Journal articles on the topic 'Svenska traditioner'

Syftet med denna artikel är att, med utgångspunkt i stenciltidskriftenGuru Papers och uttalanden av Bruno K. Öijer, ge en bild av deavantgardistiska stämningar som härskade i svenskt kulturliv underden första hälften av 1970-talet. Denna strömning var inte barainspirerad av 1910- och 20-talens europeiska avantgarde, utan även avandra traditioner såsom amerikansk modernism och avantgarde.

Nationella prov har funnits i den svenska skolan sedan mitten av 1900-talet. Syftet med artikeln är att ge en överblick över de förändringar proven genomgått i relation till de olika styrdokument och betygssystem de varit kopplade till. Grundfrågan i texten är på vilket sätt, i vilken utsträckning och hur väl proven förmått möta de utmaningar som dessa förändringar krävt. Detta gäller i synnerhet övergången från ett norm- till ett målrelaterat system, med frågan om likvärdighet i bedömning och betygssättning i fokus. Även frågan om syfte/syften med de nationella proven har en central roll, liksom svenska lärares unika ansvar för bedömning och betygssättning av de egna elevernas kunskaper. Artikeln beskriver och diskuterar slutligen den aktuella situationen, då förändringar är på väg vad gäller regelverk och principer för de nationella provens utveckling, användning och funktion. I detta kan dels en statlig utredning, dels införandet av ett systemramverk för proven komma att få betydelse.Nyckelord: det svenska skolsystemet; nationella prov; styrsystem; förändring; bedömning; kvalitetNational tests in Sweden – tradition, challenge, changeAbstractIn the Swedish school system, national tests have been in existence since the mid 1900s. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the gradual changes of these tests related to the different national curricula and grading systems that they have been connected to. The core question is in what way, to what extent, and how well the tests have managed to meet the challenges required by these developments. In particular, this deals with the transition from a norm- to a goal-referenced system, with the question of equity in assessment and grading in focus. In addition, the issue of aim/aims of national tests is an important aspect, as is the unique responsibility of Swedish teachers in assessing and grading their own students’ competences. Finally, attention is paid to the current situation, when several changes are underway regarding explicit regulations and principles for the development, use and function of the national test. In this, a governmental inquiry and the introduction of a common framework for national tests may become important.Keywords: the Swedish school system; national tests; national regulations; change; assessment; quality

Mycket har skrivits om första världskriget och dess politiker och militärer, inte minst vid jubileerna hundra år efteråt, men mycket mindre om offren, krigsfångarna och hjälparbetarna. Den här boken handlar om det svenska Röda korsets (RK) insatser i Ryssland bland de två miljonerna krigsfångar, främst från Tyskland och Österrike-Ungern, som spreds till läger över hela landet. Eftersom Sverige var neutralt i kriget, vände sig Tyskland och Ryssland 1915 till Sverige för att utväxla och få fram hjälp till sina respektive krigsfångar. Över tusen järnvägsvagnar med förnödenheter gick genom Sverige från Trelleborg till Haparanda för vidaretransport på ryska järnvägar. Inalles 77 svenska delegater arbetade på plats i Ryssland. Många var kvinnor, oftast ur överklassen, som sökte sig ut i arbetslivet som volontärer. De var tysktalande och anklagades ofta lokalt för tyskvänlighet och spioneri, många arresterades och några dödades. Detta blev Sveriges första stora humanitära insats utomlands och inledde en tradition som fortsatt till våra dagar.

Better housing for the rural population was an important part ofthe Finnish housing discussion in the 20th century. Between 1938 and 1969, Bostadsföreningen för svenska Finland (The housing association for the Swedish speaking areas of Finland) promoted rational housingfor the Fenno-Swedish minority. The construction of a collective identityfor a minority through dwelling ideals is the main focus of the article.Methods as identity process theory and perspectives on architecture and nationalism are used to interpret the material. Specific questions relate to how modernist architecture became a symbol when constructing an identity for a non-homogeneous minority. The housing association viewed modernist housing as a solution to a political and ideologicalproblem. With efficient homes, Fenno-Swedish farmers were less inclined to sell their homesteads to Finnish speakers and move to the cities, where they were assimilated into the Finnish culture. Mobility wasperceived as a threat to the minority, since it led to a loss of voters in areas of political importance. Modernist architecture combined with aesthetics from the vernacular building tradition were used to make thefarmers proud of their ancestral homes, willing to stay, securing theideological home of the Fenno-Swedes.

In Swedish leisure-time-centers, there is a daily activity for about half a million children. It is characterized by a complexity including, for example, changes in steering documents, lack of an accentuated pedagogy and a changing profession. Against this background, this study focuses on leisure-time-teachers' perceptions of curriculum implementation and possible impact in the leisure-time-center education practice. The empirical data consists of individual interviews, focus groups and field studies. In the study, theories of curriculum didactics and organizational theory are combined. As an analytical concept, curriculum implementation and cross pressures are used. The result shows that the values ​​and tasks that the leisure-time-teachers emphasize in relation to the steering documents are social skills, professional ambivalence and the status of leisure-time-centers. Strategies personnel use is high leadership structure, reactive confirmation of steering documents and traditional leisure-time activities. Restrictions in the professional practice are the low status of activities in leisure-time-centers compared with traditional school activities, lack of time for implementation, "schooling" and unclearness in the steering documents' descriptions. This means that several stressful cross pressure are experienced in different ways at work, which complicates the realization of the curriculum's intentions. I svenska fritidshem pågår i en daglig verksamhet för cirka en halv miljon barn. Den präglas av en komplexitet omfattande exempelvis förändringar av styrdokument, brist på en accentuerad pedagogik och en förändrad profession. Mot denna bakgrund fokuserar denna studie på fritidspedagogers uppfattningar om läroplansimplementering och eventuell genomslagskraft i den fritidspedagogiska praktiken. Empirin består av individuella intervjuer, fokusgrupper och fältstudier. I studien flätas teorier om läroplansdidaktik och organisationsteori samman. Som analytiska begrepp används läroplansimplementering och korstryck. Resultatet visar att värden och uppgifter som pedagogerna betonar i relation till styrdokumenten är sociala färdigheter, professionell ambivalens samt fritidshemmets status. Strategier personalen använder är hög ledarskapsstruktur, reaktiv bekräftelse av läroplansskrivningar samt traditionella fritidshemsverksamheter. Begränsningar är fritidshemsverksamhetens låga status i jämförelse med traditionell skolverksamhet, brist på tid för implementering, ”skolifiering” samt oklarheter i styrdokumentens innehållsbeskrivningar. Därmed upplevs flera stressande korstryck i olika bemärkelser i arbetet, vilket försvårar realisering av läroplanens intentioner.

Senaste nytt i institutionens skriftserier:Johan Sahlin, Om Kyrklundheten. Värde, kunskap och skrivande i Willy Kyrklunds Om godheten. Ellerströms förlag 2008. Doktorsavhandling i Litteraturvetenskap. Lennart Karlsson, Arbetarrörelsen, Folkets Hus och offentligheten i Bromölla 1905-1960. Acta Wexionensia. Nr 166/2009. Doktorsavhandling i historia.Martin Estvall, Sjöfart på stormigt hav – Sjömannen och Svensk Sjöfarts Tidning inför den nazistiska utmaningen 1932-1945. Acta Wexionensia. Nr 168/2009. Doktorsavhandling i historia. Cecilia Axelsson, En meningsfull historia? Didaktiska perspektiv på historieförmedlande museiutställningar om migration och kulturmöten. Acta Wexionensia. Nr 169/2009. Doktorsavhandling i historia. Ann-Kari Sundberg, Le poids de la tradition. La gestion professorale de l’altérité linguistique et culturelle en classe de FLE. Acta Wexionensia. Nr 174/2009. Doktorsavhandling i franska med didaktisk inriktning. Vasilis Papageorgiou (red.), Blåser luft i fåglar. Kreativt skrivande i Växjö. Lagerkvist-serien 5. Växjö University Press 2009. Gunnel Holmér, Kosta glasbruk – en etnisk smältdegel?: Arbete och arbetskraftsinvandring 1943-1973. Ewa Bergh Nestlog, Perspektiv i elevtexter: Skriftligt argumenterande i grundskolans mellanår.

Det pågår en förändring i styrningen av barnomsorg och förskola i de nordiska länderna. Nya begrepp efinierar dess uppdrag, vilket skapar möjligheter men också utmaningar. Introduktionen till temanumret ger en beskrivning av aktuell forskning och pågående diskussion i framför allt Sverige, men också i övriga nordiska länder, om begreppen utbildning och undervisning, som en del i denna förändrade styrning. Ansvaret för förskolan i Sverige flyttades i slutet av 1990-talet till utbildningsdepartementet och Skolverket, från att tidigare ha sorterats under socialdepartementet och Socialstyrelsen. Därmed kom förskolan i första hand att motiveras av barnets rätt till förskola, snarare än föräldrars rätt till barnomsorg. När en ny skollag infördes 2010 förstärktes uppdraget ytterligare i en utbildningspolitisk riktning, genom att förskolan blev en skolform som inte längre i första hand reglerades genom beskrivningar av omsorg och lek, utan med begreppen utbildning och undervisning. Denna nya styrning, med begrepp som emanerar ur skolans tradition, genomfördes utan föregående utredning av vad det skulle kunna betyda för förskolan.I introduktionen presenteras temanumrets åtta artiklar, som är skrivna av svenska forskare med intresse för att bidra till diskussionen om hur begreppet undervisning kan tolkas och tillämpas i förskolan. Diskussionen om utbildning och undervisning i förskolan är högaktuell i Sverige, men temanumret bidrar även till pågående diskussioner i övriga nordiska länder. En sammanfattning av artiklarna ger att undervisning i förskola handlar om att skapa eller fånga ett intresse hos barn och att därifrån stötta ett lärande och en utveckling, för att ge varje barn de bästa förutsättningarna för resten av livet.

In this paper we survey different teaching traditions in Swedish Science Education. The purpose is to map and investigate patterns in teachers’ views of what constitutes “good” Science education in the middle years of compulsory school in Sweden. This is done with the background of a new curriculum with national testing and grading being introduced, which could potentially alter teachers’ views of what is relevant content. A web-based questionnaire to teachers all throughout Sweden (response rate 43%, N=796) was used. The results show that groups can be formed with teachers emphasizing different teaching objectives including emphasis on; scientific facts and concept, laboratory work, everyday knowledge, and political and moral questions, even though the groups had a lot of similarities. The teachers indicate that they changed their instruction to a considerable extent after the three parallel reforms carried out 2011-13.

Forgiveness is an important theme in end-of-life care in all spiritual and religious traditions, although it is framed differently. Looking at research on forgiveness in palliative care literature from the last two decades, it is clear that forgiveness is predominantly carried out from a psychological perspective. According to this approach, forgiveness is seen as something that can be managed and taught in order to reduce stress and promote health. There is no doubt that this approach has its merits and is useful for dealing with guilt from the individual perspective of one’s own psychological health. From a moral perspective, however, forgiveness is more than dealing with personal feelings of guilt. In order to show the differences and gaps between the psychological and moral perspectives on forgiveness, I discuss the work of the German philosopher Svenja Flaßpöhler. I show that, from a moral perspective, forgiveness can neither be managed or taught, nor seen as a form of understanding, loving, or forgetting. As a conclusion, I formulate some recommendations for future research on forgiveness, distinguishing between the psychological and moral perspectives on forgiveness.

<p>The article discusses the possible value of a ”critical empiricism” as the forgotten ”other” of the well-established critical theory. Following Swedish sociologist Johan Asplund, critical empiricism is described as ”seeing what others have not seen”. The ”theoretical turn” in architectural research is questioned with the help of architectural historians Anders Åman and Mari Hvattum. The 1940s discussion of Swedish architecture as “new empiricism” introduces a strong relation between the Nordic welfare societies and their architecture as a characteristic also of Swedish architectural history.</p><p>The article presents a recent historiographical project by a network of Swedish architectural historians from universities and schools of architecture. One of the networks’ papers is about Gregor Paulsson’s book <em>Svensk stad </em>[Swedish Town], an “environmental history” with a pronounced sociological perspective and an ambition to influence Swedish post-war planning. Another paper discusses architectural history as the study of building categories, a firmly established tradition in Swedish architectural history, in this case with a fundamentally “functional” perspective. A third paper is a critical study of the 1970s turn from architectural history as a history of monuments to a history of the built environment in its broadest sense.</p><p>In conclusion, critical empiricism in architectural history is presented as a vigorous and necessary reminder of how society could be different in a time when humanities as well as planning are questioned by politicians.</p>

The purpose of this study is to contribute to an understanding of which changes related to scientific inquiry have been made historically in curriculum documents. A comparative analysis is made of five Swedish national curricula– Lgr 62, Lgr 69, Lgr 80, Lpo 94 and Lgr 11 – during the last 50 years regarding what compulsory school students (school years 1–9) should learn about scientific inquiry. It focuses 1) what students should learn about carrying out scientific inquiries, and 2) what students should learn about the nature of science. All of the curricula examined have aims concerning scientific inquiry. The results show that during the period there have been many shifts in emphasis and changes of aims, for example from learning an inductive method to a more deductive one, and from an emphasis on carrying out investigations to an emphasis on more conceptual understanding of scientific investigations. Because teaching traditions tend to conserve aspects of earlier curricula, it is discussed how the results can help teachers, teacher students and curriculum developers to better see the consequences of the changes for teaching and learning.

Grundtvig and Geijer - Two Meetings and a PartingBy Kim Arne PedersenThe point of departure of the article is partly a seminar, held in the spring of 1996 at Karlstad H.gskola, entitled Grundtvig, Geijer and Their Impact, partly the fact that this year it is 150 years since the first real meeting between Grundtvig and the Swedish historian, Erik Gustav Geijer, took place. This meeting came about in connection with the celebration of Geijer in Copenhagen in 1846. Prior to the personal meeting between the two, Geijer had attended Grundtvig’s church service in Our Saviour’s Church in Christianshavn in 1825.The article begins with a description of similarities and differences between Grundtvig and Geijer. Among other things, the similarities consist in the inspiration from Romanticism, shared by both of them, their emphasis on the Nordic tradition of freedom, and their meeting, in both cases, with the freedom224 loving England. Whereas Grundtvig became isolated in his early years, among other things because he dissociated himself from German Idealism, Geijer never broke with that Idealism, and only late did he experience an isolation from his former conservative-romantic environment. It was precisely in the years when Grundtvig’s isolation is broken that Geijer embraces the ideas of liberty (1838). The article goes on to present Geijer’s desciption of Grundtvig’s church service in 1825. Geijer likes Grundtvig’s sermon, but does not care much for his unmusical chanting of the Mass or the Danish church service customs. The article contains two further references to Grundtvig’s chanting.The article then reproduces two draughts for toast speeches to Geijer, given by Grundtvig in connection with the celebration in 1846, followed by an analysis of the speeches.In the first draught Grundtvig points out that he and Geijer were bom in the same year. In that connection Grundtvig mentions that the movements towards national liberty at the end of the 18th century found a peaceful reflection in Scandinavia. He proceeds to describe the historical interest common to himself and Geijer and sees their appraisal of the North as an indication of the flourishing Nordic life that Grundtvig expects.The other draught begins with Grundtvig’s version of the Greek poet Pindar. He uses Pindar’s poem as an image of the link between Ancient Greek and Nordic culture that he sees as his goal, and he makes it clear that the North today surpasses Greece.In conclusion, the article refers to the last hours of Grundtvig’s life when Geijer’s .Svenska Folkets Historia. was read aloud to him.

Dette fjerde nummer af tidsskriftets 81. årgang indeholder tre artik-ler, der har et bibeleksegetisk tema, men samtidig demonstrerer hvor-dan, man kan gå til bibelske tekster fra meget forskellige perspektiver. Den fjerde artikel belyser et stykke nyere nordisk kirkehistorie. I nummerets første artikel leverer Louise Heldgaard Bylund en un-dersøgelse af, hvordan perikopen om Jesu fristelse i ørkenen (Matt 4,1-11; Luk 4,1-13) bliver genfortalt i syv danske børnebibler fra de seneste 15 år. Bylund benytter i artiklen den narratologiske analyse som sit greb til at afdække fælles tendenser i den tolkning af periko-pen, som børnebiblerne formidler. Det viser sig, at gengivelserne af fristelsesberetningen her primært tolker den som en moralsk eksem-pelfortælling. Det sker ikke så meget gennem direkte belærende ud-sagn. Derimod lægger børnebiblernes gengivelser op til en høj grad af identifikation med teksten. Kristologien i børnebiblernes fortælling har ikke først og fremmest (som hos evangelisterne) vægt på lydighed og troskab mod traditionen men snarere på Jesus som en stærk per-son, der træffer det rette personlige valg. De næste to artikler beskæftiger sig begge fra hver sin vinkel med en central nytestamentlig tekst, 1 Kor 15. Thomas Lederballe Pedersen udlægger Paulus’ udsagn 1 Kor 15,49 om at “bære det himmelske menneskes billede” i lyset af, hvad visualitetsstudier kan fortælle om samtidens romerske billedkultur. Her spiller forvandlingsmotivet en vigtig rolle, som det ses i Ovids Metamorfoser, og som det udmøn-ter sig ikke mindst i udformningen af Augustus-fremstillinger, hvor Augustus’ ophøjelse til en guddommelig figur legemliggøres i statuer, der på en gang har portrætlighed og fremstår stærkt idealiserende. I disse fremstillinger får den guddommeliggjorte Augustus-figur et udødeligt himmelsk legeme; og Pedersen argumenterer for, at kend-skabet til denne form for legemlig forvandling fra den visuelle kultur har været en del af forståelseshorisonten hos Paulus’ læsere. Temaet for Daniel Mikkelsens artikel er ligeledes 1 Kor 15. Han diskuterer de to syn på hvad Paulus forstår ved opstandelseslegeme, “kødforståelsen” og “åndsforståelsen”. Ifølge det første syn bevarer mennesket efter opstandelsen et legeme af kød, men i forherliget og udødelig kvalitet. Ifølge det andet syn bliver mennesket ved opstan-delsen befriet fra kødet og får et legeme af et nyt uforgængeligt pneu-matisk stof. Mikkelsen argumenterer indgående for den første opfattelse og påpeger bl.a., at med forståelsen af opstandelseslegement som kød bliver den forvandling, der finder sted, i højere grad kronologisk (fra fortabelse til frelse) end materiel (fra sarks til pneuma). I nummerets sidste bidrag tager Finn Aa. Rønne en lidt underbelyst side af nyere nordisk kirkehistorie op. “Nyevangelismen” er en strøm-ning, som især er kendt fra svenske vækkelsesmiljøer siden 1800-tal-let, og som i Danmark har præget Luthersk Mission og Evangelisk Luthersk Missionsforening. Som inspirator for nyevangelismen næv-nes Carl Oluf Rosenius (1816-1868). Artiklen påviser, hvordan man hos Rosenius finder påvirkning fra såvel den klassiske pietisme som herrnhutismen, og hvordan man kan se en fortsat spænding imellem disse to retninger ned gennem nyevangelismens historie.

Temporary or permanent, local or international, voluntary or forced, legal or illegal, registered or unregistered migrations of individuals, whole communities or individual groups are an important factor in constructing and modifying (modern) societies. The extent of international migrations is truly immense. At the time of the preparation of this publication more than 200 million people have been involved in migrations in a single year according to the United Nations. Furthermore, three times more wish to migrate, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa towards some of the most economically developed areas of the world according to the estimates by the Gallup Institute (Esipova, 2011). Some authors, although aware that it is not a new phenomenon, talk about the era of migration (Castles, Miller, 2009) or the globalization of migration (Friedman, 2004). The global dimensions of migration are definitely influenced also by the increasingly visible features of modern societies like constantly changing conditions, instability, fluidity, uncertainty etc. (Beck, 2009; Bauman, 2002).The extent, direction, type of migrations and their consequences are affected by many social and natural factors in the areas of emigration and immigration. In addition, researchers from many scientific disciplines who study migrations have raised a wide range of research questions (Boyle, 2009, 96), use a variety of methodological approaches and look for different interpretations in various spatial, temporal and contextual frameworks. The migrations are a complex, multi-layered, variable, contextual process that takes place at several levels. Because of this, research on migrations has become an increasingly interdisciplinary field, since the topics and problems are so complex that they cannot be grasped solely and exclusively from the perspective of a single discipline or theory. Therefore, we are witnessing a profusion of different “faces of migration”, which is reflected and at the same time also contributed to by this thematic issue of the journal Ars & Humanitas.While mobility or migration are not new phenomena, as people have moved and migrated throughout the history of mankind, only recently, in the last few decades, has theoretical and research focus on them intensified considerably. In the last two decades a number of research projects, university programs and courses, research institutes, scientific conferences, seminars, magazines, books and other publications, involving research, academia as well as politics and various civil society organizations have emerged. This shows the recent exceptional interest in the issue of migration, both in terms of knowledge of the processes involved, their mapping in the history of mankind, as well as the theoretical development of migration studies and daily management of this politically sensitive issue.Migration affects many entities on many different levels: the individuals, their families and entire communities at the local level in the emigrant societies as well as in the receiving societies. The migration is changing not only the lives of individuals but whole communities and societies, as well as social relations; it is also shifting the cultural patterns and bringing important social transformations (Castles 2010). This of course raises a number of questions, problems and issues ranging from human rights violations to literary achievements. Some of these are addressed by the authors in this thematic issue.The title “Many faces of migration”, connecting contributions in this special issue, is borrowed from the already mentioned Gallup Institute’s report on global migration (Esipova, 2011). The guiding principle in the selection of the contributions has been their diversity, reflected also in the list of disciplines represented by the authors: sociology, geography, ethnology and cultural anthropology, history, art history, modern Mediterranean studies, gender studies and media studies. Such an approach necessarily leads not only to a diverse, but at least seemingly also incompatible, perhaps even opposing views “on a given topic. However, we did not want to silence the voices of “other” disciplines, but within the reviewing procedures actually invited scientists from the fields represented by the contributors to this volume. The wealth of the selected contributions lies therefore not only in their coherence and complementarity, but also in the diversity of views, stories and interpretations.The paper of Zora Žbontar deals with the attitudes towards foreigners in ancient Greece, where the hospitality to strangers was considered so worthy a virtue that everyone was expected to “demonstrate hospitality and protection to any foreigner who has knocked on their door”. The contrast between the hospitality of ancient Greece and the modern emergence of xenophobia and ways of dealing with migration issues in economically developed countries is especially challenging. “In an open gesture of hospitality to strangers the ancient Greeks showed their civilization”.Although the aforementioned research by the United Nations and Gallup Institute support some traditional stereotypes of the main global flows of migrants, and the areas about which the potential migrants “dream”, Bojan Baskar stresses the coexistence of different migratory desires, migration flows and their interpretations. In his paper he specifically focuses on overcoming and relativising stereotypes as well as theories of immobile and non-enterprising (Alpine) mountain populations and migrations.The different strategies of the crossing borders adopted by migrant women are studied by Mirjana Morokvasic. She marks them as true social innovators, inventing different ways of transnational life resulting in a bottom-up contribution to the integrative processes across Europe. Some of their innovations go as far as to shift diverse real and symbolic boundaries of belonging to a nation, gender, profession.Elaine Burroughs and Zoë O’Reilly highlight the close relations between the otherwise well-established terminology used in statistics and science to label immigrants in Ireland and elsewhere in EU, and the negative representations of certain types of migrants in politics and the public. The discussion focusses particularly on asylum seekers and illegal immigrants who come from outside the EU. The use of language can quickly become a political means of exclusion, therefore the authors propose the development and use of more considerate and balanced migration terminology.Damir Josipovič proposes a change of the focal point for identifying and interpreting the well-studied migrations in the former Yugoslavia. The author suggests changing the dualistic view of these migrations to an integrated, holistic view. Instead of a simplified understanding of these migrations as either international or domestic, voluntary or forced, he proposes a concept of pseudo-voluntary migrations.Maja Korać-Sanderson's contribution highlights an interesting phenomenon in the shift in the traditional patterns of gender roles. The conclusions are derived from the study of the family life of Chinese traders in transitional Serbia. While many studies suggest that child care in recent decades in immigrant societies is generally performed by immigrants, her study reveals that in Serbia, the Chinese merchants entrust the care of their children mostly to local middle class women. The author finds this switch of roles in the “division of labour” in the child care favourable for both parties involved.Francesco Della Puppa focuses on a specific part of the mosaic of contemporary migrations in the Mediterranean: the Bangladeshi immigrant community in the highly industrialized North East of Italy. The results of his in-depth qualitative study reveal the factors that shape this segment of the Bangladeshi diaspora, the experiences of migrants and the effects of migration on their social and biographical trajectories.John A. Schembri and Maria Attard present a snippet of a more typical Mediterranean migration process - immigration to Malta. The authors highlight the reduction in migration between Malta and the United Kingdom, while there is an increase in immigration to Malta from the rest of Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Amongst the various impacts of immigration to Malta the extraordinary concentration of immigrant populations is emphasized, since the population density of Malta far exceeds that of nearly all other European countries.Miha Kozorog studies the link between migration and constructing their places of their origin. On the basis of Ardener’s theory the author expresses “remoteness” of the emigratory Slavia Friulana in terms of topology, in relation to other places, rather than in topography. “Remoteness” is formed in relation to the “outside world”, to those who speak of “remote areas” from the privileged centres. The example of an artistic event, which organizers aim “to open a place like this to the outside world”, “to encourage the production of more cosmopolitan place”, shows only the temporary effect of such event on the reduction of the “remoteness”.Jani Kozina presents a study of the basic temporal and spatial characteristics of migration “of people in creative occupations” in Slovenia. The definition of this specific segment of the population and approach to study its migrations are principally based on the work of Richard Florida. The author observes that people with creative occupations in Slovenia are very immobile and in this respect quite similar to other professional groups in Slovenia, but also to the people in creative professions in the Southern and Eastern Europe, which are considered to be among the least mobile in Europe. Detailed analyses show that the people in creative occupations from the more developed regions generally migrate more intensely and are also more willing to relocate.Mojca Pajnik and Veronika Bajt study the experiences of migrant women with the access to the labour market in Slovenia. Existing laws and policies push the migrants into a position where, if they want to get to work, have to accept less demanding work. In doing so, the migrant women are targets of stereotyped reactions and practices of discrimination on the basis of sex, age, attributed ethnic and religious affiliation, or some other circumstances, particularly the fact of being migrants. At the same time the latter results in the absence of any protection from the state.Migration studies often assume that the target countries are “modern” and countries of origin “traditional”. Anıl Al- Rebholz argues that such a dichotomous conceptualization of modern and traditional further promotes stereotypical, essentialist and homogenizing images of Muslim women in the “western world”. On the basis of biographical narratives of young Kurdish and Moroccan women as well as the relationships between mothers and daughters, the author illustrates a variety of strategies of empowerment of young women in the context of transnational migration.A specific face of migration is highlighted in the text of Svenka Savić, namely the face of artistic migration between Slovenia and Serbia after the Second World War. The author explains how more than thirty artists from Slovenia, with their pioneering work in three ensembles (opera, ballet and theatre), significantly contributed to the development of the performing arts in the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad.We believe that in the present thematic issue we have succeeded in capturing an important part of the modern European research dynamic in the field of migration. In addition to well-known scholars in this field several young authors at the beginning their research careers have been shortlisted for the publication. We are glad of their success as it bodes a vibrancy of this research area in the future. At the same time, we were pleased to receive responses to the invitation from representatives of so many disciplines, and that the number of papers received significantly exceeded the maximum volume of the journal. Recognising and understanding of the many faces of migration are important steps towards the comprehensive knowledge needed to successfully meet the challenges of migration issues today and even more so in the future. It is therefore of utmost importance that researchers find ways of transferring their academic knowledge into practice – to all levels of education, the media, the wider public and, of course, the decision makers in local, national and international institutions. The call also applies to all authors in this issue of the journal.

Temporary or permanent, local or international, voluntary or forced, legal or illegal, registered or unregistered migrations of individuals, whole communities or individual groups are an important factor in constructing and modifying (modern) societies. The extent of international migrations is truly immense. At the time of the preparation of this publication more than 200 million people have been involved in migrations in a single year according to the United Nations. Furthermore, three times more wish to migrate, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa towards some of the most economically developed areas of the world according to the estimates by the Gallup Institute (Esipova, 2011). Some authors, although aware that it is not a new phenomenon, talk about the era of migration (Castles, Miller, 2009) or the globalization of migration (Friedman, 2004). The global dimensions of migration are definitely influenced also by the increasingly visible features of modern societies like constantly changing conditions, instability, fluidity, uncertainty etc. (Beck, 2009; Bauman, 2002).The extent, direction, type of migrations and their consequences are affected by many social and natural factors in the areas of emigration and immigration. In addition, researchers from many scientific disciplines who study migrations have raised a wide range of research questions (Boyle, 2009, 96), use a variety of methodological approaches and look for different interpretations in various spatial, temporal and contextual frameworks. The migrations are a complex, multi-layered, variable, contextual process that takes place at several levels. Because of this, research on migrations has become an increasingly interdisciplinary field, since the topics and problems are so complex that they cannot be grasped solely and exclusively from the perspective of a single discipline or theory. Therefore, we are witnessing a profusion of different “faces of migration”, which is reflected and at the same time also contributed to by this thematic issue of the journal Ars & Humanitas.While mobility or migration are not new phenomena, as people have moved and migrated throughout the history of mankind, only recently, in the last few decades, has theoretical and research focus on them intensified considerably. In the last two decades a number of research projects, university programs and courses, research institutes, scientific conferences, seminars, magazines, books and other publications, involving research, academia as well as politics and various civil society organizations have emerged. This shows the recent exceptional interest in the issue of migration, both in terms of knowledge of the processes involved, their mapping in the history of mankind, as well as the theoretical development of migration studies and daily management of this politically sensitive issue.Migration affects many entities on many different levels: the individuals, their families and entire communities at the local level in the emigrant societies as well as in the receiving societies. The migration is changing not only the lives of individuals but whole communities and societies, as well as social relations; it is also shifting the cultural patterns and bringing important social transformations (Castles 2010). This of course raises a number of questions, problems and issues ranging from human rights violations to literary achievements. Some of these are addressed by the authors in this thematic issue.The title “Many faces of migration”, connecting contributions in this special issue, is borrowed from the already mentioned Gallup Institute’s report on global migration (Esipova, 2011). The guiding principle in the selection of the contributions has been their diversity, reflected also in the list of disciplines represented by the authors: sociology, geography, ethnology and cultural anthropology, history, art history, modern Mediterranean studies, gender studies and media studies. Such an approach necessarily leads not only to a diverse, but at least seemingly also incompatible, perhaps even opposing views “on a given topic. However, we did not want to silence the voices of “other” disciplines, but within the reviewing procedures actually invited scientists from the fields represented by the contributors to this volume. The wealth of the selected contributions lies therefore not only in their coherence and complementarity, but also in the diversity of views, stories and interpretations.The paper of Zora Žbontar deals with the attitudes towards foreigners in ancient Greece, where the hospitality to strangers was considered so worthy a virtue that everyone was expected to “demonstrate hospitality and protection to any foreigner who has knocked on their door”. The contrast between the hospitality of ancient Greece and the modern emergence of xenophobia and ways of dealing with migration issues in economically developed countries is especially challenging. “In an open gesture of hospitality to strangers the ancient Greeks showed their civilization”.Although the aforementioned research by the United Nations and Gallup Institute support some traditional stereotypes of the main global flows of migrants, and the areas about which the potential migrants “dream”, Bojan Baskar stresses the coexistence of different migratory desires, migration flows and their interpretations. In his paper he specifically focuses on overcoming and relativising stereotypes as well as theories of immobile and non-enterprising (Alpine) mountain populations and migrations.The different strategies of the crossing borders adopted by migrant women are studied by Mirjana Morokvasic. She marks them as true social innovators, inventing different ways of transnational life resulting in a bottom-up contribution to the integrative processes across Europe. Some of their innovations go as far as to shift diverse real and symbolic boundaries of belonging to a nation, gender, profession.Elaine Burroughs and Zoë O’Reilly highlight the close relations between the otherwise well-established terminology used in statistics and science to label immigrants in Ireland and elsewhere in EU, and the negative representations of certain types of migrants in politics and the public. The discussion focusses particularly on asylum seekers and illegal immigrants who come from outside the EU. The use of language can quickly become a political means of exclusion, therefore the authors propose the development and use of more considerate and balanced migration terminology.Damir Josipovič proposes a change of the focal point for identifying and interpreting the well-studied migrations in the former Yugoslavia. The author suggests changing the dualistic view of these migrations to an integrated, holistic view. Instead of a simplified understanding of these migrations as either international or domestic, voluntary or forced, he proposes a concept of pseudo-voluntary migrations.Maja Korać-Sanderson's contribution highlights an interesting phenomenon in the shift in the traditional patterns of gender roles. The conclusions are derived from the study of the family life of Chinese traders in transitional Serbia. While many studies suggest that child care in recent decades in immigrant societies is generally performed by immigrants, her study reveals that in Serbia, the Chinese merchants entrust the care of their children mostly to local middle class women. The author finds this switch of roles in the “division of labour” in the child care favourable for both parties involved.Francesco Della Puppa focuses on a specific part of the mosaic of contemporary migrations in the Mediterranean: the Bangladeshi immigrant community in the highly industrialized North East of Italy. The results of his in-depth qualitative study reveal the factors that shape this segment of the Bangladeshi diaspora, the experiences of migrants and the effects of migration on their social and biographical trajectories.John A. Schembri and Maria Attard present a snippet of a more typical Mediterranean migration process - immigration to Malta. The authors highlight the reduction in migration between Malta and the United Kingdom, while there is an increase in immigration to Malta from the rest of Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Amongst the various impacts of immigration to Malta the extraordinary concentration of immigrant populations is emphasized, since the population density of Malta far exceeds that of nearly all other European countries.Miha Kozorog studies the link between migration and constructing their places of their origin. On the basis of Ardener’s theory the author expresses “remoteness” of the emigratory Slavia Friulana in terms of topology, in relation to other places, rather than in topography. “Remoteness” is formed in relation to the “outside world”, to those who speak of “remote areas” from the privileged centres. The example of an artistic event, which organizers aim “to open a place like this to the outside world”, “to encourage the production of more cosmopolitan place”, shows only the temporary effect of such event on the reduction of the “remoteness”.Jani Kozina presents a study of the basic temporal and spatial characteristics of migration “of people in creative occupations” in Slovenia. The definition of this specific segment of the population and approach to study its migrations are principally based on the work of Richard Florida. The author observes that people with creative occupations in Slovenia are very immobile and in this respect quite similar to other professional groups in Slovenia, but also to the people in creative professions in the Southern and Eastern Europe, which are considered to be among the least mobile in Europe. Detailed analyses show that the people in creative occupations from the more developed regions generally migrate more intensely and are also more willing to relocate.Mojca Pajnik and Veronika Bajt study the experiences of migrant women with the access to the labour market in Slovenia. Existing laws and policies push the migrants into a position where, if they want to get to work, have to accept less demanding work. In doing so, the migrant women are targets of stereotyped reactions and practices of discrimination on the basis of sex, age, attributed ethnic and religious affiliation, or some other circumstances, particularly the fact of being migrants. At the same time the latter results in the absence of any protection from the state.Migration studies often assume that the target countries are “modern” and countries of origin “traditional”. Anıl Al- Rebholz argues that such a dichotomous conceptualization of modern and traditional further promotes stereotypical, essentialist and homogenizing images of Muslim women in the “western world”. On the basis of biographical narratives of young Kurdish and Moroccan women as well as the relationships between mothers and daughters, the author illustrates a variety of strategies of empowerment of young women in the context of transnational migration.A specific face of migration is highlighted in the text of Svenka Savić, namely the face of artistic migration between Slovenia and Serbia after the Second World War. The author explains how more than thirty artists from Slovenia, with their pioneering work in three ensembles (opera, ballet and theatre), significantly contributed to the development of the performing arts in the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad.We believe that in the present thematic issue we have succeeded in capturing an important part of the modern European research dynamic in the field of migration. In addition to well-known scholars in this field several young authors at the beginning their research careers have been shortlisted for the publication. We are glad of their success as it bodes a vibrancy of this research area in the future. At the same time, we were pleased to receive responses to the invitation from representatives of so many disciplines, and that the number of papers received significantly exceeded the maximum volume of the journal. Recognising and understanding of the many faces of migration are important steps towards the comprehensive knowledge needed to successfully meet the challenges of migration issues today and even more so in the future. It is therefore of utmost importance that researchers find ways of transferring their academic knowledge into practice – to all levels of education, the media, the wider public and, of course, the decision makers in local, national and international institutions. The call also applies to all authors in this issue of the journal.

I drygt 100 år har svenska barn tillbringat delar av sina somrar på kollo. Kollo, som används som förkortning för skollovskoloni, barnkoloni eller sommarkoloni, är traditionellt en ferieverksamhet i internatform för barn i skolålder där barnen tillbringar dygnet runt ett par sommarveckor på läger iväg frånsina föräldrar. Motiven för att bedriva kollo har förändrats över tid och beskrivits i forskning. Beskrivningar om föräldrarnas motiv för att skicka sina barn till kollo saknas dock. Denna artikel bidrar medkunskap om just detta. Artikeln studerar svenska föräldrars uppfattningar om varför barn skall åka tillkollo. Detta görs i ljuset av föreställningar om barn och barndom. Föräldrarna ser dels kollot som enviktig del av barndomen, som en tidlös plats där barn får vara barn och utvecklas utan vardagens stress.En dominerande syn på barnens kollvistelse som ett ”projekt” finns dock i föräldrarnas svar. Kollotsfrämsta värde anges vara att det erbjuder utomhusvistelser i den goda naturen och fostran till skötsamhet, något dagens kollobarn, enligt deras föräldrar är i behov av. Föräldrarna uppfattar kollon sombärare av ursprunglighet och traditioner, och deltagandet som ett slags passagerit, som en katalysatorför barn och ungas självutveckling inför livet i det framtida samhället.

Artiklen omhandler den svenske idrætspolitik og giver indblik i statens støtte til idrætten med paralleler til den generelle svenske velfærdspolitik. The article gives a characterization of Swedish sports policy in relation to Swedish welfare policies. The analysis is divided between two main lines. First, I argue that sport in several aspects can be seen as an integral part of Swedish welfare policy. Thereafter, I emphasize differences with the result that sport can also be described as a deviant and »unimportant« area of government policy, albeit with a remarkable ability to allocate public resources. Finally, I argue that the Swedish government’s sports policy in recent years lost much of its former character as a divergent »side-track« in Swedish welfare policies. Thus, sport has strengthened its position – but to the cost that sport as an area of government policy has become more traditional and predictable.

I den här artikeln undersöks mötet mellan scenkonst för unga, politiska aspekter av samtida svenskskola och feministiska teoretiska perspektiv. Mer precist undersöks vilka möjliga subjektspositionersom erbjuds unga flickor inom ramen för ett analyserat teaterstycke. Texten fokuserar fyra flickfigureri pjäsen Ännu mer om alla vi ADHD- och MVG-barn i Bullerbyn, som sattes upp 2011 på ung scen/öst, enav Sveriges mest progressiva teatrar som riktar sig till barn och ungdomar. Sverige har sedan 1970-talet en rik tradition vad gäller samhällsengagerad och konstnärligt avancerad scenkonstproduktion.Pjäsen behandlar de frågor som svensk skola brottats med under det senaste årtiondet: vilken kunskapräknas som viktig, och hur formar det de grupper och individer som ingår i det svenska skolsystemet?I linje med det vetenskapliga fältet feministisk kulturanalys utgör artikeln ett möte mellan pjästext/uppsättning och de teoretiska perspektiv artikelförfattaren valt att utgå ifrån. Texten är på så sätt en teoretiskt informerad läsning av den politiska situation flickorna i pjäsen bebor. Centralt i sammanhangetär begreppet postfeminism. Genom kreativt akademiskt skrivande och med hjälp av begreppet postfeminism visar texten på det handlingsutrymme och de begränsningar som de fyra flickornas fiktiva subjektpositioner innebär.

Muslimska församlingars riksomfattande etablering i Sverige är en viktig förändring inom den ideella sektorn. Men hur förhåller sig församlingarna till den svenska traditionen av samverkan mellan ideella och offentliga aktörer? I artikeln studeras hur och i vilken omfattning muslimska församlingar samverkar med offentliga aktörer och vilka organisationsinterna och organisationsexterna faktorer som gynnar respektive missgynnar samverkan.

Abstract This article presents a study of how Swedish pre-service history teachers narrated their nation’s past. Previous research on national history education has generally focused on the treatment of conflicts in national history and what challenges that poses for history education. The present study seeks to complement and broaden this research through its focus on a country where national history is generally perceived as uncontroversial and the debate on national history is generally characterised by consensus, and on what strategies future history teachers use when recounting the national history of Sweden. Using a qualitative approach, we asked our respondents to “Tell us the history of Sweden in your own words” in writing. The study finds that the vast majority of the respondents approach their national history in a way that reinforces a traditional view of Swedish national history. These narratives are generally presented in a way that does not engage with or show how perspective and position affects our rendering of history, which has often been regarded as problematic in history educational research. At the same time, these results also show that our respondents are well familiar with the dominant way of perceiving the Swedish past, something that could also be argued to be valuable in history education, depending on how we choose to approach national history. Keywords: national history, history education, historical consciousness, uses of history Kontroversiellt okontroversiellt? Om svenska historielärarstudenters relation till deras nationella förflutna Sammandrag Artikeln presenterar en studie av hur svenska historielärarstudenter skildrade Sveriges historia. Tidigare forskning om nationell historieundervisning har främst närmat sig ämnet från ett konfliktperspektiv och undersökt vilka utmaningar detta innebär för historieundervisningen. Föreliggande studie söker att komplementera tidigare forskning genom att fokusera på ett land vars nationella historia generellt uppfattas som okontro­versiell och där debatten om den nationella historieskrivningen i stor utsträckning präglas av konsensus, samt på vilka strategier historielärarstudenter använder när de skildrar Sveriges historia. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsansats bad vi våra respond­enter att skriftligen”Berätta Sveriges historia med dina egna ord”. Studien visar att majoriteten av respondenterna skildrar den svenska historien på ett sätt som återger en traditionell syn på Sveriges historia. Dessa narrativ är generellt skrivna på ett sådant sätt att de inte visar hur perspektiv och positionering påverkar hur vi skildrar det förflutna, något som ofta ansetts vara problematiskt i historiedidaktisk forskning. Samtidigt visar studiens resultat att respondenterna är välbekanta med det dominerande sättet att skildra den svenska historien, något som även kan vara värdefullt för historieundervisningen, beroende på hur vi väljer att närma oss den nationella historien. Nyckelord: nationell historia, historiedidaktik, historiemedvetande, historiebruk

I det svenska klarspråksarbetet har råd och riktlinjer för språket hittills varit anpassade för olika typer av traditionellt skriftspråkliga och monologiska texter, såsom informationstexter och beslutsbrev. Den nya typ av skriftlig kommunikation i olika digitala forum som börjar bli vanlig ställer krav på nya typer av råd och rekommendationer. För att veta mer om vilka råd och rekommendationer som ska utformas behöver vi dock veta mer om vad som faktiskt försiggår i sådana forum, och vilka kommunikationsproblem som kan uppstå. Artikeln bygger på en undersökning av interaktionen i ett internetforum på en svensk kommuns hemsida. Analysen visar att kommunikationen kännetecknas av en stark betoning av den relationella funktionen från kommunföreträdarnas sida, och denna ”trevlighet” fungerar av allt att döma väl. En utmaning verkar dock vara konflikten mellan vardagsvärld – här och nu – och regelstyrd myndighetsvärld, men analysen visar också att det inte nödvändigtvis är så enkelt att enskilda endast vill veta vad som gäller ”här och nu”.Summary In the ‘Plain Swedish’ effort, advice and guidelines have mostly focused on traditional written and monologic texts. This paper presents some results from a survey of the interactions between government employees and citizens in a Swedish municipality’s online forum, where citizens are invited to ask questions and seek advice. The findings represent a first step towards developing advice for written communication in the digital forums that are used by authorities to provide citizen services. The analysis shows that communication in the forums was characterised by a strong emphasis on the relational function or, in other words, on the relationship between the communicators manning the forum and the citizens. Seemingly, a focus on ‘niceness’ enabled the interactions to run relatively smoothly. One challenge, however, arose from the conflict between citizens’ life-world perspective and the rule-controlled government world. Citizens wish to find practical solutions to their problems in the here and now, and conflicts may occur when a specific question or request is simply answered by quoting the relevant regulation. The analysis, however, also shows that citizens were, in some cases, interested in knowing the underlying rules and regulations. This paper concludes by discussing the actual advantages of online forums for government-citizen interactions where repair in communications is possible.

När programmering skulle inkorporeras i skolans arbete valde Sverige i sin läroplansrevidering 2017 att skriva in det i matematikämnet, med stark koppling till algebra. Samtliga matematiklärare ställdes då inför utmaningen att undervisa i programmering. Vi undersöker här resultatet av 32 lärargruppers gemensamma arbete med att planera och genomföra lektioner i programmering i matematik i grundskolan. För att få insikt i hur lärare tolkar uppdraget och transponerar läroplananes beskrivning av programmering till klassrumspraktiken analyserar vi det matematiska innehållet i dessa lektioner samt vilken syn på relationen mellan matematik och programmering som framträder i lärarnas beskrivning av syfte, lärandemål, aktivitet och reflektion. Vi finner att programmeringsaktiviteter i 1/3 av lektionerna inte kopplas till något traditionellt matematiskt innehåll. I övriga lektioner är det främst aritmetik eller geometri som utgör det matematiska innehållet. Få explicita kopplingar görs till algebra förutom till begreppet variabler, men då är det främst variabler inom programmering som avses. I materialet framträder fyra olika relationer mellan matematik och programmering: 1) enbart programmering; 2) matematik som en kontext för programmering; 3) programmering som ett verktyg för att effektivisera beräkningar; 4) programmering som ett verktyg för att utforska matematik. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till matematikämnets syfte och innehåll i den svenska läroplanen. In English When incorporating programming in the school curricula, Sweden decided to integrate it with mathematics, and specifically within the core content of algebra. As a result, all mathematics teachers at all levels were faced with the challenge of teaching programming. In this study we analyse documentation from 32 lessons studies where groups pf teachers have planned, conducted, and revised lessons on programming within the school subject mathematics. To gain insight into how the teachers interpret the new task and thus contribute to the transposition of knowledge from the curriculum level to the classroom level, we analyse the mathematical content in these lessons and the relations between mathematics and programming that emerge in the way the teachers describe the aim, the activites and the learning outcomes of the lessons. We find that 1/3 of the lessons do not connect to any traditional mathematics content, and the rest of the lessons mostly focus on arithmetic or geometry. Few explicit connectiions are made to algebra, execpt for the variable concept, but when variables are treated the focus is on variables in the programming sense rather than algebra. Four different relationships between mathematics and programming emerge in the data: 1) programming without connecting to mathematics; 2) mathematics as a context for programming, 3) programming as a tool for efficient calculations; 4) programming as a tool for exploring mathematics. The results are discussed relation to the transposition of knowledge of mathematics as a school subject.

Artiklen belyser med udgangspunkt i landskamptraditionen, i form af fodboldslandskamp Sverige-Danmark, hvordan en svensk fodboldsnationalisme gradvis voksede frem fra 1910 -tallet. Torbjörn Andersson: The example of SwedenAround the year 1900 nationalism in Sweden was a conservative phenomenon and sports leaders were associated with this kind of grandiose patriotism. Later a more popular, collective feeling of national identity was sought – not least by the Social Democrats – in which the Swedish football national team would act as the rallying point. In this context, the internationals against Denmark – the first game goes back to 1913 – served the purpose, in that they, without descending to chauvinism, effectively contrasted the respective skills of both countries. It was at the games against Denmark that national symbols like the national anthem and the national flag became popular among ordinary people. A tradition of organised cheering was also established and this clearly showed how nationalism turned into a more popular phenomenon. This whole ritual around the international games was definitively established during the interwar period. By then the regional conflicts between Stockholm, Gothenburg and the province of Scania on how to form the strongest possible national side had more or less disappeared.

I takt med de marknadsliberala reformvindar som under de senare decennierna blåst över och förändrat det svenska skollandskapet har också relationen mellan föräldrar och skola förändrats. Föräldrarhar fått ett utökat rättighetsutrymme att bestämma över de egna barnens utbildning, ett större mandatatt utöva inflytande över skolan och därigenom har föräldrar ”dragits in” i skolan och kommit närmarede professionella. Fyra principer för relationen mellan föräldrar och skola beskrivs för att utskilja någrahuvudsakliga innebörder av denna alltmer komplexa relation. Teoretiskt är arbetet förankrat i en kunskapssociologisk tradition (Durkheim 1922/1956, Mannheim 1928/1968) och principerna kan ses somidealtyper i en weberiansk mening (Weber 1947). Två principer, isärhållandets princip och partnerskapsprincipen, står i centrum för den fortsatta diskussionen. Syftet i artikeln är att använda isärhållandets princip och partnerskapsprincipen som en referensram för att analysera hur några lärarebygger upp en förtroendefull relation till föräldrar. Det visade sig i de samtalsinriktade intervjuerna avsammanlagt 16 F-9 lärare, att lärarna använde förtroendeskapande strategier som handlade om en”öppen kommunikation” och en medveten gränssättning med barnet/eleven i centrum av lärare-förälder-relationen. Artikeln avslutas med ett resonemang där förtroende och tillit relateras till begreppeterkännande.

Most investigations of language use in the computer-mediated communication (CMC) systems colloquially known as 'chat rooms' are based on studies of chat rooms in which English is the predominant language. This study begins to redress that bias by investigating language use in a Swedish text-based chat room. Do Swedish chat participants just adopt strategies adapted to suit the needs of written online conversation, or is Swedish written language being developed in analogy with adaptations that can be observed in 'international' chat rooms? As is now well known, text-based chat rooms provide a means for people to converse in near real time with very little delay between messages. As a written form of interaction, there is no possibility of sending simultaneous non-verbal information, and while the minimal delay gives the interaction a more conversational feel, the conversants must struggle with the time pressure of combining a slow message production system with rapid transmission-reception. Several strategies have been developed in order to ease the strain of writing and to convey more information than written symbols normally allow (Werry; Witmer & Katzman; Hård af Segerstad, "Emoticons"). A number of strategies have been developed to suit the needs of CMC, some of which we recognise from traditional writing, but perhaps use more generously in the new environment. Well known and internationally recognised strategies used to compensate for the lack of non-verbal or non-vocal signals include providing analogies for vocalisations adopted in order to compensate for the effort of typing and time pressure: Smileys (or emoticons): Smileys are combinations of keyboard characters which attempt to resemble facial expressions, eg. ;) (or simple objects such as roses). These are mostly placed at the end of a sentence as an aid to interpret the emotional state of the sender; Surrounding words with *asterisks* (or a number of variants, such as underscores (_word_)). As with smileys, asterisks may be used to indicate the emotional state of the sender (eg. *smiles*, *s*), and also to convey an action (*waves*, *jumps up and down*); In some systems, different fonts and colours may be used to express emotions. Capitals, unorthodox spelling and mixing of cases in the middle of words and Extreme use of punctuation marks may all be used to convey analogies to prosodic phenomena such as intonation, tone of voice, emphasis ("you IDIOT"); Abbreviations and acronyms: some are traditional, others new to the medium; Omission of words: ellipsis, grammatical function words; and, Little correction of typographical errors -- orthography or punctuation -- and little traditional use of mixed cases (eg. capitals at the beginning of sentences), and punctuation. Method This study compares and contrasts data from a questionnaire and material from a logged chat channel. The investigation began with a questionnaire, inquiring into the habits and preferences of Swedish students communicating on the Internet. 333 students (164 females and 169 males) answered the questionnaire that was sent to five upper secondary schools (students aged 16-18), and two lower secondary schools (students aged 13-15). Subjects were asked for three kinds of information: (a) examples of the strategies mentioned above and whether they used these when chatting online, (b) which languages were used in everyday communication and in chat rooms, and (c) the names of favourite chat rooms. One of the most popular public chat rooms turned out to be one maintained by a Swedish newspaper. Permission was obtained to log material from this chat room. The room may be accessed at: <http://nychat.aftonbladet.se/webchat/oppenkanal/Entren.php>. A 'bot (from 'robot', a program that can act like a user on an IRC network) was used to log the time, sender and content of contributions in the room. In order to get a large data set and to record the spread of activity over the most part of a week, approximately 120 hours of logging occurred, six days and nights in succession. During this period 4 293 users ('unique pseudonyms'), from 278 different domains provided 47 715 contributions in total (410 355 total utterances). The logged material was analysed, using the automated search tool TRASA (developed by Leif Gronqvist -- Dept. of Linguistics, Göteborg University, Sweden). Results The language used in the chat room was mainly Swedish. Apart from loan words (in some cases with the English spelling intact, in other cases adapted to Swedish spelling), English phrases (often idiomatic) showed up occasionally, sometimes in the middle of a Swedish sentence. Some examples of contributions are shown, extracted from their original context. (Note: Instances of Nordic letters in the examples have been transformed into the letters 'a' and 'o' respectively.) Table 1. Examples of nicknames and contributions taken from the Web chat material. 01.07.20 Darth Olsson Helloo allibadi hur e de i dag? 14:44:40 G.B Critical information check 01.11.40 Little Boy Lost fru hjarterdam...120 mil busstripp...Later hojdare om det...;) 18.10.30 PeeWee this sucks 22.17.12 Ellen (16) Whatever! 16.06.55 Blackboy Whats up The above examples demonstrate that both nicknames and contributions consist of a mix either of Swedish and English, or of pure English. In answering the questionnaire, the subjects gave many examples of the more 'traditional strategies' used in international chat channels for overcoming the limitations of writing: traditional abbreviations, the use of all uppercase, asterisk-framed words, extreme use of punctuation and the simplest smileys (Hård af Segerstad, "Emoticons", "Expressing Emoticons", "Strategies" and "Swedish Teenagers"). The questionnaire results also included examples of 'net-abbreviations' based on English words. However, while these were similar to those observed in international chat rooms, the most interesting finding was that Swedish teenagers do not just copy that behaviour from the international chat rooms that they have visited: the examples of creative and new abbreviations are made up in comparison with the innovative English net-abbreviations, but based on Swedish words. A number of different types of abbreviations emerged: Acronyms made up from the first letters in a phrase (eg. "istf", meaning "i stallet for" [trans. "instead of"]); Numbers representing the sound value of a syllable in combination with letters (eg. "3vligt" meaning "trevligt" [trans. "nice"]); and, Letters representing the sound value of a syllable in combination with other letters forming an abbreviated representation of a word (eg. "CS" meaning "(vi) ses" [trans. "see (you)"]). The logged chat material showed that all of the strategies, both Swedish and English, mentioned in the questionnaire were actually used online. The Swedish strategies mentioned in the questionnaire are illustrated in Table 2. Table 2. Examples of innovative and traditional Swedish abbreviations given in the questionnaire. Innovative Abbreviation Full phrase Translation Traditional abbreviation Full phrase Translation Asg Asgarvar Laughs hard ngn nagon someone Iofs i och for sig Strictly speaking Ngra nagra some ones iaf, if i allafall Anyway gbg Göteborg Göteborg É Ar Is sv svenska Swedish D Det It bla bland annat among other things Cs (vi) ses See you t.ex. till exempel for example Lr Eller Or ngt nagot something B.S.D.V Bara Sa Du Vet Just To Let You Know t.om till och med even P Pa On, at etc et cetera QL (ql) Kul Fun m.m med mera and more 3vligt Trevligt Nice m.a.o. med andra ord in other words Tebax Tillbaka Back mkt mycket a lot Oxa Ocksa Too ibl Ibland sometimes The table above shows examples of traditional and creative abbreviations developed to suit the limitations and advantages of written Swedish online. A comparison of the logged material with the examples given in the questionnaire shows that all innovative abbreviations exemplified were used, sometimes with slightly different orthography. Table 3. The most frequent abbreviations used in the chat material No. of occurrences Innovative Abbreviations No. of occurrences Traditional abbreviations 224 Oxa 74 GBG 101 Oki 60 gbg 62 Oki 56 ngn 47 É 43 mm 16 P 42 Gbg 10 Iofs 37 ngt 10 If 26 bla 10 D 19 tex 5 Tebax 19 Tom 5 OKI 18 etc 4 É 8 MM 4 Ql 6 Ngn 4 P 5 BLA 4 OXA 4 tom 4 D 4 NGN 3 Asg 4 Mm 3 IF 3 TEX 2 Oxa 2 TOM 1 Cs 2 Ngt 1 Tebax 1 ngra 1 QL 1 bLA 1 If 1 ASG The limited space of this article does not allow for a full analysis of the material from the chat, but in short, data from both the questionnaire and the Web chat of this study suggest that Swedish teenagers conversing in electronic chat rooms draw on their previous knowledge of strategies used in traditional written language to minimise time and effort when writing/typing (cf. Ferrara et al.). They do not just copy behaviour and strategies that they observe in international chat rooms that they have visited, but adapt these to suit the Swedish language. As well as saving time and effort typing, and apart from conveying non-verbal information, it would appear that these communication strategies are also used as a way of signalling and identifying oneself as 'cyber-regulars' -- people who know the game, so to speak. At this stage of research, beyond the use of Swedish language by Swedish nationals, there is nothing to indicate that the adaptations found are significantly different to online adaptations of English or French (cf. Werry). This result calls for further research on the specifics of Swedish adaptations. References Allwood, Jens. "An Activity Based Approach to Pragmatics." Gothenburg Papers in Theoretical Linguistics 76. Dept. of Linguistics, University of Göteborg, 1995. Ferrara, K., H. Brunner, and G. Whittemore. "Interactive Written Discourse as an Emergent Register." Written Communication 8.1 (1991): 8-34. Hård af Segerstad, Ylva. "Emoticons -- A New Mode for the Written Language." Dept. of Linguistics, Göteborg University, Sweden. Unpublished paper, 1998. ---. "Expressing Emotions in Electronic Writing." Dept. of Linguistics, Göteborg University, Sweden. Unpublished paper, 1998. ---. "Strategies in Computer-Mediated Written Communication -- A Comparison between Two User Groups." Dept. of Linguistics, Göteborg University, Sweden. Unpublished paper, 1998. ---. "Swedish Teenagers' Written Conversation in Electronic Chat Environments." WebTalk -- Writing As Conversation. Ed. Diane Penrod. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Forthcoming. Witmer, Diane, and Sandra Lee Katzman. "On-Line Smiles: Does Gender Make A Difference in the Use of Graphic Accents?" Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2.4 (1997). 19 Aug. 2000 <http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/witmer1.php>. Werry, Christopher, C. "Linguistic and Interactional Features of Internet Relay Chat." Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Ed. Susan Herring. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996. 47-63. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Ylva Hård af Segerstad. "Swedish Chat Rooms." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.4 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/swedish.php>. Chicago style: Ylva Hård af Segerstad, "Swedish Chat Rooms," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 4 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/swedish.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Ylva Hård af Segerstad. (2000) Swedish chat rooms. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(4). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/swedish.php> ([your date of access]).