Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sustainable raw materials

Academic literature on the topic 'Sustainable raw materials'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Sustainable raw materials":

1

Cehlár, Michal, and Zuzana Šimková. "Critical raw materials as a part of sustainable development." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 5 (2021): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.5.2.

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The presented article deals with the issue of critical raw materials in the European Union with an emphasis on sustainable development and also barite, as an only one critical raw material mined in Slovakia. The article points out in detail the deposits of individual critical raw materials within the European Union. They clearly profile the European area´s dependence on imports of critical raw materials in accordance with the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the European Union's list of critical raw materials. Based on a defined Herfindahl-Hirschman index, which is clearly methodologically described, the article also points to the exploitation of critical raw materials in the European Union, what is in consideration of sustainable development crucial because some inventions are fundamentally dependent on them, as is their production on world markets. This article deals with critical raw materials in the EU, because it is in this area that we would like to experience the 4th industrial revolution, which is characterized by "new products" with a short life cycle, products with the least possible impact on the environment, i.e. innovations that are often impossible without important raw materials. Is it at all possible to talk about sustainable development with such raw material sources in European Union?
2

Ramos, Dias, Puna, Gomes, and Bordado. "Biodiesel Production Processes and Sustainable Raw Materials." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 4408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234408.

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Energy security and environmental concerns, related to the increasing carbon emissions, have prompted in the last years the search for renewable and sustainable fuels. Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acids alkyl esters shows properties, which make it a feasible substitute for fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be produced using different processes and different raw materials. The most common, first generation, biodiesel is produced by methanolysis of vegetable oils using basic or acid homogeneous catalysts. The use of vegetable oils for biodiesel production raises serious questions about biodiesel sustainability. Used cooking oils and animal fats can replace the vegetable oils in biodiesel production thus allowing to produce a more sustainable biofuel. Moreover, methanol can be replaced by ethanol being totally renewable since it can be produced by biomass fermentation. The substitution of homogeneous catalyzed processes, nowadays used in the biodiesel industry, by heterogeneous ones can contribute to improve the biodiesel sustainability with simultaneous cost reduction. From the existing literature on biodiesel production, it stands out that several strategies can be adopted to improve the sustainability of biodiesel. A literature review is presented to underline the strategies allowing to improve the biodiesel sustainability.
3

SHUGAIPOVA, Zhanna, Mukhtar ERNUR, Ayazhanov KUANYSH, and Akmaral ABDRAKHMANOVA. "Sustainable Development of Mineral-Raw Complex." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.3(27).07.

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At present, the acute question of rational resource consumption and resource saving arises in the republic. Sustainable development of the economy of Kazakhstan should be based on the planned and effective use of natural resources, in terms of the combined use of raw materials by enterprises of the mineral and raw materials complex. The current situation at the enterprises of the mineral and raw materials complex testifies to the need for the further development of the enterprise management system in order to obtain an additional chain of surplus value by passing out valuable components from raw materials. In connection, fundamental scientific research is needed, which makes it possible to scientifically substantiate improvement of the enterprise management system, the results of which can significantly improve the efficiency of the enterprise in the rational use of raw materials, both in terms of its processing, and in the direction of preserving the ecology of the region.
4

Salama, Ahmed. "Polysaccharides/silica hybrid materials: New perspectives for sustainable raw materials." Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 35, no. 3 (March 23, 2016): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07328303.2016.1154152.

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5

Rogetzer, Patricia, Lena Silbermayr, and Werner Jammernegg. "Sustainable sourcing of strategic raw materials by integrating recycled materials." Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal 30, no. 3 (April 5, 2017): 421–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10696-017-9288-4.

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6

Du, Chenyu, Julia Sabirova, Wim Soetaert, and Sze Ki Carol Lin. "Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production From Low-cost Sustainable Raw Materials." Current Chemical Biology 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187231312799984394.

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7

Du, Chenyu, Julia Sabirova, Wim Soetaert, and Sze Ki Carol Lin. "Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production From Low-cost Sustainable Raw Materials." Current Chemical Biology 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212796811206010014.

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8

Zúñiga-Torres, Berenice, Ramiro Correa-Jaramillo, Francisco Hernández-Olivares, Francisco Fernandez-Martinez, Alonso Zúñiga-Suárez, Israel Briceño-Tacuri, and Lenin Loaiza-Jiménez. "Innovative Materials for Sustainable Construction." Materials Science Forum 1023 (March 2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1023.155.

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The construction industry has focused on trying to minimize and control the environmental impacts caused within the process of production and manufacture of fired bricks, for this reason the present research proposes five different alternative mixtures for the elaboration of ecological bricks, four of these based on soil-cement and one obtained through a geopolymerization process, using raw materials from the amazon region and the southern highlands of Ecuador, such as soil from the Centza mine (MC), sand from the Quiringue mine (MQ), organic correctors of husk rice (RH ), peanut shell (PS), natural gypsum (G) from the Malacatos sector and fired brick residues from the same sector. The raw materials were characterized (analysis: physicochemical and mineralogical); the soil-cement-based combinations used different percentages of substitution of organic correctors and gypsum, the optimum percentage of water and cement was determined through the compaction test and resistance to simple compression respectively, the samples were cured and tested at ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. In the geopolymerization process, an alkaline solution NaOH was used in different concentrations of molarity and solution contents, the specimens were cured at temperatures of 90 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, 180 °C and 200 °C. The different combinations were subjected to indirect traction with the purpose to determine the optimal mixture and subsequent estimation of the compressive strength of bricks applying the Griffith criterion, the results were validated by the finite element method, obtaining strengths of 4 MPa in the combination soil-cement sand (SC_Ar1), in soil-cement rice husk (SC_RH2) and soil-cement peanut shell (SC_PS2) mixtures its resistance is 3 MPa, while in the soil-cement gypsum (SC_G4) mixture the resistance is 6.90 MPa and finally the resistance in geopolymeric mixture (GBW) is 13.75 MPa; In this way, the optimal combinations comply and increase the resistance to simple compression of bricks by 35% the SC_Ar1 mixture, 130% in the SC_G mixture with respect to the spanish standard and 129% the GBW mixture with respect to the ecuadorian standard.
9

Pacher, Corina, George Valakas, and Katerina Adam. "Raw materials curricula and sustainable development: Assessment of curricula towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals." GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.29.4.13.

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The project Enhancing the skills of ESEE RM students towards the achievement of SDGs(EnActSDGs) aims to establish an action plan for the realignment of the current raw materials curricula of three universities in East and Southeast Europe towards the incorporation of the sustainable development principles into their educational programs. The action plan will be based on the educational needs of the raw materials sector as defined by academia and students, industry, and professionals. The authors present a preliminary assessment of the three universities’ study programs by using a set of assessment criteria defined in cooperation with selected stakeholders.
10

Çalışkan Eleren, Sevil, and Burak Öner. "Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Raw Materials for Biofuels: Microalgae." Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences 25, no. 3 (2019): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2018.93992.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Sustainable raw materials' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sustainable raw materials":

1

Rogetzer, Patricia, Lena Silbermayr, and Werner Jammernegg. "Sustainable sourcing of strategic raw materials by integrating recycled materials." Springer Nature, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10696-017-9288-4.

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In this paper we investigate a manufacturer's sustainable sourcing strategy that includes recycled materials. To produce a short life-cycle electronic good, strategic raw materials can be bought from virgin material suppliers in advance of the season and via emergency shipments, as well as from a recycler. Hence, we take into account virgin and recycled materials from different sources simultaneously. Recycling makes it possible to integrate raw materials out of steadily increasing waste streams back into production processes. Considering stochastic prices for recycled materials, stochastic supply quantities from the recycler and stochastic demand as well as their potential dependencies, we develop a single-period inventory model to derive the order quantities for virgin and recycled raw materials to determine the related costs and to evaluate the effectiveness of the sourcing strategy. We provide managerial insights into the benefits of such a green sourcing approach with recycling and compare this strategy to standard sourcing without recycling. We conduct a full factorial design and a detailed numerical sensitivity analysis on the key input parameters to evaluate the cost savings potential. Furthermore, we consider the effects of correlations between the stochastic parameters. Green sourcing is especially beneficial in terms of cost savings for high demand variability, high prices of virgin raw material and low expected recycling prices as well as for increasing standard deviation of the recycling price. Besides these advantages it also contributes to environmental sustainability as, compared to sourcing without recycling, it reduces the total quantity ordered and, hence, emissions are reduced.
2

Hamood, Alaa. "Sustainable utilisation of raw sewage sludge (RSS) as a water replacement in cement-based materials containing unprocessed fly ash." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/332182.

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Prior to the implementation of the European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) in 31 Dec 1998, around a quarter of the sewage sludge produced in the UK was either discharged to surface waters via pipes or disposed from ships at sea. Discontinuing this route together with the quality requirements of the European Waste Water Directive, led to the generation of significant quantities of sewage sludge. It has therefore become required to treat this waste effectively before it can be sent back to the environment. Consequently, this added greater challenges for the environmental agencies, as well as local authorities. The treatment process comprises costly and energy consuming applications including physical, chemical, biological and thermal. In addition to the sewage sludge, the power generation industry produces massive quantities of fly ash from burning coal. In the UK, there is about 5,300,000 tonnes of fly ash that are generated annually, which require to be processed and classified in order to meet the standard requirements before it can be used in the construction applications. The classifying process also involves a series of costly and energy consuming mechanical and physical applications. This research programme has introduced an innovative alternative to the traditional re-use and disposal routes of Raw Sewage Sludge (RSS) and unprocessed fly ash. It has suggested the utilisation of RSS and unprocessed fly ash as raw ingredients for the production of sustainable construction materials. This research programme has therefore examined the performance of cement-based materials containing Raw Sewage Sludge (RSS) as a water replacement and unprocessed fly ash as cement replacement. Mortar and concrete mixes incorporating these materials were tested for their flowability/workability, density, Total Water Absorption (TWA), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), compressive strength, flexural strength, drying shrinkage, sulphate attack and leaching properties. Three series of cement-based materials were studied including mortar mixes with RSS and unprocessed fly ash (Series 1), mortar mixes with RSS and large proportions of unprocessed fly ash (Series 2), and concrete mixes with RSS and unprocessed fly ash (Series 3). The outcomes of the investigation were encouraging in that cement-based materials containing RSS and unprocessed fly ash that were produced demonstrated relatively good engineering, durability and environmental properties in comparison to the control mixes. The inclusion of unprocessed fly ash significantly reduced flowability/workability; however it improved long-term compressive strength for both mixes with RSS and water. The best compressive strength results were recorded when cement was replaced with 10-20% unprocessed fly ash by weight of total binder. The results also showed that sulphate attack resistance improved when fly ash was included. Moreover, safe concentration levels of heavy metals and free ions were detected when leaching test was performed. However, it must be kept in mind that more environmental tests must be performed before any large scale use is undertaken.
3

AMATO, ALESSIA. "Innovative and sustainable strategies of urban mining." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245303.

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La gestione di un’enorme quantità di rifiuti da apparecchiature elettriche ed elettroniche (RAEE), rappresenta un problema rilevante per la nostra società, poichè rischi per l’ambiente e la salute umana, legati ad una scorretta gestione, sono combinati con la perdita di materiali valorizzabili. Questo lavoro ha per oggetto lo sviluppo di processi sostenibili per il recupero di metalli di valore dai RAEE: in particolare, è stata effettuata un’indagine in laboratorio mirata all’estrazione, da schermi a cristalli liquidi, di indio, un metallo recentemente classificato dalla Commissione Europea tra i “critical raw materials”. La sperimentazione ha permesso l’ottimizzazione di un processo con rese di recupero di indio superiori al 90%, basato su operazioni idrometallurgiche. E’ stato studiato inoltre il processo dal punto di vista della sua sostenibilità ambientale, confrontandone l’impatto con quello degli attuali sistemi di gestione degli schermi a cristalli liquidi . La valutazione ha evidenziato che il ciclo di gestione delle acque di processo e pre-trattamenti fisici del pannello finalizzati alla concentrazione del metallo, rappresentano dei fattori chiave per la sostenibilità ambientale del processo. Il lavoro è stato svolto nel contesto di un progetto finanziato dalla Commissione Europea nell’ambito del 7FP, denominato HydroWEEE. Tale progetto aveva per obiettivo la realizzazione di un impianto mobile, con caratteristiche flessibili per il recupero di metalli da diversi RAEE: indio da TV/monitor a cristalli liquidi, ittrio da lampade e tubi catodici, rame oro e argento da circuiti stampati, cobalto da batterie litio-ione. L’attività di ricerca è stata anche finalizzata a valutare la sostenibilità ambientale dei vari processi realizzati nell’impianto mobile, evidenziandone un generale vantaggio (tra il 20 e l’80%) rispetto alla produzione primaria dei metalli. La valutazione dei rischi per i lavoratori nell’impianto mobile conclude lo studio.
The management of a huge quantity of waste from electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) represents a critical issue for the modern society. The negative environmental and health effects due to the improperly management are combined with the loss of valuable materials. The present work focused on the recovery of metals from WEEE with particular attention to indium from end-of-life liquid crystal displays (LCD). The experimental section allowed the optimization of a process that includes an acid leaching characterized by an innovative cross-current design, followed by a cementation with zinc powder. Considering the satisfying efficiencies obtained on the lab scale, higher than 90%, the whole process was studied from an environmental point of view comparing its emissions with those produced by the current management strategies (disposal in landfilling sites, incineration and traditional recycling). A life cycle assessment (LCA) of the different scenarios proved the significant advantage of recycling ways. Moreover, the traditional recycling resulted to be the most favorable, due for both the relevant water consumption of the innovative treatment and to the low indium content in the LCD. Nevertheless, a simple water recirculation system, combined with a physical indium upgrading in the waste, make the innovative option the best choice. The simple design of the optimized process allows its implementation in a mobile plant, built within the European project, HydroWEEE. The plant mobility prevents the impacts due to the waste transport, that contributes to the 30-40% of the currently treatments. Furthermore, this advantage is combined with the possibility to treat several WEEE for the recovery of different metals. The sustainability of this approach was proved by a LCA that highlighted the positive effect also in the comparison with the primary production, with a benefit between 20 and 80%. Last, but not least, the risk for workers in the real mobile plant was assessed.
4

Maccaferri, Cristian. "Valorization and recycling of raw materials through a waste management system, case of study Koinonia Community, Lusaka, Zambia." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13571/.

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This thesis presents the implementation and the optimization of a waste management system (WMS) in the Koinonia community (that is sited in the Chilanga district near Lusaka), showing the challenges that must be faced, implementing a WMS in a developing country. In the first part of the thesis it will be contextualized the waste management in the Zambian economy showing how a diversification involving the it could fit with the needs of the Nation. In the second part it will be treated the waste management hierarchy through the illustration of some European policies (like Circular Economy Package) and best practice (like WtE in Sweden). In the third part it will be analyzed the case of study Koinonia community where it has been spent three month. The object of the study was how to make the waste management system economical sustainable, the various issue regarding this subject are described by some reports wrote at the beginning of the experience and at the end. In addition, the chapter presents a study about the waste production in Chilanga and the data collected by means the interview with the waste aggregator present in the city. Concluding, it is showed a proposal of evolution of the waste management system which consist in install a phv (Photovoltaic) system that will feed an ecological island of low dimension.
5

Boullenger, Garance <1996&gt. ""How do agri-food companies define sustainability criteria for their raw materials purchasing? Study of wheat sustainable sourcing within biscuits producing companies."." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15553.

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Gianni, Lorenzo. "Electrodialytic recovery of tungsten and cobalt from tungsten carbide scrap." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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Critical raw materials (CRMs) are essential for a wide range of European industrial ecosystems. Access to critical resources is necessary for Europe’s ambition to achieve climate neutrality and deliver the Green Deal. However, supply of material from primary sources is putting extreme pressure on the planet through greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss and water stress. In this scenario, promoting circular economy by obtaining resources from secondary sources is therefore essential to reduce the environmental burden posed by raw material primary extraction and to secure the supply chain of CRMs. This work is a preliminary assessment on the potential of the electrodialytic (ED) treatment in alkaline condition on a tungsten carbide scrap powder obtained from end-of-life cutting tools industry for the recovery of two CRMs: Tungsten (W) and Cobalt (Co). Modular ED reactors with 2 or 3 cell compartments have been used to perform eleven ED experiments (each lasting 24 h), with either NaOH or NH4OH and at 100, 150 or 200 mA to individuate the best reactor configuration, alkaline reagent, and current intensity. The alkaline reagents were placed at different concentrations in the anode compartment (in case of 2-compartments reactor) or in the central compartment (in case of a 3-compartments reactor) along with 450 mL of deionized water and the solid matrix with a solid:liquid ratio of 1/50. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy was used to quantify the amount of W and Co obtained in solution at the end of the experiments. The experiments showed that the 2-compartments ED cell setup at 100 mA and with NaOH 0.1 M resulted in the highest W dissolution ( 651 mg), and that the 3-compartments ED cell setup at 100 mA and with NaOH 0.01 M resulted in the highest Co dissolution ( 372 mg) and electromigration (85%). Further investigation is needed to optimize the operational parameters.
7

Melikoglu, Mehmet. "Production of sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals and fuels using waste bread as a raw material." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488783.

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Dvořák, Jakub. "Návrh objektu využívajícího alternativní materiály se zohledněním požadavků na trvale udržitelný rozvoj." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-396157.

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This diploma thesis deals with the design of a small family house, which construction uses alternative building materials. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the world, European and Czech legislation related to sustainable development. The concept of ecological construction, which focuses on the possibilities of reducing the negative impacts of construction production on the environment at various stages of construction and on energy, material, water and waste management, is also presented. The thesis also describes advantages and disadvantages of particular solutions. In the second part of the thesis, which based on theoretical knowledge, is the design of a family house from alternative materials worked out. The design of the study in the scale of 1:100 consists of measured floor plan drawings of all storeys, characteristic measured section drawings, layout plans with displayed furniture and equipment, elevation drawings of particular facades, roof drawings and situation design. The drawing part is accompanied by a text part. The processed design is compared to the reference building and then evaluated from the point of view of functional, economic, environmental and social requirements.
9

MAZZONI, GIORGIA. "Self-healing potential and RAP inclusion as sustainable strategies for never-ending bituminous materials." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/252978.

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Benefici economico-ambientali incoraggiano l’uso di fresato (RAP), proveniente dalla demolizione di vecchie pavimentazioni stradali, da introdurre nella produzione di nuove miscele. In particolare, riciclare a caldo il RAP permette una riduzione dei costi di produzione e dei problemi di smaltimento, oltre a un risparmio delle risorse naturali, grazie allo sfruttamento della fase sia bituminosa sia litica. Tuttavia, i regolamenti delle agenzie stradali e pubbliche amministrazioni impongono restrizioni sulle percentuali di RAP implementabili (10÷30%) per la scarsa conoscenza dei meccanismi di interazione tra bitume riattivato da RAP e bitume vergine. Assunzioni inaccurate possono causare ammaloramenti prematuri della miscela, come fessurazioni da fatica, data la più severa ossidazione, e conseguente rigidezza, del bitume da RAP rispetto a quello vergine. In questo contesto, l’attività di dottorato si è posta l’obiettivo di valutare gli effetti causati dal riciclaggio a caldo di alti quantitativi di RAP. Poiché la prestazione in sito di miscele bituminose è strettamente legata alla fase legante e ai suoi costituenti (filler e bitume), la sperimentazione è stata indirizzata all’analisi delle interazioni tra diverse tipologie e dosaggi di bitumi da RAP, rigeneranti e filler. Accanto alla “classica” caratterizzazione reologica, protocolli di prova innovativi sono stati applicati per ottenere un quadro globale del comportamento dei materiali e comprensivo di risposta a fatica, self-healing e tixotropia. Sulla base delle evidenze sperimentali, l’impiego di un maggior contenuto di RAP è possibile, senza l’insorgenza di effetti dannosi sulla miscela finale, con una corretta progettazione. La tecnica di produzione, stesa e compattazione, la provenienza e le proprietà del RAP e dell’eventuale rigenerante devono essere selezionate opportunamente per migliorare le proprietà della miscela alle basse e intermedie temperature senza comprometterne le prestazioni alle alte temperature.
Economic and environmental advantages encourage the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), coming from the milling of old pavements, to be introduced in new bituminous mixture. In particular, hot recycling of RAP allows a reduction of production costs and disposal issues as well as natural resources conservation thanks to the exploitation of both bituminous and lytic component. However, regulations of road agencies and public administrations usually impose restrictions on RAP percentages (from 10 to 30%) due to uncertainties concerning the interaction between bitumen released from RAP and virgin bitumen. Inaccurate assumptions on the related effects could lead to mixtures subjected to premature distresses, such as fatigue failure, considering the higher oxidation, and consequently viscosity (stiffness), of aged bitumens if compared to that of virgin bitumens. In this context, the Ph.D research aimed at evaluating the effects caused by hot recycling of high RAP contents. Since it is expected that field performance of bituminous mixtures is mainly led by mastic phase and its components (i.e. filler and bitumen), the experimental study focused on analysing interactions among different types and dosages of RAP bitumens, rejuvenators and fillers. Besides the “classical” rheological characterisation, more innovative tests and analyses were performed in order to get an overall picture of the mechanical behaviour of the materials investigated in terms of fatigue, self-healing and thixotropy. Based on the overall findings, the inclusion of higher RAP contents appears possible, without negatively affecting the final mixture performance, when an appropriate design is considered. Production process, paving technology, source, properties and dosage of RAP and, eventually, rejuvenator need to be properly selected so as to improve low and intermediate temperature properties of the mixture without penalising its high temperature performance.
10

Eisenmenger, Nina, Dominik Wiedenhofer, Anke Schaffartzik, Stefan Giljum, Martin Bruckner, Heinz Schandl, Thomas Wiedmann, Manfred Lenzen, Arnold Tukker, and de Koning Arjan. "Consumption-based material flow indicators - Comparing six ways of calculating the Austrian raw material consumption providing six results." Elsevier, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6684/1/ECOLEC.pdf.

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Understanding the environmental implications of consumption and production depends on appropriate monitoring tools. Material flow accounting (MFA) is a method to monitor natural resource use by countries and has been widely used in research and policy. However, the increasing globalization requires the consideration of "embodied" material use of traded products. The indicator raw material consumption (RMC) represents the material use - no matter where in the world it occurs - associated with domestic final demand. It provides a consumption-based perspective complementary to the MFA indicators that have a territorial focus. Several studies on RMC have been presented recently but with diverging results; hence, a better understanding of the underlying differences is needed. This article presents a comparison of Austrian RMC for the year 2007 calculated by six different approaches (3 multi-regional input-output (MRIO) and 3 hybrid life-cycle analysis-IO approaches). Five approaches result in an RMC higher than the domestic material consumption (DMC). One hybrid LCA-IO approach calculates RMC to be lower than DMC. For specific material categories, results diverge by 50% or more. Due to the policy relevance of the RMC and DMC indicators it is paramount that their robustness is enhanced, which needs both data and method harmonization.
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Books on the topic "Sustainable raw materials":

1

Ermolenko, V. A. Agrorudy: Sintez problem prirodopolʹzovanii͡a︡. Minsk: "Navuka i tėkhnika", 1994.

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Andrew, Dale. Towards sustainable growth in commodity trade: A revitalized role for international co-operation based on complementing economic policy reforms. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1995.

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(Nigeria), Raw Materials Research and Development Council. A technology and innovation fair: Theme: local raw materials content development: an imperative for Vision 20:2020. Abuja, Nigeria: RMRDC, 2011.

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Chemnitzer Symposium "Europa und Umwelt" (5th 2007). Wachstumsschranken durch schwindende Rohstoffreserven: Beiträge zum 5. Chemnitzer Symposium "Europa und Umwelt". Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2008.

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E, Young John. The next efficiency revolution: Creating a sustainable materials economy. Edited by Sachs Aaron, Ayres Ed, and Worldwatch Institute. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 1994.

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Raw Materials Research and Development Council (Nigeria). Proceedings of RMRDC Techno-Expo 2013: Raw materials research and development council content development. Edited by Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Science and Technology. Abuja, Nigeria: Raw Materials Research and Development Council, 2013.

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International Training Workshop on the Zero Emissions Research Initiative (ZERI) in Africa (1st 1997 Windhoek, Namibia). A new hope for sustainable development in Africa: Zero emissions and total productivity of raw materials. Edited by Mshigeni Keto E, University of Namibia, and United Nations University. Windhoek, Namibia: University of Namibia, 1998.

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Techno-Expo (10th 2011 Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria). Local raw materials content development: An imperative for Vision 20:2020 : proceedings of RMRDC Techno-Expo 2011. Abuja, Nigeria: Raw Materials Research and Development Council, 2011.

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Custers, Raf. Chasseurs de matières premières. Charleroi: Investig'Action, 2013.

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Ali, Saleem H. Treasures of the earth: Need, greed, and a sustainable future. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sustainable raw materials":

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Kinnaird, Judith A., and Paul A. M. Nex. "Critical raw materials." In Routledge Handbook of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development, 13–33. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003001317-3.

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Wellmer, Friedrich-Wilhelm, and Markus Wagner. "Metallic Raw Materials — Constituents of Our Economy." In Sustainable Metals Management, 41–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4539-5_2.

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Muttashar, Habeeb Lateef. "Characterization of Raw Materials and the Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete." In Sustainable Construction Materials, 31–50. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429400674-3.

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Antipina, S. "Synthesis of Wollastonite on the Basis of the Technogenic Raw Materials." In Sustainable Manufacturing, 115–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27290-5_17.

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Antikainen, Maria, Mona Arnold, Päivi Kivikytö-Reponen, and David Lazarevic. "Towards Urban Symbiosis of Critical Raw Materials – A Conceptual Paper." In Sustainable Design and Manufacturing, 291–300. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9205-6_28.

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Štyriaková, D., I. Štyriaková, J. Šuba, and Felix Föhre. "Bio-solution for global sand crisis and sustainable organic agriculture in desert states." In Entrepreneurship in the Raw Materials Sector, 93–101. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003259954-10.

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Lock, Erik-Jan, Irene Biancarosa, and Laura Gasco. "Insects as Raw Materials in Compound Feed for Aquaculture." In Edible Insects in Sustainable Food Systems, 263–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74011-9_16.

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Szép, T., T. Pálvölgyi, and É. Kármán-Tamus. "A comprehensive indicator set for measuring the sustainable energy performance in the European Union." In Entrepreneurship in the Raw Materials Sector, 9–19. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003259954-2.

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Jadhav, Akshay C., Pintu Pandit, T. Nadathur Gayatri, Pravin P. Chavan, and Nilesh C. Jadhav. "Production of Green Composites from Various Sustainable Raw Materials." In Textile Science and Clothing Technology, 1–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1969-3_1.

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Sukiennik, M. "Challenges for universities in the aspect of the growing importance of the sustainable development and circular economy." In Entrepreneurship in the Raw Materials Sector, 20–30. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003259954-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sustainable raw materials":

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Martin-Luengo, M. A., L. Gonzalez Gil, A. M. Martinez Serrano, E. Ruiz-Hitzky, M. Yates, M. Ramos, J. L. Salgado, et al. "Renewable Raw Materials for advanced applications." In 2011 World Congress on Sustainable Technologies (WCST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcst19361.2011.6114229.

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Ballus, Olga, and Anna Bacardit. "Sustainable products in the leather industry." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iv.3.

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Protecting the environment is one of the three objectives of sustainability. One way to achieve this is to preserve natural resources by using renewable or residual raw materials. These products have a shorter lifespan and a lower carbon footprint, are highly biodegradable, and are therefore considered to be sustainable products. In this paper, three retanning agents and two oils classified as sustainable products were studied. First, biobased carbon content (an indicator of renewable raw material content) was determined. Then, the physical and organoleptic properties of the leathers treated with each product (degree of softness, firmness and fullness) were evaluated. The COD of residual baths was also determined in oils. The products presented in this paper meet the sustainability requirements, i.e., high renewable raw material content, short lifespan, and low carbon footprint. In addition, these products show high fixation and therefore have a low COD in residual baths, thus also contributing to their sustainability.
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Ciccu, R., and G. Costa. "Recycling of secondary raw materials from end-of-life car tires." In The Sustainable City 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc120932.

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Marroccoli, M., A. Telesca, N. Ibris, and T. Naik. "Construction and Demolition Waste as Raw Materials for Sustainable Cements." In Fourth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Coventry University, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/2016/scmt4s217.

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Oussai, Alaeddine, Zoltán Bártfai, László Kátai, and István Szalkai. "DEVELOPMENT OF 3D PRINTING RAW MATERIALS FROM PLASTIC WASTE." In 5th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.177.

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Aukour, F. J. "Feasibility study of manufacturing concrete eco-blocks using marble sludge powder as raw materials." In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp090792.

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Langer, Piotr. "�ECO-MINING.� SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AREAS RELATED TO RAW MATERIALS EXTRACTION." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/5.2/s20.134.

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Paris, Eleonora, Paola Stabile, Francesco Ansaloni, Francesco Radica, Gabriele Giuli, and Michael Carroll. "SUBSTITUTING RAW MATERIALS WITH WASTE FOR NEW ECO-SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRODUCTS (ECOTILES)." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306179.

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Gómez, Patricia, Daniel Elduque, Carmelo Pina, and Carlos Javierre. ""Design methodology considering environmental impact and critical raw materials, application on induction hobs"." In The 6th International Workshop on Simulation for Energy, Sustainable Development & Environment. CAL-TEK srl, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2018.sesde.003.

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"The target of this paper is to show a methodology developed to establish the influence of material composition on the environmental impact, considering the presence of critical and strategic raw materials. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been performed to calculate the environmental impact, analyzing all the life cycle stages of the product. In order to achieve a more precise environmental impact analysis, EcoInvent database has been updated with primary data from product supplier’s data. Also, a new software tool, “Sustainable Electronics” was developed and used to calculate the environmental impact and raw material consumption. This methodology has been implemented on an induction hob, as it is a multipart product made of several components from electronics boards to metallic and plastic parts. The application of this methodology shows the huge influence of material composition on the environmental impact of the product, helping engineers to design more sustainable products."
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Preetha, V. "Utilisation of Sustainable Materials in Geopolymer Composites– A Review." In Sustainable Materials and Smart Practices. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901953-40.

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Abstract. Geopolymer composites made from sustainable ingredients which are used to make ecofriendly concrete in the infrastructure sector. The dramatic increase in infrastructure growth around the world demonstrates the daily demand for cement production. This study provides an overall view of research on the use of materials and the performance of geopolymer matrix based on strength and durability. Unlike cement, the reutilization of industrial by-products reduces greenhouse gas emissions during manufacture. Hence geopolymers can contribute to a better alternative to Portland cement. Natural raw materials, agricultural waste, and industrial waste by products from diverse industries are used as composite filler / binder materials in geopolymer matrix to improve workability , durability and reducing geopolymer concrete manufacturing costs. With the help of various curing procedures, the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete can be increased in a short amount of time. It has also been discovered that adding fibres to geopolymer concrete improves tensile strength, lowering the cost of structural maintenance.

Reports on the topic "Sustainable raw materials":

1

Keinan, Ehud. The 18th Asian Chemical Congress and the 20th General Assembly of the FACS. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00015.

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Most global challenges, including global warming, food for everybody, the race for sustainable energy, water quality, dwindling raw materials, and health problems, are chemical problems by nature. Therefore, Humankind cannot meet these challenges without the chemical sciences and will not solve any of these problems without global cooperation. Chemists have always been doing much better than politicians in meeting these challenges, working together across borders through unique collaboration and friendship. Despite fundamentally different political systems and cultural diversity, chemists go beyond borders, find each other, share their findings, and solve problems together.
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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, Francisco (Patxi) Greño, Javier Warman, Norma Arce, Alejandra Navarrete, et al. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.

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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.

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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2022. Banco de la República Colombia, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2022.

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1.1 Macroeconomic summary In September, headline inflation (11.4% annually) and the average of core inflation indicators (8.6% annually) continued on a rising trend, and higher increases than expected were recorded. Forecasts increased again, and inflation expectations remained above 3%. Inflationary surprises in the third quarter were significant and widespread, and they are the result of several shocks. On the one hand, international cost and price shocks, which have mainly affected goods and foods, continue to exert upwards pressure on national inflation. In addition to these external supply shocks, domestic supply shocks have also affected foods. On the other hand, the strong recovery of aggregate demand, especially for private consumption and for machinery and equipment, as well as a higher accumulated depreciation of the Colombian peso and its pass-through to domestic prices also explain the rise in inflation. Indexation also contributes, both through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and through the Producer Price Index (PPI), which continues to have a significant impact on electricity prices and, to a lesser degree, on other public utilities and rent. In comparison with July’s report, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) is higher in the forecast horizon, mainly due to exchange rate pressures, higher excess demand, and indexation at higher inflation rates, but it maintains a trend of convergence towards the target. In the case of food, a good domestic supply of perishable foods and some moderation in international processed food prices are still expected. However, the technical staff estimates higher pressures on this group’s prices from labor costs, raw material prices, and exchange rates. In terms of the CPI for regulated items, the new forecast supposes reductions in electricity prices at the end of the year, but the effects of indexation at higher inflation rates and the expected rises in fuel prices would continue to push this CPI group. Therefore, the new projection suggests that, in December, inflation would reach 11.3% and would decrease throughout 2023 and 2024, closing the year at 7.1% and 3.5%, respectively. These forecasts have a high level of uncertainty, due especially to the future behavior of international financial conditions, external price and cost shocks, the persistence of depreciation of the Colombian peso, the pace of adjustment of domestic demand, the indexation degree of nominal contracts, and the decisions that would be made regarding domestic fuel and electricity prices. Economic activity continues to surprise on the upside, and the projection of growth for 2022 rose from 6.9% to 7.9% but lowered for 2023 from 1.1% to 0.5%. Thus, excess demand is higher than estimated in the previous report, and it would diminish in 2023. Economic growth in the second quarterwas higher than estimated in July due to stronger domestic demand, mainly because of private consumption. Economic activity indicators for the third quarter suggest that the GDP would stay at a high level, above its potential, with an annual change of 6.4%, and 0.6% higher than observed in the second quarter. Nevertheless, these numbers reflect deceleration in its quarterly and annual growth. Domestic demand would show similar behavior, with a high value, higher than that of output. This can be explained partly by the strong behavior of private consumption and investment in machinery and equipment. In the third quarter, investment in construction would have continued with mediocre performance, which would still place it at levels lower than those observed before the pandemic. The trade deficit would have widened due to high imports with a stronger trend than that for exports. It is expected that, in the forecast horizon, consumption would decrease from its current high levels, partly as a consequence of tighter domestic financial conditions, lower repressed demand, higher exchange rate pressures on imported goods prices, and the deterioration of actual income due to the rise in inflation. Investment would continue to lag behind, without reaching the levels observed before the pandemic, in a context of high financing costs and high uncertainty. A lower projected behavior in domestic demand and the high levels of prices for oil and other basic goods that the country exports would be reflected in a reduction in the trade deficit. Due to all of this, economic growth for all of 2022, 2023, and 2024 would be 7.9%, 0.5%, and 1.3%, respectively. Expected excess demand (measured via the output gap) is estimated to be higher than contemplated in the previous report; it would diminish in 2023 and could turn negative in 2024. These estimates remain subject to a high degree of uncertainty related to global political tension, a rise in international interest rates, and the effects of this rise on demand and financial conditions abroad. In the domestic context, the evolution of fiscal policy as well as future measures regarding economic policy and their possible effects on macroeconomic imbalances in the country, among others, are factors that generate uncertainty and affect risk premia, the exchange rate, investment, and the country’s economic activity. Interest rates at several of the world’s main central banks continue to rise, some at a pace higher than expected by the market. This is in response to the high levels of inflation and their inflation expectations, which continue to exceed the targets. Thus, global growth projections are still being moderated, risk premia have risen, and the dollar continues to gain strength against other main currencies. International pressures on global inflation have heightened. In the United States, core inflation has not receded, pressured by the behavior of the CPI for services and a tight labor market. Consequently, the U.S. Federal Reserve continued to increase the policy interest rate at a strong pace. This rate is expected to now reach higher levels than projected in the previous quarter. Other developed and emerging economies have also increased their policy interest rates. Thus, international financial conditions have tightened significantly, which reflects in a widespread strengthening of the dollar, increases in worldwide risk premia, and the devaluation of risky assets. Recently, these effects have been stronger in Colombia than in the majority of its peers in the region. Considering all of the aforementioned, the technical staff of the bank increased its assumption regarding the U.S. Federal Reserve’s interest rate, reduced the country’s external demand growth forecast, and raised the projected trajectory for the risk premium. The latter remains elevated at higher levels than its historical average, within a context of high local uncertainty and of extensive financing needs from the foreign sector and the public sector. All of this results in higher inflationary pressures associated to the depreciation of the Colombian peso. The uncertainty regarding external forecasts and its impact on the country remain elevated, given the unforeseeable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, of geopolitical tensions, and of the tightening of external financial conditions, among others. A macroeconomic context of high inflation, inflation expectations and forecasts above 3%, and a positive output gap suggests the need for contractionary monetary policy, compatible with the macroeconomic adjustment necessary to eliminate excess demand, mitigate the risk of unanchoring in inflation expectations, and guarantee convergence of inflation at the target. In comparison with the July report forecasts, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed output level that surpasses the economy’s productive capacity. Headline and core inflation have registered surprising rises, associated with the effects of domestic and external price shocks that were more persistent than anticipated, with excess demand and indexation processes in some CPI groups. The country’s risk premium and the observed and expected international interest rates increased. As a consequence of this, inflationary pressures from the exchange rate rose, and in this report, the probability of the neutral real interest rate being higher than estimated increased. In general, inflation expectations for all terms and the bank’s technical staff inflation forecast for 2023 increased again and continue to stray from 3%. All of the aforementioned elevated the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could heighten widespread indexation processes that push inflation away from the target for a longer time. In this context, it is necessary to consolidate a contractionary monetary policy that tends towards convergence of inflation at the target in the forecast horizon and towards the reduction of excess demand in order to guarantee a sustainable output level trajectory. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its September and October of 2022 meetings, Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR) decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. In September, the BDBR decided by a majority vote to raise the monetary policy interest rate by 100 basis points (bps), and in its October meeting, unanimously, by 100bps. Therefore, the rate is at 11.0%. Boxes 1 Food inflation: a comparison with other countries

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