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Journal articles on the topic 'Swainsonine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Wedd, Laura, Regan Ashby, Sylvain Foret та Ryszard Maleszka. "Developmental and loco-like effects of a swainsonine-induced inhibition ofα-mannosidase in the honey bee,Apis mellifera". PeerJ 5 (16 березня 2017): e3109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3109.

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BackgroundDeficiencies in lysosomal a-mannosidase (LAM) activity in animals, caused either by mutations or by consuming toxic alkaloids, lead to severe phenotypic and behavioural consequences. Yet, epialleles adversely affecting LAM expression exist in the honey bee population suggesting that they might be beneficial in certain contexts and cannot be eliminated by natural selection.MethodsWe have used a combination of enzymology, molecular biology and metabolomics to characterise the catalytic properties of honey bee LAM (AmLAM) and then used an indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine to inhibit its

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2

Lindsay, Karl B., and Stephen G. Pyne. "Asymmetric Synthesis of (−)-Swainsonine, (+)-1,2-Di-epi-swainsonine, and (+)-1,2,8-Tri-epi-swainsonine." Journal of Organic Chemistry 67, no. 22 (2002): 7774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo025977w.

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3

Cook, Daniel, Dale R. Gardner, Kevin D. Welch, and Jeremy G. Allen. "A survey of swainsonine content in Swainsona species." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 2 (2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16088.

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The indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine is an inhibitor of α-mannosidase and mannosidase II that causes lysosomal storage disease and alters glycoprotein processing. Several plant species worldwide contain swainsonine, grazing these plants may cause severe toxicosis in livestock, leading to a chronic disease characterised by altered behaviour, depression, weight loss, decreased libido, infertility and death. Swainsona is a large genus of the Fabaceae family with all species but one being endemic to Australia. Swainsonine has previously been reported to be, or expected to be, present in 26 Swains

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4

Trajkovic, Milos, Vesna Balanac, Zorana Ferjancic, and Radomir N. Saicic. "Total synthesis of (+)-swainsonine and (+)-8-epi-swainsonine." RSC Adv. 4, no. 96 (2014): 53722–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11978a.

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5

Guo, Chenchen, Li Zhang, Qianqian Zhao, et al. "Host-Species Variation and Environment Influence Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin Levels in Chinese Oxytropis Species." Toxins 14, no. 3 (2022): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030181.

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Oxytropis plants are widely distributed in the grasslands in northern China. Some Oxytropis species have been reported to contain the mycotoxin swainsonine, an alkaloid which causes poisoning in livestock, referred to as locoism. Previous studies showed that endophytic fungi (Alternaria oxytropis) symbiotically associate with these Oxytropis species to produce swainsonine. However, the influence of variation within the Oxytropis genus on the fixation or loss of symbiosis and toxicity is poorly understood, as is the influence of environmental factors. Here we used a collection of 17 common Oxyt

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6

Iimura, Youichi, Yukinori Hotta, Chiyoko Fukabori, Kin-Ichi Tadano, and Tetsuo Suami. "Syntheses of (−)-8-EPI-Swainsonine and (−)-1,8-DI-FPI-Swainsonine, Stereoisomers of Indolizidine Alkaloid, Swainsonine." Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 5, no. 1 (1986): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07328308608082650.

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7

Mendonça, Fábio S., Givaldo B. Silva Filho, Hisadora A. S. Chaves, et al. "Detection of swainsonine and calystegines in Convolvulaceae species from the semiarid region of Pernambuco." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 11 (2018): 2044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5945.

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ABSTRACT: Numerous plant species worldwide including some Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) and Sida (Malvaceae) species in Brazil cause lysosomal storage disease in herbivores and are known to contain swainsonine and calystegines as the main toxic compounds. The aim of this work was to determine swainsonine and calystegines concentrations in species of Convolvulaceae from the semiarid region of Pernambuco. Seven municipalities in the Moxotó region were visited and nine species were collected and screened for the presence of swainsonine and calystegines using an HPLC-APCI-MS method. The presence and co

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8

Oishi, Tohru, Toshihiro Iwakuma, Masahiro Hirama, and Shô Itô. "Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)-Swainsonine and (-)-8,8a-Di-epi-swainsonine." Synlett 1995, no. 05 (1995): 404–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1995-5002.

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9

Baptista, J. A., P. Goss, M. Nghiem, J. J. Krepinsky, M. Baker, and J. W. Dennis. "Measuring swainsonine in serum of cancer patients: phase I clinical trial." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 3 (1994): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.3.426.

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Abstract Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid and competitive inhibitor of Golgi alpha-mannosidase II (EC 3.2.1.114), reduces tumor growth and stimulates immune function in mice. On the basis of these observations, a phase I clinical trial was initiated to determine whether swainsonine could be administered safely to cancer patients. We describe a method for extraction, acetylation, and quantification of swainsonine in human serum samples. Methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside were added to serum samples as internal standards and, after sequential extraction of li

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10

Trajkovic, Milos, Milos Pavlovic, Filip Bihelovic, Zorana Ferjancic, and Radomir N. Saicic. "Total Synthesis of ( + )-Swainsonine, (–)- Swainsonine, ( + )-8-epi-Swainsonine and ( + )- Dideoxy-Imino-Lyxitol by an Organocatalyzed Aldolization/Reductive Amination Sequence." Natural Product Communications 17, no. 4 (2022): 1934578X2210916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x221091672.

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A tactical combination of either ( S)- or ( R)-proline catalyzed aldol reaction followed by intramolecular reductive amination enabled the synthesis of a chiral pyrrolidine derivative with 3 contiguous stereocenters in only 2 synthetic steps, starting from achiral precursors. This product, obtainable in both enantiomeric forms, was further exploited as a common intermediate in total syntheses of the biologically active iminosugars: ( + )-swainsonine, (–)-swainsonine, ( + )-8- epi-swainsonine, and ( + )-dideoxy-imino-lyxitol.

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11

Pyne, S., and C. Au. "Synthesis of (-)-Swainsonine." Synfacts 2007, no. 1 (2007): 0011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-955647.

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12

Ikota, Nobuo, and Akira Hanaki. "Syntheses of (—)-1-epi-Swainsonine and (+)-1,8-Di-epi-swainsonine." HETEROCYCLES 26, no. 9 (1987): 2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/r-1987-09-2369.

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13

Tadano, Kin-ichi, Youichi Iimura, Yukinori Hotta, Chiyoko Fukabori, and Tetsuo Suami. "Syntheses of (−)-8-epi-Swainsonine and (−)-1,8-Di-epi-swainsonine, Stereoisomers of Physiologically Interesting Indolizidine Alkaloid, Swainsonine." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 59, no. 12 (1986): 3885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.59.3885.

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14

Chavan, Subhash P., Lalit B. Khairnar, Kailash P. Pawar, Prakash N. Chavan та Sanket A. Kawale. "Enantioselective syntheses of (R)-pipecolic acid, (2R,3R)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid, β-(+)-conhydrine and (−)-swainsonine using an aziridine derived common chiral synthon". RSC Advances 5, № 62 (2015): 50580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra06429e.

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Concise total syntheses of (R)-pipecolic acid, (2R,3R)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid and formal syntheses of β-(+)-conhydrine, (−)-lentiginosine, (−)-swainsonine and -1,2-di-epi-swainsonine have been accomplished starting from a common chiral synthon.

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15

Barbosa, Rossemberg C., Franklin Riet-Correa, Everton F. Lima, et al. "Experimental swainsonine poisoning in goats ingesting Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii (Convolvulaceae)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27, no. 10 (2007): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2007001000004.

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Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii cause a glycoprotein storage disease in goats. This paper reports the experimental poisoning in goats by dried I. sericophylla and I. riedelii containing 0.05% and 0.01% swainsonine, respectively. Three groups with four animals each were used. Group 1 received daily doses of 2g/kg body weight (bw) of dried I. sericophylla (150mg of swainsonine/kg). Goats from this group had clinical signs 36-38 days after the start of ingestion. Group 2 received dried I. riedelii daily doses of 2g/kg of I. riedelii (30mg of swainsonine/kg) for 70 days. No clinical sign

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16

Stegelmeier, B. L., R. J. Molyneux, A. D. Elbein, and L. F. James. "The Lesions of Locoweed (Astragalus mollissimus), Swainsonine, and Castanospermine in Rats." Veterinary Pathology 32, no. 3 (1995): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589503200311.

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To better characterize and compare the toxicity of and lesions produced by locoweed ( Astragalus mollissimus) with those of swainsonine and a related glycoside inhibitor, castanospermine, 55 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 11 groups of five animals each. The first eight groups were dosed via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps with swainsonine at 0,0.1,0.7,3.0,7.4, or 14.9 mg/kg/day or with castanospermine at 12.4 or 143.6 mg/kg/day for 28 days. The last three groups were fed alfalfa or locoweed pellets with swainsonine doses of 0, 0.9, or 7.2 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Swainsonine- and

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17

Guan, Huirui, Xin Liu, Luis A. J. Mur, et al. "Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5 (2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050400.

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Plants in the Oxytropis genus can live with the endophytic fungi Alternaria sect. Undifilum. Swainsonine, the mycotoxin produced by the endophyte render the host plant toxic and this has been detrimental to grazing livestock in both China and U.S.A. Despite previous efforts, many questions remain to be solved, such as the transmission mode and life cycle of host–endophyte symbiont, the biosynthesis pathway of swainsonine, and in particular the ecological role and evolution of such symbiosis. In this review, we compile the literature to synthesize ideas on the diversity of the symbiosis and pro

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18

He, Wei, Linwei Guo, Lei Wang, et al. "Host Genotype and Precipitation Influence of Fungal Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin Abundance in a Locoweed." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (2019): 5285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215285.

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Many plant endophytes produce mycotoxins, but how host genetic variation influences endophyte colonization and mycotoxin production under natural conditions is poorly understood. This interaction has not been fully considered in many previous studies which used controlled experiments with agronomic or model plant species. Here, we investigated this interaction in a naturally occurring forb (a locoweed species) Oxytropis ochrocephala, its symbiotic endophyte Alternaria oxytropis, and the mycotoxin swainsonine. Host genetic variation was characterized by microsatellite markers. Endophyte infecti

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19

Casiraghi, Giovanni, Gloria Rassu, Pietro Spanu, Luigi Pinna, and Fausta Ulgheri. "Total syntheses of (+)-2,8,8a-tri-epi-swainsonine and (-)-1-epi-swainsonine." Journal of Organic Chemistry 58, no. 12 (1993): 3397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00064a031.

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20

OISHI, T., T. IWAKUMA, M. HIRAMA, and S. ITO. "ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)-Swainsonine and (-)-8,8a-Di-epi- swainsonine." ChemInform 26, no. 39 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199539245.

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21

Foddy, L., J. Feeney, and R. C. Hughes. "Properties of baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cells treated with Swainsonine, an inhibitor of glycoprotein processing. Comparison with ricin-resistant BHK-cell mutants." Biochemical Journal 233, no. 3 (1986): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2330697.

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Baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cells were grown continuously in long-term monolayer culture in the presence of Swainsonine, an inhibitor of alpha-mannosidase II, a processing enzyme involved in glycoprotein biosynthesis. The asparagine-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) were isolated from Pronase-digested cells by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A—Sepharose and lentil lectin—Sepharose. The major N-glycans, analysed by 500 MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, were identified as hybrid structures containing five mannose residues and neutral high-mannose

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22

Cenci di Bello, I., G. Fleet, S. K. Namgoong, K. I. Tadano та B. Winchester. "Structure-activity relationship of swainsonine. Inhibition of human α-mannosidases by swainsonine analogues". Biochemical Journal 259, № 3 (1989): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2590855.

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The inhibitory properties of a series of synthetic epimers and analogues of swainsonine towards the multiple forms of human alpha-mannosidases were studied in vitro and in cells in culture. Of the five epimers tested, only the 8a-epimer and 8,8a-diepimer of swainsonine were specific and competitive inhibitors (Ki values of 7.5 x 10(-5) and 2 x 10(-6) M respectively) of lysosomal alpha-mannosidases in vitro and induced storage of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in human fibroblasts in culture. The structures of these storage products indicated that processing alpha-mannosidases had also been inhi

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23

Wu, Chenchen, Ke Feng, Dezhang Lu, Dujian Yan, Tiesuo Han, and Baoyu Zhao. "Reproductive Toxicities Caused by Swainsonine from Locoweed in Mice." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6824374.

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Swainsonine is the primary toxin in locoweeds. It causes intention tremors, reproductive dysfunction, emaciation, and death. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential reproductive and developmental toxicities caused by swainsonine in mice. The treatment groups consisting of three generations of mice were given a range of concentrations of swainsonine by intraperitoneal injection (2.50 mg/kg body weight (BW), 1.20 mg/kg BW, 0.60 mg/kg BW, and 0 mg/kg BW). The 0 mg/kg BW group exhibited significantly fewer estrous cycles and an increased number of estrous ones compared to

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24

Lindsay, Karl B., and Stephen G. Pyne. "Asymmetric Synthesis of ( - )-Swainsonine." Australian Journal of Chemistry 57, no. 7 (2004): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch04009.

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This paper describes a new synthesis of (–)-swainsonine via the ring-closing metathesis reaction of a substituted 3-allyl-4-vinyloxazolindin-2-one and subsequent diastereoselective syn-dihydroxylation of the resulting pyrrolo- [1,2-c]oxazol-3-one.

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25

Tian, Yong-Shou, Jae-Eun Joo, Bae-Soo Kong, Van-Thoai Pham, Kee-Young Lee, and Won-Hun Ham. "Asymmetric Synthesis of (−)-Swainsonine." Journal of Organic Chemistry 74, no. 10 (2009): 3962–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo802800d.

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26

Tan, Xiang-mei, Amanda Juan Chen, Bin Wu, Gui-Shan Zhang, and Gang Ding. "Advance of swainsonine biosynthesis." Chinese Chemical Letters 29, no. 3 (2018): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2017.08.040.

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27

Neyaz, Marwa, Sumanjari Das, Daniel Cook, and Rebecca Creamer. "Phylogenetic Comparison of Swainsonine Biosynthetic Gene Clusters among Fungi." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 4 (2022): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8040359.

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Swainsonine is a cytotoxic alkaloid produced by fungi. Genome sequence analyses revealed that these fungi share an orthologous gene cluster, SWN, necessary for swainsonine biosynthesis. To investigate the SWN cluster, the gene sequences and intergenic regions were assessed in organisms containing swnK, which is conserved across all fungi that produce swainsonine. The orders of fungi which contained orthologous swainsonine genes included Pleosporales, Onygenales, Hypocreales, Chaetothyriales, Xylariales, Capnodiales, Microthyriales, Caliciales, Patellariales, Eurotiales, and a species of the Le

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28

Oldrup, Erik, Jennifer McLain-Romero, Anna Padilla, Andrew Moya, Dale Gardner, and Rebecca Creamer. "Localization of endophytic Undifilum fungi in locoweed seed and influence of environmental parameters on a locoweed in vitro culture system." Botany 88, no. 5 (2010): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-026.

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Endophytic Undifilum oxytropis (Q. Wang, Nagao & Kakish) Pryor, Creamer, Shoemaker, McLain-Romero, & Hambleton found within toxic locoweeds ( Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) produces the alkaloid swainsonine, which is responsible for locoism in grazing animals. We sought to determine the location of U. oxytropis within locoweed seed, develop endophyte free plants, and assess the influence of environmental stresses on locoweed and endophyte cultures. Undifilum was identified within the parenchyma layers in seeds of Astragalus lentiginosus M.E. Jones using light microscopy and polymerase

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29

Marin, Raul E., Juan F. Micheloud, Nilda D. Vignale, et al. "Intoxication by Astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo in llamas." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 3 (2020): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720914338.

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Lysosomal storage diseases are inherited and acquired disorders characterized by dysfunctional lysosomes. Intracytoplasmic accumulation of undegraded substrates leads to impaired cellular function and death. Several plant species are toxic to livestock because of the presence of indolizidine alkaloids, including swainsonine, which cause a storage disease. Swainsonine-induced nervous disease (i.e., locoism) of sheep and cattle is well recognized in several parts of the world, particularly in the western United States and in parts of Australia. Spontaneous intoxication by Astragalus garbancillo

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30

Chooprayoon, Soontorn, Chutima Kuhakarn, Patoomratana Tuchinda, Vichai Reutrakul, and Manat Pohmakotr. "Asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-swainsonine." Org. Biomol. Chem. 9, no. 2 (2011): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ob00388c.

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31

Newton, Sheila A., Sandra L. White, Martin J. Humphries, and Kenneth Olden. "Swainsonine Inhibition of Spontaneous Metastasis." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 81, no. 13 (1989): 1024–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/81.13.1024.

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32

Sung Ho, K. "An enantiocontrolled synthesis of (−)-Swainsonine." Tetrahedron Letters 36, no. 28 (1995): 5049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/00404-0399(50)09208-.

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33

Kang, Sung Ho, and Geun Tae Kim. "An enantiocontrolled synthesis of (−)-swainsonine." Tetrahedron Letters 36, no. 28 (1995): 5049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(95)00920-8.

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34

Pearson, William H., and Erik J. Hembre. "A Practical Synthesis of (−)-Swainsonine." Journal of Organic Chemistry 61, no. 20 (1996): 7217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo961101b.

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35

HINO, MOTOHIRO, OSAMU NAKAYAMA, YASUHISA TSURUMI, et al. "Studies of an immunomodulator, swainsonine. I. Enhancement of immune response by swainsonine in vitro." Journal of Antibiotics 38, no. 7 (1985): 926–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.38.926.

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36

IKOTA, Nobuo, and Akira HANAKI. "Synthesis of (-)-swainsonine and (-)-8-epi-swainsonine from (S)- and (R)-glutamic acid derivatives." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 38, no. 10 (1990): 2712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.38.2712.

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37

Kim, Young Gyu, and Jin K. Cha. "Divergent syntheses of stereoisomers of swainsonine: (−)-8-epi-, (−)-8a-epi- and (−)-8,8a-diepi-swainsonine." Tetrahedron Letters 30, no. 42 (1989): 5721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76180-6.

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38

Novikoff, P. M., O. Touster, A. B. Novikoff, and D. P. Tulsiani. "Effects of swainsonine on rat liver and kidney: biochemical and morphological studies." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 2 (1985): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.2.339.

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Among the reported effects of the plant toxin swainsonine in animals are a decreased level of Golgi mannosidase II activity, an increase in lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase activity, oligosaccharide accumulation, vacuolization of cells, and neurological changes. We now find that, in the rat, the alkaloid rapidly induces vacuolization of both liver and kidney cells, but oligosaccharides accumulate only in the latter. We demonstrate by enzyme- and immunocytochemistry that the induced pleomorphic vacuoles are lysosomal in nature. The vacuoles do not appear to be derived from the Golgi apparatus, whi

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39

Ren, Shien, Chao Fan, Liangzhi Zhang, et al. "The plant secondary compound swainsonine reshapes gut microbiota in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae)." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 16-17 (2021): 6419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11478-6.

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Abstract Plants produce various plant secondary compounds (PSCs) to deter the foraging of herbivorous mammals. However, little is known about whether PSCs can reshape gut microbiota and promote gut homeostasis of hosts. Using 16S rDNA sequencing to investigate the effects of PSCs on the gut microbiota of small herbivorous mammals, we studied plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) fed diets containing swainsonine (SW) extracted from Oxytropis ochrocephala. Our results showed that both long- and short-term treatment of a single artificial diet in the laboratory significantly reduced alpha diversity

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40

Vallotton, Amber D., Leigh W. Murray, Kevin J. Delaney, and Tracy M. Sterling. "Water deficit induces swainsonine of some locoweed taxa, but with no swainsonine-growth trade-off." Acta Oecologica 43 (August 2012): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2012.06.006.

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41

Hattori, Masa-aki, Kazunori Ozawa, and Katsumi Wakabayashi. "Biosynthesis and secretion of Iutropin in rat gonadotropes treated with swainsonine." Acta Endocrinologica 119, no. 1 (1988): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1190132.

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Abstract. Biosynthesis and secretion of LH were investigated using primary cultures of rat gonadotropes following exposure to swainsonine, an inhibitor of N-linked oligosaccharide processing. The inhibition of terminal glycosylation by swainsonine was assessed by the increase in incorporation of [3H]mannose and the decrease of incorporation of [3H]galactose into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble and anti-ovine LHβ immunoprecipitable fractions. This inhibitor led to an increase in cellular LH with high affinity for concanavalin A and a decrease of LH with less affinity for the lectin, although

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Mendonça, Fábio S., Raquel F. Albuquerque, Joaquim Evêncio-Neto, et al. "Alpha-mannosidosis in goats caused by the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, no. 1 (2011): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638711425948.

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A disease of the nervous system is reported in goats in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Histological examination showed diffuse vacuolation of neurons and epithelial cells of the pancreas, thyroid, renal tubules, and liver. The swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea was found on both farms where the goats originated. This plant was experimentally administered to 3 goats, inducing clinical signs and histologic lesions similar to those observed in spontaneous cases. On the lectin histochemical analysis, cerebellar cells and pancreatic acinar cells gave positive reactions t

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43

el Battari, A., P. Forget, F. Fouchier, and P. Pic. "Effect of inhibiting N-glycosylation or oligosaccharide processing on vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor binding activity and structure." Biochemical Journal 278, no. 2 (1991): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2780527.

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We used inhibitors of four steps of the glycosylation pathway to examine the contribution of carbohydrate moieties to the ligand-binding activity, cell-surface expression and apparent molecular mass of the human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor. Human melanoma IGR 39 cells, incubated for 60 h with the inhibitors tunicamycin, castanospermine, swainsonine or deoxymannojirimycin, under conditions where cell viability and protein synthesis were not affected, expressed VIP receptor species with different VIP-binding properties. The most pronounced effects on VIP binding were obtained wi

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Zhou, Wei-Shan, Wen-Ge Xie, Zhi-Hui Lu, and Xin-Fu Pan. "Asymmetric formal total synthesis of (–)-swainsonine." J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, no. 20 (1995): 2599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p19950002599.

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Yasuda, Nobuyoshi, Hideo Tsutsumi, and Takao Takaya. "SYNTHESIS OF TWO STEREOISOMERS OF SWAINSONINE." Chemistry Letters 14, no. 1 (1985): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1985.31.

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Bennett, Richard B., Jong Ryoo Choi, Walter D. Montgomery, and Jin K. Cha. "A short, enantioselective synthesis of (-)-swainsonine." Journal of the American Chemical Society 111, no. 7 (1989): 2580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00189a034.

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Punniyamurthy, T., Ryo Irie, and Tsutomu Katsuki. "Short step enantioselective synthesis of (?)-swainsonine." Chirality 12, no. 5-6 (2000): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(2000)12:5/6<464::aid-chir28>3.0.co;2-z.

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Håkansson, Anders E., Jeroen van Ameijde, Graeme Horne, et al. "Synthesis of the naringinase inhibitors l-swainsonine and related 6-C-methyl-l-swainsonine analogues: (6R)-C-methyl-l-swainsonine is a more potent inhibitor of l-rhamnosidase by an order of magnitude than l-swainsonine." Tetrahedron Letters 49, no. 1 (2008): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.10.142.

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KINO, TOHRU, NORIAKI INAMURA, KUNIO NAKAHARA, et al. "Studies of an immunomodulator, swainsonine. II. Effect of swainsonine on mouse immunodeficient system and experimental murine tumor." Journal of Antibiotics 38, no. 7 (1985): 936–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.38.936.

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Nollet, H., K. Panter, K. Vanschandevijl, L. Lefere, B. Stegelmeier, and P. Deprez. "Suspected swainsonine poisoning in a Belgian horse." Equine Veterinary Education 20, no. 2 (2008): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/095777308x264255.

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