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Bhowmick, Argha, Arup Manna, Sanat Kumar Mandal, et al. "Formulation Development, Evaluation and Statistical Optimization of the Release Rate of Oral Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Aceclofena." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 15, no. 4 (2022): 6026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2022.15.4.2.
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Aim: This work aimed to develop a sustained released hydrophilic matrix tablet of Aceclofenac for better therapeutic action. 
 Background: Conventional dosage form didn't provide the desired level of drug release. Even many-marketed sustained-release tablets didn't always meet the satisfactory level of drug release. It was a challenging job for pharmaceutical scientists to develop a well-sustained release formulation. Keeping this perspective in mind a robust sustained release formulation was designed, developed and optimized with nontoxic, inert viscoelastic, semisynthetic polymers which will be accepted worldwide.
 Objective: The objective of this research was to develop an Aceclofenac sustained released matrix tablet, which will deliver the desired level of drug release.
 Method: Aceclofenac sustained released tablet was prepared with Methocel K-100M Premium (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose) and Unigel 270 (Pregelatinized starch). These two excipients were selected as independent formulation variables with three separate levels (high, intermediate and low). Nine batches of hydrophilic matrix tablets of Aceclofenac were prepared according to the 32 Factorial Design with an average weight of 365 mg/tablet. Each prepared batch of tablets was then evaluated for drug content, physical parameters and drug release. Mathematical models were then generated using Analysis of Variance employing Design-Expert Software version 8.0.7.1 for % cumulative release at T1 hr, T4 hr and T7 hr. FTIR spectroscopy was carried out to evaluate drug-excipients interaction after formulation.
 Results: Design-Expert Software after analyzing the release data of prepared 9 batches provides an optimized composition of formulation. The optimized batch showed desirable results for cumulative % release (CPR)T1hr, CPR T4hr and CPR T7hr are 35.61, 52.16 and 61.98 respectively. 
 Conclusion: Application of statistical experimental design, the physicochemical studies and the in vitro-release study, the mathematically predicted formulation and its manufacturing and validation of aceclofenac sustained-release tablets showed great advancement from the trial-and-error method of development of sustained-release drug delivery systems.
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Nooreen, Hari kiriti varma G, and Vijayakuchana. "Formulation and in vitro evaluation of sustained release matrix tablets of Rimopride Citrate Dihydrate." Frontier Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 7, no. 1 (2024): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10575985.
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Drugs are most frequently administered by oral route. Although a few drugs taken orally are intended to be dissolved in the mouth, nearly all drugs taken orally are swallowed. A few drugs such as antacids are swallowed for their local action in the gastrointestinal tracts. Hence the above study demonstrated that combination of HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M can be used to formulate sustained release matrix tablets of Rimopride Citrate Dihydrate. This can sustain the drug release up to 24 hours as per standard dissolution profile. This can be expected to reduce the frequency of administration and decrease the dose – dependent side effects associated with repeated administration of conventional Rimopride Citrate Dihydrate dihydrate tablets. The cumulative drug release of innovators brand (MOZA SR, Intas Pharmaceuticals) of sustained release tablet of Rimopride Citrate Dihydrate were compared for in vitro dissolution study. The formulation F9 matrix tablet releases the drug appropriately in comparison of innovators brand. The cumulative drug release at the end of 24th hour from formulation F9 (98.01%) and the cumulative drug release at the end of 24th hour from innovators brand was (97.30%). The in vitro drug release result indicates that formulation F9 released more drug than innovators brand and hence more drug is available at the absorption site from formulation F9 as compared to innovators brand, hence the formulation F9 has better bioavailability than innovators brand of Rimopride Citrate Dihydrate sustained release matrix tablet and also the sustained release matrix tablet was found to be beneficial in terms of reduction in frequency of administration. The formulation F9 best suited with zero order release kinetics (corr.coefficient =0.943) than the first order release kinetics (corr. Coefficient = 0.910). The formulation F9 follows Higuchi model of drug release kinetics (corr. coefficient=0.41). The Koresmyer peppas drug release kinetics showed correlation coefficient (0.926) and release exponent (n) 0.724 which indicates that the drug release mechanism is non-fickanian diffusion. Hence it can be concluded that once daily sustain release matrix tablet of Rimopride Citrate Dihydrate having short half life, was found to exert a satisfactory sustained release profile which may provide an improved bioavailability, increased therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
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Viswanath, V., U. Chandrasekhar, B. Narasimha Rao, and K. Gnana Prakash. "Development and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablets of losartan potassium." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH 1, no. 04 (2016): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21477/ijapsr.v3i1.4858.
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The objective of the present study was to develop a sustained release matrix tablets of Losartan potassium, an anti hypertensive drug. The sustained release tablets were prepared by wet granulation and formulated using different drug and polymer ratios. Hydrophilic natural polymers like xanthan Gum (XG), guar gum and cellulose were used. Compatibility of the drug with various excipients was studied. The compressed tablets were evaluated and showed compliance with Pharmacopoeial limits. Formulation was optimized (F2) on the basis of acceptable tablet properties and in vitro drug release. The resulting formulation produced matrix tablets with optimum hardness, consistent weight uniformity and friability. All tablets but one exhibited gradual and near completion sustained release for losartan potassium and 90.88% released at the end of 12h. The results of dissolution studies indicated that formulation F2 (drug to polymer 1:2) is the most successful of the study and exhibited drug release pattern very close to theoretical release profile. A decrease in release kinetics of the drug was observed on increasing polymer ratio. Applying exponential equation, all the formulation tablets (except F2) showed diffusion-dominated drug release. The mechanism of drug release from F2 was diffusion coupled with erosion.
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Karim, Samira, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, and Md Sohel Rana. "Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Glimepiride Sustained Release Tablets: Comparison with Immediate Release Tablets." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18, no. 2 (2015): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v18i2.24315.
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This work aims at the design of a sustained release formulation of glimepiride which is currently available in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to investigate the effect of polymers on the release profile of glimepiride. Glimepiride sustained release tablets were prepared by direct compression method using different ratios of various release retarding polymers such as carbopol, ethyl cellulose, methocel K4 MCR, methocel K15 MCR, methocel K100 MCR and xanthum gum. These formulations were also compared with glimepiride immediate release tablets. The prepared tablets were subjected to various physical parameter tests including weight variation, friability, hardness, thickness, diameter, etc. In vitro dissolution studies of the formulations were done at pH 6.8 in phosphate buffer using USP apparatus 2 (paddle method) at 50 rpm. The percent releases of all the formulations (30) were 73.11%- 98.76% after 8 hours. The release pattern followed zero order kinetics and the release of the drug was hindered by the polymers used in the study. On the other hand, 100% drug was released within 1 hour from the immediate release tablet of glimepiride. The study reveals that the polymers used have the capacity to retard the release of the drug from the sustained release tablets and the more is the amount of the polymer in the formulation the less is the release of drug showing more retardation of drug release.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 157-162, 2015
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Prof., Madhuri T. Deshmukh Ganesh Deokate *. Prof. R.V. Shete. "A REVIEW ON BILAYER TECHNOLOGY." Journal of Pharma Research 8, no. 3 (2019): 81–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2620324.
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<strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong> <strong><em>O</em></strong><em>ver the past 30 years, the expenses and complications involved in marketing new drug entities have increased with concomitant recognition of therapeutic advantages of controlled drug delivery. Now a days greater attention has been focused on development of controlled & immediate release drug delivery systems. Bi-layer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination and also for sustained release of tablet in which one layer is for immediate release as loading dose and second layer is maintenance dose. So use of bi-layer tablets is a very different aspect for anti-hypertensive, diabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs where combination therapy is often used. Several pharmaceutical companies are currently developing bi-layer tablets, for a variety of reasons: patent extension, efficient pharmacological effect, better patient compliance etc. Bi-layer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination and/or to incorporate two incompatible substances in same tablet. This approach can be utilized for fabrication of sustained release dosage form (tablet) consisting of outer immediate and inner layer as a maintenance dose. To overcome the short comings of single layered tablet approach like bilayered tablet (immediate and sustained release) can be satisfactorily used. This review explains fundamentals of bilayer tablet system along with its fabrication techniques, different approaches, characterization, challenges in Bilayer tablet manufacturing, Quality & GMP requirements, for their production and recent developments in the field of bilayer technology. Present review mainly focuses on fundamentals of bilayer tablets and it’s applications in Pharmaceutical industries</em> <strong><em>KEYWORDS</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> Bilayer tablet Sustained release, Immediate release, GMP requirement.</em>
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Thanh, Duyen Nguyen Thi, Duc Hoang Van, Minh Vo Xuan, Xuan Dam Thanh Thanh, and Tung Bui Thanh. "Design and Optimization of Hydrophilic Matrix-based Sustained Release Felodipine Tablets." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 11, no. 3 (2018): 4136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2018.11.3.8.
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Felodipine is a calcium channel blocker used for hypertensive and unstable angina treatments. The sustained release formulations of felodipine have advantages of achieving good therapeutic effects, increasing the bioavailability, decreasing dosing times per day and reducing side effects.The aim of our study was to study the formulation screening, then use an experiment design for formulating a hydrophilic matrix sustained release tablet of felodipine. Methods: The optimization process had the influences of the chosen excipients (including HPMC E4M, HPMC E15LV) on the drug release. Three dependent variables were percentages of released felodipine at the sampling times 2h, 6h, 10h (Y2, Y6, Y10, respectively). Results: The release profile from the optimized formula almost met the predicted release profile and was similar to reference tablets. The kinetics of drug release the optimized tablets and reference tablets were also followed the Korsmeyer – Peppas model.Conclusion: The optimized formula was obtained, and the in vitro release profile was similar to the predicted profile and reference tablets.
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Taghizadeh Davoudi, Ehsan, Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin, Ali Kadivar, Behnam Kamalidehghan, Abdoreza Soleimani Farjam, and Hamid Akbari Javar. "Preparation and Characterization of a Gastric Floating Dosage Form of Capecitabine." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/495319.
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Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea and vomiting, are considered amongst the main adverse effects associated with oral anticancer drugs due to their fast release in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Sustained release formulations with proper release profiles can overcome some side effects of conventional formulations. The current study was designed to prepare sustained release tablets of Capecitabine, which is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of advanced breast cancer, using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carbomer934P, sodium alginate, and sodium bicarbonate. Tablets were prepared using the wet granulation method and characterized such that floating lag time, total floating time, hardness, friability, drug content, weight uniformity, andin vitrodrug release were investigated. The sustained release tablets showed good hardness and passed the friability test. The tablets’ floating lag time was determined to be 30–200 seconds, and it floated more than 24 hours and released the drug for 24 hours. Then, the stability test was done and compared with the initial samples. In conclusion, by adjusting the right ratios of the excipients including release-retarding gel-forming polymers like HPMC K4M, Na alginate, carbomer934P, and sodium bicarbonate, sustained release Capecitabine floating tablet was formulated.
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Manish, Kumar Gupta, Ghadge Madhvi, Verma Sunil, and Singh Sudharshana. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BILAYER TABLETS FOR SUSTAINED RELEASE." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 13, no. 3 (2021): 38–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12667170.
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Bi-layer tablet is a new era for successful development of controlled release formulationalong with various features to provide successful drug delivery. Bilayer layer tablets consistof two layers which are slow release and immediate release layers. It is an improvedtechnology to overcome the shortcoming of the single layer tablets and offer more benefits.The bilayer tablet helps to separate incompatible active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs)from each other. Bilayer tablets material involves both the compressibility and consolidation.Bilayer formulations carry different drugs in each layer and deliver each of them without anypharmacokinetic or dynamic interactions, with their individual rate of delivery. Controlledrelease dosage forms have been extensively used to improve therapy with several importantdrugs
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Nnanyereugo, Chinelo Emmanuella, and Ogbonna Okorie. "Application of Acetylated Corn Starch as a Sustained Release Formulation in Metronidazole Tablets." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 15, no. 5 (2025): 78–85. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v15i5.7141.
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Objective(s): This study aimed to assess the impact of acetylation on the disintegrant properties of corn starch and evaluate its effectiveness as a sustained release formulation in metronidazole tablets. Design: Experimental study involving acetylation of corn starch using acetic anhydride. Intervention(s): Formulation of granules with varying concentrations of acetylated corn starch as disintegrant, followed by tablet production. Main Outcome Measure(s): Disintegration time, sustained release of metronidazole, tablet properties (friability, hardness, content uniformity), and release kinetics. Results: Acetylated corn starch increased disintegration time, resulting in sustained release of metronidazole over several hours. Tablets met standard requirements for friability (<1% weight loss), hardness (>5 kg/cm²), and content uniformity (>90% active ingredient). The release profile showed a controlled release pattern, indicating the potential of acetylated corn starch as a sustained release polymer. Conclusion: Acetylation successfully modified corn starch, making it an effective polymer for sustained release metronidazole tablets. This study demonstrates the potential of acetylated corn starch in formulation development for sustained release applications. Keywords: Disintegration, Acetylation, Sustained Release.
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Gao, Lin, and Ye Wei. "Sustained Release Properties of Aminophylline Sustained Release Tablets Based on Exfoliated Graphite." Advanced Materials Research 1023 (August 2014): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1023.67.
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This study attempted to develop sustained release tablets based on exfoliated graphite. The in vitro evaluation of the prepared tablets was carried out to study its sustained release properties by means of UV/VIS spectroscopy. The results show that the release rate of aminophylline decreases with the increase of the content of graphite for the aminophylline sustained release tablets based on exfoliated graphite. The graphite in the aminophylline sustained release tablets will delay the release of aminophylline when the exfoliated graphite content in the sustained release tablets is less than 25%, the graphite will prevent the release of a part of the aminophylline when the exfoliated graphite content exceeds 40%. The reproducibility of the prepared aminophylline sustained release tablets is acceptable.
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Ravindra, K. Patil* Kundan. P. Chaudhari Bharat W. Tekade Umesh T. Jadhao Vijay. R. Patil. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ATENOLOL SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLETS BY USING NATURAL POLYMERS." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 08 (2017): 2627–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.858675.
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The aim of present study was to develop sustained release tablet of atenolol by using natural polymers. Physicochemical properties of gum Moringa oleifera was studied like loss on drying, pH,viscocity, Sustained tablet of atenolol was prepared by using gum Moringa oleifera, Gaur Gum, Xanthan Gum in various concentrations by direct compression using 8 mm concave punch. Precompresion parameter was studied. All the observations are within the prescribed limits. Prepared Atenolol tablets were evaluated for post compression parameters which are in acceptable ranges. The drug content of the tablets was found between 98.23-98.75 %.The in-vitro drug releases studies showed that formulation containing lower concentration of polymer had earlier drug release. As concentration of polymer increased, drug release was found to be retarded. F7 showed good result overall as compared to others that is 89.19%. FTIR Studies shows there was no interaction found between any excipient and drug. Keywords: Atenolol, Moringa oleifera gum, Guar gum, Xanthan gum, Sustained release tablets.
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Wagh, Vijay D., and Nilesh Pawar. "Development and Evaluation of Sustained Release Tablet of Betahistine Hydrochloride Using Ion Exchange Resin Tulsion T344." ISRN Pharmaceutics 2012 (June 18, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/438342.
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An attempt was made to sustain the release of Betahistine hydrochloride by complexation technique using strong cation-exchange resin, Tulsion T344. The drug loading onto ion-exchange resin was optimized for mixing time, activation, effect of pH, swelling time, ratio of drug : resin, and temperature. The resinate was evaluated for micromeritic properties and characterized using XRPD and IR. For resinate sustained release tablets were formulated using hydoxypropyl methylcellulose K100M. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, drug content, weight variation, and in vitro drug release. Tablets thus formulated (Batch T-3) provided sustained release of drug over a period of 12 h. The release of Betahistine HCl from resinate controls the diffusion of drug molecules through the polymeric material into aqueous medium. Results showed that Betahistine HCl was formulated into a sustained dosage form as an alternative to the conventional tablet.
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Rahman, Md Ziaur, Sayed Koushik Ahamed, Sujan Banik, and Mohammad Salim Hossain. "Release Profile of Losartan Potassium from Formulated Sustained Release Matrix Tablet." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 16, no. 2 (2015): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v16i2.22301.
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The present study was undertaken to develop sustained release (SR) matrix tablets of Losartan potassium, an angiotensin-II antagonist for the treatment of hypertension. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method along with Kollidon SR and Methyl Cellulose as release retardant polymers. The evaluation involves two stages- the physical properties studies of tablets and in vitro release kinetics assessment. The USP paddle method was selected to perform the dissolution test and 900 ml phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 was used as dissolution medium at 50 rpm at 370C. The release kinetics were analyzed. All the formulations followed Higuchi release kinetics. When the release data was plotted into Korsmeyer-Peppas equation, then it was confirmed that F-1, F-2, F-3, F-4 and F-5 exhibited non-fickian type drug release whereas F-6 exhibited fickian type drug release from the tablet matrix. The in-vitro release studies revealed that the formulation F-2 can be taken as an ideal or optimized formulation of sustained release tablets for 24 hours release as it fulfills all the requirements for sustained release tablet. Furthermore, when the tablets were preheated at different temperature (300C, 450C, 600C) before dissolution they showed decrease in drug release compared with ambient temperature DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v16i2.22301 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 16(2): 177-183, 2013
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NIZAMI, FARIDA, and YOGENDRA MALVIYA. "RECENT ADVANCEMENT AND CHALLENGES IN BILAYER TABLET TECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW." Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (2022): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24092/crps.2021.110401.
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Bilayer tablets were developed recently for the effective production of controlled release formulations in various quality levels to give a method of successful drug delivery. Over the last three decades, as the cost and complexity of developing novel pharmacological entities have increased and as the therapeutic benefits of controlled drug administration have been recognized, considerable attention has been focused on developing sustained or controlled release drug delivery systems. It is utilized to produce a variety of antihypertensive formulations. Bilayer tablets allow for the predetermined release of two drugs in combination, separating two incompatible substances, and sustained-release tablets with one layer serving as the loading dose and the second layer serving as the maintenance dose. Bilayer tablets are advancing helpful technologies to overcome the disadvantages of single-layered tablets. However, bilayer tablet technology is resource-intensive. A thorough selection of excipients and manufacturing conditions for each technical stage is also required. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the state of art in bilayer tablet technology and to highlight the difficulties encountered during bilayer tablet manufacture, as well as the possible solutions for these obstacles. KEYWORDS: Bilayer tablet, Conventional release, Controlled release, Sustained release, Maintenance dose
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Madhu, Rajak*, Amal Raj A., Singh Dhakad Rajendra, and Singh Rajput Hakim. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BILAYER TABLET OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG." World Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research 3, no. 5 (2024): 440–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14050790.
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The aim of present study is to prepare bilayer tablets of Losartan Potassium with an immediate release and a sustained release layer. The immediate release layer was prepared using super disintegrant sodium starch glycolate and sustained release layer is formulated with different polymers. The bilayer tablets of losartan potassium were prepared by the direct compression method. The drug, polymers and other excipients used for both immediate (IR) and sustained release (SR) layers were passed through sieve #80 before their use in the formulation. The immediate dose of drug was calculated from total dose of losartan potassium extended release tablet, which is 50 mg. Losartan potassium can be administered once or twice daily with total daily doses ranging from 25 mg to 100 mg. in vitro dissolution was carried out using USP Dissolution testing apparatus type-II (Paddle method; Veego Scientific VDA-8DR, Mumbai, India). Different batches of tablets were prepared varying the different sustaining components that were considered to have significant effect on drug release. These bilayer tablets as well as the powder blends were subjected to various in-process quality control tests for evaluation of their different physical parameters. The release of losartan potassium from fast releasing layer was analyzed by plotting the cumulative percentage of drug release Vs time. It shows an effective initial burst effect from IR layer and released from this layer was completed within 10 minutes. Bi-layer tablet is improved beneficial technology to overcome the limitation of the single layered tablet.
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Dr., N. Sandeepthi *and Dr. L. Satyanarayana. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NAPROXEN SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLET." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 03 (2018): 1498–510. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1204477.
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The present investigation is concerned with development and evaluation of Sustained release matrix tablets containing Naproxen using the hydrophilic polymer hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100M & HPMC K4M).Preformulation study was done initially which include characterization of polymers, drug identification, FTIR compatibility and result directed for the further course of formulation. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluation done. Tablets were compressed by tablet compression machine (Karnavati Rimek Mini press1)and evaluated with different parameters like diameter, thickness, average weight, hardness, friability, drug content, kinetic release data. Matrix tablets were compressed without any problem and do not require any change in ratio of excipients in formulation. Results of the present study demonstrated that combination of both polymers and insoluble filler could be successfully employed for formulating sustained release matrix tablets of naproxen. All the formulations containing drug, polymer and DCP as filler sustained the drug release for 24 h. The drug release rate was slower with the tablet containing combination of HPMC K100M and EC polymers compared to with that of combination of two hydrophilic polymers (HPMC-K100M and HPMC-K4M). Wet granulation method was used and found to extend the drug release for 24 h. Hence sustained release drug delivery system of Naproxen is a promising approach as it can lead to decrease in the frequency of administration and ultimately lead to better patient compliance. Keywords: Sustained release drug delivery system, Naproxen, invitro drug release, Direct compression method, Di calcium phosphate (DCP)
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Okafo, Sinodukoo Eziuzo, Phillips Oghenerhivwe Monioro, Perpetual Ogochukwu Enyaosah, and Amarachi Offor. "Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Tablet of Metformin by Ionic Gelation Technique using Sida acuta Gum as Release Retardant." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, no. 5 (2023): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i5.5804.
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This research was done to formulate and assess the sustained release property of metformin tablets prepared from metformin microcapsules produced by ionic gelation technique using Sida acuta gum or sodium carboxymethylcellulose as release retardant. Sida acuta gum was produced by isopropyl alcohol precipitation of the filtrate obtained from distilled water maceration of powdered dried Sida acuta leaves. Metformin and Sida acuta gum compatibility was determined using FTIR. Metformin microcapsules were prepared by ionic gelation technique using sodium alginate alone or with either Sida acuta gum or sodium carboxymethylcellulose as release retardant. The microcapsules were evaluated for % yield and flow properties. The size and surface morphology of the microcapsules were determined using scanning electron microscopy. Metformin tablets were prepared from the microcapsules using direct compression technique. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability and in vitro dissolution. There was no major incompatibility between metformin and Sida acuta gum. The microcapsules have excellent flow property and were of micrometer size range. They have rough surfaces. The friability of the tablets ranged from 0.4-1.6% while the hardness was from 3.82-11.17 Kgf. The tablets from formulations M2 failed both friability and hardness test. About 44.5-47.1% of metformin was released from the tablet formulations after 6 h while 86.0-100% was released after 10 h. All the tablet formulations showed sustained release ability.
 Keywords: Microcapsules, metformin, Sida acuta gum, sustained release, ionic gelation
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Kumar Halwai, Satish, and Jay Narayan Mishra. "FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLET OF ACECLOFENAC." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 08 (2023): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17425.
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In this study, sustained-release (SR) tablets of Aceclofenac were developed using acrypol 971Pas polymers. The tablets were prepared by mixing the active drug (Aceclofenac) with the polymer and other excipients, and then compressing the mixture into tablets using a tablet press.The release profile of the SR tablets was optimized by adjusting the ratios of the polymers and other excipients. The optimized formulation showed sustained release of the drug up to 16 hours, and the release kinetics followed first-order models. The tablets were stored under various conditions (e.g., at different temperatures and humidity levels) for a set period of time. The results showed that there were no significant changes in the drug content, physiochemical parameters. This suggests that the optimized SR tablets of Aceclofenac are stable and may be suitable for use as a sustained-release formulation of the drug.
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Sahoo, S. K., A. Behera, and S. Patil. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LEVOFLOXACIN HEMIHYDRATE SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLET FROM HYDROPHILIC MATRICES." INDIAN DRUGS 49, no. 01 (2012): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.49.01.p0043.
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Stable sustained release tablets of levofloxacin hemihydrate were successfully prepared by wet granulation technique. Compatible excipients were selected and different formulations were prepared with varying proportion and grades of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Tablets were prepared by compressing free flowing granules and evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, percentage drug content and drug release. As concentration of HPMC increased the drug release decreased might be due to increased amount of polymer around tablets provided gelation which inhibits the release. For formulation F5 only 55 % drug was released in 8 h whereas up to 90 % drug was release for formulation F2 and F3 within the same time. Thus, higher viscosity HPMC retards the drug release directly than lower viscosity HPMC. All the formulations follow Higuchi model which has indicated that drug release from homogenous matrix was through diffusion. Thus, increase in concentration of polymer decreases the drug diffusion from tablet.
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Changder, Abhijit, Riyasree Paul, Ananya Ghosh, Arup Manna, Gouranga Nandi, and Lakshmi Kanta Ghosh. "Fabrication and Evaluation of Aceclofenac-loaded Sustained-Release Mucoadhesive Tablet Composed of Cassia fistula Seed Gum-Grafted-Poly (Sodium Acrylate)." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 2 (2023): 6407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.2.3.
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Aim: This study was aimed to fabricate gastroretentive mucoadhesive sustained-release tablets of aceclofenac with Cassia fistula seed gum-grafted-poly(sodium acrylate) and evaluate them.
 Background: Aceclofenac has several gastric related side effects such as increase in acid secretion, gastritis, burning sensation, nausea, vomiting, etc. Sustained-release tablet may reduce these because of slow drug release. But long term use of conventional sustained-release tablets of NSAIDs showed to develop colorectal ulcer. Gastroretentive sustained-release devices may eliminate this problem.
 Objective: The objective was to synthesis Cassia fistula seed gum-grafted-poly(sodium acrylate) and apply it in the fabrication of novel mucoadhesive sustained-release tablet for aceclofenac delivery in stomach.
 Method: CFSG-grafted-poly(sodium acrylate) (CFSG-g-PSA) was synthesized by microwave-assisted free-radical initiation method using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as free-radical initiator. The tablets were prepared with the graft-copolymer by wet granulation technique. Compatibility between drug and graft-copolymer was checked by FTIR, DSC and PXRD. Surface topography of the uncoated matrix tablets was studied by SEM. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, content uniformity, dimension, disintegration test, mucoadhesive and drug-release. accelerated stability study was also done.
 Results: FTIR, DSC and PXRD studies substantiated the drug-polymer compatibility. The evaluation parameters were within prescribed limit. The study revealed excellent mucoadhesive property over 10 h and sustained-drug-release pattern following zero order kinetic. Similarity factor was found to be 83.4.
 Conclusion: The study demonstrates a simple approach of functionalization of biopolymer towards development of gastroretentive mucoadhesive sustained-release tablet formulation.
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Wanda B. Putri, Friesca S. Nurhaidah, Helmy Yusuf, and Maria L.A.D. Lestari. "Pengaruh Desain Punch Terhadap Mutu Fisik dan Disolusi Tablet MUPS Metformin HCl." MEDICINUS 36, no. 3 (2023): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56951/af7svb90.
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The compaction of multi-unit pellet system (MUPS) into tablets is a potential alternative for sustained release drugs. Tableting tools (punch and die) affect the compaction process and quality of MUPS tablets. The punch design intends to preserve the desired drug release of compacted pellets. This study aims to investigate the effect of two punch shapes, the flat face radius edge (FFRE) and concave-faced punch (concave), each at two different cup depths, on the physical properties and release profile of metformin HCl MUPS tablets. Drug release parameters, t50 values, showed that the metformin HCl released from MUPS tablets was faster than the uncompacted sustained release pellets. The similarity of the dissolution profile (f2) between MUPS tablets and uncompacted metformin HCl pellets was lower than 50 as the minimum acceptance value. The tablet tensile strength obtained was below the requirements (<1.7 MPa). Tablet disintegration time was approximately less than 2 minutes. In conclusion, drug release profile of the MUPS tablets showed damage of the pellets due to compaction process. Nevertheless, pellets compacted at low compaction pressure using FFRE with a deeper cup depth (size 0.80 mm) showed a slightly better protection compared to other punch shapes and cup depth sizes applied.
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Poornima, Agrawal, Bundela Ragini, Shukla Karunakar, Jain Gaurav, and Singh Jaydeep. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Sustained Release Tablets Of Sitagliptin." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 6, no. 6 (2025): 4803–8. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.6.0125.0642.
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Kumar, Deepak, ,. Archana, and Abadhesh Kumar Niranjan. "A Comprehensive Review on Sustained Release Matrix Drug Delivery System." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 4-S (2022): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i4-s.5540.
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Formulations for sustained medication release are very useful in the treatment of chronic disorders. The oral route has selected matrix tablets as the most likely type of prolonged drug release. In order to generate therapeutic activity for a protracted duration, matrix tablets maintain a stable plasma drug concentration and sustain the rate of release of the drug throughout time. In preparations with a short half-life and high dosage frequency, extended-release is crucial. The matrix regulates how quickly the medication is released. Retardants such polyglycolic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) are used. The retardant's matrix core contains the medication. The matrices employed can be mineral-based, hydrophobic, or biodegradable. Drug release is regulated in matrix tablets that can be made using wet granulation or direct compression techniques by the use of various kinds of polymers. Drug release from matrix tablets is controlled by both diffusion- and dissolution-controlled process. As a result, matrix tablets increase therapeutic efficacy while reducing the frequency of drug administration and increasing patient compliance.
 Keywords: Sustained release, Matrix Tablets, HPMC, Retardants, Biodegradable
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Fazli, Abdul Aala, Taha Umair Wani, Syed Naiem Raza, Khalid Bashir Mir, and Nisar Ahmad Khan. "Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained release tablets of Venlafaxine HCl." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 3-s (2019): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i3-s.2842.
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The aim of the present study was to develop a tablet formulation for sustained release of venlafaxine HCl. Control or sustained release formulations have great applications in improving the physicochemical properties and the pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs. Carbopol tablets containing venlafaxine HCl were developed successfully by wet granulation technique. The tablets were evaluated for matrix integrity and drug release in 0.1 N HCl using USP II dissolution apparatus maintained at optimum conditions. The developed tablets were robust and possessed excellent physicochemical properties. The tablets showed great matrix integrity and withstood the hydrodynamic environment of the dissolution medium for > 12 hours. The hydration and swelling behaviour of the tablets was excellent. It was found that the swelling characteristics of the tablets depended on the amount of the polymer used in the tablets as well as the polymer/drug ratio. The tablets provided more than 90% drug release over a period of 12 hours. The drug release data was subjected to kinetic dissolution modelling. It was found that the drug release from the tablets followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model of drug release. This suggests that the mechanism of the drug release from the formulations may be both diffusion as well as polymer erosion. Keywords: Sustained release, Carbopol, Venlafaxine HCl
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Gangurde, Gayatri* Dhum Manohar Gavali Prashant Sonawane Mitesh. "Review on Bilayer Tablets." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2025): 1192–203. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15019244.
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Bi-layer tablets are essential for developing both immediate and modified drug delivery systems for various diseases. They facilitate controlled medication release, representing a significant advancement in Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDS) and improving the effectiveness of medication delivery. Over the past 30 years, the complexity and costs of introducing new drugs have increased, leading to greater focus on sustained or controlled release systems. Bi-layer tablets enable precise delivery of medications with predetermined release profiles, preventing chemical incompatibilities between Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). This technology supports combination therapies for conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and pain relief. Many pharmaceutical companies are investing in bi-layer tablet development for advantages such as patent extension and marketing opportunities. This review discusses bi-layer tablet technology, manufacturing challenges, the types of tablet presses used, and the relevant quality and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards. Additionally, it covers recent advancements in the field.[3].
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Satyajit, Panda, Mishra Bibaswan, and Behera Swayamprava. "Bi-Layer Tablets: An Emerging State of Art Technology in Dosage Form Design." Journal of Advances in Nanotechnology and its Applications 3, no. 2 (2021): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5515151.
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<em>Despite significant advancements in dosage form design, oral route still remains the most favoured route of drug administration. Even now-a-days tablets have got more attention compared to other dosage forms because of simple, inexpensive, greater stability and most suitable nature of tablets. More recently major considerations in tablet sector have been focused on development of controlled and immediate release drug delivery systems. Many pharmaceutical manufacturers are giving more emphasis to bi-layer tablet sector now a day, because of several advantages like extension of patent, improved therapeutic response, enhanced patient compliance etc. Bi-layer tablet is a new era for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system. These can release more than two drugs in combination chronologically. Two incompatible substances can be remaining separated from one another in a single tablet. They can provide a biphasic release with one immediate release layer to produce the loading dose and second layer is maintenance dose in order to achieve the immediate pharmacological response lasting for a prolonged period. Current review especially emphasizes on the rationale, various approaches for designing of the bi-layer tablets including patented techniques, types of tablet presses, quality and GMP considerations, advancement sin the field of bi-layer tablet technology, troubleshooting problems in the preparation of bi-layer tablets etc</em>
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Samrudh, Shinde Shivaji Patil Namrata Satkar Pritam Salokhe Nilesh Chougule. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Floating Sustain Release Tablet Of Ranolazine." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 7 (2024): 1505–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12788828.
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This research focuses on the formulation and evaluation of floating sustained-release tablets of Ranolazine, an anti-anginal agent with poor bioavailability and short half-life. The tablets were prepared using various polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium alginate to achieve controlled drug release and prolonged gastric residence time. The formulation was optimized using a 32 full factorial design to study the effect of independent variables like polymer concentration and tablet hardness on drug release kinetics and floating behavior. The prepared tablets exhibited excellent floating properties with an extended-release profile over 12 hours. The optimized formulation showed desirable characteristics, including buoyancy, controlled drug release, and good physicochemical stability. In vitro dissolution studies revealed sustained release of Ranolazine from the tablets, indicating their potential for once-daily dosing regimen, enhancing patient compliance, and improving therapeutic efficacy. The developed floating sustained-release tablets of Ranolazine could be a promising dosage form for the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris.
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Garg, Ayush, and Amul Mishra. "Formulation and Evaluation of Indapamide Hemihydrate Sustained Release Tablets." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 9, no. 1 (2022): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2022.9.1.08.
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The aim of the study is to formulate and to evaluate the indapamide SR tablet for the treatment of hypertension. Literature survey shows that indapamide is an anti-hypertensive and diuretic drug. The drug has been released up to 6–15 h, after taken orally. These tablets are absorbed into the systemic circulation and blood level shows the considerable peak of drug. It has been formulated as sustained release form for the betterment of therapeutic index and for maintaining constant blood levels. From the study, it has been concluded that HPMC shows the best results for the extending the release of drug. Wet granulation method is used for the preparation of these tablets. The compatibility study for optimized formulation shows satisfactory results. The evaluation of tablets was done for the hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, drug content, in vitro buoyancy study, swelling index, in vitro dissolution studies, and stability study.
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Swetanshu, ,., and Vijay Sharma. "Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Bilayer Tablet of Antihypertensive Drug." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4 (2019): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4.3098.
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Hypertension or high blood pressure occurs when the high cardiac output exerts pressure on the arterial wall as the blood flow increases. Bi-layer tablets are prepared with one layer of drug for immediate release while second layer designed to release drug later, either as second dose or in an extended release manner. Bi-layered tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, separate two incompatible substances, and also for sustained release tablet in which one layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. Bilayer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, separate two incompatible substances and also for sustained release tablet in which one Layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. The preparation of tablets in the form of multi layers is used to provide systems for the administration of drugs.
 Keywords: Hypertension, Bi-layered tablet, Enalapril, Immediate release and Sustained release.
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Kumari, Satish, Anchal Puri, Dhruv Dev, DN Prasad, and ,. Monika. "A review on polymers in natural or modified form used in sustained release tablet." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 3-s (2019): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i3-s.2843.
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Tablet is a solid dosage form which is used to deliver the drug to the body to make pharmacological action. The oral dosage form should disperse into small particles to deliver active ingredients in the body, the disperse time of the dosage form depends on the ingredients which are used in the tablet. To make the tablet disintegrate slow usually sustained release agents are used. The sustained release tablets helps in maintaining the drug concentration in the body for the higher time. In this review article various polymers of natural origin and their modified forms are studied, which can be used in the sustained release tablet. In this review article the polymers studied were, Psyllium husk, HPMC K100M, Cellulose polymers, Cellulose ether polymers, Xanthan gum, Guar gum, Eudragit RLPO, Eudragit RSPO, Eudragit RL 100, Eudragit RS 100, Kollidone SR and Carnauba wax. Now a day the sustained release tablets are used more than the conventional tablets because of the patient incompliance. The main part of the sustained release tablets are the polymers. In the study it was found that the modified forms of natural polymers works better than in their natural form. In the study it was found that the hydrophilic polymers also work better like Xanthan gum and Guar gum, they are effecting and non-toxic in nature. The cellulose derivatives were studied and it was found that Substituted cellulose-methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose works better in the combination form. Keywords: Sustained release, Xanthan gum, Guar gum, Eudragit, Kollidone, HPMC
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Gawai, Nitin, and Zahid Zaheer. "FORMUALTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MUCOADHESIVE SUSTAINED RELEASE BUCCAL TABLETS AND PATCHES OF 5-FLUOROURACIL USING DIFFERENT POLYMERS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 5 (2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.20241.
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Objective: The present research study was undertaken to formulate mucoadhesive sustained release buccal tablets and patches of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).Method: For the research experiment work design expert software version 10, stat-ease, Inc. has been used. A 32 full factorial design was selected for the formulation of the buccal tablet as well as buccal patches. In this research work, formulated tablets and patches using different polymers such as carbopol 974p, polyvinylpyrrolidone-K 30, sodium deoxycholate, microcrystalline cellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol. An after formulation of batches formulated products studied for characterization, namely, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Evaluation parameters studied such as weight uniformity, thickness, hardness, friability, and content uniformity also carried out. For drug release purpose from the formulation of buccal tablet and patches in vitro drug released performed. In vivo drug releases study also carried out using Rabbit for drug reaction point of view.Results: Design expert showed the significant results on independent and dependent variables. The R-Squared 0.9943 for drug release and 0.9985 for swelling index is in reasonable agreement with the formulations. FTIR and DSC indicating compatibility of the drug and polymers in the tablet formulation and patch formulations at the molecular level. The drug release of buccal tablet showed 75.10–99.34% and buccal patches showed 58.41–81.43%. These formulations showed good results when compared to the conventional tablet.Conclusion: Formulation of mucoadhesive sustained release buccal tablets and patches of 5-FU successfully done using different polymers, which would definitely help in increasing bioavailability of the drug.
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Singh, Neha, Durga Pandey, Nilesh Jain, and Surendra Jain. "Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Bilayer Tablets of Lansoprazole and Amoxycillin Trihydrate for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1 (2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1.4481.
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The present work involves the formulation development, optimization and In-vitro evaluation of bilayer tablet containing Lansoprazole in the immediate release layer and Amoxycillin in the sustained release layer, using sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant for the immediate release layer and the hydrophilic matrix HPMC K100M, hydrophobic matrix Ethyl cellulose are used in the sustained release layer. Bilayer tablet showed as initial burst effect to provide dose of immediate release layer Lansoprazole to control the acid secretion level and the sustained release of Amoxycillin for 24 hours. Immediate and sustained release tablets were formulated by wet granulation method because of the poor flow property of the blends. The prepared bilayer tablet was evaluated for their precompression parameters, physical characteristics like hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, uniformity of drug content, swelling index, In-vitro floating studies and In-vitro drug release. The release of the lansoprazole from the immediate release layer was found to be 97.46 ± 0.15% in 15minutes. The release of Amoxycillin Trihydrate for the sustained release floating layer was found to be 98.25 ± 0.14% in 12 hours. Lansoprazole potentiate the effect of Amoxycillin. Hence the bilayer tablets of Lansoprazole and Amoxycillin were used to improve patient compliance towards the effective management of ulcer.
 Keywords: bilayer tablet, Lansoprazole, and Amoxycillin, sustained release
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Tarizza Puspa Anggrelia, Amelia Saputri Ginting, Yeka Khafidz Illa Rosyidah, et al. "Kajian Penggunaan Matriks Pada Formulasi Tablet Lepas Lambat." Jurnal Anestesi 2, no. 3 (2024): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59680/anestesi.v2i3.1249.
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This research discusses the use of matrices in sustained-release tablet formulations to optimize the active substance release profile. Extended-release tablets are a type of tablet formulation designed to release the active substance gradually in the body over a certain period of time. The main purpose of sustained-release tablets is to maintain drug levels in the blood or target area over a longer period of time, compared to conventional tablets which release the active substance quickly after ingestion. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach which aims to deepen an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon being studied. As a result, selecting the right type of matrix proves to be crucial in achieving the expected therapeutic effectiveness. Polymer matrices, both natural and synthetic, play an important role in controlling the stability and efficiency of tablets and their ability to gradually release active substances.
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Das, Urmi, and Mohammad Salim Hossain. "Effects of release modifier on Carvedilol release from Kollidon SR based matrix." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 1, no. 8 (2012): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i8.11248.
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Sustained release Carvedilol matrix tablets constituting Kollidon SR were developed in this study in an attempt to investigate the effect of release modifiers on the release profile of Carvedilol from matrix. Three matrix tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression of Kollidon SR in combination with release modifier (HPMC and Microcrystalline Cellulose) and magnesium stearate. Tablets containing only Kollidon SR with the active ingredient demonstrated a rapid rate of drug release. Incorporation of HPMC in the matrix tablet prolonged the release of drug but incorporation of Microcrystalline Cellulose showed superimposable release pattern with an initial burst effect as confirmed by mean dissolution time and Higuchi release rate data. After 7 hours of dissolution, Carvedilol release from the matrix systems were 91.42%, 83.41%, from formulation F1 and F2 respectively. Formulation F3 exhibited 100 % release at 4 hours. All the tablet formulations showed acceptable pharmaco-technical properties and complied with the in-house specifications for tablet weight variation, friability, hardness, thickness, and diameter. Prepared tablets also showed sustained release property for carvedilol. The drug release mechanism from the matrix tablets of F1 and F2 was found to be followed by Fickian and F3 by Non-Fickian mechanism.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i8.11248 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(8): 186-192
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Deshpande, Amar H., and Wasul D. "DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF FOOD GRADE WAX MATRIX SUSTAINED RELEASE MINI-TABLETS OF MONTELUKAST SODIUM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 4 (2017): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.16788.
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Objective: The objective of this study is to formulate a tablet that fits in the size range of mini-tablets using wax matrix forming substances, allowsvariation of drug dose and study of drug release kinetics of the dosage form.Methods: The blends of drug with glyceryl monostearate, purified rice bran wax and carnauba wax that renders the waxes food grade, were preparedand evaluated for precompression characteristics. The blends were compressed into mini-tablets having desirable physical characteristics andwere subjected to tests such as weight variation and friability. The tablets were subjected to drug dissolution test and the release parameters weremathematically treated for order and mechanism of drug release.Results: The tablets complied with the pharmacopoeial standards of physical characteristics. The release was satisfactorily sustained (up to 10 hrs)by carnauba wax and rice bran wax, but not by glyceryl monostearate (only up to 4 hrs). The release followed a zero order with super Case II transportbeing the major mechanism of drug release.Conclusion: Wax matrix formers were satisfactorily used for sustained drug release mini-tablets. The tablets had good physical characteristics withmajor mechanism of drug release being super Case II transport.Keywords: Wax matrix, Sustained release, Mini-tablets, Montelukast sodium.
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Kalyani Shelar, Gauri Mahajan, Nikita Pagare, Prachiti Sahane, and Sakshi Bhosale. "Review on Sustained Release Tablet." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 11, no. 6 (2024): 698–708. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst241161126.
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This review highlights the advantages of SR formulations, including reduced side effects, enhanced drug utilization, improved treatment efficacy, and better patient compliance. Key considerations for developing sustained release tablet involve the drug's physicochemical properties and biological factors, such as absorption and metabolism. Various formulation strategies, including diffusion-controlled, dissolution-controlled, and osmotic systems, are discussed alongside essential evaluation parameters like density, hardness, and in-vitro drug release profiles. The outlook for sustained release tablets is bright , as their growing use in the pharmaceutical industry focuses on enhancing therapeutic effectiveness. Overall, sustained release tablet formulations represent a significant advancement in modern pharmacotherapy, enhancing efficacy and patient adherence to treatment regimens.
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D., Aswani1* M. Bhagyasree2. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Tranexamic Acid Sustained Release (Sr) Tablets." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 9 (2024): 1381–419. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13854247.
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The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate sustained release tablets of tranexamic acid. Xanthan gum and Guar gum were used as release rate controlling polymers. The prepared formulation mixtures were evaluated for preformulation parameters like bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio. All the drug mixtures have shown the results within the limits. FTIR studies revealed that there are no incompatibilities among the formulation ingredients. The post compression parameter results of all the prepared tablets were found to be within the limits. The tablet releases the drug immediately without polymer. As the polymer concentration increases the rate of drug release decreases. The GF4 formulation containing 250 mg of Tranexamic acid, 150 mg of guar gum along with excipients, has sustained the release of drug for a period of 12 hours. GF4 formulation has shown the drug release of 100.0% in 12 hrs. The formulation, XF5 with drug:Xanthan gum 1 : 0.8 has shown 99.45% drug release in 12 hrs whereas the formulation, GF4 with drug : Guar gum 1 : 0.6 has shown 99.90% drug release in 12 hrs. Hence, the formulation GF4 containing less quantity of polymer was considered as optimized formulation with 99.90% drug release in 12 hrs. So, Guar gum is showing more drug release retardant property than Xanthan gum in the formulation of tranexamic acid SR tablets.
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S. Jat, Deepak, Swati G. Talele, Akshada A. Bakliwal, and Anil G. Jadhav. "DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ALOGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE BILAYER TABLET." Indian Drugs 59, no. 07 (2022): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.59.07.12280.
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The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate bilayer tablets of alogliptin and metformin HCl. Combining alogliptin with metformin HCL gives additional benefits in comparison with either drug alone and could be considered for patients whose quality of life is impaired by diabetes mellitus. The study was performed to design bilayer tablets of alogliptin immediate release layer and metformin HCl sustained release layer by wet granulation method. The immediate release layer comprised Crospovidone superdisintegrant and sustained release layer comprised HPMC K4M as rate release controlling polymers and PVPK30 was used as binder for both layers. The in vitro release of drug from the formulations was studied in 0.1N HCl acidic buffer and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, and it was found that the prepared sustained release layer tablets were able to sustain the release of the drug up to 12 h and in vitro studies of alogliptin shown more than 80% of drug was released within 30 min. As per ICH guidelines, accelerated stability studies were carried out and results were found within the range. The release of alogliptin follows a zero order release model and the release of metformin HCl follows Higuchi model release.
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Sanghavi, N. M., P. R. Kamath, and D. S. Amin. "Sustained Release Tablets of Theophylline." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 16, no. 11 (1990): 1843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049009025791.
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Elsayed, Mahmoud M. A., Moustafa O. Aboelez, Mohamed S. Mohamed, et al. "Tailoring of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Atenolol Bilayer Tablets for the Management of Hyperlipidemia Associated with Hypertension: A Preclinical Study." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 8 (2022): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081629.
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Hyperlipidemia is still the leading cause of heart disease in patients with hypertension. The purpose of this study is to make rosuvastatin calcium (ROS) and atenolol (AT) bilayer tablets to treat coexisting dyslipidemia and hypertension with a single product. ROS was chosen for the immediate-release layer of the constructed tablets, whereas AT was chosen for the sustained-release layer. The solid dispersion of ROS with sorbitol (1:3 w/w) was utilized in the immediate-release layer while hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ethylcellulose (EC), and sodium bicarbonate were incorporated into the floating sustained-release layer. The concentrations of HPMC and EC were optimized by employing 32 full factorial designs to sustain AT release. The bilayer tablets were prepared by the direct compression method. The immediate-release layer revealed that 92.34 ± 2.27% of ROS was released within 60 min at a pH of 1.2. The second sustained-release layer of the bilayer tablets exhibited delayed release of AT (96.65 ± 3.36% within 12 h) under the same conditions. The release of ROS and AT from the prepared tablets was found to obey the non-Fickian diffusion and mixed models (zero-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas), respectively. Preclinical studies using rabbit models investigated the impact of ROS/AT tablets on lipid profiles and blood pressure. A high-fat diet was used to induce obesity in rabbits. Bilayer ROS/AT tablets had a remarkable effect on decreasing the lipid profiles, slowing weight gain, and lowering blood pressure to normal levels when compared to the control group.
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K., Srinivasa Reddy Surya Kanta Swain K. P. R. Chowdary *. and S.V.U.M. Prasad. "FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINED RELEASE FLOATING TABLETS OF VALSARTAN: OPTIMIZATION BY 22 FACTORIAL DESIGN." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 06 (2018): 6023–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1303394.
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The objective of the present study is optimization of valsartan SR floating tablet formulation by 22 factorial design. SR floating tablets of valsartan (80 mg) were formulated employing HPMCK100M as matrix forming polymer, sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent and beeswax and ethyl cellulose as floating enhancers. Valsartan is an orally active anti-hypertensive drug, majorly absorbed from stomach and upper small intestine. Formulation of sustained release floating tablets of valsartan is needed because of its poor oral bioavailability and short biological half-life. Valsartan floating tablets were formulated as per 22 factorial design and were evaluated. Valsartan SR floating tablets prepared as per 22 factorial design were non-disintegrating in water and aqueous acidic (pH 1.2) and alkaline (pH 7.4) fluids and were of good quality with regard to drug content, hardness, friability and suitable for controll ed release. The individual effect of sodium bicarbonate (factor B) and combined effect of HPMCK100M and sodium bicarbonate (AB) on the floating lag time are significant (P < 0.05). Formulations Fb and Fab exhibited excellent floating over >12 h with a floating lag time in the range 15-45 seconds. Higher levels (20 %) of sodium bicarbonate gave shorter floating lag time. Valsartan release from the floating tablets prepared was slow and spread over 12 h and dependent on the composition of the tablets. Valsartan release from the floating tablets prepared was by non-fickian diffusion mechanism in all the cases. Optimization of valsartan sustain release floating tablet formulation was done taking release rate (K0) as the parameter for optimization. For optimization, release rate (K0) was taken as response (Y) and level of HPMCK100M as (X1) and level of sodium bicarbonate as (X2). The polynomial equation describing the relationship between the response, Y and the variables, X1 and X2 based on the observed data was found to be Y = 8.05 - 1.25 (X1) + 0.75 (X2) – 0.25 (X1 X2) by multiple regression analysis. Based on the polynomial equation developed, the optimized valsartan sustain release floating tablet formulation with the desired release rate (K0) of 7.4 mg/hr could be formulated employing HPMCK100M (200 mg/tablet) and sodium bicarbonate (53.35 mg/tablet). The optimized formulation (Fopt) exhibited a floating time of > 12 h with a lag time of 21 seconds and gave a release rate (K0) of 7.45 mg/hr fulfilling the target release rate (K0) set indicated validity of the optimization technique employed. The optimized formulation (Fopt) exhibited a slow release of Valsartan over 12h. As such, formulation Fopt is considered as the best floating tablet formulation of valsartan suitable for b.i.d administration. Key words: Formulation development, Floating tablets, Valsartan, Optimization, Factorial design, Sustained release.
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Permata Hati, Melati, Yandi Syukri, and Bambang Hernawan Nugroho. "Pengaruh Kombinasi Matriks terhadap Karakter Tablet Metformin HCl Lepas Lambat Sistem Floating Effervescent." Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 7, no. 2 (2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2022.007.02.3.
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The research aimed to prepare and evaluate of sustained release metformin HCl tablet with floating system. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation using HPMC K4M and chitosan as matrixes with proportions (w/w) 17.78%:4.44%; 14.44%:7.78%; 11.11%:11.11% ;7.78%;14.44%; 4.44%:17.78%. The tablets were evaluated of weight variation, drug content, hardness, friability, and in vitro floating and drug release studies. The dissolution study had been carried out for 6 hours using USP dissolution apparatus II (paddle) in 900 ml HCl pH 3.0 media at 37±0.50C. All tablet formulas showed closed similarity with the requirement physical tablet of United State Pharmacopea (USP) and Farmakope Indonesia reference. The matrixes containing higher HPMC K4M, and lower chitosan showed floating lag time decreased and duration time increased. Meanwhile, tablet disintegration was the lowest. The release test showed that all formulas did not meet the requirements dissolution metformin HCl sustained release tablet. The result of this study is sustained release tablet metformin HCl with matrixes HPMC K4M and chitosan able to float, but it did not form sustained release.
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Ujjwal, Kukreti, Nainwal Nidhi, Ale Yogita, et al. "Release Kinetic of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Linezolid Containing Polymer Blend." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 15, no. 03 (2024): 1479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.15.3.60.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection mainly affecting the lungs. TB is a major health problem worldwide and the occurrence of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) offers considerable hurdles to effective treatment and disease management. The growth of treatment-resistant Mycobacterium TB strains has prompted the investigation of alternate therapeutic techniques, including the application of sustained drug delivery. Sustained-release drugs reduce the need for frequent dosing can extend the effects of linezolid by 8 to 12 hours, thus improving the patient’s adherence to the treatment. The objective of this study is to formulate oral sustained-release linezolid tablets employing blends of polymers like hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)- K100M, ethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, and chitosan to provide sustained drug release. Linezolid was made into a sustained-release tablet by employing the direct compression method using different drug-polymer ratios. Formulated tablets were compared with marketed formulations to assess the similarity factor. The formulation was assessed for drug-excipient interaction, solubility, flow properties, etc. The diameter, friability, thickness, hardness, weight variation, in-vitro drug release, and drug release kinetics of compressed tablets were examined. Drug release research proved that all polymers were able to sustain drug release. Formulation (F5) with HPMC (100mg) and ethyl cellulose (100mg) resulted in 49.89% drug release after 8 hours, making it the optimal formulation. According to the kinetic model of the drug release, the Higuchi model was selected, which indicates the diffusion of the drug from an insoluble matrix. The optimized formulation showed a similarity factor of 52% with the marketed formulation, suggesting similarity in drug release between these two formulations.
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Okafo, Sinodukoo E., John A. Avbunudiogba, and Ejiro Ejomafuvwe. "Formulation and evaluation of sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets produced using Brachystegia eurycoma gum." Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources 17, no. 1 (2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v17i1.7.
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This study was carried out to evaluate sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets formulated using Brachystegia eurycoma gum (BEG) as matrix polymer. BEG was isolated by acetone -precipitation of the filtrate obtained from the maceration of powdered dried seeds of Brachystegia eurycoma in distilled water. Diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were produced by non-aqueous wet granulation method using BEG as the hydrophilic matrix former. The tablets were evaluated using official and unofficial tests such as; uniformity of weight, content uniformity, dissolution test, tablets diameter, thickness, hardness and friability tests. The drug release profile of the matrix tablets were compared to that formulated using a standard matrix former, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Hardness values ranged from 6.12 ± 1.80 to 9.73 ± 1.39 kgf, friability from 0.31 ± 0.00 to 1.00 ± 0.00%. The drug content ranged from 98 to 101 %. The percentage drug released from the matrix tablets after 10 h was between 71.27 and 98.73 % except for formulation BF3 that released 32.56 %. This study showed that sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were successfully formulated using Brachystegia eurycoma gum as the matrix former and the tablets were comparable to that formulated with HPMC.
 Keywords: Brachystegia eurycoma gum; Diclofenac sodium; Matrix tablets; Sustained release
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Agam, Kumar Chaubey* Ashok Baghel Dinesh Sharma Yogendra Singh. "Formulation And Evaluation of Bi-Layered Tablet of Divalproex Sodium." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2025): 501–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14993024.
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The pharmacokinetic advantage relies on the criterion that, drug release from the fast-releasing layer leads to a sudden rise in the blood concentration. However, the blood level is maintained at steady state as the release from sustained layer. Particularly bilayer tablets are commonly used to avoid chemical incompatibilities of formulation components by physical separation, and release profile. The tablet is the most widely used dosage form because of its convenience in terms of self-administration, compactness and ease in manufacturing.4 Tablets are solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances with or without suitable diluents.5 According to Indian Pharmacopoeia Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drugs or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.6 They are varying in size and weight, depending on amount of medicinal substances and the intended mode of administration. It is most popular dosage form and 70% of the total medicines are dispensed in the form of tablet There are different types of tablets are available in market conventional tablet, immediate tablet, fast dissolving tablet, controlled release tablet, sustained release tablet, delayed release tablet.Immediate release tablets are those which disintegrate rapidly and get dissolved to release the medicaments.10 For immediate release formulation, super disintegrants play key component. Super disintegrants are used to improve the efficacy of solid dosage form. This achieved by various mechanisms, swelling, porosity and capillary action, heat of wetting, particle repulsion forces, deformation recovery, enzymatic reaction by which the tablets are broken into small particles.
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Ankit, Singh* Rajesh Gour** &. Akhlesh Kumar Singhai***. "MODIFIED RELEASE OF MEDICATION DELIVERY: A REVIEW." International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Education (IJSRME) 8, no. 1 (2023): 33–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7806086.
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In terms of drug delivery methods, the oral route is the most popular. However, the traditional dosage form has a few drawbacks that could be fixed by altering the current dosage form. A regulated and sustained drug delivery system prolongs the duration of action by slowing the drug's release rate and maintaining a consistent plasma drug concentration. The matrix tablet is a crucial tool among the numerous formulation options for sustained release tablets. This makes issues like poor patient compliance, multiple doses, and see-saw oscillations simply manageable. A number of hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers can be used to make matrix tablets using either the direct compression method or the wet granulation method. The main factor controlling how quickly drugs are released from the matrix is pace.
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BANSAL, MAYANK, and RAKESH GUPTA. "Bilayer Tablet a Dual Released, an Emerging Trend for Novel Drug Delivery System." Indian Journal of Health Care, Medical & Pharmacy Practice 4, no. 2 (2023): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.59551/ijhmp/25832069/2023.4.2.50.
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Bilayer tablets are a kind of medication that effectively treats illness by combining two pharmaceuticals, either the same or different ones, in a single dosage. Physically separating active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) may prevent chemical incompatibilities, and bilayer tablets can pave the way for the creation of various drug release profiles, such as immediate and prolonged release. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory bilayer tablets are significantly different. Two medications may be sequentially released from a bi-layer tablet, making it ideal for sustained-release tablets. One layer can be immediate-release for the first dosage, while the other can be a maintenance dose. The purpose of this review is to identify problems with bilayer tablet preparation and to suggest ways to fix them. To further aid comprehension, the article goes on to list the many kinds of bilayer tablets, including single-side presses, double-side presses, and bilayer tablet displacement presses, as well as their uses, advantages, and disadvantages. In addition, the review paper discusses the several ways and procedures used to manufacture bilayer tablets, so readers may have a comprehensive understanding of these tablets. In the last paragraph, the whole essay is evaluated critically.
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Nikolic, Nenad, Djordje Medarevic, Svetlana Ibric, and Zorica Djuric. "Evaluation of formulation and effects of process parameters on drug release and mechanical properties of tramadol hydrocloride sustained release matrix tablets." Chemical Industry 69, no. 5 (2015): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind140317069n.
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This study investigates using of high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO WSR Coagulant) for the preparation of sustained release matrix tablets containing high dose, highly water soluble drug, tramadol HCl. Proportion of PEO polymer, type of insoluble filler, proportion of tramadol HCl, amount of drug in tablet, tablet diameter and compression pressure were recognized as critical formulation and process parameters and their influence on drug release and tablet mechanical properties was evaluated. Percentages of tramadol HCl released after 30 and 240 minutes were selected for evaluation of drug release, while tensile strength was used as indicator of tablet mechanical properties. Only proportion of tramadol HCl exhibits statistically significant effect on percentages of tramadol HCl released after 30 and 240 minutes, with higher, wherein increasing of the tramadol HCl proportion increased its release rate among the evaluated variables in selected ranges. All of the investigated factors exhibit statistically significant effect on tablets tensile strength, with the largest influence of filler type. Tablets prepared with highly compressible filler (microcrystalline celullose) exhibit higher tensile strength and therefore better mechanical properties to those prepared with partially pregelatinised starch (Strach 1500).
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M., A. Shende* R. P. Marathe. "GASTROADHESIVE SUITABILITY STUDIES FOR BACLOFEN SUSTAINED RELEASE FORMULATION." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 09 (2017): 3315–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.997182.
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The present study is to investigate gastromucoadhesive suitability of natural polysaccharides for development of baclofen sustained release tablet formulations by increase gastric residence. Baclofen formulations were prepared by wet granulation technique and evaluated blend by FTIR, DSC for compatibility, hardness, friability, in-vitro drug release, gastric residence and mucoadhesive strength. The formulated tablets were found to have good mechanical properties and official compliance. Based on in-vitro drug release pattern and ex-vivo mucoadhesive study; the formulation B4 with drug-polymer ratio 1:2 and mucoadhesive-release retardant ratio 3:1 containing 13% hibiscus polysaccharide (HEC) and 7 % xanthan gum (XNG) was found to be promising for mucoadhesion and sustained release characteristics. Formulation B4 exhibited the highest efficiency of mucoadhesion strength (26 gm) and mucoadhesion retention in 0.1 N HCL medium even at the end of 5.6 hours when compared with other formulations. The accelerated stability studies revealed that the tablets retain their characteristics even after stressed storage conditions. The study reveals that hibiscus esculentus polysaccharide could be used as an effective natural pharmaceutical mucoadhesive along with xanthan gum in the development of stable, gastromucoadhesive sustained release matrix tablets of baclofen. Key words: Baclofen (BCLF), Hibiscus Esculentus polysaccharide (HEC), Xanthan gum (XNG), Gastromucoadhesive matrix tablet
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Kumari, Satish, Anchal Puri, Dhruv Dev, DN Prasad, and ,. Monika. "Formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablet of metoprolol succinate by using xanthan gum and carbopol." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 3-s (2019): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i3-s.2844.
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Metoprolol succinate is a β1 selective antagonist used as an Anti-hypertensive, Anti arrhythmic, Anti Angina. The aim of present investigation was to develop matrix tablets of Metoprolol succinate using different polymers.Metoprolol succinate matrix tablet was prepared by use of xanthan gum and carbopol-934 as a polymer initially by direct compression methods. Physicochemical compatibility of the drug with polymer was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and DSC. Metoprolol succinate matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method using different polymers. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability and dissolution. The result of matrix tablets formulation (A-4) showed drug release 94.12% in 720 min. Therefore it was concluded that formulation (A-4) containing carbopol-934 and xanthan gum in the ratio of 80:20 showing promising result for sustained release of Metoprolol succinate, further for improvement of release profile in situ interpolymeric complexes of both carbopol and xanthan gum were tried. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability and dissolution. The results of IPC formulation B-11 showed drug release 96.29% in 720 min. It was concluded that tablets were prepared by using in-situ inter polymer complex formed with 70:30 ratio of Carbopol and Xanthan gum solution as binder. Formulation B-11 showed promising result because of its resistance in pH 1.2 HCL buffer for more than 2 hrs showed the maximum sustained release as compared to simple matrix tablet because of more acid resistance of the complex. Thus, sustained release matrix tablets of Metoprolol succinate using biocompatible polymers were successfully formulated, evaluated and found to be suitable candidates in extending the release of the drug from the matrix tablets. Keywords: Metoprolol succinate, Sustained release Matrix tablets, Direct compression, Wet granulation method.