Journal articles: 'Svalbard (norway)'

1

Churchill, Robin. "The Disputed Scope of the Svalbard Treaty Offshore: a New Approach to Resolving the Issue." Nordic Journal of International Law 91, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 544–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-91040002.

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Abstract The 1920 Treaty concerning the Archipelago of Spitsbergen confers sovereignty over Svalbard on Norway. It also provides that all parties to the Treaty enjoy equal rights of fishing and mining on Svalbard and in its ‘territorial waters’. Norway and various other States parties to the Svalbard Treaty disagree as to whether the Treaty applies to the continental shelf and Fisheries Protection Zone (fpz) of Svalbard. There has been much discussion as to the merits of each side’s legal position. This article does not contribute further to that discussion. Instead, it examines the three current principal issues where it makes a practical difference whether or not the Treaty applies – oil and gas exploration and exploitation, the catching of snow crab, and Norway’s fisheries jurisdiction in the fpz – and suggests how disputes relating to those issues could be resolved without having to determine whether the Treaty applies to Svalbard’s continental shelf and fpz.

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Pedersen, Torbjørn, and Tore Henriksen. "Svalbard's Maritime Zones: The End of Legal Uncertainty?" International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 24, no. 1 (2009): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180808x353920.

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AbstractThis paper argues that Norway, by fixing the extension of the continental shelf around the Svalbard archipelago according to criteria set by the Law of the Sea Convention, may see an end to some of the legal controversies regarding the maritime zones around Svalbard. The process of determining the outer limits of the continental shelf area adjacent to Svalbard is adduced as supporting the view that Norway is entitled to establish maritime zones around the archipelago, including an exclusive economic zone. It does not settle whether the provisions of the Svalbard Treaty apply to such zones, but is adduced as supporting the view that Norway may exercise coastal state jurisdiction in these areas.

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Grydehøj, Adam, Anne Grydehøj, and Maria Ackrén. "The Globalization of the Arctic: Negotiating Sovereignty and Building Communities in Svalbard, Norway." Island Studies Journal 7, no. 1 (2012): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.264.

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The Arctic archipelago of Svalbard has been under Norwegian sovereignty since 1920 yet remains subject to international law. Until recently, the islands’ only major economic activities were unprofitable Russian and Norwegian funded mining operations aimed at maintaining continuous settlement. Now, however, Norway’s top-down governance of the territory has been complicated by the emergence of economic diversity, multinationalism, and local democracy in the town of Longyearbyen. Simultaneously, China and other states are promoting their Arctic interests by exploiting the preoccupation with Russia that characterizes Norway’s Svalbard policy. By interpreting Svalbard’s local communities through the prism of international relations, this article highlights the practical challenges to creating genuinely international territories.

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Koehl, Jean-Baptiste P., Craig Magee, and Ingrid M. Anell. "Impact of Timanian thrust systems on the late Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the Barents Sea and Svalbard." Solid Earth 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022.

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Abstract. The Svalbard Archipelago consists of three basement terranes that record a complex Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic tectonic history, including four contractional events (Grenvillian, Caledonian, Ellesmerian, and Eurekan) and two episodes of collapse- to rift-related extension (Devonian–Carboniferous and late Cenozoic). Previous studies suggest that these three terranes likely accreted during the early to mid-Paleozoic Caledonian and Ellesmerian orogenies. Yet recent geochronological analyses show that the northwestern and southwestern terranes of Svalbard both record an episode of amphibolite (–eclogite) facies metamorphism in the latest Neoproterozoic, which may relate to the 650–550 Ma Timanian Orogeny identified in northwestern Russia, northern Norway, and the Russian Barents Sea. However, discrete Timanian structures have yet to be identified in Svalbard and the Norwegian Barents Sea. Through analysis of seismic reflection, as well as regional gravimetric and magnetic data, this study demonstrates the presence of continuous thrust systems that are several kilometers thick, NNE-dipping, deeply buried, and extend thousands of kilometers from northwestern Russia to northeastern Norway, the northern Norwegian Barents Sea, and the Svalbard Archipelago. The consistency in orientation and geometry, as well as apparent linkage between these thrust systems and those recognized as part of the Timanian Orogeny in northwestern Russia and Novaya Zemlya, suggests that the mapped structures are likely Timanian. If correct, these findings would imply that Svalbard's three basement terranes and the Barents Sea were accreted onto northern Norway during the Timanian Orogeny and should hence be attached to Baltica and northwestern Russia in future Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic plate tectonics reconstructions. In the Phanerozoic, the study suggests that the interpreted Timanian thrust systems represent major preexisting zones of weakness that were reactivated, folded, and overprinted by (i.e., controlled the formation of new) brittle faults during later tectonic events. These faults are still active at present and can be linked to folding and offset of the seafloor.

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Kujawa, Agnieszka, Magdalena Łącka, Natalia Szymańska, Joanna Pawłowska, Maciej M. Telesiński, and Marek Zajączkowski. "Could Norwegian fjords serve as an analogue for the future of the Svalbard fjords? State and fate of high latitude fjords in the face of progressive “atlantification”." Polar Biology 44, no. 12 (October 18, 2021): 2217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02951-z.

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AbstractBenthic foraminifera are one of the most widely and abundantly distributed organisms in the fjords of Svalbard and Norway. Due to their short life span and quick reactivity to environmental changes they can be used as indicators of the “atlantification” process. Here, we compare the benthic foraminifera assemblages along the latitudinal gradient, from the fjords of northern Svalbard to southern Norway to assess whether the “atlantification” process may homogenise the foraminiferal assemblages in terms of their abundance and species composition. Furthermore, the previously published data on benthic foraminiferal faunas was updated to identify changes in distribution that have occurred over the last few decades. For this purpose, fjord mouths in western and northern Svalbard (Isfjorden, Wijdefjorden and Rijpfjorden) and northern and southern Norway (Balsfjorden, Raunefjorden and Hjeltefjorden) were resampled. The analysis revealed similarities between the Svalbard and Norwegian foraminiferal assemblages of up to 30%; however, there were essential differences in terms of abundance and biodiversity. These results suggest that Svalbard fjords will remain distinct in the future, even under conditions of further warming or “atlantification”. Svalbard fjords may be dominated by Atlantic Water- preferring species, whereas, in Norwegian fjords, pressure from human activity will probably be the main driver of environmental changes, leading to changes in the foraminiferal assemblages with the increasing dominance of opportunistic, hypoxia-tolerant species.

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Kosonen, Timo, and Seppo Huhtinen. "Wood-rotting basidiomycetes of Svalbard (Norway)." Karstenia 48, no. 1 (2008): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29203/ka.2008.425.

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7

Fuglei, Eva, Audun Stien, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Rolf A. Ims, Nina E. Eide, Pål Prestrud, Peter Deplazes, and Antti Oksanen. "Spatial Distribution ofEchinococcus multilocularis, Svalbard, Norway." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, no. 1 (January 2008): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1401.070565.

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8

Kelman, Ilan, Are Kristoffer Sydnes, Patrizia Isabelle Duda, Elena Nikitina, and Christian Webersik. "Norway-Russia disaster diplomacy for Svalbard." Safety Science 130 (October 2020): 104896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104896.

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9

Sollid, Johan Ludvig, and Leif Sørbel. "Rock glaciers in Svalbard and Norway." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 3, no. 3 (July 1992): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.3430030307.

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10

Zaretskaya, Oksana. "The Problem of Spitsbergen on the Pages of the Soviet Press in the Context of the Transformation of Soviet-Norwegian Relations During the Cold War (Based on the Materials of the Newspaper “Pravda”)." ISTORIYA 14, no. 8 (130) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027815-5.

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The article examines the changes in Soviet-Norwegian relations during the Cold War and the reflection in the Soviet press of one of the key issues of interaction between the USSR and Norway. After the Second World War, the strategic importance of the archipelago became obvious, so the USSR is striving to maintain its presence in Svalbard and comply with the provisions of the Svalbard Treaty of 1920, while Norway introduces its own legislation on the archipelago, limiting the rights of the countries signatories of the Svalbard Treaty. The study of the Svalbard problem and its influence on Soviet-Norwegian relations is relevant from the point of view of determining the causes of contradictions in modern Russian-Norwegian relations, changes and continuity in international politics at the present stage.

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11

Roberts, Peder, and Eric Paglia. "Science as national belonging: The construction of Svalbard as a Norwegian space." Social Studies of Science 46, no. 6 (July 7, 2016): 894–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312716639153.

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This article examines how science has been employed to establish, maintain, and contest senses of belonging on Svalbard, an Arctic archipelago administered by Norway since 1925 under an international treaty. Our central argument is that the process of constructing Svalbard as a space belonging to Norway has long been intertwined with the processes of describing and representing the archipelago and that participating in those processes has also permitted other states to articulate their own narratives of belonging – on Svalbard in particular and in the Arctic more generally. We deploy the concept of belonging to capture a sense of legitimate presence and stakeholdership that we do not believe can be adequately captured by narrow concepts of sovereignty. Norway’s historic and current use of science validates (and even naturalizes) its rule over Svalbard. At the same time, other states use science on Svalbard to articulate geopolitical scripts that portray them as stakeholders in an Arctic that is of transregional relevance due to the effects of climate change.

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12

Baudu, Pauline. "Minding the Archipelago: What Svalbard Means to NATO." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 14 (January 6, 2023): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v14.5197.

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Although the opportunity, form and level of NATO’s High North engagement have long been a matter of debate, the renewed invasion of Ukraine by Russia and its strategic implications at the global level have dragged a reunified NATO into the Arctic as a fait accompli. Yet, the Arctic is not one uniform bloc. When pondering its involvement, the Alliance should consider the particulars of each Arctic territory in its area of responsibility. The Svalbard archipelago, under the sovereignty of Norway -the most vocal advocate of NATO’s High North increased presence- is one of the Arctic areas falling under NATO’s responsibility. Global geopolitical trends, combined with Svalbard’s specific points of contention, may exacerbate the risk of conflict affecting the archipelago. This paper argues that NATO should consider the security concerns specific to Svalbard when pondering its High North involvement and highlights two elements that should be factored in the Alliance’s strategic and operational thinking over the archipelago. The first relates to the diverging interpretations of Article 9 of the Svalbard Treaty while the second lies in Svalbard’s vulnerability to gray-zone tactics due to its particular legal and geographical features. Bearing these particulars in mind, the paper provides key recommendations for NATO to adopt a tailored approach to the archipelago.

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13

Inoue, T., S. Kudoh, M. Inoue, M. Uchida, and H. Kanda. "Three lecideoid lichens new to Svalbard, Norway." Polar Science 4, no. 4 (January 2011): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2010.10.001.

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14

Rossi, Christopher R. "Norway's Imperiled Sovereignty Claim over Svalbard's Adjacent Waters." German Law Journal 18, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 1497–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022409.

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The invasive but highly profitable snow crab has made its way into the waters of the High Arctic, precipitating a direct confrontation between the EU and Norway over the interpretation of the 1920 Svalbard Treaty. Norway claims the Treaty does not apply due to its strict interpretation of the Treaty's terms, which pertain only to the archipelago's terra firm and territorial sea. The EU claims the Treaty's equal access and non-discrimination provisions follow the evolution of the international law of the sea, and make the living (and mineral) resources of Svalbard's surrounding continental shelf and waters open to all states parties to the Treaty. The dispute has gone on for decades, but this Article maintains, through a review of Norway's increasingly isolated legal and political stance that time is out of joint for Norway and its long-term appropriative design and strategy to territorialize this area of the High North.

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15

Mazurkiewicz, Mikołaj, Sławomira Gromisz, Joanna Legeżyńska, and Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk. "First records of Lacydonia eliasoni Hartmann-Schröder, 1996 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) in the European Arctic." Polish Polar Research 38, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popore-2017-0011.

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Abstract Lacydonia (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) is a poorly known genus containing 16 species that are sporadically collected in low densities all over the world oceans. During three cruises (in June 2014 in Ullsfjorden, northern Norway, in January 2015 in Kongsfjorden, and in June 2012 in Smeerenburg, Svalbard) nine specimens of Lacydonia eliasoni were found on sandy and muddy sediments at depths from 180 to 350 m. All specimens were incomplete and consisted of 10 to 29 chaetigers. This study presents the first record of the Lacydonia genus in the waters of Svalbard as well as the first record of L. eliasoni in coastal waters off northern Norway. This species has been reported previously in the Skagerrak and Trondheimsfjorden (southern Norway), our findings therefore may indicate a northward extension of its range, possibly due to climate changes.

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Lydersen, Christian, and Kit M. Kovacs. "Walrus Odobenus rosmarus research in Svalbard, Norway, 2000-2010." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 9 (December 15, 2014): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2613.

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Herein we report results from studies on walruses in Svalbard conducted in 2000-2010. Data from newly developed satellite relay data loggers (SRDLs) revealed seasonal differences in habitat use of adult male walruses. During winter, they moved into areas of >90% ice concentration, traveling as far as 600 km from ice-free water. Breeding areas deep into the pack ice were identified based on timing of the occupancy and diving behaviour. When the breeding season was over, walruses with SRDLs that were still transmitting locations returned to the coast, showing high site fidelity to the previous year’s summering area. Haul-out data from the SRDLs provided correction factors for an aerial survey of walruses that covered all known haul-out sites within the Svalbard Archipelago. This survey estimated 2,629 (95 % CI; 2,318 – 2,998) walruses to be in Svalbard during August 2006. Blubber biopsies from adult male walruses analyzed for fatty acids (FAs) showed vertical stratification similar to that observed in many other marine mammals. However, differences between layers were less pronounced, possibly because the thick dermis of walruses provides an insulating shield, affecting the FA composition of the outer blubber. The FA composition of the inner blubber most closely resembled the lipids in Mya truncata and Buccinum spp., which are considered the most important walrus prey in Svalbard. A study investigating the use of skin biopsies for assessing levels of organochlorines (OCs) in walruses found a significant relationship between OC levels in skin and blubber. Another contaminant study found a significant decrease in levels of PCBs and DDE in walruses in Svalbard from 1993 to 2002-04. Large inter-individual variation in OC levels was found, although all of the study animals were adult males from roughly the same location. In FA analyses of the inner blubber this variation appeared to be diet-related, with high OC levels having FA compositions in the inner blubber that closely matched seal tissues, while those with low levels matched typical invertebrate prey. Various enzymes, proteins, metabolites, minerals, and hormones were measured in blood samples to serve as baseline data for future health-related studies of both wild and captive walruses. Historical sex-distribution of walruses in southern Svalbard was investigated based on mandible measurements of individuals hunted during the 19th century.The analyses showed that female walruses were once more common in south-eastern Svalbard than they are today.

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Nilsen, Lennart, and Arve Elvebakk. "Vegetation of exposed calcareous ridges in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway." Phytocoenologia 44, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2014): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2013/0043-0470.

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Bentzen, Jan, and Valdemar Smith. "Are Tax-Free Wine Prices Attractive for Consumers? Empirical Evidence from Norway." International Business Research 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n7p130.

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Wine is highly taxed in Norway, but there is a Norwegian island, Svalbard, with no taxes at all. For the purpose of comparing wine prices, with a focus on tax-free prices, we have collected a data set with identical wines from the two parts of Norway. At the retail level wines are only sold at state monopoly shops in mainland Norway and information from these allows a calculation of the before-tax prices in the country. The prices at the tax-free shop on Svalbard are significantly higher than the pre-tax prices and thus some monopoly price setting is taking place in the tax-free shop. Like in the present case duty-free shops often attract consumers with ‘tax-free’ prices, but some surplus is still extracted from the customers due to a monopoly behavior.

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19

Millikin, Alexie E. G., Justin V. Strauss, Galen P. Halverson, Kristin D. Bergmann, Nicholas J. Tosca, and Alan D. Rooney. "Calibrating the Russøya excursion in Svalbard, Norway, and implications for Neoproterozoic chronology." Geology 50, no. 4 (February 25, 2022): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49593.1.

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Abstract The Tonian–Ediacaran Hecla Hoek succession of Svalbard, Norway, represents one of the most complete and well-preserved Neoproterozoic sedimentary successions worldwide. With diverse fossil assemblages, an extensive carbonate δ13C record, and sedimentary evidence for two distinct Cryogenian glaciations, this succession will continue to yield insights into the Neoproterozoic Earth system; however, at present there are no direct radiometric age constraints for these strata. We present two new Re-Os ages and initial Os isotope data that constrain the timing of Neoproterozoic glaciation in Svalbard, providing further support for two globally synchronous Cryogenian glaciations and insight into pre- and post-snowball global weathering conditions. An age from the Russøya Member (Elbobreen Formation) facilitates correlation of the negative carbon isotope excursion recorded therein with the pre-glacial “Islay” excursion of the Callison Lake Formation of northwestern Canada and the Didikama and Matheos Formations of Ethiopia. We propose that this globally synchronous ca. 735 Ma carbon isotope excursion be referred to as the Russøya excursion with northeastern Svalbard as the type locality. This new age provides an opportunity to construct a time-calibrated geological framework in Svalbard to assess connections between biogeochemical cycling, evolutionary innovations within the eukaryotes, and the most extreme climatic changes in Earth history.

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20

Chen, Y. C., B. Hamre, Ø. Frette, S. Blindheim, K. Stebel, P. Sobolewski, C. Toledano, and J. J. Stamnes. "Aerosol optical properties in Northern Norway and Svalbard." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 6 (December 13, 2013): 10761–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-10761-2013.

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Abstract. We present comparisons between estimates of the aerosol optical thickness and the Ångström exponent in Northern Norway and Svalbard based on data from AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) stations at Andenes (69.28° N, 16.01° E, 379 m altitude) and Hornsund (77.00° N, 15.56° E, 10 m altitude) for the period 2008–2011. The four-year annual mean values for the aerosol optical thickness at 500 nm τ(500) at Andenes and Hornsund both were 0.10. At Hornsund, there was less variation of the monthly mean value of τ(500) than at Andenes. The annual mean values of the Ångström exponent α at Andenes and Hornsund were 1.25 and 1.37, respectively. At Andenes and Hornsund α was found to be larger than 1.1 in 64% and 86% of the observations, respectively, indicating that fine-mode particles were dominating at both sites. Both sites had a similar seasonal variation of the aerosol size distribution although one site is in an arctic area while the other site is in a sub-arctic area.

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Lepvrier, C., F. Leparmentier, and R. Seland. "Upper Palaeozoic faulting regimes in Bjornoya (Svalbard, Norway)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France V, no. 2 (March 1, 1989): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.v.2.411.

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22

Mørk, Torill, Jon Bohlin, Eva Fuglei, Kjetil Åsbakk, and Morten Tryland. "RABIES IN THE ARCTIC FOX POPULATION, SVALBARD, NORWAY." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 47, no. 4 (October 2011): 945–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-47.4.945.

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23

Albaric, Julie, Daniela Kühn, Matthias Ohrnberger, Nadège Langet, Dave Harris, Ulrich Polom, Isabelle Lecomte, and Gregor Hillers. "Seismic Monitoring of Permafrost in Svalbard, Arctic Norway." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 5 (July 7, 2021): 2891–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200470.

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Abstract We analyze data from passive and active seismic experiments conducted in the Adventdalen valley of Svalbard in the Norwegian Arctic. Our objective is to characterize the ambient wavefield of the region and to investigate permafrost dynamics through estimates of seismic velocity variations. We are motivated by a need for early geophysical detection of potentially hazardous changes to permafrost stability. We draw upon several data sources to constrain various aspects of seismic wave propagation in Adventdalen. We use f-k analysis of five years of continuous data from the Spitsbergen seismic array (SPITS) to demonstrate that ambient seismic noise on Svalbard consists of continuously present body waves and intermittent surface waves appearing at regular intervals. A change in wavefield direction accompanies the sudden onset of surface waves when the average temperature rises above the freezing point, suggesting a cryogenic origin. This hypothesis is supported further by our analysis of records from a temporary broadband network, which indicates that the background wavefield is dominated by icequakes. Synthetic Green’s functions calculated from a 3D velocity model match well with empirical Green’s functions constructed from the recorded ambient seismic noise. We use a shallow shear-wave velocity model, obtained from active seismic measurements, to estimate the maximum depth of Rayleigh wave sensitivity to changes in shear velocity to be in the 50–100 m range. We extract seasonal variations in seismic velocities from ambient noise cross-correlation functions computed over three years of SPITS data. We attribute relative velocity variations to changes in the ice content of the shallow (2–4 m depth) permafrost, which is sensitive to seasonal temperature changes. A linear decreasing trend in seismic velocity is observed over the years, most likely due to permafrost warming.

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Chen, Yi-Chun, Børge Hamre, Øyvind Frette, Dennis Muyimbwa, Sandra Blindheim, Kerstin Stebel, Piotr Sobolewski, Carlos Toledano, and Jakob J. Stamnes. "Aerosol optical properties in Northern Norway and Svalbard." Applied Optics 55, no. 4 (January 21, 2016): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.000660.

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Nakrem, H. A., I. Nilsson, and G. Mangerud. "PERMIAN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF SVALBARD (ARCTIC NORWAY)—A REVIEW." International Geology Review 34, no. 9 (September 1992): 933–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819209465645.

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Hallanger, Ingeborg G., Kjetil Sagerup, Anita Evenset, Kit M. Kovacs, Pim Leonards, Eva Fuglei, Heli Routti, et al. "Organophosphorous flame retardants in biota from Svalbard, Norway." Marine Pollution Bulletin 101, no. 1 (December 2015): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.049.

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27

Derocher, Andrew E. "Population ecology of polar bears at Svalbard, Norway." Population Ecology 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-005-0231-2.

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Birks, Hilary H., Aage Paus, J. I. Svenndse, Torbjørn Alm, J. Mangerud, and J. Y. Landvik. "Late Weichselian environmental change in Norway, including Svalbard." Journal of Quaternary Science 9, no. 2 (June 1994): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3390090207.

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Haitas, Daniel, and Kitti Antal. "A Brit-szigetek és az Arktisz." Pro Futuro 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26521/profuturo/2022/2/12431.

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The article explores certain past and present aspects of Britain’s engagement with the Arctic. More specifically, it looks at English and Scottish connections with the area of Spitsbergen (present-day Svalbard, Norway), focusing on exploration and whaling, as well as competition with European powers. Certain legal issues that subsequently arose over the course of time regarding the area are also looked at. Additionally, it examines modern tensions surrounding Svalbard, between the European Union and Norway in the aftermath of Brexit, specifically due to the allocation of fishing quotas. This illustrates the impact that Brexit has had in various different areas. The study also deals with the United Kingdom’s present engagement with the Artic, including Scotland’s attempt at formulating an independent Arctic policy.

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Jensen, Arne J., Sten Karlsson, Peder Fiske, Lars Petter Hansen, Gunnel M. Østborg, and Kjetil Hindar. "Origin and life history of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) near their northernmost oceanic limit." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 11 (November 2014): 1740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0169.

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138 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) captured in the Advent Fjord off Svalbard were genetically assigned to two main clusters of European salmon. Two-thirds were assigned to salmon rivers in Finnmark (the northernmost county in Norway) and the rest to salmon rivers further south in Norway. The genetic assignment was based on genetic profiles from 60 Norwegian rivers. The two clusters correspond to two larger genetic groupings: the Barents–White seas and Atlantic groupings. Thus, we cannot rule out other populations from these groupings as sources of Atlantic salmon at Svalbard. Svalbard salmon assigned to the two genetic groupings differed in ecological and phenological traits, with highest smolt age and lowest postsmolt growth in the Finnmark salmon cluster. High smolt ages in both groups, however, suggest a northern origin of most individuals in the sample. Although Atlantic salmon have sporadically been observed in the Arctic Ocean at earlier times, the high abundance outlined here seems to be a recent phenomenon, suggesting a northward penetration caused by climate change.

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Alsos, Inger Greve, Sigmund Spjelkavik, and Torstein Engelskjøn. "Seed bank size and composition of Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Campanula rotundifolia habitats in Svalbard and northern Norway." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-018.

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The rare thermophilous species in the arctic archipelago of Svalbard are probably relicts from previous warmer periods and may be unable to reproduce sexually under the present climatic conditions. Germination of seeds, seed banks, and vegetative sprouts were studied in one Betula nana L., one Vaccinium uliginosum L., and two Campanula rotundifolia L. habitats in Svalbard. For comparison, one islet and three alpine habitats in northern Norway were studied. In each habitat, 50 soil cores (9.6 cm2) were collected and placed in a phytotron for germination tests. In Svalbard, no germinable seeds or seed bank of the three species were observed, whereas vegetative sprout densities were 83, 1060, and 211060/m2 for B. nana, V. uliginosum, and C. rotundifolia, respectively. In northern Norway, germination percentages of the collected seeds were 59, 1027, and 1540%, seed bank densities of seedlings 212765, 21187, and 21374/m2, and vegetative sprouts densities 94206, 56674, and 94711/m2 for B. nana, V. uliginosum, and C. rotundifolia, respectively. Less thermophilous plant species produced germinable seeds in Svalbard, as 12475405 seedlings/m2 of 26 species germinated from the soil cores. In comparison, 53229626 seedlings/m2 of 43 species germinated in soil cores from the alpine habitats and 3534 seedlings/m2 of 26 species from the islet habitat. The results suggest that the most thermophilous species in Svalbard rarely produce germinable seeds under the present climatic conditions.Key words: arcticalpine, Betula nana, Campanula rotundifolia, seed bank, sexual reproduction, thermophily, Vaccinium uliginosum.

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32

Jensen, Øystein. "The Svalbard Treaty and Norwegian Sovereignty." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 11 (2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v11.2348.

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A hundred years ago on 9 February 2020, the Svalbard Treaty was adopted in Paris, granting Norway her long-standing ambition: full and absolute sovereignty over the Svalbard archipelago. After a brief review of the negotiations that preceded the Paris decision, this article examines the main elements of the Treaty: Norwegian sovereignty, the principle of non-discrimination and the terra nullius rights of other states, peaceful utilization, scientific research and environmental protection. Focus then shifts to Norway’s policy towards Svalbard and the implementation of the Treaty’s provisions: what have been the main lines of Norwegian Svalbard politics; what administrative structures have evolved; to what extent has Norwegian legislation been made applicable to Svalbard? Importantly, the article also addresses how widespread changes in international law that have taken place since 1920, particularly developments concerning the law of the sea, have brought to the forefront controversial issues concerning the geographic scope of the Treaty’s application.

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33

Reimers, E. "Antlerless females among reindeer and caribou." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-182.

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The frequency of occurrence of female reindeer and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) without antlers was recorded in the field in southern Norway, Svalbard, Iceland, eastern and western Greenland, and Newfoundland. Additional data were retrieved from the literature. The study showed that antlerless Rangifer females occur throughout their habitat, though they are generally more common among woodland populations than among tundra or alpine populations. Antlerless males are extremely rare. Within subspecies, the frequency of occurrence of antlerless females varies with geographical location: 5 – 47% in Svalbard reindeer, 21 – 79% in western Greenland caribou, and 12 – 92% in Newfoundland woodland caribou. Within the same population the frequency has changed over time, as at Snøhetta and Hardangervidda in southern Norway and possibly also in Newfoundland (the Interior herd). Among tundra reindeer in southern Norway there appears to be a relationship between habitat quality, body size or physical condition, and antler status. Antlerless females are few or absent in populations in prime physical condition and common in populations with animals in poor condition.

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34

Leyda, Julia, and Sara Brinch. "Anthropocene slow TV: Temporalities of extinction in Svalbard." Journal of Scandinavian Cinema 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jsca_00033_1.

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In Norway, slow television, an internationally popular format that approaches Nordic noir in export value, has been primarily concerned with entertaining viewers by showing Norwegians (and interested outsiders) their own country. The January 2020 NRK release of its slow TV programme Svalbard minutt for minutt (Svalbard Minute by Minute) focuses on this Arctic region, juxtaposing striking images of its native fauna with the remarkably well-preserved ecological crime scenes of its Anthropocene pasts. Svalbard Minute by Minute constitutes a daring mash-up of nation-branding nature programme and extractivist history documentary, via both non-fiction modes of place and process views, in which the two strains reinforce one another to pose difficult questions about the future for viewing audiences.

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35

Molenaar, E. J. "Fisheries Regulation in the Maritime Zones of Svalbard." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 1 (2012): 3–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180812x610541.

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Abstract The main focus of this article is the regulation of fishing in the maritime zones of Svalbard in light of both the Spitsbergen Treaty and the international law of the sea. It examines the legal positions of Norway, other states and the European Commission/European Union on, inter alia, the spatial scope of the Spitsbergen Treaty and complements this with analyses of relevant (sub-)regional and bilateral fisheries instruments and Norwegian legislation. These analyses illustrate, inter alia, that the practice of many states and entities involved seeks to reconcile legal positions on the spatial scope of the Spitsbergen Treaty with a raft of other interests. The conclusions also devote attention to possible pathways to resolve diverging positions, as well as to the potential for Norway to address the issue of unregulated fisheries in the context of the rapid pace of climate change in the Arctic.

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Singh, Shiv M., Lal S. Yadav, Paras N. Singh, Rahul Hepat, Rahul Sharma, and Sanjay K. Singh. "Arthrinium rasikravindrii sp. nov. from Svalbard, Norway." Mycotaxon 122, no. 1 (March 4, 2013): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/122.449.

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37

Larsen, Thor. "Polar Bear Denning and Cub Production in Svalbard, Norway." Journal of Wildlife Management 49, no. 2 (April 1985): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801524.

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38

Glud, RN, O. Holby, F. Hoffmann, and DE Canfield. "Benthic mineralization and exchange in Arctic sediments (Svalbard, Norway)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 173 (1998): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps173237.

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39

Fuglei, Eva, Nils Are Øritsland, and Pål Prestrud. "Local variation in arctic fox abundance on Svalbard, Norway." Polar Biology 26, no. 2 (December 17, 2002): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-002-0458-8.

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40

Mazarovich, A. O., A. S. Abramova, K. O. Dobrolyubova, Yu A. Zaraiskaya, E. A. Moroz, and S. Yu Sokolov. "LANDSIDE HAZARD ON THE NORWEGIAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN." Bulletin of Kamchatka Regional Association «Educational-Scientific Center». Earth Sciences, no. 1(61) (2024): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2024-1-61-42-56.

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Numerous landslides are located on the passive margin of Norway. According to the landslides number and the extent of their detachment zones, the margin can be divided into three segments (from south to north) — Scandinavian, Barents Sea and Svalbard. The fourth segment (Arctic) is the transition area located north of the Spitsbergen archipelago. In the Scandinavian segment, about forty large submarine landslide bodies have been identified on the continental slope and deeper. The Barents Sea segment is dominated by deep-sea fan deposits and relatively small landslides. No large landslides were found in the Svalbard segment. Analysis of published and original geological and geophysical data indicates that the formation of new landslides may occur in the Svalbard segment, as well as on the Vestnesa Ridge.

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Casey, K. A. "Supraglacial dust and debris: geochemical compositions from glaciers in Svalbard, southern Norway, Nepal and New Zealand." Earth System Science Data Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 107–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-5-107-2012.

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Abstract. Alpine glacier samples were collected in four contrasting regions to measure supraglacial dust and debris geochemical composition and quantify regional variability. A total of 70 surface glacier ice, snow and debris samples were collected in Svalbard, southern Norway, Nepal and New Zealand. Trace elemental abundances in snow and ice samples were measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Supraglacial debris mineral, bulk oxide and trace element composition were determined via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). A total of 45 major, trace and rare earth elements and 10 oxide compound abundances are reported. Elemental abundances revealed sea salt aerosol and metal enrichment in Svalbard, low levels of crustal dust and marine influences to southern Norway, high crustal dust and anthropogenic enrichment in the Khumbu Himalayas, and sulfur and metals attributed to quiescent degassing and volcanic activity in northern New Zealand. Rare earth element and Al/Ti elemental ratios demonstrated distinct provenance of particulates in each study region. Ca/S elemental ratio data showed seasonal denudation in Svalbard and southern Norway. Ablation season atmospheric particulate transport trajectories were mapped in each of the study regions and suggest provenance pathways. The in situ data presented provides first-order glacier surface geochemical variability as measured in the four diverse alpine glacier regions. The surface glacier geochemical data set is available from the PANGAEA database at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.773951. This geochemical surface glacier data is relevant to glaciologic ablation rate understanding as well as satellite atmospheric and land-surface mapping techniques currently in development.

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Viken, Arvid, and Frigg Jørgensen. "Tourism on Svalbard." Polar Record 34, no. 189 (April 1998): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400015266.

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AbstractThis article gives an overview of tourism on Svalbard. Tourism to this archipelago, which is under the jurisdiction of Norway, started more than 100 years ago. As a modern industry, however, the end of 1980s can be seen as the starting period. Since 1990, tourism development has been given priority by the Norwegian government, and there has been a significant increase both in commercial activities and in the number of tourists. Early and recent tourism developments are presented. In 1996 tourism accounted for almost 200 jobs, 48,000 commercial overnights, around 12,000 airborne tourists, and between 15,000 and 20,000 cruise-ship passengers. The article then describes the most frequent types of tourists, and discusses tourism's impact on the environment. So far, tourism has not produced many documented problems on biota and heritage. Tourism regulation on Svalbard is also described, showing a multitude of means and arrangements, including a proactive self-regulation by the tourism industry. The future challenges, particularly the questions connected to the limits of volume, are discussed. There is a broad understanding of the need of an active policy from the authorities to cope with these questions. The article concludes by referring to the increased emphasis on environmental questions in the Norwegian politics concerning Svalbard, which probably also indicates a willingness to intervene with tourism development.

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Suprun, M. N. "Svalbard in the Strategy of the Great Powers During the Second World War (1939– 1945)." Modern History of Russia 13, no. 1 (2023): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.101.

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The article deals with the place of Svalbard in the strategy of opposing coalitions during the Second World War in the various stages of the war. Since 1939 until the Tehran Conference, the main strategy of the Anti-Hitler Coalition had been the British strategy of “tightening the ring”. Therefore, the Arctic in the frame of this strategy was considered to be an important segment of the “ring”, and Svalbard — as the ice shore of the “channel” through which the route of the northern convoys ran, and the main battles of the war at sea took place. With the adoption of the new coalition strategy of “direct action” in 1943, the role of Svalbard changed accordingly. In the global warfare strategy, this role became auxiliary. At the same time, as the war was nearing its end, the archipelago obtained a special significance in the national defense doctrines of the circumpolar states as well as in the post-war world order, in particular, in the Soviet doctrine of “creating a belt of friendly states” and in the Norwegian strategy of “building bridges”. In accordance with the changes in the main coalition strategy and national doctrines of the Arctic states, the article examines military operations in the archipelago as well as the policy of these states towards Svalbard at the end of war. In this regard, it is noted that during those military operations not only the liberation of the Norwegian territory was accomplished but also a direct military cooperation between Norway and the USSR. On the basis of the recently declassified documents, the author examines the role of Svalbard in the constructing of the post-war Europe, in particular, in solving the so called “Polish question”, in abandoning operation “Unthinkable”, and in establishing a zone of “limited forms and purposes for military activity” in Northern Norway bordering the USSR.

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44

Juliussen, H., H. H. Christiansen, G. S. Strand, S. Iversen, K. Midttømme, and J. S. Rønning. "NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database – a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy." Earth System Science Data Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 23, 2010): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-3-27-2010.

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Abstract. NORPERM – The Norwegian Permafrost Database was developed at the Geological Survey of Norway during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2009 as the main data legacy of the IPY research project Permafrost Observatory Project: A Contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost in Norway and Svalbard (TSP NORWAY). This paper describes the structural and technical design of NORPERM. NORPERM follows the IPY data policy of open, free, full and timely release of IPY data, and the borehole metadata description follows the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) standard. The ground temperature data infrastructure in Norway and Svalbard is also presented, focussing on the TSP NORWAY permafrost observatory installations in the North Scandinavian Permafrost Observatory and Nordenskiöld Land Permafrost Observatory, as the data providers for NORPERM. Further developments of the database, possibly towards a regional database for the Nordic area, are also discussed. The purpose of NORPERM is to store ground temperature data safely and in a standard format for use in future research. NORPERM stores temperature time series from various depths in boreholes and from the air, snow cover, ground-surface or upper ground layer recorded by miniature temperature data-loggers, and temperature profiles with depth in boreholes obtained by occasional manual logging. It contains all the temperature data from the TSP NORWAY research project, totalling 32 boreholes and 98 sites with miniature temperature data-loggers for continuous monitoring of micrometeorological conditions, and 6 temperature depth profiles obtained by manual borehole logging. The amount of data in the database will gradually increase as data from older, previous projects are added. NORPERM also provides links to near real-time permafrost temperatures obtained by GSM data transfer.

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Høyer, Georg, Odd Nilssen, Tormod Brenn, and Helge Schirmer. "Norwegians and cheap alcohol: Consumption in a low price area." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 11, no. 3 (June 1994): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259401100309.

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Although the archipelago of Svalbard is a part of Norway (situated 78 degrees north), the area is subject to a different alcohol policy than on the Norwegian mainland. In Svalbard, the prices of alcohol are low (in comparison to those on the mainland): however, personal quotas are in force in order to control sales. This study compares the level of alcohol consumption on Svalbard and on the Norwegian mainland. The comparison is based on self-reports of alcohol consumption. In Svalbard all of the residents eighteen years or older were screened by a self-administered questionnaire: alcohol consumption was recorded as an intake of alcohol measured in units during the last week before filling in the questionnaire. On the mainland, the recording was carried out through personal interviews in which respondents were asked about the frequency of alcohol intake and the average amount of intake for each episode in representative periods. The results showed that men in Svalbard consumed 1.7 times more alcohol then the men consumed on the mainland: women, 1.4 times more. The increased level of alcohol consumption can primarily be explained by the lower prices of alcohol in Svalbard. Thus this study strongly confirms the results of other studies which stress the impact of prices on the levels of alcohol consumption.

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46

Joergensen, Morten. "First photographed observation of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Svalbard." Polar Record 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406236064.

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The first photographed observation of the harbour porpoise in Svalbard is reported. The harbour porpoise is not normally found in the high Arctic as it is a temperate and sub Arctic species, the nearest frequent location for the species being the north coast of Norway.

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Vader, Wim, and Anne Helene Solberg Tandberg. "Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species." Fauna norvegica 39 (February 28, 2019): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873.

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Thirteen species in the amphipod family Gammaridae have been reported from Norway. This paper gives a survey of the distribution and habitat of all 13 species of the family Gammaridae occurring or expected to occur in Norwegian waters: both marine, brackish and fresh, including Svalbard, in addition to four species found in close neighbouring waters. It also provides a short history of the study of Gammaridae in Norway, as well as an illustrated identification key to all species in the area.

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48

Nymo, Ingebjørg H., Ursula Siebert, Christine Baechlein, Alexander Postel, Eva M. Breines, Christian Lydersen, Kit M. Kovacs, and Morten Tryland. "Pathogen Exposure in White Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Svalbard, Norway." Pathogens 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010058.

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The Svalbard white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) population is one of the smallest in the world, making it particularly vulnerable to challenges such as climate change and pathogens. In this study, serum samples from live captured (2001–2016) white whales from this region were investigated for influenza A virus (IAV) antibodies (Abs) (n = 27) and RNA (n = 25); morbillivirus (MV) Abs (n = 3) and RNA (n = 25); Brucella spp. Abs; and Toxoplasma gondii Abs (n = 27). IAV Abs were found in a single adult male that was captured in Van Mijenfjorden in 2001, although no IAV RNA was detected. Brucella spp. Abs were found in 59 % of the sample group (16/27). All MV and T. gondii results were negative. The results show that Svalbard white whales have been exposed to IAV and Brucella spp., although evidence of disease is lacking. However, dramatic changes in climate and marine ecosystems are taking place in the Arctic, so surveillance of health parameters, including pathogens, is critical for tracking changes in the status of this vulnerable population.

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Øvstedal, D., T. Tønsberg, and A. Elvebakk. "The lichen flora of Svalbard." Sommerfeltia 33, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 3–393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10208-011-0013-5.

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The lichen flora of Svalbard742 species, including 151 reported for the first time, are treated from Svalbard (exclusive of Bjørnøya). New to science are: Bryocaulon hyperborea Øvstedal (also known from Greenland), Buellia insularis Øvstedal, Lepraria svalbardensis Tønsberg, Placynthium pulvinatum Øvstedal (also recorded from mainland Norway), Rhizocarpon dahlii Øvstedal, R. tephromelae Øvstedal, and Tephromela lucifuga Øvstedal & Tønsberg. New combinations are: Aspicilia major (Lynge) Øvstedal, Aspicilia punctiformis (Lynge) Øvstedal, Cetraria racemosa (Lynge) Øvstedal, Miriquidica picea (Lynge) Øvstedal, and Stereocaulon compactum (I. M. Lamb) Øvstedal. Information on morphology, anatomy, chemistry, substrate preferences and distribution is included for all taxa. Keys to genera and species are provided. Separate keys are provided for sorediate species on rock and on soil/bryophytes. 6 % of the species are defined as cosmopolitan. More than one third has a bipolar distribution, whereas about 60 % are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere, 52 species are high-arctic and lacking from Fennoscandia, and 12 species are at present known as Svalbard endemics.

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50

Juliussen, H., H. H. Christiansen, G. S. Strand, S. Iversen, K. Midttømme, and J. S. Rønning. "NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database – a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy." Earth System Science Data 2, no. 2 (October 8, 2010): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-235-2010.

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Abstract. NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database, was developed at the Geological Survey of Norway during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2009 as the main data legacy of the IPY research project Permafrost Observatory Project: A Contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost in Norway and Svalbard (TSP NORWAY). Its structural and technical design is described in this paper along with the ground temperature data infrastructure in Norway and Svalbard, focussing on the TSP NORWAY permafrost observatory installations in the North Scandinavian Permafrost Observatory and Nordenskiöld Land Permafrost Observatory, being the primary data providers of NORPERM. Further developments of the database, possibly towards a regional database for the Nordic area, are also discussed. The purpose of NORPERM is to store ground temperature data safely and in a standard format for use in future research. The IPY data policy of open, free, full and timely release of IPY data is followed, and the borehole metadata description follows the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) standard. NORPERM is purely a temperature database, and the data is stored in a relation database management system and made publically available online through a map-based graphical user interface. The datasets include temperature time series from various depths in boreholes and from the air, snow cover, ground-surface or upper ground layer recorded by miniature temperature data-loggers, and temperature profiles with depth in boreholes obtained by occasional manual logging. All the temperature data from the TSP NORWAY research project is included in the database, totalling 32 temperature time series from boreholes, 98 time series of micrometeorological temperature conditions, and 6 temperature depth profiles obtained by manual logging in boreholes. The database content will gradually increase as data from previous and future projects are added. Links to near real-time permafrost temperatures, obtained by GSM data transfer, is also provided through the user interface.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Svalbard (norway)'

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