Academic literature on the topic 'Sutherland Falls'

It has been argued that “the history of New Zealand is unique because the period of pioneer colonization closely coincided with the invention and development of photography”1. However, as the first successfully recorded photograph in the country was not made until the late 1840s, the widespread use of photography came after the initial European settlement and its influence coincided more closely with the development of early tourism and with the exploration and later promotion of the country’s wild and remote places. The photographic partnership of William Hart and Charles Campbell followed the path of the gold miners into the hinterland of the South Island aware of its potential commercial photographic value. Photographers understood the “great public interest in what the colony looked like and inthe potential for features that would command international attention”2. Photography was promoted as presenting the world as it was, free of the interpretation of the artist. By the early 1880s the Hart, Campbell portfolio was extensive and their work featured at exhibitions in London, Sydney and Melbourne. Yet their photographs were criticised for fakery and William Hart’s photograph of Sutherland Falls, ‘the world’s highest waterfall’, promoted a quite inaccurate claim.

Charles Evans Hughes's career ran along the fault lines of most of the major political events of his lifetime. Muckraking catapulted him to fame. He governed New York during four key years of the Progressive era as an effective administrator and earnest reformer. He stayed with the Republican Party when the Progressives bolted in 1912. He ran for the presidency in 1916 but missed the prize, albeit by a narrower electoral college margin than any other contender until the very end of the century. He was instrumental in negotiating the international naval disarmament accords of 1921–22, landmarks of progressive internationalism in their day that fell under sharp criticism a decade later. He presided over the U.S. Supreme Court during the key years of the New Deal, though in most histories of the 1930s Court he comes across as something of an also-ran behind its more memorable shapers: Brandeis, Cardozo, Sutherland, Black, even Roberts. Hard to pin to any achievement or distinct idea, slipping in and out of the dramatic movements of his day, he was the kind of man who makes history but easily falls out of the history books.

In early 2005 a Consultative Board presented a report (the Sutherland Report) on the functioning of the WTO and means to improve its efficiency. The author summarizes the Board's key findings and reflects on its main recommendations. The Board discusses sovereignty and globalization in the context of the world trading system. In addition it finds that the WTO needs to reconsider its institutional framework and some concepts underlying the organization. The Board particularly urges the WTO to address the erosion of the most-favoured-nation treatment through the proliferation of the preferential trade agreements. Transparency and civil society, dispute settlement, decision-making, efficiency, and the role of the Director-General and the secretariat are also discussed. The author concludes that the Board focuses on economic consequences of trade liberalization but fails to address the harmful effects of globalization. He agrees with the Board that institutional reform is required, but concludes that it would have been helpful if the Board had offered clearer direction on how to improve the decision-making process.

For a one-dimensional model in which the two-body interactions are long-range and strong, the system almost crystallizes. The harmonic modes of such a lattice were used by Krivnov and Ovchinnikov to compute the ground-state wave function and the dynamical density-density correlations. We review this method, and apply it to the Calogero-Sutherland model, whose density-density correlation functions are exactly known for certain values of the coupling constant. We show numerically that the correlations obtained are quite accurate even if the coupling is not very large. Such comparisons have been made earlier by Forrester. The lattice method is considerably simpler than the ones used to derive the exact results, and yields expressions for the correlations- which are easily plotted. The equal-time correlations can be expanded in inverse powers of coupling; we show that the two leading order terms agree with the exact results which are known for integer values of the coupling. The strength-dependent power law fall-off is typical of a Luttinger liquid.In a general one-dimensional model where the two-body interaction decreases as a power of the relative distance, we argue, following Schulz, that at zero temperature the system behaves as a Luttinger liquid if the power exceeds 1, and as a Wigner crystal if it is less than 1.PACS Nos.: 63.20-e, 71.10Pm

Abstract:We examine the density- and distance-dependent seedling survival of Philenoptera sutherlandii, a common pod-bearing and dehiscent legume (Fabaceae) in Ongoye Forest, South Africa. Short-range ballistic dispersal causes seed to fall beneath the parent tree, where density- or distance-dependent mortality effects are expected to be concentrated. One hundred and eighty marked seedlings were monitored in a 0.5-ha plot containing 30 adults. Our survival data do not support the escape hypothesis. Predation levels declined with increasing seedling density (positive density-dependent survival), but seedling survival after 15 mo was not distance-dependent. Nevertheless, a unimodal (hump-shaped) recruitment curve, typically associated with decreasing seedling density and increasing seedling survival with distance, was observed. In the context of ballistic dispersal, this recruitment curve may indicate a hump-shaped dispersal kernel with predator satiation at high seedling densities near a parent tree. This recruitment curve likely arises because generalized insect seedling predators while attracted to the adult trees also tend to forage farther away. Short dispersal distances, in turn generate the high densities needed to satiate seed and seedling predators. Predator satiation results in long-term survival rates in P. sutherlandii similar to more widely dispersed and less common tree species.

Not long ago Rankin (1990) presented strong evidence in favor of a low altitude (r≈R*) dipole geometry for the site of the core component of pulsar radio emission. Arons (1993) gave evidence that spun up millisecond pulsars must have a substantially dipolar large scale field at low altitute. Electron-positron pair creation at low altitude above the polar caps has long been hypothesized to be an essential ingredient of pulsar radio emission. If so, all observed pulsars must lie in the region ofP−Ṗspace where polar cap acceleration has sufficient vigor to lead to the copious pair production. Yet, to date, allinternally consistenttheories of polar cap pair creation have required hypothesizing a large scale (eg, quadrupole) component of the magnetic field with strength comparable to that of the dipole, in contradiction with the evidence in favor of an apparently dipolar low altitude geometry. The internally consistent theories also violate other observational constraints. The discharge models of Ruderman and Sutherland (1975), Gurevich and Istomin (1985), and Jones (1977, 1978, 1979) all accelerate equal, counterstreaming flows of electrons and positrons, thus putting one half of the particle acceleration energy into high energy particle and photon bombardment of the polar caps. The heating causes pulsed thermal X-ray emission from hot spots in excess of what is seen (Ogelman 1993). While the Arons and Scharlemann (1979) model does not have this problem, since the space charge in the starvation zone above the polar cap is made up almost entirely of the outbound beam, in star centered dipole geometry it dramatically fails to account for pulsar emission over most of theP−Ṗdiagram and predicts radio polarization variations in contradiction to the observations (Narayan and Vivekanand 1982).

Layers of volcanic ash, or tephra form widespread chronostratigraphic marker horizons which are important because of their distinctive characteristics and rapid deposition over large areas. Absolute dating of prehistoric layers effectively depends upon 14C analysis. We focus here on Icelandic tephra layers at both proximal and distal sites and consider three strategies to obtain age estimates: 1) the conventional dating of individual profiles; 2) high-precision multisample techniques or “wiggle-matching” using stratigraphic sequences of peat; and 3) a combination of routine analyses from multiple sites. The first approach is illustrated by the dating of a peat profile in Scotland containing tephra from the ad 1510 eruption of Hekla. This produced a 14C age compatible with ad 1510, independently derived by geochemical correlation with historically dated Icelandic deposits. In addition, the ca. 2100 bp date for the Glen Garry tephra in Scotland, determined by a series of dates on a peat profile in Caithness, is supported by its stratigraphic position within 14C dated profiles in Sutherland, and may be applied over a very large area of Scotland. More precise dates for individual tephras may be produced by “wiggle-matching”, although this approach could be biased by changes in peat-bog stratigraphy close to the position of the tephra fall. As appropriate sites for “wiggle-match” exercises may be found only for a few Icelandic tephras, we also consider the results of a spatial approach to 14C dating tephra layers. We combined dates on peat underlying the same layer at several sites to estimate the age of the tephra: 3826 ± 12 bp for the Hekla-4 tephra and 2879 ± 34 bp for the Hekla-3 tephra. This approach is effective in terms of cost, the need for widespread applicability to Icelandic tephra stratigraphy and the production of ages of a useful resolution. We stress the need for accurate identification of tephra deposits without which the conclusions drawn from subsequent 14C dating will be fundamentally flawed.

Sitor Situmorang, Toba na Sae; Sejarah lembaga sosial politik abad XIII-XX (Johann Angerler) Raul Pertierra, Science, technology, and everyday culture in the Philippines (Greg Bankoff) Françoise Gérard and François Ruf (eds), Agriculture in crisis; People, commodities and natural resources in Indonesia, 1996-2000 (Peter Boomgaard) Kennet Sillander, Acting authoritatively; How authority is expressed through social action among the Bentian of Indonesian Borneo (Aurora Donzelli) Kathleen M. Nadeau, Liberation theology in the Philippines; Faith in a revolution (Gareth Fisher) Roy Ellen, On the edge of the Banda Zone; Past and present in the social organization of a Moluccan trading network (Gregory Forth) Roy Ellen, On the edge of the Banda Zone; Past and present in the social organization of a Moluccan trading network (J.M. Gullick) I.H.N. Evans, Bornean diaries, 1938-1942 (Fiona Harris) S. Margana, Kraton Surakarta dan Yogyakarta 1769-1874 (Mason C. Hoadley) Henry Frei, Guns of February; Ordinary Japanese soldiers’ views of the Malayan campaign and the fall of Singapore 1941-42 (Russell Jones) Gerrit Knaap and Heather Sutherland, Monsoon traders; Ships, skippers and commodities in eighteenth-century Makassar (J. Thomas Lindblad) David W. Fraser and Barbara G. Fraser, Mantles of merit; Chin textiles from Myanmar, India and Bangladesh (Sandra A. Niessen) Kees Snoek, E. du Perron; Het leven van een smalle mens (Frank Okker) Arthur J. Dommen, The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans; Nationalism and communism in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam (Vatthana Pholsena) J.H.M.C. Boelaars and A.C. Blom, Mono Koame; ‘Wij denken ook’ (Anton Ploeg) James J. Fox and Dionisio Babo Soares (eds), Out of the ashes; Destruction and reconstruction of East Timor (Johanna van Reenen) Anke Niehof and Firman Lubis (eds), Two is enough; Family planning in Indonesia under the New Order 1968-1998 (Elisabeth Schröder-Butterfill) Andrew MacIntyre, The power of institutions; Political architecture and governance (Henk Schulte Nordholt) Carol Ireson-Doolittle and Geraldine Moreno-Black, The Lao; Gender, power, and livelihood (Guido Sprenger) David L. Gosling (with a foreword by Ninian Smart), Religion and ecology in India and Southeast Asia (Bryan S. Turner) William C. Clarke, Remembering Papua New Guinea; An eccentric ethnography (Donald Tuzin) Review essay Gerben Nooteboom: Competition, collateral damage, or ‘just accidents’? Three explanations of ethnic violence in Indonesia: - Jacques Bertrand, Nationalism and ethnic conflict in Indonesia - Cristina Eghenter, Bernard Sellato, and G. Simon Devung (eds), Social science research and conservation management in the interior of Borneo; Unravelling past and present interactions of people and forests - Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts (eds), Violent environments - Günther Schlee (ed.), Imagined differences; Hatred and the construction of identity