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Journal articles on the topic 'Sutlej River'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Thakur, P. K., P. R. Dhote, A. Roy, S. P. Aggarwal, B. R. Nikam, V. Garg, A. Chouksey, et al. "SIGNIFICANCE OF REMOTE SENSING BASED PRECIPITATION AND TERRAIN INFORMATION FOR IMPROVED HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION IN PARTS OF HIMALAYAN RIVER BASINS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-911-2020.

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Abstract. The Himalayan region are home to the world’s youngest and largest mountains, and origins of major rivers systems of South Asia. The present work highlight the importance of remote sensing (RS) data based precipitation and terrain products such as digital elevation models, glacier lakes, drainage morphology along with limited ground data for improving the accuracy of hydrological and hydrodynamic (HD) models in various Himalayan river basins such as Upper Ganga, Beas, Sutlej, Teesta, Koshi etc. The satellite based rainfall have mostly shown under prediction in the study area and few places have are also showing over estimation of rainfall. Hydrological modeling results were most accurate for Beas basin, followed by Upper Ganga basin and were least matching for Sutlej basin. Limited ground truth using GNSS measurements showed that digital elevation model (DEM) for carto version 3.1 is most accurate, followed by ALOS-PALSAR 12.5 DEM as compared to other open source DEMs. Major erosion and deposition was found in Rivers Bhagirathi, Alakhnanda, Gori Ganga and Yamuna in Uttarakhand state and Beas and Sutlej Rivers in Himachal Pradesh using pre and post flood DEM datasets. The terrain data and river cross section data showed that river cross sections and water carrying capacity before and after 2013 floods have changed drastically in many river stretches of upper Ganga and parts of Sutlej river basins. The spatio-temporal variation and evolution of glacier lakes was for lakes along with GLOF modeling few lakes of Upper Chenab, Upper Ganga, Upper Teesta and Koshi river basin was done using time series of RS data from Landsat, Sentinel-1 and Google earth images.

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2

Goyal, Manish Kumar, and Manas Khan. "Assessment of spatially explicit annual water-balance model for Sutlej River Basin in eastern Himalayas and Tungabhadra River Basin in peninsular India." Hydrology Research 48, no. 2 (June 4, 2016): 542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.053.

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In this paper, Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) water yield model, based on the Budyko framework which is relatively simple and requires less data, has been applied in Sutlej River Basin, located in the eastern Himalayas and in Tungabhadra River Basin, located in peninsular India. The effect of extrapolation of the lumped Zhang model to distributed model (InVEST) has also been analyzed. We also determined the most suitable method for calculating reference evapotranspiration among three different methods, i.e., modified Hargreaves, normal Hargreaves and Hamon's equation. It was found that modified Hargreaves method is the most suitable one under limited data conditions although in certain stations in Tungabhadra River Basin, this method is not applicable. We also observed that the InVEST model performed well in the Sutlej River Basin although a certain proportion of the basin is snow covered. The results from the study also show that errors in climate inputs will have significant influence on water yield as compared to other parameters, i.e., seasonality constant (Z) and evapotranspiration coefficient (KC). In the case of the crop dominated Tungabhadra River Basin, both seasonality constant (Z) and evapotranspiration coefficient (KC) have comparatively greater sensitivity as compared to the Sutlej River Basin.

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3

Sharma, C., R. Jindal, Uday Bhan Singh, and A. S. Ahluwalia. "Assessment of water quality of river Sutlej, Punjab (India)." Sustainable Water Resources Management 4, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 809–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0173-9.

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4

Chandel, Abhishish, Vijay Shankar, and M. A. Alam. "Experimental investigations for assessing the influence of fly ash on the flow through porous media in Darcy regime." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 5 (February 4, 2021): 1028–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.042.

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Abstract Hydraulic conductivity plays a vital role in the studies encompassing explorations on flow and porous media. The study investigates the compaction characteristics of a river sand (Beas, Sutlej, and Ghaggar rivers) and fly ash mix in different proportions and evaluates four empirical equations for estimating hydraulic conductivity. Experiments show that an increase in the fly ash content results in a decrease in the maximum dry density (MDD) and an increase in the corresponding optimum moisture content (OMC) of sand–fly ash samples. MDD at optimum fly ash content was achieved at low water content, which resulted in less dry unit weight than that of typical conventional fill. In Beas, Sutlej, and Ghaggar sands the optimum fly ash content up to which the hydraulic conductivity value reduced uniformly was found to be 30, 45, and 40%, respectively. Any further increase in the fly ash content results in a negligible decrease in hydraulic conductivity value. The observed hydraulic conductivity of sand–fly ash mix lies in the range of silts, which emboldens the use of sand–fly ash mix as embankment material. Further, the evaluation of empirical equations considered in the study substantiates the efficacy of the Terzaghi equation in estimating the hydraulic conductivity of river sand-fly ash mix.

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5

Santhakumar, Balraj, P. Ramachandran Arun, Ramapurath Kozhummal Sony, Maruthakutti Murugesan, and Chinnasamy Ramesh. "The pattern of bird distribution along the elevation gradient of the Sutlej River basin, western Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 13 (November 26, 2018): 12715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3949.10.13.12715-12725.

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We examined the species richness of birds along the elevation gradient of the Sutlej River basin in Himachal Pradesh in the western Himalaya of India. Birds were sampled at 318 sites categorized into 16 elevation bands ranging from 498 to 3700 m between June 2012 and April 2013. A total of 203 bird species were recorded. Species richness showed a monotonic decline with increasing elevation, with 27% of species recorded within a narrow elevation range. We tested the roles of explanatory variables such as environment (temperature, precipitation, area, & Mid-domain Effect (MDE) richness) and habitat (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI): July, November & March) on the observed distribution pattern. The observed species richness pattern was strongly correlated with temperature, while three other variables—precipitation, area, and MDE richness—contributed negligibly to the observed pattern. The present study indicates that climatic conditions and vegetation are the major contributors for determining species richness along the Sutlej River basin. Thus, a customized approach is crucial for conservation of species in the elevation range.

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6

Singh, Dharmaveer, Rajan D. Gupta, and Sanjay K. Jain. "STUDY OF LONG-TERM TREND IN RIVER DISCHARGE OF SUTLEJ RIVER (N-W HIMALAYAN REGION)." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2014-7-3-50-57.

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7

Singh, Dharmaveer, Rajan D. Gupta, and Sanjay K. Jain. "STUDY OF LONG-TERM TREND IN RIVER DISCHARGE OF SUTLEJ RIVER (N-W HIMALAYAN REGION)." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 7, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2014-7-3-87-96.

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8

Singh, Dharmaveer, Rajan Gupta, and Sanjay Sain. "STUDY OF LONG-TERM TREND IN RIVER DISCHARGE OF SUTLEJ RIVER (N-W HIMALAYAN REGION)." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 7, no. 3 (September 29, 2014): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2071-9388_03v07_2014_05.

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9

Ahluwalia, Rajeev Saran, S. P. Rai, Sanjay K. Jain, Bhishm Kumar, and D. P. Dobhal. "Assessment of snowmelt runoff modelling and isotope analysis: a case study from the western Himalaya, India." Annals of Glaciology 54, no. 62 (2013): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013aog62a133.

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AbstractThe major river systems of India, i.e. the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems originating in the Himalayan region, are considered the lifeline of the Indian subcontinent. The main sources maintaining the flow of the Himalayan rivers are snow/glacial melt runoff, rainfall runoff and base flow. The Beas River originates from Beas Kund Glacier in the Himalayan region and flows down to join the Sutlej River, which is a tributary of the Indus River system. In the present study two approaches, namely hydrologic modelling and isotope analysis, have been applied to estimate the contribution of snow and glacier melt. Samples of streamflow, rainfall and snow for isotopic analysis were collected daily from April to September and weekly from October to March during 2010 and 2011. The isotope analysis of samples reveals that the snow/glacier melt contribution to the Beas River at Manali is 50% of the total flow during these 2 years. Snowmelt runoff modelling has been carried out using the SNOWMOD model, and the snow/glacier melt runoff contribution is calculated to be 52% of the total flow during the same period. These findings indicate that the results obtained from the two approaches are similar.

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10

Bhatti, Muhammad Nawaz, Ghulam Mustafa, and Muhammad Waris. "Challenges to Indus Waters Treaty and Options for Pakistan." Global Regional Review IV, no. IV (December 31, 2019): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iv).27.

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The Indus water treaty was signed on 19th September 1960 by India and Pakistan under the aegis of the World Bank. Bilateral principles regarding water apportionment between both states were ensured by the Treaty. As a result, waters of the eastern rivers; Sutlej, Beas and Ravi, were assigned exclusively to India, while Pakistan received exclusive water rights of the western rivers; the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab but India is allowed to irrigate some specific land in Indian occupied Jammu and Kashmir and to generate hydroelectric power through run-off-the river projects. Following the Uri incident, the Indian government and media are generating ideas to discard the Indus water treaty. This paper focuses on legal and international implications if India attempts to unilaterally revoke the Treaty.

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11

Hussain, Athar, Jatin Kumar Singh, A. R. Senthil Kumar, and Harne K R. "Rainfall-Runoff Modeling of Sutlej River Basin (India) Using Soft Computing Techniques." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 10, no. 2 (April 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2019040101.

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The prediction of the runoff generated within a watershed is an important input in the design and management of water resources projects. Due to the tremendous spatial and temporal variability in precipitation, rainfall-runoff relationship becomes one of the most complex hydrologic phenomena. Under such circumstances, using soft computing approaches have proven to be an efficient tool in modeling of runoff. These models are capable of predicting river runoff values that can be used for hydrologic and hydraulic engineering design and water management purposes. It has been observed that the artificial neural networks (ANN) model performed well compared to other soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic and radial basis function investigated in this study. In addition, comparison of scatter plots indicates that the values of runoff predicted by the ANN model are more precise than those found by RBF or Fuzzy Logic model.

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12

Sharma, P. D., A. K. Goel, and R. S. Minhas. "Water and Sediment Yields into the Sutlej River from the High Himalaya." Mountain Research and Development 11, no. 2 (May 1991): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673569.

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13

Wulf, H., B. Bookhagen, and D. Scherler. "Climatic and geologic controls on suspended sediment flux in the Sutlej River Valley, western Himalaya." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 20, 2012): 2193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2193-2012.

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Abstract. The sediment flux through Himalayan rivers directly impacts water quality and is important for sustaining agriculture as well as maintaining drinking-water and hydropower generation. Despite the recent increase in demand for these resources, little is known about the triggers and sources of extreme sediment flux events, which lower water quality and account for extensive hydropower reservoir filling and turbine abrasion. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal trends in suspended sediment flux based on daily data during the past decade (2001–2009) from four sites along the Sutlej River and from four of its main tributaries. In conjunction with satellite data depicting rainfall and snow cover, air temperature and earthquake records, and field observations, we infer climatic and geologic controls of peak suspended sediment concentration (SSC) events. Our study identifies three key findings: First, peak SSC events (≥ 99th SSC percentile) coincide frequently (57–80%) with heavy rainstorms and account for about 30% of the suspended sediment flux in the semi-arid to arid interior of the orogen. Second, we observe an increase of suspended sediment flux from the Tibetan Plateau to the Himalayan Front at mean annual timescales. This sediment-flux gradient suggests that averaged, modern erosion in the western Himalaya is most pronounced at frontal regions, which are characterized by high monsoonal rainfall and thick soil cover. Third, in seven of eight catchments, we find an anticlockwise hysteresis loop of annual sediment flux variations with respect to river discharge, which appears to be related to enhanced glacial sediment evacuation during late summer. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of unconsolidated sediments in the high-elevation sector that can easily be mobilized by hydrometeorological events and higher glacial-meltwater contributions. In future climate change scenarios, including continuous glacial retreat and more frequent monsoonal rainstorms across the Himalaya, we expect an increase in peak SSC events, which will decrease the water quality and impact hydropower generation.

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14

Wulf, H., B. Bookhagen, and D. Scherler. "Climatic and geologic controls on suspended sediment flux in the Sutlej River Valley, western Himalaya." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2012): 541–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-541-2012.

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Abstract. The sediment flux through Himalayan rivers directly impacts water quality and is important for sustaining agriculture as well as maintaining drinking-water and hydropower generation. Despite the recent increase in demand for these resources, little is known about the triggers and sources of extreme sediment flux events, which lower water quality and account for extensive hydropower reservoir filling and turbine abrasion. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal trends in suspended sediment flux based on daily data during the past decade (2001–2009) from four sites along the Sutlej River and from four of its main tributaries. In conjunction with satellite data depicting rainfall and snow cover, air temperature, earthquake records, and Schmidt hammer rock strength measurements, we infer climatic and geologic controls of peak suspended sediment concentration (SSC) events. Our study identifies three key findings: First, peak SSC events (≥99th SSC percentile) coincide frequently (57–80%) with heavy rainstorms and account for about 30% of the suspended sediment flux in the semi-arid to arid interior of the orogen. Second, we observe an increase of suspended sediment flux from the Tibetan Plateau to the Himalayan front at mean annual timescales. This sediment-flux gradient suggests that averaged, modern erosion in the western Himalaya is most pronounced at frontal regions, which are characterized by high monsoonal rainfall and thick soil cover. Third, in seven of eight catchments we find an anticlockwise hysteresis loop of annual sediment flux, which appears to be related to enhanced glacial sediment evacuation during late summer. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of unconsolidated sediments in the high-elevation sector that can easily be mobilized by hydrometeorological events and higher glacial-meltwater contributions.

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15

Singh, P. K., Ashutosh Kainthola, and T. N. Singh. "Rock mass assessment along the right bank of river Sutlej, Luhri, Himachal Pradesh, India." Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 6, no. 3 (October 2, 2013): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2013.834486.

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16

Jindal, R., and Chetan Sharma. "Studies on water quality of Sutlej River around Ludhiana with reference to physicochemical parameters." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 174, no. 1-4 (May 5, 2010): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1466-8.

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17

Kaur, S., P. Singh, J. S. Bedi, and S. S. Hassan. "Analysis of heavy metals in water, sediment and selected fishes of River Sutlej, Punjab, India." Journal of Environmental Biology 40, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/40/3/mrn-751.

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18

Singh, Amarjit. "Water Pollution due to Discharge of Industrial Effluents in Sutlej River and its Impact on Groundwater." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.30883.

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19

Kaur, N., P. Singh, J. S. Bedi, and A. Gupta. "Studies on persistent organic pollutants residue in water, sediment and fish tissues of river Sutlej, India." Journal of Environmental Biology 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/40/2/mrn-805.

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20

Setia, Raj, Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal, Vinod Kumar, Randhir Singh, Surinder S. Kukal, and Brijendra Pateriya. "Impact assessment of metal contamination in surface water of Sutlej River (India) on human health risks." Environmental Pollution 265 (October 2020): 114907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114907.

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21

Iqbal, Muhammad Javed, M. M. Anwar, Muhammad Nasar U. Minallah, Khalil-Ur Rehman, Noor Hussain Chandio, K. V. Zakharov, Muhammad Mohsin, and Muhammad Zafar Iqbal. "Spatio-Temporal and Physiographical Study of the Abandoned Sutlej River: A Case of Jhangi Wala, Bahawalpur, Pakistan." Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 14 (April 6, 2018): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.18.

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22

Setia, Raj, Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal, Randhir Singh, Vinod Kumar, Sagar Taneja, Surinder S. Kukal, and Brijendra Pateriya. "Phytoavailability and human risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops around Sutlej river, India." Chemosphere 263 (January 2021): 128321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128321.

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23

Singh, Dharmaveer, R. D. Glupta, and Sanjay K. Jain. "Statistical analysis of long term spatial and temporal trends of temperature parameters over Sutlej river basin, India." Journal of Earth System Science 124, no. 1 (February 2015): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-014-0530-0.

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24

Singh, Dharmaveer, Sanjay K. Jain, and R. D. Gupta. "Statistical downscaling and projection of future temperature and precipitation change in middle catchment of Sutlej River Basin, India." Journal of Earth System Science 124, no. 4 (June 2015): 843–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-015-0575-8.

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25

Adeloye, Adebayo, Ibrahim Wuni, Quan Dau, B. S. Soundharajan, and K. Kasiviswanathan. "Height–Area–Storage Functional Models for Evaporation-Loss Inclusion in Reservoir-Planning Analysis." Water 11, no. 7 (July 10, 2019): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071413.

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Reservoir planning without the explicit accommodation of evaporation loss leads to errors in capacity estimates. However, whenever evaporation loss is considered, its quantification uses linear approximations of the intrinsically nonlinear height–area–storage (H–A–S) relationship to estimate the reservoir area, leading to bias in capacity estimates. In this work, biases resulting from using various H–A–S models are evaluated. These models include linear and nonlinear functions, either specifically developed for the case-study sites or available in the Global Reservoir and Dam (GRanD) database. All empirically derived approximations used data for two dams in India: the Bhakra on Sutlej River and the Pong on the Beas River, both tributaries of the Indus River. The results showed that linear H–A–S models underestimate the exposed surface area of the Pong reservoir by up to 11.19%; the bias at Bhakra was much less. The GRanD H–A–S model performed very poorly at both reservoirs, producing overprediction in exposed reservoir area of up to 100% and 415% at the Pong and Bhakra reservoirs, respectively. Analyses also showed that up to 29% increase in reservoir capacity is required to compensate for the effect of net evaporation loss at low demand levels. As demand increases, the required evaporation-correction capacity decreases in proportional terms and is indistinguishable for all H–A–S models. Finally, recommendations are made on using the results for evaporation adjustment at nongauged sites in the region.

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26

Wang, Zhijun, Michael C. Meyer, Luke A. Gliganic, Dirk L. Hoffmann, and Jan-Hendrik May. "Timing of fluvial terrace formation and concomitant travertine deposition in the upper Sutlej River (Tirthapuri, southwestern Tibet) and paleoclimatic implications." Quaternary Science Reviews 169 (August 2017): 357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.06.009.

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27

Kumar, Ravishankar, Sunil Mittal, Sunayana Peechat, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, and Sunil Kumar Sahoo. "Quantification of groundwater–agricultural soil quality and associated health risks in the agri-intensive Sutlej River Basin of Punjab, India." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, no. 12 (June 30, 2020): 4245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00636-w.

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28

Ni, James, and Muawia Barazangi. "Active tectonics of the western tethyan himalaya above the underthrusting indian plate: The upper sutlej river basin as a pull-apart structure." Tectonophysics 112, no. 1-4 (March 1985): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90183-0.

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29

Qadri, Salman, Dost Muhammad Khan, Syed Furqan Qadri, Abdul Razzaq, Nazir Ahmad, Mutiullah Jamil, Ali Nawaz Shah, Syed Shah Muhammad, Khalid Saleem, and Sarfraz Ahmad Awan. "Multisource Data Fusion Framework for Land Use/Land Cover Classification Using Machine Vision." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3515418.

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Data fusion is a powerful tool for the merging of multiple sources of information to produce a better output as compared to individual source. This study describes the data fusion of five land use/cover types, that is, bare land, fertile cultivated land, desert rangeland, green pasture, and Sutlej basin river land derived from remote sensing. A novel framework for multispectral and texture feature based data fusion is designed to identify the land use/land cover data types correctly. Multispectral data is obtained using a multispectral radiometer, while digital camera is used for image dataset. It has been observed that each image contained 229 texture features, while 30 optimized texture features data for each image has been obtained by joining together three features selection techniques, that is, Fisher, Probability of Error plus Average Correlation, and Mutual Information. This 30-optimized-texture-feature dataset is merged with five-spectral-feature dataset to build the fused dataset. A comparison is performed among texture, multispectral, and fused dataset using machine vision classifiers. It has been observed that fused dataset outperformed individually both datasets. The overall accuracy acquired using multilayer perceptron for texture data, multispectral data, and fused data was 96.67%, 97.60%, and 99.60%, respectively.

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Qadri, Salman, Dost Muhammad Khan, Farooq Ahmad, Syed Furqan Qadri, Masroor Ellahi Babar, Muhammad Shahid, Muzammil Ul-Rehman, et al. "A Comparative Study of Land Cover Classification by Using Multispectral and Texture Data." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8797438.

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The main objective of this study is to find out the importance of machine vision approach for the classification of five types of land cover data such as bare land, desert rangeland, green pasture, fertile cultivated land, and Sutlej river land. A novel spectra-statistical framework is designed to classify the subjective land cover data types accurately. Multispectral data of these land covers were acquired by using a handheld device named multispectral radiometer in the form of five spectral bands (blue, green, red, near infrared, and shortwave infrared) while texture data were acquired with a digital camera by the transformation of acquired images into 229 texture features for each image. The most discriminant 30 features of each image were obtained by integrating the three statistical features selection techniques such as Fisher, Probability of Error plus Average Correlation, and Mutual Information (F+ PA + MI). Selected texture data clustering was verified by nonlinear discriminant analysis while linear discriminant analysis approach was applied for multispectral data. For classification, the texture and multispectral data were deployed to artificial neural network (ANN:n-class). By implementing a cross validation method (80-20), we received an accuracy of 91.332% for texture data and 96.40% for multispectral data, respectively.

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31

Ruiz-Villanueva, Virginia, Simon Allen, Manohar Arora, Narendra K. Goel, and Markus Stoffel. "Recent catastrophic landslide lake outburst floods in the Himalayan mountain range." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, no. 1 (September 24, 2016): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133316658614.

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Among the more complex and devastating interactions between climate and hydromorphological processes in mountain environments are landslide lake outburst floods (LLOFs), resulting from mass movements temporarily blocking a drainage system. This work reviews these processes in the Himalayas and highlights the high frequency of this type of phenomenon in the region. In addition, we analyse two recent catastrophic trans-national LLOFs occurring in the Sutlej river basin during 2000 and 2005. Based on high resolution satellite images, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived evolution of snowline elevation and discharge data we reconstruct the timing and hydrometeorological conditions related to the formation and failure of landslide dams. Results showed that the 2005 flood, originating from the outburst of the Parchu Lake, was not related to heavy precipitation, but was likely enhanced by the rapid and late snowmelt of an unusually deep and widespread snowpack. The flood in 2000 was triggered by the outburst of an unnamed lake located on the Tibetan plateau, identified here for the first time. In this case, the outburst followed intense precipitation in the lake watershed, which raised the level of the lake and thus caused the breaching of the dam. As stream gauges were damaged during the events detailed discharge data is not available, but we estimated the peak discharges ranging between 1100 m3 s−1 and 2000 m3 s−1 in 2005, and 1024 m3 s−1 and 1800 m3 s−1 in 2000. These events caused significant geomorphic changes along the river valleys, with observed changes in channel width exceeding 200 m. Results also demonstrate that remotely-sensed data enables valuable large-scale monitoring of lake development and related hydrometeorological conditions, and may thereby inform early warning strategies, and provide a basis for flood risk reduction measures that focus on disaster preparedness and response strategies.

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Thakur, Laxman S. "A Tibetan Inscription by lHa Bla-ma Ye-shes-'od from dKor (sPu) Rediscovered." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 4, no. 3 (November 1994): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300005988.

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dKor and sPu are twin villages, separated by a rivulet, situated on the right bank of the river Sutlej in Kinnaur. A stēle inscription in question was first noticed from dKor by A. H. Francke in 1909, and subsequently by Giuseppe Tucci, in 1933 (Fig. i). Unfortunately neither Francke nor Tucci translated it in extenso. Francke, however, has published its main contents and Tucci relied on Francke's translation. Fragmentary it may be, but it contains invaluable information about the activities of Ye-shes-'od, a well-known monk-king of Western Tibet (formerly of the Gu-ge kingdom). To our knowledge, this seems to be the only Tibetan inscription which can definitely be dated to Ye-shes-'od's times. Fortunately, it mentions a specific date, i.e. the dragon's year (‘brug gi lo). In the year A.D. 1042 his grand-nephew Byang-chub-'od indirectly recalls Ye-shes-'od's deeds in the very first line of an inscription at rTa-pho. Thus it runs: spre'u'i lo la sngon mes byang chub sons dpas/gtsug lag khang ‘di bzhengs … [before, in the monkey year this temple (vihāra) was constructed by the grandfather the bodhisattva]. It is quite clear that the grandfather referred to in the line is none other than Ye-shes-'od. Another inscription also at rTa-pho, belonging to a somewhat later period, again records his name along with Byang-chub-'od and Zhi-ba-'od.

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Žiger, Zdravka, and Andrija Bognar. "Geomorfološka obilježja gornjeg toka rijeke Sutle." Hrvatski geografski glasnik/Croatian Geographical Bulletin 69, no. 01 (September 2007): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2007.69.01.02.

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Ćosić-Flajsig, Gorana, Ivan Vučković, and Barbara Karleuša. "An Innovative Holistic Approach to an E-flow Assessment Model." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 2188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091611.

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River water resources provide a wide range of necessary ecosystem services, including regulating, provisioning, supporting and cultural services. Ecosystem services are linked to an appropriate level of functionality of river water resource processes, which can be connected with river basin environmental objectives. Environmental objectives can be achieved only if appropriate flow and sediment regimes and related river morphology quality are guaranteed. The obligation to define environmental flow (E-flow) in the European Union Water Framework Directive European (WFD) is not explicit, and the implementation of the WFD is more focused on water quality. Considering the specific climatic, hydrographic and hydrological conditions and the definition of E-flow, each EU country has developed procedures for their investigation and determination. In the Republic of Croatia, no methodology has been elaborated, nor is there any legal regulation to define E-flow downstream of a dam or water intake site. This paper presents the significant pressures that have affected the transboundary rural Sutla River basin between Croatia and Slovenia. These pressures can cause changes in the hydrological regime and biological elements of water quality. The holistic approach defines the E-flow for a profile on the Sutla River by linking hydrological, morphological, and ecological characteristics based on the exploration of the Sutla River and its biological communities. The full implementation of a holistic approach and the transition to Level III of the E-flow definition requires the enhancement of exploratory hydrological and biological monitoring that enables the use of habitat modelling. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091611 Full Text: PDF

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Tariq, J., M. Ashraf, and M. Jaffar. "Assessment of pollution status of rivers Jehlum and Sutlej, Pakistan through trace metals in fish, sediment and water." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 43, no. 3-4 (May 1994): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249409358029.

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de Jong, Ingrid, Alejandro Serna, Emiliano Mange, and Luciano Prates. "Mortuary Rituals and the Suttee among Mapuche Chiefdoms of Pampa-Patagonia: The Double Human Burial of Chimpay (Argentina)." Latin American Antiquity 31, no. 4 (December 2020): 838–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2020.66.

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This article discusses a Mapuche Indigenous mortuary context of the nineteenth century from the middle valley of the Negro River in northern Patagonia, Argentina, which is characterized by a double burial of a man and a woman. The use of both archaeological and ethnohistorical data allows us to hypothesize that the burial is of a man with a high status in the political and military hierarchy (cacique or capitanejo) and that the corpse of the woman was one of his wives who was sacrificed so she could accompany the man in his trip to Allhue Mapu, the land of souls. We contextualize this site with existing knowledge about the suttee practice in the Pampas and Norpatagonia during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This case is an example of the burial ritual known as suttee that occurred between the last decades of Indigenous autonomy (1850–1880) and the first decades after the state conquest of their territory (1880–1900).

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Manzoor, Shaista, Harpreet Kaur, and Rahul Singh. "Existence of Microplastic as Pollutant in Harike Wetland: An Analysis of Plastic Composition and First Report on Ramsar Wetland of India." Current World Environment 16, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.1.12.

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Wetlands are ecologically important and productive environments which help in several global processes. Microplastic pollution is an environmental issue of great concern. The studies related to this issue have been reported chiefly on the marine environment whereas freshwater ecosystems especially wetlands are receiving less consideration. Harike wetland is a northern largest wetland of India with area at present of 86km2. It is home to several migratory birds along with being rich in fish diversity. In this study the presence and type of microplastic in surface water of Harike wetland were investigated. Two types of microplastic are found in harike wetland namely nylon (Nylon 6) and high density polyethylene with size ranging from 4mm to 60µm. Results from the FTIR, RAMAN and GC-MS confirmed the presence of microplastic in Harike wetland. Rivers Sutlej and Beas could be a source of sewage input towards Harike wetland thereby being the reason of microplastic contamination in it. This study insights better understanding of microplastic pollution in wetlands giving way towards the threat that microplastic transfer could cause through the food chain and affect other organisms.

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Ćosić-Flajsig, Gorana, Barbara Karleuša, and Matjaž Glavan. "Integrated Water Quality Management Model for the Rural Transboundary River Basin—A Case Study of the Sutla/Sotla River." Water 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182569.

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The intensive use of soil and water resources results in a disbalance between the environmental and economic objectives of the river basin. The water quality management model supports good water status, especially downstream of dams and reservoirs, as in the case of the Sutla/Sotla river basin. This research aims to develop a new, improved integrated water quality management model of rural transboundary basins to achieve environmental objectives and protection of the Natura 2000 sites. The model uses river basin pressure analysis to assess the effects of climate and hydrological extreme impacts, and a programme of basic and supplementary measures. The impact assessment of BASE MODEL, PAST, and FUTURE scenarios was modelled using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) based on land use, climate and hydrological data, climate change, presence or lack of a reservoir, and municipal wastewater and agriculture measures. Eight future climate change scenarios were obtained with optimistic (RCP4.5) and pessimistic (RCP8.5) forecasts for two periods (2020–2050 and 2070–2100), both with and without a reservoir. The model shows that the most significant impacts on the waterbody come from the nutrients and sediment hotspots, also shows the risk of not achieving good water status, and water eutrophication risk. The modelled average annual increase in sediment is from 4 to 25% and in total N from 1 to 8%, while the change in total P is from −5 to 6%. The conducted analysis provides a base for the selection of tailor-made measures from the catalogue of the supplementary measures that will be outlined in future research.

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Najar, Gh Nabi, Akanksha Bhardwaj, and Puneeta Pandey. "A spatio-temporal water quality assessment of the Beas and Sutlej Rivers at the Harike Wetland: A Ramsar site in Punjab, India." Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 22, no. 4 (December 2017): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lre.12193.

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Shah, Hammad Ahmed, Muhammad Sheraz, Afed Ullah Khan, Fayaz Ahmad Khan, Liaqat Ali Shah, Jehanzeb Khan, Ashfaq Khan, and Zahoor Khan. "Surface and Groundwater Pollution: the Invisible, Creeping Threat to Human Health." Civil and Environmental Engineering 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2020-0016.

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AbstractThis study reports pollution source apportionment of surface waters and human health risk assessment based on 18 physicochemical and traces elements from 24 water quality monitoring sites for surface and groundwater around the two trans-boundary rivers of Pakistan: The Ravi and Sutlej. The principal component analysis identified 6 principal components (76.98 % cumulative variance) which are mainly caused by untreated industrial effluents, intense agricultural activities, and irrigation tailwater discharges. For all dissolved trace elements in surface waters, health hazard indices (HI) and hazard quotients (HQ) through ingestion and dermal contact are < 1 except As and Cr through ingestion only (for both adults and children). For adults and children, the HQingestion and HI values for As, Mn, Cu (for children only) and As, Fe, Mn (for children only) are > 1, indicating that As, Mn, Fe, and Cu are the most important pollutants causing chronic risks among the selected trace elements in both shallow and deep groundwater respectively. HQingestion, HQdermal, and HI values are higher for children than that of adults which shows the high susceptibility of children to these dissolved trace elements. The carcinogenic indices for the entire surface water elements exceed 10−6 through dermal and ingestion pathways suggesting carcinogenic health risk to the surrounding community. Hence, to protect human health, wastewater treatment plants and best management practices should be practiced to control point source and nonpoint source pollution respectively in the understudied area.

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Dragun, Zrinka, Damir Kapetanović, Biserka Raspor, and Emin Teskeredžić. "Water Quality of Medium Size Watercourse Under Baseflow Conditions: The Case Study of River Sutla in Croatia." AMBIO 40, no. 4 (January 20, 2011): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0119-z.

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Špoljar, Maria, Tea Tomljanović, Tvrtko Dražina, Jasna Lajtner, Helena Štulec, Daniel Matulić, and Jelena Fressl. "Zooplankton structure in two interconnected ponds: similarities and differences." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 74, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0002.

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Abstract The research of zooplankton diversity, abundance and trophic structure was conducted during the summer period in pelagial zone on the longitudinal profile of the Sutla River Backwater. Investigated site consists of two interconnected basins: transparent Upper Basin with submerged macrophytes and turbid Lower Basin without macrophytes in the littoral zone. In the Upper Basin, abundance and diversity of zooplankton in the pelagial was higher in comparison to the Lower Basin, with prevailing species of genus Keratella as microfilter-feeder, and genera of Polyartha and Trihocerca as macrofilter-feeder rotifers. On the contrary, in the Lower Basin, crustaceans dominated in abundance. Microfilter-feeder cladoceran (Bosmina longirostris) and larval and adult stages of macrofilter-feeder copepod (Macrocyclops albidus) prevailed in the Lower Basin. Fish predation pressure was more pronounced in the pelagial of the Upper Basin, indicated by low cladoceran abundance in the surface layer. Although the studied basins were interconnected, results indicate significant (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05) differences in the zooplankton structure as a potential result of the macrophyte impact on environmental conditions and fish predation pressure.

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Oberti, R., M. Boiocchi, N. A. Ball, and F. C. Hawthorne. "Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite, NaLi2(Fe22+Al2Li)Si8O22F2, a new mineral of the amphibole group from the Sutlug River, Tuva Republic, Russia: description and crystal structure." Mineralogical Magazine 73, no. 3 (June 2009): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2009.073.3.487.

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AbstractFluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite, ideally ANaBLi2C()TSi8O22WF2, is a new mineral of the amphibole group from the Sutlug River, Tuva Republic, Russia. It occurs at the endogenic contact of a Li-pegmatite with country rocks near to a diabase dyke and formed by reaction of the pegmatitic melt with the country rock. Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite occurs as prismatic to acicular crystals, ranging in length from 0.1–3 cm and widths of up to 50 μm. Crystals occur inparallel to sub-parallel aggregates up to 5 mm across ina matrix of calcite and plagioclase feldspar. Crystals are pale bluish-grey with a greyish-white streak.Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite is brittle, has a Mohs hardness of ~6 and a splintery fracture; it is non-fluorescent with perfect {110} cleavage, no observable parting, and has a calculated density of 3.116 g cm–3. In plane-polarized light, it is pleochroic, X = pale purple-grey, Y = light grey, Z = colourless; X ^ a = 71.2º (in β acute), Y || b, Z ^ c = 83.4º (in β obtuse). Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite is biaxial positive, α = 1.642(1), β = 1.644(1), γ = 1.652(1); 2V(obs) = 68.0(3)º, 2V(calc) = 56.4º. Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite is monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 9.3720(4) Å, b = 17.6312(8) Å, c = 5.2732(3) Å, β = 102.247(4)º, V = 851.5(2) Å3, Z = 2. The strongest ten X-ray diffraction lines in the powder patternare (d in Å ,(I),(hkl)): 8.146,(10),(110); 2.686,(9),(151); 3.008,(8),(310); 4.430,(7),(021); 2.485,(6),(02); 3.383,(4),(131); 2.876,(3),(51, 11); 2.199,(3),(12); 4.030,(2),(111) and 3.795,(2),(31). Analysis by a combination of electron microprobe and crystal-structure refinement gives SiO2 59.81, Al2O3 12.66, TiO2 0.09, FeO 10.32, MgO 5.56, MnO 0.73, ZnO 0.17, CaO 0.20, Na2O 2.81, Li2O 4.80, F 2.43, H2Ocalc 1.10, sum = 99.65 wt.%. The formula unit, calculated on the basis of 24(O,OH,F) is A(Na0.68)B(Li1.92Na0.05Ca0.03)C() T(Si7.98Al0.02)O22W(F1.03OH0.97). Crystal-structure refinement shows Li to be completely ordered at the M(3) and M(4) sites. Fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite, ideally ANaBLi2C()TSi8O22WF2, is related to the theoretical end-member ‘sodic-pedrizite’, ANaBLi2C(Mg2Al2Li)TSi8O22W(OH)2, by the substitutions CFe2+ → CMg and WF → W(OH).

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Joshi, Suneel Kumar, Shive Prakash Rai, and Rajiv Sinha. "Understanding groundwater recharge processes in the Sutlej-Yamuna plain in NW India using an isotopic approach." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, December 10, 2020, SP507–2020–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp507-2020-174.

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AbstractThe isotopic composition of water has been widely used to investigate groundwater dynamics and recharge processes. In the present study, we have analysed the isotopic composition of groundwater, and of Sutlej River, Yamuna River, Ghaggar River and canal water from the Sutlej-Yamuna plain in NW India. We document spatial and depth-related variations in δ18O and deuterium excess (d-excess) values of groundwater in three zones based on topography and slope (zones I–III) from NE to SW. In Zone I, precipitation is the main recharge source for groundwater, as indicated by the isotopic values. We infer mixed recharge from precipitation and irrigation return flow in Zone II. Zone III records depleted δ18O and higher d-excess values in most of the groundwater samples, suggesting active recharge from canals. Further, we have calculated the contribution of canal water in groundwater using the hydrograph separation approach and have also quantified the uncertainty in its estimation. We note significant spatial and depth-related variability in the canal water contribution to groundwater recharge. The canal contribution is as high as 83 ± 10% at 18 m below ground level (bgl) in Zone III, and as low as 5 ± 3% at 43 m bgl in Zone II. The present study provides the baseline data on recharge processes in NW India, which is critical for developing sustainable management strategies for groundwater resources in this region.

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Kumar, Jitendra ,. "Assessment of Ichthyofaunal Diversity of River Sutlej in District Ludhiana, Punjab (India)." Journal of Animal Research 10, no. 5 (October 25, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/2277-940x.05.2020.16.

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46

"99/02791 Effect of Ropar thermal power plant on environment samples of Sutlej River." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 40, no. 4 (July 1999): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(99)98560-0.

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47

Setia, Raj, Shaveta Lamba, Shard Chander, Vinod Kumar, Nitin Dhir, Manju Sharma, R. P. Singh, and Brijendra Pateriya. "Hydrochemical evaluation of surface water quality of Sutlej river using multi-indices, multivariate statistics and GIS." Environmental Earth Sciences 80, no. 17 (August 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09875-1.

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48

Chatterjee, Anirban, Jyotiranjan S. Ray, Anil D. Shukla, and Kanchan Pande. "On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (November 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53489-4.

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AbstractThe legendary river Saraswati of Indian mythology has often been hypothesized to be an ancient perennial channel of the seasonal river Ghaggar that flowed through the heartland of the Bronze Age Harappan civilization in north-western India. Despite the discovery of abundant settlements along a major paleo-channel of the Ghaggar, many believed that the Harappans depended solely on monsoonal rains, because no proof existed for the river’s uninterrupted flow during the zenith of the civilization. Here, we present unequivocal evidence for the Ghaggar’s perennial past by studying temporal changes of sediment provenance along a 300 km stretch of the river basin. This is achieved using 40Ar/39Ar ages of detrital muscovite and Sr-Nd isotopic ratios of siliciclastic sediment in fluvial sequences, dated by radiocarbon and luminescence methods. We establish that during 80-20 ka and 9-4.5 ka the river was perennial and was receiving sediments from the Higher and Lesser Himalayas. The latter phase can be attributed to the reactivation of the river by the distributaries of the Sutlej. This revived perennial condition of the Ghaggar, which can be correlated with the Saraswati, likely facilitated development of the early Harappan settlements along its banks. The timing of the eventual decline of the river, which led to the collapse of the civilization, approximately coincides with the commencement of the Meghalayan Stage.

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"Study of Daily Extreme Temperature Indices over Sutlej Basin, N-W Himalayan Region, India." Issue 2 17, no. 2 (April 28, 2015): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001520.

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<div> <p>A detailed analysis of extreme temperature indices for the period of 1970-2005 is conducted over Sutlej river basin located in North-West Himalayan region. For this purpose, daily records of maximum and minimum temperature data were procured from Bhakara Beas Management Board, India for four stations. These stations are installed at varying height from 518m to 976m under different physiographic and climatic conditions. Fourteen extreme indices for temperature as specified by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Climatology (CCL)/Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI) are derived with the aid of RClimDex software.  Linear Regression (LR) method is employed for detecting annual as well as monthly trends in extreme indices of temperature over the period of thirty six years (1970-2005). Large spatial and inter-annual variability in trends of extreme indices is observed. However, a rise in diurnal temperature range is observed for the basin as a whole. This may be attributed to the decrease observed in maximum T<sub>Min</sub> (TXn) and warm nights (TN90p) coupled with the increase in maximum T<sub>Max</sub> (TXx).</p> </div> <p> </p>

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Ahmad, Sajjad, Muhammad Imran, Behzad Murtaza, Natasha, Muhammad Arshad, Rab Nawaz, Abdul Waheed, et al. "Hydrogeochemical and health risk investigation of potentially toxic elements in groundwater along River Sutlej floodplain in Punjab, Pakistan." Environmental Geochemistry and Health, May 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00941-y.

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