencing CSA, and most victims attested to either not disclosing or significantly delaying abuse disclosure.
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Gildea, Iris J. "Body-speak: Poetic intervention for adult survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) – An autoethnographic approach." Arts in Psychotherapy 74 (July 2021): 101796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2021.101796.
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Nasim, Ron, and Yochay Nadan. "Couples Therapy with Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors (CSA) and their Partners: Establishing a Context for Witnessing." Family Process 52, no. 3 (March 18, 2013): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/famp.12026.
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Chouliara, Zoë, Thanos Karatzias, Georgia Scott-Brien, Anne Macdonald, Juliet MacArthur, and Norman Frazer. "Talking Therapy Services for Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) in Scotland: Perspectives of Service Users and Professionals." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 20, no. 2 (March 24, 2011): 128–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.554340.
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Montgomery, Elsa. "Midwifery practice and childhood sexual abuse: CSA, birth and powerlessness Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Midwifery Practice: CSA, Birth and Powerlessness Lis Garratt Published by Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, Milton Keynes, 2011 ISBN-10 1846194245 Price: £24.99." British Journal of Midwifery 19, no. 11 (November 2011): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2011.19.11.746.
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Sullins, Carolyn D. "Suspected Repressed Childhood Sexual Abuse." Psychology of Women Quarterly 22, no. 3 (September 1998): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00165.x.
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This article explores therapists' responses to clients' suspicions that they have repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Each participant was randomly assigned one of two vignettes, varied for gender, each concerning a client who suspects that he/she is a victim of CSA. Following the vignette, a series of questions regarding the client assesses the participants' ratings of diagnoses, treatment goals, treatment plans, appropriate responses, and validity of suspicions. Participants were significantly more likely to endorse a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and endorse treatments focusing on present symptoms over treatments focusing on the client's past. Participants were unlikely to endorse controversial treatments, suggestive statements, or strong opinions regarding the client's suspicions of CSA. The client's gender had a significant effect on diagnoses only. These results do not support reports that many therapists neglect clients' current symptoms and instead focus on memories, use controversial techniques, make suggestive statements regarding abuse, or immediately assume that their clients have repressed memories.
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Chan, Ko Ling. "Correlates of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Intimate Partner Sexual Victimization." Partner Abuse 2, no. 3 (2011): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.2.3.365.
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This study investigated the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Chinese university students in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Shanghai. It used a cross-sectional design. To complete a self-report questionnaire, 3,388 university students from Hong Kong, Beijing, and Shanghai were recruited through convenience sampling. The results showed that 28.6% of participants experienced some form of CSA, and no gender difference was found in the prevalence of CSA. Significantly, more female have been reported being victims of sexual IPV than male (24.2% vs. 18.2%); however, when considering severe sexual victimization only, females did not report higher prevalence than men did. Results of the multiphase logistic regression showed that CSA had an independent association with an increased risk of sexual IPV victimization during adulthood. In addition, gender, having had sex with the partner of the referred intimate relationship, and current posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with sexual IPV victimization when other factors were adjusted. Conclusion: Intervention with IPV should include an assessment of CSA history. Prevention of revictimization for IPV victims with CSA history was discussed.
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Elfgen, Constanze, Niels Hagenbuch, Gisela Görres, Emina Block, and Brigitte Leeners. "Breastfeeding in Women Having Experienced Childhood Sexual Abuse." Journal of Human Lactation 33, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334416680789.
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Background: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can have a serious effect on general and obstetric health. Breastfeeding includes several triggers for memories of abuse experiences, which will likely influence decisions about breastfeeding and its implementation in daily life. This is important since breastfeeding improves maternal well-being and bonding with the child. Research aim: As breastfeeding strongly influences the long-term health of children, we investigated experiences with breastfeeding in women with a history of CSA. Methods: Data on breastfeeding were collected within a research project designed to compare labor and delivery experiences in women with a history of CSA to women without such antecedents. Data from 85 women having experienced CSA and 170 controls pair-matched for maternal age, children’s age, and nationality were evaluated. The clinical record of pregnancy and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data. Results: Although the prevalence of breastfeeding was similar in women with and without CSA experiences (96.5% vs. 90.6%), women exposed to CSA more often described complications associated with breastfeeding (77.7% vs. 67.1%, p = .08). Mastitis (49.4% vs. 27.6%, p < .01) and pain (29.4% vs. 18.8%, p = .15) were reported significantly more often by women after CSA. For 20% of women after CSA, breastfeeding was a trigger for memories of CSA. Furthermore, 58% of women with CSA reported dissociation when breastfeeding. Conclusion: In addition to the growing list of potential health consequences of CSA experience, this experience seems to be associated with an increased number of problems when breastfeeding. However, most women with a history of CSA intend to breastfeed despite particular challenges related to CSA. A support protocol tailored to the specific needs of these women during pregnancy and the lactation period may help to improve breastfeeding and the early mother–child relationship.
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Zagrodney, Jessica L., and Jorden A. Cummings. "Qualitatively Understanding Mother Fault After Childhood Sexual Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (July 27, 2017): 5589–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517723140.
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Socially constructed images of motherhood suggest that a “good” mother is caring, nurturing, and selfless—the perfect maternal figure. When these standards are not met, mother blaming (i.e., assigning fault to mothers) occurs even in child sexual abuse (CSA) cases. We collected 312 open-ended responses in total from 108 community-based participants to understand contextual factors that increase and decrease in mother fault in a CSA-related vignette depicting the mother’s partner as the perpetrator. Thematic analysis revealed five main themes. Three themes were associated with decreased blame: Lack of Overt Knowledge (i.e., the mother had no direct knowledge of the CSA and thus cannot be blamed), Physical Act (i.e., the mother was not the actual perpetrator; only the perpetrator is responsible for the CSA), and Trust (i.e., the mother should be able to trust her partner). Two themes were associated with increased blame: Covert Knowledge (i.e., the mother was expected to have covert, intuitive knowledge of the CSA) and Mistrust (i.e., the mother should have known better than to trust her partner). Faulting mothers for the CSA of their child may reduce reporting of, and help seeking for, CSA, due to fear of being blamed.
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Xu, Yin, and Yong Zheng. "Does Sexual Orientation Precede Childhood Sexual Abuse? Childhood Gender Nonconformity as a Risk Factor and Instrumental Variable Analysis." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 8 (November 29, 2015): 786–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215618378.
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Research suggests that there is a relation between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adulthood nonheterosexual orientation. To explore whether nonheterosexual orientation increases the risk of CSA, we recruited a large sample, added the variable of childhood gender nonconformity (CGNC), and applied the instrumental variable method. We found that heterosexual and nonheterosexual men who were more gender nonconforming in childhood were significantly more likely to report having a history of CSA than their gender-conforming counterparts. There was no relation between CSA and CGNC for heterosexual and nonheterosexual women. The instrumental variable analysis revealed that the increased prevalence of CSA experienced by nonheterosexuals compared with heterosexuals may be due to the influence of sexual orientation on CSA. In sum, the results suggest that nonheterosexuality may increase the risk of childhood sexual abuse.
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DeLisi, Matthew, Anna E. Kosloski, Michael G. Vaughn, Jonathan W. Caudill, and Chad R. Trulson. "Does Childhood Sexual Abuse Victimization Translate Into Juvenile Sexual Offending? New Evidence." Violence and Victims 29, no. 4 (2014): 620–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00003.
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The cycle of violence thesis posits that early exposure to maltreatment increases the likelihood of later maladaptive and antisocial behaviors. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) specifically has been shown to increase the likelihood of sexual offending, although less is known about its linkages to other forms of crime. Based on data from 2,520 incarcerated male juvenile offenders from a large southern state, hierarchical logistic regression models suggested that CSA increased the likelihood of later sexual offending nearly sixfold (467% increase). However, CSA was associated with an 83% reduced likelihood of homicide offending and 68% reduced likelihood of serious person/property offending. These findings suggest further support for the cycle of violence where CSA promotes sexual offending but novel findings regarding the linkages between CSA and other forms of crime.
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Harrison, Rachel. "COUNSELLING SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 5, no. 1 (March 1995): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1995.5.1.56.
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Watson, Bronwyn, and W. Kim Halford. "Classes of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Women’s Adult Couple Relationships." Violence and Victims 25, no. 4 (August 2010): 518–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.518.
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The current study assessed if childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can be meaningfully classified into classes, based on the assumption that abuse by a close family member differs in important ways from other abuse, and whether abuse classes were differentially associated with couple relationship problems. The childhood experiences and adult relationships of 1,335 Australian women (18–41 years) were assessed. Latent class analysis identified three classes of CSA: that perpetrated by a family member, friend, or stranger, which differed markedly on most aspects of the abuse. Family abuse was associated with the highest risk for adult relationship problems, with other classes of CSA having a significant but weaker association with adult relationship problems. CSA is heterogeneous with respect the long-term consequences for adult relationship functioning.
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McLAUGHLIN, T. L., A. C. HEATH, K. K. BUCHOLZ, P. A. F. MADDEN, L. J. BIERUT, W. S. SLUTSKE, S. DINWIDDIE, D. J. STATHAM, M. P. DUNNE, and N. G. MARTIN. "Childhood sexual abuse and pathogenic parenting in the childhood recollections of adult twin pairs." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 6 (November 2000): 1293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799002809.
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Background. We examined the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and interviewees' recollections of pathogenic parenting, testing for possible retrospective biases in the recollections of those who have experienced CSA.Methods. Information about CSA, parental divorce and interviewees' recollections of parental rejection, parental overprotection and perceived autonomy (as assessed through a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument) was obtained through telephone interviews with 3626 Australian twins who had also returned self-report questionnaires several years earlier. Recollections of parental behaviours were compared for individuals from pairs in which neither twin, at least one twin, or both twins reported CSA.Results. Significant associations were noted between CSA and paternal alcoholism and between CSA and recollections of parental rejection. For women, individuals from CSA-discordant pairs reported levels of parental rejection that were significantly higher than those obtained from CSA-negative pairs. The levels of parental rejection observed for twins from CSA-discordant pairs did not differ significantly from those obtained from CSA-concordant pairs, regardless of respondent's abuse status. For men from CSA-discordant pairs, respondents reporting CSA displayed a tendency to report higher levels of parental rejection than did respondents not reporting CSA. Other measures of parenting behaviour (perceived autonomy and parental overprotection) failed to show a clear relationship with CSA.Conclusions. The relationship between CSA and respondents' recollections of parental rejection is not due solely to retrospective bias on the part of abused individuals and, consistent with other studies, may reflect a pathological family environment with serious consequences for all siblings.
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Wark, Joe, and Jo-Ann Vis. "Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on the Parenting of Male Survivors." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 19, no. 5 (October 21, 2016): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838016673600.
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Research shows that child sexual abuse (CSA) can have detrimental effects on adult functioning. While much research regarding the effects of CSA on parenting of mothers is available, there is a dearth of information on how CSA impacts fatherhood. This literature review finds that the parenting experiences of male survivors are characterized by self-perceptions as adequate parents, deficient parenting as measured by standardized instruments, conceptualization of parenting as an intergenerational legacy and potential healing experience, fear of becoming an abuser, and physical and emotional distance from their children. These themes are strongly related to social discourses on intergenerational cycle of violence theories. Fatherhood is not exclusively problematic for male survivors and can be a healing experience and a source of strength for some survivors. Based on literature concerning male survivors who are parents, narrative therapy is recommended as a therapeutic model to explore how fathers who are survivors challenge dominant discourses around legacies of family violence, intergenerational parenting deficiencies, and victimization. Restorying fatherhood as a healing opportunity is essential when working with fathers who are male survivors and their families.
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Ogle, Christin M., Stephanie D. Block, Latonya S. Harris, Gail S. Goodman, Annarheen Pineda, Susan Timmer, Anthony Urquiza, and Karen J. Saywitz. "Autobiographical memory specificity in child sexual abuse victims." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412001083.
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AbstractThe present study examined the specificity of autobiographical memory in adolescents and adults with versus without child sexual abuse (CSA) histories. Eighty-five participants, approximately half of whom per age group had experienced CSA, were tested on the Autobiographical Memory Interview. Individual difference measures, including those for trauma-related psychopathology, were also administered. Findings revealed developmental differences in the relation between autobiographical memory specificity and CSA. Even with depression statistically controlled, reduced memory specificity in CSA victims relative to controls was observed among adolescents but not among adults. A higher number of posttraumatic stress disorder criteria met predicted more specific childhood memories in participants who reported CSA as their most traumatic life event. These findings contribute to the scientific understanding of childhood trauma and autobiographical memory functioning and underscore the importance of considering the role of age and degree of traumatization within the study of autobiographical memory.
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Langton, Calvin M., Zuwaina Murad, and Bianca Humbert. "Childhood Sexual Abuse, Attachments in Childhood and Adulthood, and Coercive Sexual Behaviors in Community Males." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 207–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215583853.
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Associations between self-reported coercive sexual behavior against adult females, childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and child–parent attachment styles, as well as attachment with adult romantic partners, were examined among 176 adult community males. Attachment style with each parent and with romantic partners was also investigated as a potential moderator. Using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, avoidant attachment with mothers in childhood (and also with fathers, in a second model) accounted for a significant amount of the variance in coercive sexual behavior controlling for scores on anxious ambivalent and disorganized/disoriented attachment scales, as predicted. Similarly, in a third model, avoidance attachment in adulthood was a significant predictor of coercive sexual behavior controlling for scores on the anxiety attachment in adulthood scale. These main effects for avoidant and avoidance attachment were not statistically significant when CSA and control variables (other types of childhood adversity, aggression, antisociality, and response bias) were added in each of the models. But the interaction between scales for CSA and avoidance attachment in adulthood was significant, demonstrating incremental validity in a final step, consistent with a hypothesized moderating function for attachment in adulthood. The correlation between CSA and coercive sexual behavior was .60 for those with the highest third of avoidance attachment scores (i.e., the most insecurely attached on this scale), .24 for those with scores in the middle range on the scale, and .01 for those with the lowest third of avoidance attachment scores (i.e., the most securely attached). Implications for study design and theory were discussed.