Dissertations / Theses: 'Suspension conditions'

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Yan, Huawei. "Fibre suspension flocculation under simulated forming conditions." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fibre and Polymer Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3794.

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A flow loop system for study of fibre flocculation insuspensions has been developed. The system is designed tosimulate the flow conditions in a paper machine headbox. It isequipped with a radial distributor feeding a step diffuser pipepackage, after which the flow is contracted in a 2-D nozzle.The flow system is also equipped with a secondary flowcontraction with an area reduction ratio of 2:1 after theheadbox nozzle, mimicking accelerations that may take placeduring forming. The flow system is equipped with heating andcooling devices for the study of temperature effects on fibresuspension flocculation. An online dosage device for the studyof chemical effects on fibre suspension flocculation is alsoincluded. The maximum flow velocity in the system is 16m/s.

Flowing fibre suspensions were studied using a high speedCCD video camera and transmitted infra-red laser light pulseillumination. Images were taken either separately before andafter or along the secondary contraction. Images of fibreflocculation were evaluated by power spectrum analysis, and themean floc size and the flocculation index were calculated. Aconcept of mean floc area reduction, based on power spectrum,has been introduced to characterise the fibre network insuspensions. By comparingthe fibre flocculation before andafter the secondary contraction, or by following the fibreflocs along the secondary contraction, floc rheologyinformation can be obtained. The effects of chemical additivesand fibre surface modification can also be studied by comparingthe corresponding fibre flocculation.

For a bleached softwood kraft pulp suspension at a fibreconcentration of 5 g/l, the fibre flocs along the secondarycontraction have been manually evaluated, and the resultsconfirm that the power spectrum analysis is applicable. Ca 1/5of the flocs were broken into two by the contraction. The meanfloc size increases in MD while in CD it decreases during theflow contraction. Both the floc aspect ratio and the flocorientation in MD increase during the flow contraction. The netfibre floc area is decreased and the fibre flocs areconcentrated by the flow contraction, which is confirmed by anincrease of gray value of the flocs in the light transmissionimages. The dewatering of fibre flocs may thus have alreadybeen started in the suspension before reaching the wires in theforming zone.

Some physical influences on fibre suspension flocculationhave been investigated. The results confirm that fibreconcentration and fibre length are the dominating factorsaffecting fibre suspension flocculation. Increasing absoluteflow velocity has an insignificant effect on fibre flocs in theflow contraction. Suppressing turbulence, by increasingsuspension viscosity via a decrease of medium temperature,shows a clear effect on reducing fibre suspensionflocculation.

Some chemical influences on fibre suspension flocculationhave also been investigated. A retention aid, flocculant,cationic polyacrylamide, C-PAM, increases fibre suspensionflocculation by a bridging mechanism, and a formation aid,class II, anionic polyacrylamide, A-PAM, decreases fibresuspension flocculation by suppressing turbulence. Fibresuspension flocculation can also be reduced by surfacemodification with carboxymethyl cellulose, due to a reductionof the friction between fibres. The amount of fibre dispersiondepends on the ionic form of the grafted CMC, due to theelectrostatic repulsion between negatively charged groups onthe grafted CMC moieties. Xyloglucan, a non-ionic polymer,which is strongly adsorbed on cellulosic fibre surfaces, showsa similar influence on reduction of fibre suspensionflocculation by decreasing the friction between fibres.

The fibre flocculation data in the flow loop system werealso compared with the corresponding paper formation data inthe sheets produced on a pilot paper machine, both with andwithout chemical additives. The results show that the fibresuspension flocculation is well correlated with the paper sheetformation: when the fibre suspension flocculation is increased,the corresponding paper sheet formation deteriorates,especially in the large scale range.

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Croizet, Cédric. "Modelisation cinetique d'une suspension et conditions aux limites sur une paroi." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066499.

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Le choix de conditions aux limites parietales judicieuses pour une suspension est souvent difficile lorsque la phase dispersee est decrite par un modele eulerien. Les problemes rencontres sont exposes a travers l'exemple du point d'arret, traite avec un modele de type marble. Ceci montre la necessite de developper conjointement les equations et les conditions aux limites par un examen des collisions particule-particule et particule-paroi. Nous nous proposons de le faire dans cette these, en utilisant une approche cinetique. En considerant des collisions interparticulaires instantanees, binaires, inelastiques et non ponctuelles, une equation de boltzmann pour la phase dispersee est proposee. Elle permet d'obtenir la conservation de la masse et de la quantite de mouvement ainsi qu'un theoreme h, pour des collisions faiblement inelastiques, traduisant l'irreversibilite de l'evolution. Cette equation etant difficile a resoudre, une equation simplifiee de type bgk, possedant des proprietes analogues, est introduite. Elle contient une frequence de collision dependant de la vitesse des particules. A partir de l'equation de boltzmann et en utilisant la methode des treize moments, des equations de bilan pour les quantites hydrodynamiques moyennes sont proposees. D'une loi de rebond anisotrope caracterisant l'impact inelastique et non ponctuel d'une particule a la paroi, un comportement parietal pour ces quantites est deduit. L'analyse de l'equation de boltzmann met en evidence l'existence d'une couche limite, dont l'epaisseur est de l'ordre du nombre de knudsen, ou les equations des moments ne sont pas valables. L'ecoulement y est decrit par un modele cinetique anisotrope base sur le modele bgk. Une analyse de type couche limite permet alors d'ecrire, pour les equations des treize moments, des conditions aux limites qui s'obtiennent ainsi naturellement en ecrivant le raccord de l'ecoulement interieur avec l'ecoulement exterieur.

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Kunzel, Theresa. "The influence of eutrophic conditions on the activity of the suspension-feeding barnacle Semibalanus balanoides." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1255.

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Eutrophication is a current problem on coastal lines worldwide. Cirripedia like the northern acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides actively help to prevent high amounts of plankton in the coastal zones by filtering plankton out of the surrounding water. This investigation focuses on the movements of Semibalanus balanoides in comparison to increasing concentrations of plankton in the water (between 33mg and 110 mg particles per litre) which simulate eutrophication. The four factors feeding activity, pumping activity, isolation time and clogging of the feeding apparatus in relation to the plankton concentration of the water were examined.

The results show significant interaction between pumping movement and the plankton concentration. The feeding activity, the isolation time and the clogging compared to the plankton concentration get no statistical results.

Less feeding activity and an increase in pumping behaviour will not decrease the amount of plankton in the coastal waters which will increase the problems of eutrophication. The paper shows that more investigation on suspension feeders and their surroundings needs to be done to be able to understand the dangers fully.

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Alyousuf, Saeed Habib Hassan. "Comparison of free amino acid profiles in carrot cell suspension cultures resistant to stress conditions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184631.

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Plant cells resistant to specific amino acid analogs have been reported to accumulate the corresponding free amino acids. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of fifteen free amino acids: alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamate, proline, arginine, aspartate, threonine, methionine, lysine, serine, glycine, tryptophan and phenylalanine in Daucus carota cell lines, resistant either to the proline analog azetidine-2 carboxylic acid (A2C), or to the tryptophan analog 5-methyltryptophan (5-MT), or to both the analogs combined. This study also intended to determine if these analogs influence the biosynthesis of the above-mentioned fifteen amino acids in the cell line resistant to A2C and 5-MT. Carrot cell lines resistant to 5-MT, to A2C, or to both the analogs were selected by incubating carrot cells in liquid growth media containing either 0.3 mM 5-MT, or 0.5 mM A2C for 6 to 16 weeks. Free amino acid concentrations were then determined in the extracts of the cells. Resistance to 5-MT resulted in significant increases in the intracellular concentrations of tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, and proline. Resistance to A2C resulted in significant increase in proline only. Resistance to both the analogs caused increases in proline, lysine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan concentrations. In the cell line resistant to both the analogs, the treatment with 5-MT caused increases in leucine, proline, aspartate, threonine, lysine, and tryptophan. The treatment with A2C caused increases in isoleucine, arginine, threonine, methionine, lysine, and glycine, whereas treatment with both the analogs caused increases in threonine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. These results indicate the possibility of a common biosynthetic control of a number of amino acids in carrot cells, resembling that found in microorganisms. It is also evident from the results that the analogs play an active role in the biosynthesis of amino acids in the resistant cell lines.

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Jackson, Remonica, Stacy D. Brown, and Paul Lewis. "Comparative Stability of Compounded Omeprazole Suspension Versus Commercial Omeprazole Kit When Stored in Oral Syringes Under Refrigerated Conditions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7847.

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Purpose:Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions, such as gastrointestinal esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Omeprazole is often prepared as an oral suspension to accommodate certain patients. Historically, oral suspensions of omeprazole were prepared using pharmaceutical compounding with sodium bicarbonate, but a kit for preparation of omeprazole oral suspension is available, FIRST® - Omeprazole. The purpose of this project is to compare the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), omeprazole, in the FIRST® kit product to a traditionally compounded omeprazole suspension, when stored in refrigerated unit-dosed syringes. Methods: Five 100-mL batches of compounded omeprazole oral suspension (2 mg/mL) and five 300-mL kits of FIRST® - Omeprazole were prepared by a licensed pharmacist, and aliquoted into 5-mL doses in clear luer-lock plastic oral syringes, and stored at refrigerated temperature (2-8oC). Omeprazole concentration was assessed in each batch/kit on the day of preparation. Triplicate syringes from each batch/kit (n = 15 per test group per day) were removed after 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 30 days of refrigerated storage. Samples were diluted to assay concentration (1 mg/mL) in ion-free water and filtered using a 0.22-micron microcentrifuge filter tube. Samples were analyzed for omeprazole recovery using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method. Recovery was quantitatively assessed by comparing sample peak area to a freshly prepared calibration curve (1 – 0.125 mg/mL) using United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) reference standard on each day of sampling. Refrigerator temperatures were recorded daily using a digital thermometer. Results:Stability was defined as recovery of 90 - 110% of initial concentration of API. For the FIRST® - Omeprazole samples, the chemical potency remained within this window for the entire study period of 30 days. The compounded omeprazole suspension demonstrated a less than 90% average recovery at the day 21 sample. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference in the initial concentration was detected on the day of compounding (p = 0.0244), with the compounded omeprazole starting at 1.89 ± 0.10 mg/mL and the FIRST® - Omeprazole at 1.98 ± 0.04 mg/mL. After 30 days, the compounded omeprazole suspension had an 89.13% average API recovery (standard deviation; ± 5.17%) and the FIRST® - Omeprazole 97.20% API recovery (± 3.59%). Conclusion:Both traditionally compounded omeprazole suspension (2mg/mL) and FIRST® - Omeprazole suspension (2mg/mL) may be stored in clear luer-lock oral syringes under refrigeration for 14 days, and retain potency between 90 to 110% based on initial concentration. Furthermore, the FIRST® - Omeprazole suspension can be stored for the duration of the product’s beyond-use date of 30 days and retain potency between 90 to 110% of initial concentration or label claim. Finally, the data suggest that API concentration in FIRST® - Omeprazole suspension is more consistent from batch to batch than traditionally compounded omeprazole suspension.

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Roland, David. "Impact of Growth Conditions, pH, and Suspension Time on Toxin Release from Microcystis Aeruginosa Upon Exposure to Potassium Permanganate." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1543922931806964.

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Bissinger, Thomas [Verfasser], and Udo [Gutachter] Reichl. "Evaluation of MDCK suspension cell lines for influenza A virus production : media, metabolism, and process conditions / Thomas Bissinger ; Gutachter: Udo Reichl." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1225863376/34.

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Chabaud, Thierry. "Comportement vibroacoustique des plaques multicouches hétérogènes à conditions de suspension et d'interface élastiques : application au cas de la porte TGV duplex." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0062.

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Le monde du transport doit faire face à des réglementations de plus en plus sévères qui placent au premier rang des domaines jusqu'alors considérés comme secondaires. A ce titre, le confort acoustique des voyageurs est devenu un critère essentiel, reflet de la qualité des moyens de transport. Le présent travail trouve son origine dans ce contexte précis et plus particulièrement dans la volonté de la société FAIVELEY TRANSPORT, équipementier ferroviaire, d'améliorer le comportement acoustique de ses produits. Le but de cette étude est la compréhension des phénomènes physiques intervenant lors de la transmission du son, de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur, à travers les ouvertures des véhicules de transport. Les portes d'accès voyageurs des trains constituent l'application première de ces travaux. Le domaine considéré est le domaine des basses fréquences [0 - 500 Hz]. L'objectif final est une réduction notable du bruit transmis en vue d'une amélioration du confort des passagers à l'intérieur des véhicules. Pour y parvenir, nous avons développé un modèle basé sur une approche analytique intégro-modale associée à une technique de Rayleigh-Ritz. L'originalité de cette étude est la modélisation fine de la structure vibrante, qui prend en compte les caractères multicouche, hétérogène ainsi que des conditions de liaison complexes (conditions de liaison élastiques, reprises d'efforts ponctuelles). Le modèle développé a servi de base à un logiciel de type avant projet VANTAIL, capable de mettre en évidence, grâce à une étude paramétrée, la contribution des différents éléments de la structure vibrante dans le comportement vibroacoustique de l'ensemble. Une étude expérimentale, menée sur une structure industrielle (porte d'accès voyageurs TGV Duplex), a permis de valider en partie notre logiciel, d'en cerner certaines limites et enfin de valider l'efficacité des traitements acoustiques définis
Mass Transit has to meet specifications of increasing difficulty which put in the forefront areas which were before considered as secondary. In particular, passenger’s acoustic comfort has become a major criterion, reflecting the requirements for quality transportation. The present work has its origin in this specific context and more especially in the intention of FAIVELEY TRANSPORT, a Railway equipment supplier, to improve the acoustic behaviour of its products. The aim of this study is the comprehension of the physical phenomena of the noise transmission through the doors of the transport vehicles, from outside to inside. The Railway access doors are the main application of this work. The considered frequency range is low frequencies below 500 Hz. The final objective is to notably reduce the transmitted noise in order to improve the passengers acoustic comfort inside the transport vehicles. To do this, we developed a model based on an analytical integra-modal approach, associated with a Rayleigh-Ritz approximation. The original aspect of this work is to develop a model of a vibrating structure which take into account its multilayered and heterogeneous aspects and its complex boundary and interface conditions (linear and punctual elastic stiffness). This model is the basis of a specifie software for preliminary design studies (VANTAIL) which is able to indicate, with a parametric study, the contribution of each different part of the doors to the global vibroacoustic behaviour. An experimental study on an industrial structure (the access door of the double deck French high speed train) permits us to validate the developed software to define its limits and to validate the proposed vibroacoustic treatments

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Massalha, Manal. "In suspension : the denial of the rights of the city for Palestinians in Israel and its effects on their socio-economic, cultural and political formation : the case of Umm Al-Fahem." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3351/.

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This thesis is concerned with the absence of substantive, functioning Palestinian cities, and of Palestinian urbanisation and urbanism in Israel. Framed and guided by conceptions of the city and public space, their potentialities, the possibilities they allow, and the challenges they pose to the state, the thesis using Umm al-Fahem as a case study seeks to investigate the Palestinian city in Israel, its materiality, the semiotics of its public space and socio-spatiality, and to deconstruct the historical, structural, political and social forces that shape its (un)making. Employing mixed qualitative methods of ethnography, photography, archival research, historical, sociological and discourse analysis, the thesis questions and deconstructs the nominal status of the city of Umm al-Fahem, the first Palestinian village to earn the official status of a city in Israel. It considers how to conceptualise Palestinian cities inside Israel and aims to give answers to questions such as: what can be made of Palestinian cities inside Israel? What kind of spatial configurations and arrangements are being formed and why? What kind of socio-political and cultural order is being formed and why? How does the city respond under (post)colonial conditions? Can there be a functioning Palestinian city and a fulfilment of the right to the city under (post)colonial conditions? Umm al-Fahem, the subject and object of research, suggests that the process unfolding is one of absenting the Palestinian city, depriving Palestinian citizens of the right to the city, and producing domesticated, suspended, fragmented city and citizens. The production and mastery of space is used as a technology of control to achieve this, and forms part of a governmentality project whose underlying objective is the management of Palestinians.

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Zheng, Xian Zhong. "Étude expérimentale des conditions d'envasement des estuaires et des chenaux de navigation : modification des caractéristiques des vases en fonction des actions hydrodynamiques." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112319.

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Cette thèse comporte une étude expérimentale sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des vases, les propriétés rhéologiques des vases tant en laboratoire qu'en nature, les lois de tassement et les comportements des sédiments fins cohésifs sous l'action des courants. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des vases (Granulométrie, Minéralogie, Vitesse de chute…) varient beaucoup selon l'origine des sédiments. L'étude des propriétés rhéologiques des vases en laboratoire montre l'influence des différents paramètres (concentration en sédiment sec, pourcentage de sable, salinité, temps de repos, teneur en matières organiques…) sur la rigidité initiale et la viscosité. Les mesures faites en nature avec les sondes SR-10 et SD-105 apportent des éléments fondamentaux pour améliorer la connaissance de la profondeur navigable dans un chenal envasé. Après une étude complète sur le tassement de la Craie du Boulonnais (influence de la hauteur initiale, de la concentration initiale, de la salinité et de la condition d'immersion), nous avons réalisé des essais en canal sur la mise en suspension des vases. Dans une gamme des concentrations comprises entre 228g/l et 668g/l, il existe deux domaines de transport. Dans le domaine des vases plastiques, on a pu définir une relation générale entre le débit solide transporté et les forces tractrices et elle s'écrit : Qs=M (To-Tc) 3/2
The aim of this thesis is to develop an experimental study on muds physicochemical and rheological properties as well in laboratory as in nature, on the laws of compaction and on the behaviour of fine cohesive sediments under the action of currents. The physiochemical properties of muds (Granulometry, Minéralogie, settling velocity. . . ) is much variable. Acording to the origine of the sediments. The study of mud rheologic properties in laboratory shows the influence of different parameters (concentration of dry sediment, percentage of sand, salinity, time of rest, content of organic matter. . . ) on yield value and viscosity. In situ surveys made with the probes SR-10 and SD-105 provide the fundamental elements in order to improve the knowledge of navigable depths in a choked up muddy channel. After a complete study on compaction of the Boulonnais chalk (influence of the starting height, of the starting concentration, of the salinity and of the permanence of a water bed above the mud), we realized an experience in a canal on backsetting of the mud suspension. In the scale of concentrations between 228g/L and 668 g/L, there are two domains of transport. In the domain of plastics muds, a general relation between solid discharge and tractive force is defined and reads : Qs=M (To-Tc) 3/2

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11

Bard, Frédéric. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation d’un procédé semi-continu de neutralisation d’une solution d’acide sulfurique par une suspension de calcite conduisant à la formation de gypse par conversion et par précipitation." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0624/document.

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Cette étude aborde la formation de gypse résultant de la neutralisation d’une solution d’acide sulfurique par ajout d’une suspension de calcite dans un réacteur semi-ouvert. La phénoménologie et l’impact des paramètres opératoires sont documentés par des prélèvements de solution et de solides analysés hors ligne, qui permettent d’évaluer les écarts à l’équilibre générés à divers stades du mélange et les caractéristiques géométriques du gypse précipité. La solubilité du gypse est évaluée en fonction de la température et de la concentration en sulfate via un modèle de spéciation. Selon les conditions opératoires utilisées, le gypse peut se former à la surface de la calcite par conversion partielle ou en solution par précipitation. La modélisation du procédé est conduite en deux étapes. La conversion est simulée à partir d’un modèle de grain à cœur rétrécissant, adapté pour représenter la dissolution de la calcite et la croissance d’une couche poreuse de gypse. La précipitation en solution est simulée par un bilan de population et résolu par une méthode des caractéristiques. Les paramètres des lois de germination et de croissance sont évalués par un algorithme d’optimisation. Le modèle de conversion rend compte de la sensibilité du processus à l’acidité de la solution et à la taille des particules de calcite. Le modèle de précipitation fournit des profils de sursaturation et de distribution granulométriques simulés cohérents avec les profils expérimentaux. Le contrôle du procédé repose surtout sur l’ajustement de la concentration en acide, qui détermine la vitesse de dissolution de la calcite et la proportion de gypse formé par remplacement
The present study deals with the formation of gypsum resulting from the neutralization of sulfuric acid solution by addition of a calcite suspension in a half batch reactor. Phenomenology and impact of operating parameters are observed by sampling of solid and solution and analyzed off online. Samples are used to assess deviations from equilibrium generated at various stages of mixing and the geometric characteristics of the gypsum precipitate. The solubility of gypsum is evaluated as a function of temperature and sulphate concentration via a speciation model.Depending on operating conditions used, gypsum is formed mostly on the calcite surface by partial conversion or in solution by precipitation. Process modelling is two-staged. Conversion is simulated on the basis of a model of grain with shrinking core, suited to represent calcite dissolution together with the growth of a gypsum porous layer. The precipitation in solution is simulated through population balance and solved by a method of characteristics. Parameters of nucleation and growth kinetic laws are evaluated by an optimization algorithm. The conversion model reflects the process sensitivity to solution’s acidity and calcite particle size. The precipitation model provides supersaturation profiles and PSD consistent with experiments. The possibilities for process control lay mainly on adjusting the acid concentration, which largely determines the rate of calcite dissolution and the proportion of gypsum formed by replacement

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Gaulier, Camille. "Trace metals in estuarine and coastal waters : dynamics, speciation and bioavailability under various environmental conditions." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R013.

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Les écosystèmes estuariens et côtiers assurent de multiples services écologiques, sociaux et économiques. Ils constituent une source de nourriture, de revenus et sont au cœur du commerce et du transport maritime. Ils jouent donc un rôle clé dans notre monde moderne et leur préservation d'un point de vue environnemental est aujourd'hui crucial. Malgré tous les efforts réalisés en matière de gestion de l'environnement, la pollution associée au développement économique rapide du littoral et à une industrialisation intensive était finalement inévitable et demeure encore aujourd'hui l'une des principales menaces pesant sur les écosystèmes marins. Plus précisément, la contamination par éléments-traces métalliques est particulièrement préoccupante, car les zones côtières sont généralement enclines à les accumuler. La plupart de ces éléments-traces métalliques jouent un double rôle dans les eaux de mer : ils agissent comme nutriments à de faibles concentrations, mais peuvent rapidement avoir des effets toxiques dans des gammes de concentrations plus élevées. Une surveillance continue de leurs concentrations dans les écosystèmes estuariens et côtiers est donc nécessaire, afin de mieux comprendre leur comportement biogéochimique dans de tels environnements. Cependant, peu d’informations existent sur leur biodisponibilité vis-à-vis des organismes marins, d'autant plus que la toxicité de ces éléments traces n’est pas seulement dépendante de leur concentration, mais est également fortement liée à leur spéciation qui montre de fortes variations saisonnières et spatiales. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse était d'étudier les cycles biogéochimiques de divers éléments-traces métalliques et de percer le mystère de leur spéciation et de leur biodisponibilité dans des systèmes aquatiques variés : des zones turbulentes et dynamiques de l'estuaire de l'Escaut aux ports côtiers et aux eaux superficielles de la mer du Nord, et même jusqu’à des régions plus profondes et anoxiques de la mer Baltique. Les variations de concentration et de spéciation des éléments-traces métalliques ont été explorées dans le temps et dans l’espace, le long de gradients horizontaux et verticaux. En parallèle, une comparaison des techniques classiques d'échantillonnage des éléments-traces métalliques dissous a été réalisée avec une méthode d'échantillonnage passif (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films ; DGT). La technique des DGT a été utilisée avec succès pour la mesure in situ de la fraction labile des éléments-traces métalliques et représente, en définitive, un substitut de qualité à la biosurveillance des éléments-traces (par exemple, en remplacement de l’utilisation de moules, d'algues, etc.). Cette méthode permet de compenser le manque de connaissances en termes de surveillance de la qualité de l'eau et les résultats remettent en cause les critères classiques utilisés par les exigences réglementaires internationales (par exemple WFD, MSFD) et les engagements locaux (par exemple OSPAR, HELCOM). En effet, de nouveaux critères basés sur les espèces métalliques labiles plutôt que sur les espèces totales dissoutes devraient être envisagés à l'avenir. Une telle approche de la spéciation et de l'évaluation des éléments-traces métalliques dans les systèmes aquatiques pourrait certainement, à termes, conduire à une gestion environnementale plus intégrée et parfaire nos connaissances sur les impacts anthropiques et les flux de polluants le long de nos côtes. En outre, c'est finalement la clé principale pour expliquer et prédire la biodisponibilité et la toxicité potentielle des éléments-traces métalliques à l’égard de la faune et de la flore marines. Ce travail vous invite donc à plonger dans un voyage le long de nos côtes, de zones peuplées et urbanisées au grand large sauvage, de la surface aux eaux les plus profondes
Estuarine and coastal ecosystems provide multiple ecological, social and economic services. They are a source of food, income and are at the heart of marine trade, merchant shipping and sea transport. They therefore play a key role in our modern world and their conservation from an environmental point of view is today critical. Despite all the efforts done in environmental management, pollution associated with the rapid coastal development and intensive industrialization was inevitable and still remains one of the main threats towards marine ecosystems today. Specifically, trace metal contamination is of specific concern as coastal areas are generally prone to accumulate them. Most trace metals exhibit a dual role in marine waters: they act as nutrients in low concentrations, yet rapidly have toxic effects in higher concentration ranges. Continuous monitoring of their concentrations in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is therefore needed to better understand their biogeochemical behavior in such marine environments. However, limited knowledge exists on their bioavailability towards marine organisms: especially as the toxicity of these metals is not only related to their concentration but also strongly linked with their speciation which shows both seasonal and spatial variations. Thus, the main objective of this PhD research was to investigate the biogeochemical cycles of various trace metals and unravel their speciation and bioavailability in various aquatic systems: from very dynamic mixing zones of the Scheldt estuary to coastal harbors and shallow seawaters of the North Sea, and even to deeper and anoxic regions of the Baltic Sea. Trace metal concentrations and speciation were explored seasonally and spatially along horizontal and vertical gradients, and a comparison of classic active samplings of dissolved trace metals with a passive sampling technique (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films; DGT) was carried out. The DGT technique was successfully used for the in-situ measurement of labile metals and eventually constitutes a good surrogate to the biomonitoring of trace elements (e.g. use of mussels, algae, etc.). This method offsets the lack of knowledge in terms of water quality monitoring and the results challenge the classic criteria which are used by international regulatory requirements (e.g. WFD, MSFD) and local commitments (e.g. OSPAR, HELCOM). Indeed, new criteria based on labile metal species instead of total dissolved species should be considered in the future. Such approach of trace metal speciation and assessment in aquatic systems could surely lead to a more integrated environmental management and improve our knowledge on anthropogenic impacts and pollutant fluxes. Moreover, it is eventually the main key to explain and predict bioavailability and potential toxicity of trace metals to the marine fauna and flora. This work therefore invites you to dive into a journey along our coasts, from urbanized areas to wild open seas, from their surface to their deepest waters

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Bard, Frédéric. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation d'un procédé semi-continu de neutralisation d'une solution d'acide sulfurique par une suspension de calcite conduisant à la formation de gypse par conversion et par précipitation." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716458.

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Cette étude aborde la formation de gypse résultant de la neutralisation d'une solution d'acide sulfurique par ajout d'une suspension de calcite dans un réacteur semi-ouvert. La phénoménologie et l'impact des paramètres opératoires sont documentés par des prélèvements de solution et de solides analysés hors ligne, qui permettent d'évaluer les écarts à l'équilibre générés à divers stades du mélange et les caractéristiques géométriques du gypse précipité. La solubilité du gypse est évaluée en fonction de la température et de la concentration en sulfate via un modèle de spéciation. Selon les conditions opératoires utilisées, le gypse peut se former à la surface de la calcite par conversion partielle ou en solution par précipitation. La modélisation du procédé est conduite en deux étapes. La conversion est simulée à partir d'un modèle de grain à cœur rétrécissant, adapté pour représenter la dissolution de la calcite et la croissance d'une couche poreuse de gypse. La précipitation en solution est simulée par un bilan de population et résolu par une méthode des caractéristiques. Les paramètres des lois de germination et de croissance sont évalués par un algorithme d'optimisation. Le modèle de conversion rend compte de la sensibilité du processus à l'acidité de la solution et à la taille des particules de calcite. Le modèle de précipitation fournit des profils de sursaturation et de distribution granulométriques simulés cohérents avec les profils expérimentaux. Le contrôle du procédé repose surtout sur l'ajustement de la concentration en acide, qui détermine la vitesse de dissolution de la calcite et la proportion de gypse formé par remplacement.

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Fiandino, Mirabelle. "Apports de matières en suspension par les fleuves côtiers à l'étang de Berre (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) : Quantification des flux, identification des zones sources, étude des relations avec les conditions hydrologiques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10035.

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L'Etang de Berre se situe dans le Sud-Est de la France. Il est l'exutoire de trois cours d'eau à régime méditerranéen marqué : l'Arc, la Touloubre et la Cadière. Depuis plusieurs décennies, l'Etang de Berre connaît un profond dysfonctionnement. L'approche géomorphologique présentée dans ce travail permet de déterminer une méthode d'évaluation des apports fluviaux de matières en suspension à l'Étang de Berre et le fonctionnement hydrosédimentaire des systèmes fluviaux. Elle s'appuie sur l'identification des zones potentiellement productrices de matériaux, la quantification des flux de MES de l'Arc, de la Touloubre et de la Cadière vers l'Étang de Berre, pendant la période d'observation (septembre 1998-décembre 2000) et l'extension dans le temps (sur la période 1961-2000) des résultats. De 1961-2000, les flux moyens de MES sont de 23102 t/an pour l'Arc, 6715 t/an pour la Touloubre et 3456 t/an pour la Cadière. En moyenne, près de 26 % des MES arrivant dans l'Etang de Berre, ont une origine fluviale par opposition aux apports duranciens.

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15

Stieber, Pascale. "Approche d'une caractérisation simple de la pollution en hydrologie urbaine, à partir du couple temps sec/pluie." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_STIEBER_P.pdf.

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Le souci constant de diminuer l'impact des rejets urbains par temps de pluie a conduit les aménageurs à s'intéresser à la composition et à la variation de la pollution induite par les eaux de ruissellement sur des bassins versants urbanisés. Plusieurs études ont montré que la pollution, souvent évaluée par la mesure de la quantité de matières en suspension, est une fonction croissante de plusieurs facteurs climatologiques, dont les principaux sont la pluie et la durée du temps sec précédent l'épisode pluvieux. Afin de mieux évaluer la relation qui existe entre la pollution et le couple de variables constitue de la durée du temps sec précédent un épisode pluvieux et des variables représentatives de la pluie suivante, une étude statistique a été entreprise sur le bassin versant urbanisé de la commune d'Entzheim. Une première étape porte sur l'étude du comportement de variables aléatoires représentatives de la pluie d'une part, et de la durée de temps sec d'autre part, ces deux séries étant issues de données recueillies sur 10,25 années. Les ajustements ont été testés au moyen des lois utilisées classiquement en hydrologie. Une deuxième étape de cette étude a conduit à un traitement de données de pollution sur un échantillon de 38 individus. L’analyse statistique a permis de définir les paramètres du couple temps sec/pluie les plus influents dans la production de pollution et d'établir des régressions linéaires. L’ajustement de modèles globaux sur les données de pollution, comparé à ces dernières, offre des modèles susceptibles d'être transposés à d'autres bassins et pour lesquels il est possible de déterminer une période de retour pour chaque événement tout en ne connaissant que peu de paramètres. La troisième étape établit les lois de fréquence des couples temps sec/pluie et les compare à celles obtenues pour la pollution lors de la deuxième étape. L’objectif est de définir une loi simple entre les fréquences, de façon à encadrer rapidement la période de retour d'un événement de pollution

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Швець, М. А. "Зупинення і відновлення кримінального провадження на стадії досудового розслідування." Thesis, Чернігів, 2020. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/21552.

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Швець, М. А. Зупинення та відновлення досудового розслідування в кримінальному провадженні : магістерська робота : 081 Право / М. А. Швець ; керівник роботи Сенченко Н. М. ; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра кримінального права та правосуддя. – Чернігів, 2020. – 90 с.
Актуальність дослідження. Одним із завдань кримінального провадження є забезпечення швидкого, повного та неупередженого розслідування і судового розгляду для того, щоб кожний, хто вчинив кримінальне правопорушення, був притягнутий до відповідальності в міру своєї вини. Належно організована професійна діяльність дізнавача, слідчого та прокурора має забезпечити виконання цього завдання. Водночас унаслідок низки об’єктивних обставин, передбачених ст. 280 КПК України, слідчі не завжди можуть закінчити розслідування в установлені законом строки. Для заощадження процесуальних строків у кримінальному провадженні діє інститут зупинення досудового розслідування, який має свій зміст та процесуальну форму. Метою дослідження є розроблення та обґрунтування положень теоретичного і практичного характеру, пов’язаних із зупиненням та відновленням досудового розслідування, а також формулювання рекомендацій з вдосконалення кримінального процесуального законодавства та практики його застосування в аспекті предмета дослідження. У розділі 1 роботи досліджуються ґенеза, сутність інституту зупинення досудового розслідування, а також процесуальні умови прийняття відповідного рішення. Розділ 2 присвячений підставам та процесуальному порядку зупинення досудового розслідування, визначених в положеннях кримінального процесуального закону. У розділі 3 досліджуються підстави та процесуальний порядок відновлення досудового розслідування, а також характеризуються рішення, що приймаються уповноваженими особами з відповідних питань. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що за характером розглянутих питань випускна кваліфікаційна робота є певним дослідженням, в якому викладено проблемні питання інституту зупинення та відновлення досудового розслідування у кримінальному провадженні. У роботі сформульовано та обґрунтовано низку положень та висновків, що мають значення як для теорії кримінального процесу, так і для діяльності слідчих органів, прокуратури та суду. Основні положення і висновки роботи обговорювалися на Науково-практичній конференції «Правові системи суспільства: сучасні проблеми та перспективи розвитку». Загальні результати проведеного дослідження викладені у одній науковій праці «Хвороба підозрюваного, як підстава зупинення досудового розслідування у кримінальному провадженні».
Research relevance. One of the tasks of criminal proceedings is to ensure a prompt, complete and impartial investigation and trial so that anyone who commits a criminal offense is prosecuted to the extent of their guilt. Properly organized professional activities of the interrogator, investigator and prosecutor should provide the performance of this task. At the same time, due to a number of external circumstances, specified in the Article 280 of the CPC of Ukraine, investigators are not always able to complete the investigation within the statutory period. To save procedural time in criminal proceedings, there is an institution of suspension of pre-trial investigation, which has its own content and procedural form. The goal of research is to develop and substantiate the provisions of theoretical and practical nature related to the suspension and resumption of pre-trial investigation, as well as to formulate recommendations for improving criminal procedure legislation and practice of its application in the subject of research. Section 1 of the paper examines the genesis, the essence of the institution of suspension of pre-trial investigation, as well as the procedural conditions for making a decision. Section 2 is devoted to the grounds and procedural order of stopping the pre-trial investigation, stipulated in the provisions of the criminal procedural law. Section 3 examines the grounds and procedural order for the resumption of the pre-trial investigation, and also characterizes the decisions taken by the authorized persons on the relevant issues. The scientific novelty of the paper is that by the nature of the issues considered, the final qualifying paper is a study that sets out the problematic issues of the institution of suspension and resumption of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings. The paper formulates and substantiates a number of provisions and conclusions that are important both for the theory of criminal procedure and for the activities of investigative bodies, prosecutors and courts. The fundamental principles and conclusions of the paper were discussed at the Scientific and Practical Conference “Legal Systems of Society: Modern Problems and Prospects for Development”. The general findings of the research are set out in a scientific work “The disease of the suspect as a ground for suspension the pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings.”

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Shumskykh, Mykyta. "Release of trace elements from contaminated sediments into surface waters during sediments dynamics : an experimental study." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4008.

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Dans les systèmes aquatiques, la plupart des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) sont piégés dans les sédiments puis peuvent être relargués en fonction des conditions chimiques et de l’activité microbienne à l’interface eau-sédiment. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’impact de remise en suspension des sédiments (lors de crues et d’opérations de gestion de barrages) sur la mobilité de certains ETM. Plusieurs conditions expérimentales de lessivage ont été choisies pour simuler ces événements : conditions oxiques et anoxiques sur des sédiments bruts et d’autres irradiés par rayons gamma. L’utilisation d’eau désionisée a permis de maximiser le processus de relargage. Deux types de sédiments, issus de contextes différents, ont été sélectionnés : le barrage de Villerest (France) et la rivière Xiang (Chine). Des expériences à long terme (30 jours) ont permis d’identifier la dégradation de la matière organique, l’activité microbienne et l’altération (voire la dissolution) de phases porteuses d’ETM comme principaux facteurs de contrôle. L’importance de l’activité microbienne n’a pas pu être quantifiée puisque l’irradiation n’a pas stérilisé totalement les sédiments. Enfin, l’impact de tels évènements parait très limité puisque moins de 1% des ETM contenus dans les sédiments ont été libérés
In aquatic systems, most of trace metals (TM) are buried in sediments and then can be released according to chemical conditions and microbial activity occurring at the sediment-water interface. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of resuspension events (flood or maintenance operations for dam reservoir) on the mobility of some TM. Different batch experiment conditions were chosen to mimic those events: under oxic and anoxic conditions on raw sediments and on gamma-irradiated ones (“sterilized” one). The use of deionized water allowed maximizing the release process. Two sediment types issued from different contexts were selected: the Villerest dam reservoir (France) and the Xiang River (China). Long term experiments (30-day long) allowed identifying that organic matter degradation, microbial activity and alteration/dissolution of trace metal bearing phases were the main controlling factors. The gamma-irradiation did not sterilize sediments but only limited aerobic bacteria and enhanced anaerobic activity. The impact of such 24h resuspension event on reservoir waters and downstream biota is very limited as less than 1% of trace elements was released

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Srinivasan, Anirudh. "Active Suspension Design Requirements for Compliant Boundary Condition Road Disturbances." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78802.

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The aim of suspension systems in vehicles is to provide the best balance between ride and handling depending on the operating conditions of a vehicle. Active suspensions are far more effective over a variety of different road conditions compared to passive suspension systems. This is because of their ability to store and dissipate energy at different rates. Additionally, they can even provide energy of their own into the rest of the system. This makes active suspension systems an important topic of research in suspension systems. The biggest benefit of having an active suspension system is to be able to provide energy into the system that can minimize the response of the sprung mass. This is done using actuators. Actuator design in vehicle suspension system is an important research topic and a lot of work has been done in the field but little work has been done to estimate the peak control force and bandwidth required to minimize the response of the sprung mass. These two are very important requirements for actuator design in active suspensions. The aim of this study is estimate the peak control force and bandwidth to minimize the acceleration of the sprung mass of a vehicle while it is moving on a compliant surface. This makes the road surface a bi-lateral boundary and hence, the total system is a combination of the vehicle and the compliant road. Generalized vehicle and compliant road models are created so that parameters can be easily changed for different types of vehicles and different road conditions. The peak control force is estimated using adaptive filtering. A least mean squares (LMS) algorithm is used in the process. A case study with fixed parameters is used to show the results of the estimation process. The results show the effectiveness of an adaptive LMS algorithm for such an application. The peak control force and the bandwidth that are obtained from this process can then be used in actuator design.
Master of Science

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Bao, Tianxin. "Suspension of Solid Mixtures by Mechanical Agitation." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1332422512.

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Loussaief, Hend. "Ecoulement de suspensions avec condition de glissement sur la paroi." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066185.

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Cette thèse concerne l'étude du comportement d'une sphère solide dans l'écoulement de cisaillement d'un fluide visqueux au voisinage d'une paroi plane sur laquelle s'applique une condition de glissement. Cet écoulement est calculé analytiquement. Par linéarité des équations de Stokes, le problème d'une sphère libre et tournant librement dans un écoulement de cisaillement au voisinage d'une paroi plane sur laquelle s'applique une condition de glissement est la somme des problèmes élémentaires : sphère fixée en écoulement de cisaillement, sphère en translation et en rotation. Les solutions sont obtenues pour chaque problème (cisaillement, rotation et translation) en utilisant la méthode des coordonnées bisphériques. Les résultats pour la force et le couple sont calculés avec une précision de 10^{-7}, même pour de très petites distances particule-paroi de l'ordre de 10^{-4}. Des formules d'interpolation de ces coefficients de frottement sont proposées avec une précision de 10^{-3} même pour des petites distances particule-paroi (de l'ordre 10^{-4}) et pour des grands glissements. Les vitesses de translation et de rotation d'une sphère libre et tournant librement dans un écoulement de cisaillement sont alors obtenues avec une précision de 10^{-7}. Des formules d'interpolation ont été aussi proposées pour ces vitesses avec une précision de 10^{-3}. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est une application de notre étude théorique. Nous avons proposé des formules d'interpolation des composantes du tenseur de diffusion d'une particule brownienne au voisinage d'une paroi plane sur laquelle s'applique une condition de glissement. On s'intéresse au dernier chapitre à l'étude de la dispersion de Taylor-Aris par l'étude du mouvement d'une petite particule brownienne dans un micro-canal avec condition de glissement du fluide sur la paroi du canal. Ce problème physique est essentiel pour interpréter les mesures de vitesses à petites échelles par suivi de particules au voisinage de parois hydrophobes.

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Karlsson, Henrik. "Monitoring Vehicle Suspension Elements Using Machine Learning Techniques." Thesis, KTH, Spårfordon, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262916.

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Condition monitoring (CM) is widely used in industry, and there is a growing interest in applying CM on rail vehicle systems. Condition based maintenance has the possibility to increase system safety and availability while at the sametime reduce the total maintenance costs.This thesis investigates the feasibility of using condition monitoring of suspension element components, in this case dampers, in rail vehicles. There are different methods utilized to detect degradations, ranging from mathematicalmodelling of the system to pure "knowledge-based" methods, using only large amount of data to detect patterns on a larger scale. In this thesis the latter approach is explored, where acceleration signals are evaluated on severalplaces on the axleboxes, bogieframes and the carbody of a rail vehicle simulation model. These signals are picked close to the dampers that are monitored in this study, and frequency response functions (FRF) are computed between axleboxes and bogieframes as well as between bogieframes and carbody. The idea is that the FRF will change as the condition of the dampers change, and thus act as indicators of faults. The FRF are then fed to different classificationalgorithms, that are trained and tested to distinguish between the different damper faults.This thesis further investigates which classification algorithm shows promising results for the problem, and which algorithm performs best in terms of classification accuracy as well as two other measures. Another aspect explored is thepossibility to apply dimensionality reduction to the extracted indicators (features). This thesis is also looking into how the three performance measures used are affected by typical varying operational conditions for a rail vehicle,such as varying excitation and carbody mass. The Linear Support Vector Machine classifier using the whole feature space, and the Linear Discriminant Analysis classifier combined with Principal Component Analysis dimensionality reduction on the feature space both show promising results for the taskof correctly classifying upcoming damper degradations.
Tillståndsövervakning används brett inom industrin och det finns ett ökat intresse för att applicera tillståndsövervakning inom spårfordons olika system. Tillståndsbaserat underhåll kan potentiellt öka ett systems säkerhet och tillgänglighetsamtidigt som det kan minska de totala underhållskostnaderna.Detta examensarbete undersöker möjligheten att applicera tillståndsövervakning av komponenter i fjädringssystem, i detta fall dämpare, hos spårfordon. Det finns olika metoder för att upptäcka försämringar i komponenternas skick, från matematisk modellering av systemet till mer ”kunskaps-baserade” metodersom endast använder stora mängder data för att upptäcka mönster i en större skala. I detta arbete utforskas den sistnämnda metoden, där accelerationssignaler inhämtas från axelboxar, boggieramar samt vagnskorg från en simuleringsmodellav ett spårfordon. Dessa signaler är extraherade nära de dämpare som övervakas, och används för att beräkna frekvenssvarsfunktioner mellan axelboxar och boggieramar, samt mellan boggieramar och vagnskorg. Tanken är att frekvenssvarsfunktionerna förändras när dämparnas skick förändras ochpå så sätt fungera som indikatorer av dämparnas skick. Frekvenssvarsfunktionerna används sedan för att träna och testa olika klassificeringsalgoritmer för att kunna urskilja olika dämparfel.Detta arbete undersöker vidare vilka klassificeringsalgoritmer som visar lovande resultat för detta problem, och vilka av dessa som presterar bäst med avseende på noggrannheten i prediktionerna, samt två andra mått på algoritmernasprestanda. En annan aspekt som undersöks är möjligheten att applicera dimensionalitetsminskning på de extraherade indikatorerna. Detta arbete undersöker också hur de tre prestandamåtten som används påverkas av typiska förändringar i driftsförhållanden för ett spårfordon såsom varierande exciteringfrån spåret och vagnkorgsmassa. Resultaten visar lovande prestanda för klassificeringsalgoritmen ”Linear Support Vector Machine” som använder hela rymden med felindikatorer, samt algoritmen ”Linear Discriminant Analysis” i kombination med ”Principal Component Analysis” dimensionalitetsreducering.

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22

Hamed, Moamar. "Characterisation of the dynamics of an automotive suspension system for on-line condition monitoring." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/29088/.

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As the most critical system that determines the driving performance, passenger comfort and road safety of a vehicle, the suspension system has not been found to have adequate monitoring systems available to provide early warnings of possible faults online. To fill this gap, this study has focused on the investigation of the dynamic behaviour of the suspensions upon which a new on-line condition suspension monitoring approach was proposed and verified under different conditions. Specifically, the approach quantifies the modal shapes which are obtained based on an improved modal identification applying to acceleration responses at the four corners of the vehicle. To achieve this, the research was carried out by the means of dynamic modelling, numerical simulations, optimal measurement optimisations and subspace identification improvements based on a representative vehicle system, cost-effective measurement techniques and road standards. Firstly, a mathematical model with a seven degree-of-freedom (7-DOF) was developed in account of variable stiffness and damping coefficients, being applicable for computer simulation of the dynamic interaction between a vehicle and a road profile. To validate the proposed model during real operation, this study investigates a set of on-road experiments, to measure the acceleration of the vehicle body. Comparisons between the experimental and simulation paths demonstrated that, simulation results and measured on road results were found to be almost have similar trend. In the simulations the modal parameters (obtained theoretically) of a vehicle are: natural frequency, damping ratio and modal shapes and their characteristics are characterised under the influence of different suspension faults and operating conditions (loads and speed). It has found that the modal shapes are more independent of operating conditions and thereby reliable as indicators of faulty suspensions, compared with modal frequency and damping which are influenced more by operating conditions. Furthermore, the modal shape difference between left and right side responses are developed as the fault severity indicator. To obtain the modal shapes online reliably, an improved stochastic subspace identification (SSI) is developed based on an average correlation SSI. Particularly the implementation of optimal reference channels is achieved by comparing the average correlation signals which can be more efficient due to much smaller data sizes, compared with that raw data based spectrum analysis method used in original development. On road verification based on a commercial vehicle operating in normal road conditions shows that common suspension faults including inadequate damping faults and under-inflation of the tyre, induced one of the four shock absorbers, can be detected and diagnosed with acceptable accuracy. Therefore, it can be deduced that the SSI modal shape based detection techniques are effective and therefore promising to be used to diagnose and monitor the suspension system online.

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Toutou, Zahia. "Rhéologie et formulation des géosuspensions concentrées : évaluation des conditions d'extrudabilité." Rennes, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAR0010.

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CHATELET, PADUSCHEK CECILE. "Regeneration chez musa sp. : recherche de conditions d'etablissement de suspensions cellulaires d'especes diploides et triploides." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112311.

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En raison de la base genetique tres restreinte de l'espece, le bananier est sensible aux variations genotypiques des agents pathogenes. L'obtention de suspensions cellulaires ayant un potentiel de regeneration permettrait d'acceder entre autres aux techniques de transfert de genes et de les inclure dans les programmes d'amelioration de musa. Differents types d'explants ont ete utilises pour etablir des suspensions organo ou embryogenes. Dans le cas de cultures d'embryons zygotiques ages de 45 jours, les cellules epidermiques et sous epidermiques du tissu haustorial sont a l'origine des suspensions obtenues. Ces cellules s'organisent, apres recloisonnement, en nodules qui evoluent vers l'organogenese, soit plus rarement vers l'embryogenese. Le developpement de proembryons est egalement obtenu a partir d'embryons zygotiques plus ages, mais leur evolution est rapidement bloquee. L'etude histologique de l'embryogenese au cours de la culture d'inflorescences a montre que les embryons somatiques se differencient au niveau d'une zone ayant subi un phenomene de differenciation dedifferenciation. Nos resultats permettent d'envisager l'applications des techniques de biotechnologie avancee a l'amelioration du bananier dans un avenir proche

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25

Neilson, James. "Attachment of bacteria to glass surfaces in pure culture and in mixed suspensions and the effect of growth conditions on that attachment." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108883/.

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The attachment of selected freshwater bacteria, Aeromonas Chromobacterium, a coryneform and Staphylococcus In pure culture and in mixed suspensions with one other bacterium to glass surfaces was investigated in the laboratory. Changes in the nutrient conditions of the growth medium during growth and attachment and the temperature, pH and electrolyte type and concentration present in the attachment solution during attachment experiments all influenced bacterial attachment. The pure culture attachment results obtained depended on the bacterial species being investigated. When bacterial species were attached in the presence of one other species the growth conditions still had a profound effect on attachment. The results obtained depended on the bacterial species present in the mixed suspension, with some bacterial species having a more profound effect on the attachment of other species than others. The bacterial species used to study bacterial attachment in the laboratory were used along with Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas to investigate bacterial attachment in vivo using a model system. The attachment of these bacteria were investigated in two- to six-membered suspensions. The biofilms obtained in the model system consisted of smaller bacterial cells in a more densely packed biofilm. These biofilms could still be influenced by growth conditions as temperature was seen to influence the bacterial biofilm obtained. During these attachment experiments the Acinetobacter which did not attach itself had a profound effect on the attachment of other bacterial species when present in the liquid phase. The mechanism by which Acinetobacter inhibited the attachment of other bacteria was investigated and it appeared Acinetobacter did not excreate a chemical to influence the attachment of other species, but the Acinetobacter cells themselves had to be present in the liquid phase to influence the attachment of other species. The effects of different molecular weight fractions of Tocil Lake water were investigated for their effect on bacterial attachment. The fraction containing the > 30,000 MV component was found to influence bacterial attachment. The results obtained, depended on the bacterial species being investigated.

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Bonnin, Jean-Christophe. "Etude expérimentale des conditions d'écoulement à grandes vitesses de suspensions air-fines particules le long d'une conduite comportant de brusques changements de direction." Poitiers, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991POIT2315.

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Nous presentons tout d'abord une methode originale de calcul de perte de pression le long d'une conduite de transport dans le cas d'un ecoulement air-fines particules, en regime pseudo-etabli et a faible taux de charge. Selon cette methode, la perte de pression est entierement definie a l'aide d'un seul coefficient experimental aussi bien pour de longues conduites droites qu'au passage de brusques changements de direction avec regime pseudo-etabli a la fois en amont et en aval. Apres une revue bibliographique de nombreux resultats experimentaux de pertes de pression, un ensemble de parametres sans dimension est retenu afin de decrire au mieux les conditions d'ecoulement etudiees. Les coefficients de perte de pression sont ensuite determines lors du transport de deux produits pulverulents de granulometrie differente: du ciment et des microbilles de verre, avec plusieurs geometries de conduite et plusieurs configurations d'ecoulement. L'analyse de la dependance de ces coefficients envers les parametres cites nous permet finalement de faire certaines remarques a propos de l'influence de la granulometrie des poudres sur les conditions d'ecoulement

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27

Delaire, Émilie. "Le droit à la santé des détenus." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0047/document.

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Le droit à la santé, en tant que droit inaliénable, constitue l’un des droits fondamentaux de tout être humain, quelles que soient sa race, sa religion, ses opinions politiques, ou encore sa condition économique ou sociale. En détention comme « dehors », la société doit faire son possible pour que la situation des malades ne soit pas menacée. De même, en tant que titulaires d’un droit subjectif et usagers du service public, les détenus doivent être capables d’exercer ce droit et de savoir comment en revendiquer le respect. La réforme de 1994, en confiant leur prise en charge sanitaire au Ministère de la Santé, a suscité de nombreux espoirs. Néanmoins, l’application des droits en détention demeure toujours aussi complexe. A la fois facteur d’équilibre et générateur d’instabilité, ce droit ne requiert-il pas, par nature ou par définition, un espace de liberté ? Comment concevoir la reconnaissance et l’exercice de ce droit dans le contexte d’une institution totale, là où la liberté n’est pas la règle mais l’exception ? Les spécificités de l’exercice du droit à la santé en détention sont en effet une parfaite illustration de cette problématique. La prise en charge sanitaire des détenus nécessite la prise en compte des impératifs de sécurité, de sûreté et de discipline. Impératifs qui viennent freiner le respect des droits de l’homme et qui exigent inlassablement de rechercher la meilleure façon de concilier les objectifs sanitaires avec les contraintes pénitentiaires. L’effectivité de ce droit, tout comme l’efficacité de leur prise en charge, en sont donc tributaires, appelant une réflexion autour des notions visées par les textes ainsi qu’un perfectionnement des pratiques
The right to health, as an inalienable right, constitutes one of the fundamental rights of all human beings, whatever their race, religion, political opinions, or even their economic and social circumstances. Whether they are in detention or “outside”, society must do its best to protect sick people. As holders of a subjective right but also as public service users, the prisoners must be able to exercise this right and must know how to demand it be respected. By putting the Ministry of health in charge of the health care of prisoners, the 1994 reform raised much hope. Nevertheless, the implementation of the rights of prisoners remains just as complicated as ever. As it brings both balance and instability to prison life, doesn’t the right to health, by nature or by definition, require a free space? How can one envision the recognition and the exercising of this right within the context of a closed-off institution, where freedom is not the rule but the exception? The specificities of exercising one’s right to health while incarcerated are a perfect illustration of this problem. The health care of prisoners necessitates taking into account security, safety and disciplinary requirements. Requirements which can impede human rights concerns and which necessitate a tireless effort to find the best way to reconcile health goals and the many constraints of the prison institution. The effectiveness of prisoners’ right to health, as well as the efficacy of the care they receive, depend on the conditions of their detention and on the scheme being applied to them, thus calling for careful examination of the notions addressed by law, and for an effort to improve practices

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28

Hugo, Daniel. "Haul road defect identification and condition assessment using measured truck response." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07162008-092104/.

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29

Julca, Huachurunto Adriana Isabel, and Mendoza Viky Gabriela Maldonado. "El Devengado Jurídico y su impacto tributario en las empresas de Servicios Empresariales ubicadas en el distrito de Santiago de Surco, en el año 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657623.

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Nuestra investigación busca determinar el impacto tributario de la aplicación del Devengado jurídico en las empresas del sector servicios empresariales ubicadas en Santiago de Surco en el 2019.  El Devengo en el Perú, siempre ha sido tratado según la definición de las normas contables (NIIF). Sin embargo, ha sido un tema de interés que ha generado incertidumbre para las empresas, ya que existía un vacío en el sistema tributario y no se tenía claro la forma de aplicar este término en la contabilidad tributaria. A causa de ello, se emite el Decreto Legislativo 1425. La presente de investigación está compuesta por cinco capítulos. El primer Capítulo está constituido por el Marco teórico, en el que se definieron conceptos importantes que tienen relación con nuestro tema de investigación, como el Devengado contable y tributario. Posteriormente, en el segundo Capítulo se definió el Plan de investigación, se desarrolló la problemática determinando los objetivos e hipótesis. En el tercer Capítulo: Metodología de trabajo, se explica el tipo de investigación realizado, la población y muestra. El Capítulo IV está compuesto por el Desarrollo de la investigación, se aplicaron los instrumentos, entrevistas a expertos en el tema, encuestas virtuales a empresas y también se plantea un caso práctico. Por último, en el Capítulo V: Análisis de resultados, se analiza las respuestas de los instrumentos para posteriormente dar conclusiones y recomendaciones.
Our research seeks to determine the tax impact of the application of the legal accrual in the companies of the business services sector located in Santiago de Surco in 2019. Accrual in Peru has always been treated according to the definition of accounting standards (IFRS). However, it has been a topic of interest that has generated uncertainty for companies, since there was a gap in the tax system, and it was not clear how to apply this term in tax accounting. As a result, Legislative Decree 1425 was issued. This research is made up of five chapters. The first chapter is constituted by the theoretical framework, in which important concepts related to our research topic were defined, such as the accounting and tax accrual. Subsequently, in the second chapter, the research plan was defined, the problem was developed, and the objectives and hypotheses were determined. In the third chapter: Methodology of the work, the type of research carried out, the population and sample are explained. Chapter IV is composed of the Development of the research, the instruments were applied, interviews to experts on the subject, virtual surveys to companies and a case study is also presented. Finally, Chapter V: Analysis of results, analyzes the responses of the instruments, and then provides conclusions and recommendations.
Tesis

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30

Magnier, Sébastien. "Considérations dialogiques autour de la dynamique épistémique et de la notion de condition dans le droit." Thesis, Lille 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL30039.

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Le projet de cette thèse émane du constat d'une scission entre épistémologie d'une part et logique épistémique d'autre part. Si des tentatives de conciliation se sont avérées fructueuses, nous explorons ici la possibilité d'une réconciliation entre épistémologie et logique épistémique à travers l'argumentation.Étudier la logique épistémique au sein d'une pratique argumentative, c'est-À-Dire au sein de dialogues, nous permet de bénéficier d'un cadre d'étude dynamique pour explorer le dynamisme et la signification du langage de la logique épistémique. Nous montrons que cette conciliation de l'épistémologie et de la logique épistémique dans une pratique argumentative est pertinente dans le domaine juridique car elle offre une approche originale de la notion de condition dans le droit
The project of this thesis stems from the observation of a split between epistemology and epistemic logic.If some attempts at conciliation have been successful, here we explore the possibility of reconciliation between epistemology and epistemic logic through argumentation.Studying epistemic logic in argumentative practice, that is to say in dialogues, enables us to benefit from a dynamic framework to explore the dynamics and the meaning of the language of epistemic logic.We show that this reconciliation of epistemology and epistemic logic in an argumentative practice is relevant in the legal field because it offers an original approach to the notion of condition in law

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31

McCauley, Patrick James. "Reading by the light of a burning phoenix an inquiry into faith, deliverance, and despair within humankind's paradoxical suspension between the conditional and the unconditional in the work of Immanuel Kant and Hermann Hesse /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2006. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/79.

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32

Nyakabawu, Shingirai. "Liminality, Papers and Belonging amongst Zimbabwean Immigrants in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7943.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Introduced in 2010, the Dispensation Zimbabwe Program (DZP) regularised undocumented Zimbabwean immigrants in South Africa. When DZP was closed, the Zimbabwe Special Permit was introduced, which was also replaced by the Zimbabwe Exemption Permit. This thesis examines the lived experiences of Zimbabwean migrants from the time they arrived in South Africa without papers, visas, or permits. It then examines the processes of acquiring DZP papers, processes of replacing it, and how conditions on the permits reinforce a particular notion of belonging for Zimbabwean immigrants. I draw on work inspired by the anthropologist Victor Turner’s (1967) concept of liminality to show that Zimbabwean migrants had been going through various phases of uncertain legal statuses which are all liminal. Through accounts of lived experiences and biographical narratives of migrants who see themselves as ‘entrepreneurs’ in Cape Town, I consider how migrant’s experience the structural effects of documentation and having or not having ‘papers’. It starts with a state of “illegality” because of being an undocumented migrant in South Africa. It proceeds to “amnesty” from deportation following the announcement of DZP. It then proceeds to the filling of application forms for legalisation at Home Affairs. The DZP permits make them “liminal citizens” in that they got political citizenship by virtue of being documented, but at the same time, the migrants do not enjoy full citizenship status economically. There is also “legal suspension” as in the period between applications for replacement of the permit with another for example from Zimbabwe Special Permit (ZSP) to Zimbabwe Exemption Permit (ZEP). The imposition of conditions in permits that it will not be renewed or extended throws them into a condition of “temporary conditional legality”. As a result, the liminality experienced is both existential and juridical. Juridical liminality results from uncertain legal status whether the migrant is documented or not. Juridical liminality is inherent in law and immigration policy. Existential liminality is because the uncertain legal status permeates all aspects of Zimbabwean immigrants’ lives and delimits their range of action in different spheres. This includes jobs, transnational capabilities, business, family, housing, and schooling for their children. Most studies on migration do not extend their arguments beyond that permits matter as they see them as giving immediate access to social and economic rights. In this thesis, I do not only examine how a condition of being an undocumented immigrant shapes aspects of immigrants’ lives but I further examine the experiences of living with temporary visas and their impact on their lives and family. Whereas in a rite of passage, the liminal stage is temporary, Zimbabweans in South Africa are living in chronic liminality. In all phases of liminal legality, the thesis demonstrates state power through documents/visas in shaping migrant lives deepening our understanding of immigrant incorporation, exclusion, citizenship and belonging.

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Walravens, Arnaud. "Le droit de préemption." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020072.

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Droit de propriété et liberté contractuelle fondent le droit pour tout propriétaire de choisir la personne à laquelle il souhaite, le cas échéant, vendre son bien. Il est pourtant des hypothèses où le législateur a accordé d’autorité à certaines personnes un droit de préemption qui leur permet d’être préférées à d’autres lors de la conclusion du contrat de vente. Cela étant, le droit de préemption demeure une institution mal connue et discutée. En effet, le législateur a institué de très nombreux droits de préemption en fonction de ses ambitions politiques, en dotant chacun d’eux d’un régime juridique spécifique. Le fait qu’il ne se soit guère préoccupé de conférer une quelconque cohérence à cet ensemble génère de nombreux conflits entre droits de préemption ou entre un droit de préemption et une autre institution juridique. Par ailleurs, l’intérêt général qui justifie le droit de préemption et exige que le domaine de celui-ci soit cantonné au strict nécessaire ainsi que l’octroi de garanties aux personnes concernées, ne dissuade pas le législateur de renforcer constamment l’emprise de cette institution. Ces données, qui illustrent les finalités du droit de préemption, influencent nécessairement la notion. Elles conduisent en effet à considérer que la prestation attendue du vendeur, à savoir proposer par priorité l’acquisition de son bien au bénéficiaire, constitue l’essence du droit de préemption. Le régime et l’effectivité de tous les droits de préemption reposent sur cette prestation. Il est alors possible de suggérer une nouvelle définition du droit de préemption et d’établir sa nature juridique à partir du droit des biens. Deux critères de délimitation du droit de préemption peuvent également être proposés, le premier reposant sur sa source légale, le second résultant de la détermination du moment de son intervention, ce qui n’est pas sans conséquence pratique
Property right (jus proprietatis) and contractual freedom establish the right for every owner to choose the person to whom he may wish to sell his property. There are nevertheless hypotheses where the legislator granted to some persons, by his own authority, a right of pre-emption which allows them to be preferred to others when concluding the sale contract. Right of preemption remains, however, a badly known and controversial institution, as the legislator established a very great quantity of rights of preemption, according to his political ambitions, and endowed each of these rights of a specific legal regime. The fact that he hardly worried to confer on them any coherence generates many conflicts between rights of preemption, or between a right of preemption and another legal institution. Besides, general interest, which justifies right of preemption and requires that its domain be limited to strict minimum as well as the guarantees granted to the concerned persons, does not dissuade the legislator to strengthen constantly the influence of this institution. These data, which illustrate the purposes of right of preemption, do inevitably influence its notion : indeed, they lead to consider that the service expected from the seller, which is to propose by priority the acquisition of his property to the beneficiary, is constituting the basis of right of preemption. The regime and the effectiveness of all the rights of preemption are based upon that service. It becomes then possible to suggest a new definition of right of preemption and to establish its legal nature from property right. Two criteria of delimitation of right of preemption can be also proposed, the first one resting on its legal source, the second resulting from the determination of the moment of its intervention, which is not without practical consequence

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Jafferali, Rafaël. "La rétroactivité dans le contrat: étude d'une notion fonctionnelle à la lumière du principe constitutionnel d'égalité." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209347.

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La thèse prend pour objet d'étude les institutions du droit des contrats dotées d'un effet rétroactif (nullité, résolution pour inexécution, condition suspensive ou résolutoire, ratification, etc.). Bien que menée en droit belge, la recherche s'appuie également sur des éléments de droit comparé empruntés principalement aux droits allemand, français et néerlandais. Elle vise à démontrer deux hypothèses.

Premièrement, elle tend à montrer que la rétroactivité n'est pas une notion conceptuelle, dont la signification serait donnée a priori en sorte qu'elle pourrait être déduite sur un mode purement logique de sa définition, mais bien une notion fonctionnelle dont la portée dépend du but en vue duquel elle est utilisée. La portée de l'effet rétroactif varie donc toujours selon l'institution examinée.

Deuxièmement, la thèse vise à établir que le principe constitutionnel d'égalité constitue un instrument efficace permettant de corriger certaines divergences de régime entre les institutions rétroactives, sans pour autant abolir toute différence entre elles.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Sandoval, Arenas Santiago. "Revisiting stormwater quality conceptual models in a large urban catchment : Online measurements, uncertainties in data and models." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI089/document.

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Les modèles de Rejets Urbains par Temps de Pluie (MRUTP) de Matières en Suspension (MES) dans les systèmes d’assainissement urbains sont essentiels pour des raisons scientifiques, environnementales, opérationnelles et réglementaires. Néanmoins, les MRUTP ont été largement mis en question, surtout pour reproduire des données mesurées en continu à l’exutoire des grands bassins versants. Dans cette thèse, trois limitations potentielles des MRUTP traditionnels ont été étudiées dans un bassin versant de 185 ha (Chassieu, France), avec des mesures en ligne de 365 événements pluvieux : a) incertitudes des données dû aux conditions sur le terrain, b) incertitudes dans les modèles hydrologiques et mesures de pluie et c) incertitudes dans les structures traditionnelles des MRUTP. Ces aspects sont approfondis dans six apports séparés, dont leurs résultats principaux peuvent être synthétisés comme suites : a) Acquisition et validation des données : (i) quatre stratégies d’échantillonnage pendant des événements pluvieux sont simulées et évaluées à partir de mesures en ligne de MES et débit. Les intervalles d’échantillonnage recommandés sont de 5 min, avec des erreurs moyennes entre 7 % et 20 % et des incertitudes sur ces erreurs d’environ 5 %, selon l’intervalle d’échantillonnage; (ii) la probabilité de sous-estimation de la concentration moyenne dans la section transversale du réseau est estimée à partir de deux méthodologies. Une méthodologie montre des sous-estimations de MES plus réelles (vers 39 %) par apport à l'autre (vers 269 %). b) Modèles hydrologiques et mesures de pluie : (iii) une stratégie d’estimation de paramètres d’un modèle conceptuel pluie-débit est proposée, en analysant la variabilité des paramètres optimaux obtenus à partir d’un calage Bayésien évènement-par-évènement; (iv) une méthode pour calculer les précipitations moyennes sur un bassin versant est proposée, sur la base du même modèle hydrologique et les données de débit. c) MRUTP (pollutographes) : (v) la performance de modélisation à partir du modèle traditionnel courbe d’étalonnage (RC) a été supérieur aux différents modèles linéaires de fonctions de transfert (TF), surtout en termes de parcimonie et précision des simulations. Aucune relation entre les potentielles erreurs de mesure de la pluie et les conditions hydrologiques définies en (iii) et (iv) avec les performances de RC et TFs n’a pu être établie. Des tests statistiques renforcent que l’occurrence des évènements non-représentables par RC ou TF au cours de temps suit une distribution aléatoire (indépendante de la période sèche précédente); (vi) une méthode de reconstruction Bayésienne de variables d’état virtuelles indique que des processus potentiellement manquants dans une description RC sont ininterprétables en termes d’un unique état virtuel de masse disponible dans le bassin versant qui diminue avec le temps, comme nombre de modèles traditionnels l’ont supposé
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) stormwater models in urban drainage systems are often required for scientific, legal, environmental and operational reasons. However, these TSS stormwater traditional model structures have been widely questioned, especially when reproducing data from online measurements at the outlet of large urban catchments. In this thesis, three potential limitations of traditional TSS stormwater models are analyzed in a 185 ha urban catchment (Chassieu, Lyon, France), by means 365 rainfall events monitored online: a) uncertainties in TSS data due to field conditions; b) uncertainties in hydrological models and rainfall measurements and c) uncertainties in the stormwater quality model structures. These aspects are investigated in six separate contributions, whose principal results can be summarized as follows: a) TSS data acquisition and validation: (i) four sampling strategies during rainfall events are simulated and evaluated by online TSS and flow rate measurements. Recommended sampling time intervals are of 5 min, with average sampling errors between 7 % and 20 % and uncertainties in sampling errors of about 5 %, depending on the sampling interval; (ii) the probability of underestimating the cross section mean TSS concentration is estimated by two methodologies. One method shows more realistic TSS underestimations (about 39 %) than the other (about 269 %). b) Hydrological models and rainfall measurements: (iii) a parameter estimation strategy is proposed for conceptual rainfall-runoff model by analyzing the variability of the optimal parameters obtained by single-event Bayesian calibrations, based on clusters and graphs representations. The new strategy shows more performant results in terms of accuracy and precision in validation; (iv) a methodology aimed to calculate “mean” areal rainfall estimation is proposed, based on the same hydrological model and flow rate data. Rainfall estimations by multiplying factors over constant-length time window and rainfall zero records filled with a reverse model show the most satisfactory results compared to further rainfall estimation models. c) Stormwater TSS pollutograph modelling: (v) the modelling performance of the traditional Rating Curve (RC) model is superior to different linear Transfer Function models (TFs), especially in terms of parsimony and precision of the simulations. No relation between the rainfall corrections or hydrological conditions defined in (iii) and (iv) with performances of RC and TFs could be established. Statistical tests strengthen that the occurrence of events not representable by the RC model in time is independent of antecedent dry weather conditions; (vi) a Bayesian reconstruction method of virtual state variables indicate that potential missing processes in the RC description are hardly interpretable as a unique state of virtual available mass over the catchment decreasing over time, as assumed by a great number of traditional models

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Hou, Bi-Huei, and 侯碧惠. "Rapid Optimization of Electroporation Conditions for Soybean and Tomato Suspension Suspension Culture Cells." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13517431022237216320.

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碩士
國立中興大學
植物學系
83
Two stains, Trypan blue and FDA were applied to obtain the optimum field strength in electroporation treatment on two plant cells, including protoplast, partially digested cells and suspension cells, all of them are dividedly acquired from soybean and tomato. The result shows the lowest field strength in electroporation happened to partially digested cells and the value is 0.5 KV/cm, followed by protoplast, 1KV/cm, and suspension cells, 1.5 KV/cm. Besides, the most high GUS gene transient expression (1721-6654 pmole MU/min/mg protein) was found in the tomato suspension cells after we used 1.5 KV/cm field strength to transfer 3.7kb linear GUS gene to linear- phase growing tomato suspension cells. There is apparent difference between our result and check group in GUS gene transient expression activity.

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Brügger, Adrian. "On the Boundary Conditions and Internal Mechanics of Parallel Wire Strands." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D832074B.

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This dissertation analyzes the internal mechanics of parallel wire strands as found in the main cables of suspension bridges. Parallel wire strands of reduced order (7-wire, 19-wire, and 61-wire strands made of steel and aluminum) are fabricated and subjected to various boundary conditions and external loads (tension, clamping, twist, etc.). Neutron diffraction is used as an elastic strain measurement tool for its ability to penetrate bulk materials and/or layers of a multi-body system without disturbing the sample. Firstly, this thesis aims to quantify the development length – the distance over which a broken wire within a strand regains near-full service strain – as a function of various boundary conditions and failure scenarios. The feasibility of using neutron diffractometers to measure in situ elastic strains on civil-engineering-scale samples under both tensile load and radial confinement is validated using strands fabricated from steel bridge wire. Results from various 7-wire strands indicate that friction and mechanical interference on the microscopic level play a significant role in the load partitioning. Furthermore, wires that have been broken – either pre-cracked or fractured live and in situ during tensile loading – are capable of regaining significant stresses from their neighbors over a distance of tens of centimeters. The contribution of both friction force and mechanical interference on elastic strain redevelopment in broken wires should be included in analytical models designed to simulate failure processes. The second part of this thesis aims to measure the internal mechanics of larger parallel wire strands in response to various confinement (clamping) forces. 19 and 61 aluminum wire strands are fabricated and the internal strains of all constituent wires mapped in three orthogonal directions under various clamping loads. The strain distributions for both 19-wire and 61-wire strands show a surprising degree of heterogeneity. An increase in clamping force homogenizes the distribution to a degree, but only at unfeasibly high clamping forces. The results suggest that microscale variations in wire diameter dominate the internal mechanics of parallel wire strands. The stochastic distribution of wire sizes due to manufacturing tolerances throughout a strand cross-section creates a randomly ordered network of over- and under-sized wires. This imperfectly packed lattice results in large wire-to-wire variations in clamping constraint. The up-scaling in strand size from 19 to 61 wires increases the resolution of the experiment but does not reduce the heterogeneity of the strain distribution. Ergo, the assumption of perfect hexagonal packing in parallel wire strands is weak, and mean field distributions do not accurately describe the internal mechanics of such structures.

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Chiou, Guan-Wei, and 邱冠偉. "Optimizing Operational Conditions To Reduce TiO2 Deposition on The Membrane surface and Get Good Suspension." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24045824551825814360.

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碩士
中原大學
土木工程研究所
99
Recently, the membrane filtration has been introduced as an effective technique for separating TiO2 photocatalyst from treated water in a conventional slurry-type photoreactor. Thus, the different operating conditions of MPR will simultaneously affect the photocatalytic degradation efficiency as well as the separation efficiency of the membrane. For a suspension system, zeta-potential is an important index which reflects the intensity of repulsive-force among particles and the stability of dispersion. The TiO2 particles form agglomerates when dissolved in water. Furthermore, its size distribution, charge and membranes surface-charge are affected simultaneously by the solution pH, and this may also affect the interaction between particle and membrane surface. Therefore, the membranes' properties (such as hydrophobicity, pore size, charge), its operating flux and TiO2 properties (such as particle size distribution and charge) at different pH will greatly affect the membrane fouling. In this study, the effects of MPR operating conditions such as TiO2 dosage(DegussaP25 TiO2 0~1.0g/L)、flow rate(at 8, 12, 16mL/min)、 solution pH(at 5, 7, 9) and membrane hydrophobicity(PVDF, PAN, PTFE) on separation characteristics and membrane fouling caused by TiO2 deposition were investigated in detail.

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Logan, Elizabeth L. B. "Phenotypic characterization of a human endothelial progenitor cell population isolated through non-contact suspension culture conditions." 2007. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=452974&T=F.

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40

Hwang, Hsin-Chieh, and 黃信杰. "Effects of Operating Conditions on the Performance of Cross-Flow Microfiltration of Yeast/BSA Binary Suspension." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51792023118674508107.

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碩士
淡江大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
93
In this study, yeast cells are used to simulate the microbes in a fermentation tank. Yeast cell and BSA are suspended in a de-ionized water to prepare the binary suspension used in experiments. Yeast cells are retained by the filter membrane during a filtration, while some BSA molecules may permeate through the filter cake and the membrane into filtrate. The filtration rate, the retention of BSA and the cake properties under various operating conditions are measured and discussed. The experimental results show that an aggregation of yeast cells occurs at pH 3 (near its isoelectric point), and the steady filtration rate is therefore quite higher than those at pH 5 and pH 7. However, the retention of BSA is the lowest at pH 3. Since BSA molecules coagulate with each other at pH 5, the BSA aggregates may foul in the cake or in the membrane pores. Therefore, the filtration rate is lower and the retention is higher at pH 5 than those at pH 7. A suspension at pH 3 under high cross-flow velocity and low filtration pressure can be concluded as the optimum operating condition. Based on the basic filtration equation and the force balance equation, the relationships among the pseudo-steady filtration rate and operating conditions can be derived and used for flux prediction. The estimated filtration rate agrees fairly well with experimental data. Furthermore, according to the concentration polarization model, the standard capture equation for depth filtration and the effect of shear stress on the protein migration, a theoretical equation is obtained to estimate the retention of protein. The protein retentions under various conditions can be estimated accurately.

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Lee, Yu-Hsin, and 李育欣. "The Effects of Different Culture Conditions on the Sucrose Degrading Enzymes of TN5 Rice Suspension Cells." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45804528287349141117.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業化學系
86
TN5 rice suspension cells do not grow anymore when incubated in the medium without sucrose, but grow fastest when incubated in the medium with 3 % sucrose. Suspension cells can use either sucrose, glucose or fructose as their carbon source. The activity of bound form invertase in the suspension cells is higher than that of soluble acid- or alkaline invertase. That may because the suspension cells is kind of heteronutrient plant tissues, and they totally rely on the carbon source in the medium to keep in metabolism. The soluble acid- and alkaline invertases in the suspension cells have almost the same enzyme activity. When we alter the sucrose concentration in the medium, we find that the activities of soluble invertases are highest when the cells incubated in the medium with 3 % sucrose. The change of sucrose or hormone concentrations does not influence the activity of bound form invertase. However, the activities of bound form invertase and sucrose synthase are decreased by the increasing concentration of fructose. When suspension cells incubated in the medium without sucrose, the activity of sucrose synthase is not detected, but invertase remains a little activity. These results indicate that it is more important for suspension cells to keep alive than to grow.

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Huang, Sheng-Fu, and 黃聖傅. "Effect of the different culture conditions on formation of fatty acids and proteins in Jatropha curcas suspension cells." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35644759497654965517.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
生物科技系所
102
A gradual substitution of fossil energy to renewable energy is a global trend, not only it resolves and increases the critical energy shortage, but also crisis of greenhouse effect. Jatropha curcas is an inedible crop, the seeds containing about 40% lipids can be used as biodiesel. The aim of the current research project was to apply a nonconventional bioprocess for in vitro biomass and oil production of Jatropha cells. The seeds of Jatropha curcas were used for aseptic seeding. The methods of callus induction, suspension cell culture and embryogenesis of Jatropha were established. The best inducing rate of buds was achieved by adding 1.5 mg/L BA and 0.5mg/L IBA in MS. The suspension cells were cultured in light and dark conditions. Once friable callus was obtained, and cell suspension cultures were established. The cell viability, fatty acid content, and characteristics were used to select the most promising cell line according to its fatty acid profile and ability to grow and develop under in vitro conditions. Nile red staining showed that suspension cells in light accumulate more lipid than in dark. To characterize the metabolic mechanism of lipid accumulation in Jatropha suspension culture cells, comparative proteomic technique was employed to profile protein changes during different growth condition. The fatty acids were extracted and run through thin layer chromatography (TLC), and the results showed that suspension cells in light and dark accumulated different fatty acids and their derivatives. Differences growth conditions of Jatropha were related to their fatty acid profiles, oil content. We used comparative proteomics to understand the metabolic mechanism of lipid. The protein were identified by LC/MS. Peroxidase 68 OS、Hypothetical protein CHLREDRAFT_150509、glutathione S-transferase omega、translationally controlled tumor protein、annexin-like protein、Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase、major allergen Pru ar were found in dark. Major allergen Pru ar was found more in dark than light, and it was associated with plant pathogenic. It is helpful in plant lipid synthesis and may make the Jatropha suspension cultured cells can be as bioreactor to produce biodiesel. It can reduce cost in the production process and improve the properties of biodiesel. Also improving the understanding of fatty acids biosynthesis in higher plants.

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43

Chen, Yi Zhi, and 陳頤之. "A carbon tracer study of carbohydrate metabolism in sweet potato suspension cells which are cultured under different starch accumulating conditions." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19531608142388825831.

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Makanishe, Bisimwa Timothee. "Politics of mining reforms and poverty : informal mining suspension and its impacts on rural livelihoods in the Twangiza mining area, Eastern DRC." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9174.

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Informal mining requires particular attention in the fight against poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa, the world's poorest region, more than ten millions of people have depended on it for livelihoods. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes and impacts of the suspension of informal mining in the eastern DRC, between 2010 and 2011, on rural livelihoods in Twangiza. The study being a qualitative case study, both primary and secondary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a total of 21 respondents and analyzed using thematic methods. This study has found that geopolitical influences upon the DRC government‟s concerns over fraud, corruption, loss of state revenues and the perpetuation of conflicts associated with informal mining activities were the main causes of its suspension in the eastern DRC. In Twangiza however, although informal mining was still practiced until 2010 when it was suspended across the eastern DRC, it had already been illegalized since 2003, following the introduction of BANRO - a Canadian based multinational company – to mine in the area. This happened shortly after DRC‟s adoption of a predominantly neo-liberal driven Mining Code in 2001. This study has also found that the suspension of informal mining worsened the already venerable rural livelihoods in Twangiza as it resulted in increased unemployment, loss of income and food as well school dropouts by both pupils and teachers. To cope with these impacts many people decided to liquidate their assets, including livestock and land. While some of them managed to reemploy themselves by reinvesting in small businesses or migrating outside the community to search jobs, the most vulnerable had no option but to stay at home, resort to theft or prostitution. This study, therefore stresses the livelihood importance of informal mining in Twangiza, which is consistent with previous studies on informal mining and livelihoods among poor communities in developing countries, especially in Africa. It also questions the consistency of DRC‟s mining policy and provides some constructive recommendations on how mining should be used to promote sustainable development in the eastern DRC.
Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

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Péloquin-Guay, Mathilde. "Évaluation de l’effet des vagues de bateau sur les conditions hydrauliques près des berges en milieu fluvial." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10680.

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Les vagues de bateau ajoutent une pression supplémentaire sur les berges de rivières et doivent être considérées dans les modèles de prédiction des taux de recul des berges. L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner le rôle des vagues de bateau sur l’écoulement et le transport en suspension le long des berges en milieu fluvial. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous utilisons un transect perpendiculaire à la berge de quatre courantomètres électromagnétiques (ECMs) mesurant deux dimensions de l’écoulement et deux turbidimètres (OBSs) placés dos à dos, orientés vers la berge et le large pour mesurer les conditions moyennes et turbulentes de l’écoulement longitudinal et vertical ainsi que les flux de sédiments en suspension provoqués par les vagues. Une chaloupe à moteur de 16 pieds, équipée d’un moteur 40 hp, a été utilisée afin de générer des vagues. Nous avons mesuré l’effet de trois distances à partir de la berge (5, 10, 15 m) et trois vitesses de bateau (5, 15 et 25 km/h) et cinq répliques de chaque combinaison de distance et de vitesse ont été réalisées, totalisant 45 passages. Nous avons caractérisé la variabilité des conditions d’écoulement, de vagues et de transport de sédiments et nous avons réalisé des analyses spectrales afin de séparer les portions oscillatoire et turbulente de l’écoulement généré par les vagues de bateau. L’effet de la distance et de la vitesse du bateau sur le transport de sédiments est non-linéaire et la réponse sédimentaire induite par les passages de bateau montre une variabilité importante entre les répliques et les deux sondes OBS, ce qui suggère un changement morphologique induit par les vagues de bateau. Les corrélations entre les variables d’écoulement et de transport montrent l’importance des relations entre le cisaillement et la puissance de la portion turbulente de l’écoulement avec le transport de sédiments. Cette étude a permis de quantifier les relations entre la dynamique des vagues et les flux de concentrations de sédiments en suspension, ce qui représente une contribution importante au développement de mesures de mitigation dans les environnements fluviaux où les berges sont fragilisées par le trafic plaisancier.
Boat induced waves generate additional stress on banks and should be included in bank erosion predictive models. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of boat generated waves on near bank flow in a fluvial environment. We used a longitudinal array of four bi-directional eletromagnetic current meters (ECMs) perpendicular to the bank and two optical backcattering sensors (OBSs) set back to back, one facing the river bank (inner looking) and the other towards the river (outer looking) to measure mean and turbulent properties of the horizontal and vertical flow velocities and suspended sediment fluxes generated by the waves. The waves were generated using a 16 ft long boat equipped with a 40hp motor. The effect of three different distances between the bank and sailing line (5, 10, 15 m) and of three different speeds of the vessel (5, 15 and 25 km/h) was evaluated. Five replicates of each combination of distance and speed were realized for a total of 45 passages. Variability of flows conditions, wave characteristics and turbidity properties were characterized and spectral analyses were performed to separate oscillatory and turbulent flow induced by boat generated waves. An important variability in suspended sediment response to the passages of boat wave is observed between replications and the effect of speed and distance of sailing line is nonlinear. It was often unbalanced between the inner and outer looking OBS suggesting that the bank changed its morphology. Cross-correlation between hydraulic and turbidity variables show the significance of the relation between shear stress and suspended sediment transport variables. This study provides quantitative relations between wave dynamics and plumes of suspended sediment that could help to develop mitigation measures in fluvial environments where vessel traffic represents a major issue for bank erosion and retreat.

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LO, SHIH-TIEN, and 羅仕典. "Periodic air conditioners suspension strategies of electricity based on LoRa technology." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89j5xc.

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碩士
健行科技大學
電子工程系碩士班
106
This study uses LoRa communication technology, takes its long-distance, low power consumption characteristics, realizes long-distance communication, reads the electricity status collected by the electronic meter through the Arduino embedded development system, and uses the LoRa wireless communication module. The data is sent to the network instead of manual meter reading, and historical data is also stored in the Node-RED database installed on the Raspberry Pi to provide future inquiry and analysis. The power companies and users can use the Node-RED man-machine interface to send MQTT control instructions to implement air conditioning periodic power-suspension measures to specified air-conditioning equipment during the implementation of the demand response measures or when the power needs to be scheduled.

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Murray, Gary Christopher. "Dissolution of phosphate in mixed Fe- and Al-oxide mineral suspensions as influenced by reducing conditions." 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12132004-144924/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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48

Wang, Tzu-Chiang, and 王子強. "Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis of PCM Suspensions in a Circular Duct with External Convection Boundary Condition." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11119406845324228964.

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碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
93
This study aims to investigate numerically the effect of conjugate heat transfer on forced convection of phase-change materials (PCM) suspensions in a circular duct with external convection boundary condition. Wall conduction as well as the axial conduction of the numerical model is taken into consideration. Numerical simulations have been undertaken for the pertinent dimensionless parameters in the ranges as follows: the volumetric concentration of the PCM particles (0~0.2), the Stefan number (0.01~0.2), the Peclet number (100~1000), the dimensionless wall thickness (0~0.5), the thermal conductivity ratio of the wall to the PCM suspending fluid (0.1~10). The result shows that the parameters of the PCM suspension fluid such like the volumetric concentration of the PCM particles, the Stefan number, the Peclet number and the thermal conductivity ratio of the wall to the PCM suspension fluid can strongly effect the convection heat transfer behaviors. At low Peclet number and high thermal conductivity ratio, it was found that significant heat conduction effect tends to extend upstream and hence the PCM particles start to freeze prior to entering the heat transfer section.

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Chan, Keng Hei. "A questão da responsabilidade civil pela violação de expetativas jurídicas." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83899.

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Abstract:

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
A evolução moderna da expetativa jurídica, na doutrina germânica, divide-se em três fases. No final do século XIX, os estudiosos propuseram que a expetativa (Anwartschaft) era distinta do direito esperado, formando um conceito jurídico autónomo. Nos meados do século XX, determinou um período marcado pela controvérsia de natureza jurídica no que tocante a expetativa. A partir dos anos 80 do século XX, os juristas puseram o foco no mecanismo autónomo de expetativa, incluindo a transmissibilidade, a penhorabilidade, e a garantia desta figura jurídica. Sobretudo, na Alemanha, a corrente dominante qualifica a expetativa como direito subjetivo, daí que a proteção seja conferida por força do § 823. I BGB. Pelo contrário, em Portugal, poucos são os estudiosos que se referem à noção de expetativa e, quando o fazem, dedicam-lhe somente uma atenção lateral e pouco desenvolvida. Deste modo, propomo-nos, do ponto de vista da ordem jurídica lusitana, descortinar e analisar a questão da responsabilidade civil pela violação de expetativas jurídicas, a fim de que contribuamos para a reflexão do tema em estudo. À partida, debruçamo-nos sobre a noção técnico-jurídica da expetativa jurídica, indicando os seus carateres comuns. Em primeiro lugar, contrariamente ao que se passa em esperança em sentido vulgar, a expetativa jurídica supõe que, no fim do processo de formação, se venha a constituir um direito subjetivo ou que ele seja atribuído a um determinado sujeito. Em segundo lugar, a formação de direito esperado inclui vários factos aquisitivos de produção sucessiva. Quando, durante o processo formativo, se verificarem apenas alguns dos factos criadores do direito definitivo mas faltarem os outros, surge uma situação de expetação. Em terceiro lugar, o processo de formação encontra-se desencadeado, e a situação de expetação já chega ao nível, juridicamente, consistente. Na nossa modesta opinião, a aferição de consistência jurídica baseia-se num fundamento legal, pela qual a liberdade de ação ou o conteúdo possível de um direito fique restringido. Em seguida, a fim de que delimitemos a amplitude da noção acima indicada, distinguimos as expetativas jurídicas das suas figuras afins. Com efeito, o nosso legislador, no Código Civil, não optou pelo acolhimento do conceito técnico-jurídico da “expetativa”, tendo empregado o termo, por vezes, no sentido da linguagem corrente. Além disso, as “legítimas expetativas” consagradas no art. 81º, n.º 2 do mesmo diploma não corresponde à figura em análise. Ademais, a perda de chance tem uma dogmática diferente da perda de expetativa, embora tenham pontos que se tocam. Por sua vez, abordamos a natureza de expetativa jurídica, verificando se pode (ou não) enquadrar a expetativa jurídica no tema do direito subjetivo. Se a resposta fosse positiva, seria possível integrar-se a sua tutela na responsabilidade aquiliana. No entanto, depois da análise detalhada, julgamos que a expetativa jurídica deve ser considerada como uma posição ativa autónoma, não um jus perfectum, nem um minus do direito expetado. Porém, o facto de o objeto em análise não poder subsumir nas categorias do direito subjetivo não obsta a viabilidade de indemnização por frustração ou por detrimento de expetativas jurídicas. O problema deve ser resolvido por interpretação da lei, e há que ver o regime estabelecido pela lei para cada caso. Assim sendo, decidimos servir, na nossa investigação, o negócio jurídico sob condição suspensiva de modelo. Uma vez que, no nosso caso em apreço, o perecimento ou deterioração da coisa objeto do negócio condicionado, ou diminuição do valor dos bens não ocorrem na fase negociatória, nem na fase decisória, o mecanismo de responsabilidade pré-negocial não se aplica. Em contrapartida, é suscetível enquadrar a proteção da pendência no campo da responsabilidade contratual, visto que tais atos implicam que o devedor condicional incumpre os deveres oriundos da boa-fé, constante no art. 272º do Código Civil. Ademais, a existência do direito ao pagamento de indemnização tem, neste caso, como pressuposto a verificação da condição. Dito de outro modo, se a coisa ou direito definitivo se perder, deteriorar ou diminuir de valor, o credor condicional tiver direito a ser indemnizado, só quando se verifique o evento condicionante. Da conjunção dos fatores acima mencionados, podemos constatar que, quer na Alemanha, quer em Portugal, a expetativa jurídica merece proteção jus-civilística, se bem que os instrumentos salvíficos sejam diversos. Nesta medida, a tutela da expetativa jurídica não só se destina a viabilizar a constituição (ou a aquisição) eventual de um direito, impedindo a obstrução surgida no processo formativo, como também visa conservar a integridade do direito expetado, evitando a frustração ou o detrimento do mesmo.
The modern evolution of the juristic expectations is divided in three historical phases in the Germanic doctrine. At the end of the nineteenth century, some jurists proposed the distinction between the expected right and the expectation (Anwartschaft), because it should be considered an autonomous legal concept. In the middle of the twentieth century, the nature of juristic expectation was discussed by many scholars. Since 1980s, the jurists focused on the autonomous mechanism of juristic expectation, for examples, the transferability, the enforceability and the guarantee of this legal figure. Particularly, the majority of German scholars qualifies the juristic expectation as a subjective right, thus its protection is conferred by § 823. I of the BGB. On the other hand, there were few Portuguese jurists who have referred to juristic expectations. For this reason, the present dissertation focuses on the feasibility analysis of the civil liability applying to the people who have frustrated other’s juristic expectation from the point of view of Portuguese legal system. To achieve this objective, the first part of this article is elaborated on the conception of juristic expectation by showing three common features, which serves as a starting point for the later reflections. Besides, the second part concerns the nature of juristic expectation, in order to verify whether the mechanism of non-contractual liability can (or cannot) apply to the corresponding protection. The last chapter uses the juristic act subject to a conditional precedent as model to answer the central question that guides our research. In this case, since the destruction or deterioration of the object of juristic act subject to a conditional precedent, or the decrease in the responding value does not occur in negotiation stage, nor in decision-making stage, the mechanism of pre-contractual liability should not be applied. Nevertheless, it is possible to protect the pendent period of condition by the contractual liability, because those acts imply that the conditional debtor defaulted the obligations arising from good faith, in accordance with the article 272º of the Civil Code. In addition, the existence of the right to compensation presupposes the verification of condition. In other words, if the object of juristic act subject to a conditional precedent loses, deteriorates or diminishes in value, the conditional creditor is entitled to compensation, only if the condition verifies. Through the above analysis, we can draw a conclusion: both in Germany and Portugal, the juristic expectation deserves jus-civilistic protection, although the respective salvations are diverse. Moreover, the protection of the juristic expectation is not only intended to enable the constitution (or acquisition) of a right, but also aims to conserve the integrity of the expected right.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Suspension conditions'

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