Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Swanson's theory of caring'

When patients and families come to the emergency department seeking medical attention, they come in with many mixed emotions and thoughts. The fast paced, rapid turnover of patients and the chaotic atmosphere may leave patients who visit the emergency department with the perception that staff is uncaring. The purpose of this project was to implement a patient care delivery model, relationship-based care, in the emergency department. The model is comprised of several caring theories including Jean Watson's model of human care and Kristen Swanson's middle range theory of caring. The main goals of the project were to help staff enhance the patient and caregiver interaction, strengthen co-worker relationships, and gain appreciation of the importance of self-care. The intervention was an educational workshop about the relationship-based care model. Eight participants were consented, given a preassessment survey, educated about the model, and then given a postassessment survey. Prior to education, 83% of participants believed strongly that patients and families need to feel cared for during an emergency department visit; this increased to 100% posteducation. Perception about the importance of coworkers' relationships being trusting went from 38% to 50% and the importance of caring for one's self increased from 63% to 100%. It was recommended that the model be implemented in all emergency departments and all staff educated in its use as a way to promote social change through intentional focus on caring in every patient interaction.

The Design and Implementation of a Relationship-Based Care Delivery Model on a Medical- Surgical Unit by Paula A. Rodney MSN, California University of Pennsylvania, 2011 BSN, University of Virginia, 1979 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University April 2015   Patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes have become important issues in healthcare since the introduction of the Value Based Purchasing Program. Patient satisfaction, as measured by Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey, was declining and hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPU), falls, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) were rising on the pilot unit. The purpose of this non-experimental correlational design quality improvement project was to combine information from focus groups, a content analysis of the literature on Kristen Swanson's theory of caring, and relationship-based care, to develop and implement a relationship-based care delivery model. An additional aim was to determine its impact on patient satisfaction and the reduction of HAPU, falls, and CAUTI. The model was designed and implemented by a team consisting of bedside care providers, leaders, an educator, and a student facilitator. The components of the model included scheduling for continuity of care, whiteboards, seated bedside report, hourly rounding, a nurse advocate, and 5 focused minutes of attention per shift. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the mean change in HCAHPS scores before and after implementation of the model, and revealed improvements in dimensions of communication with nursing by 13.2%, responsiveness by 12.5%, overall rating of care by 14.5%, and willingness to recommend by 8.7%. The result of audits of the pilot unit's medical records indicated a reduction in falls by 3, HAPU by 2, and CAUTI by 2 from August, the baseline month. As a result of these findings the model will be implemented on all inpatient nursing units. The target audience for this project includes nursing leaders, educators, and bedside providers with interest in patient-centered care and staff empowerment.

The Swedish Agency for Higher Education evaluated in 2007 the nursing programs at Swedish Universities, and confirmed that several programs lacked definition of the main subject of the discipline;- namely caring- and/or nursing. The caring science disciplines showed indications of increasing signs of fragmentation, in that sub-disciplines were evolving. There is a unique foundation of theoretical knowledge that is specific for the caring professions grounded in caring theory and philosophy. For some reason the theoretical foundation and contexture of providing care seems to fade off with time in clinical practice, as well as an explicated theory-practice gap; that theory does not go along with clinical practice. An assumption in this thesis is that caring theory somehow seems to evaporate; as nurses become clinically active- caring theory does not seem to be much reflected upon.The overall aim was to investigate into the meaning of caring to nurses in municipal elderly care, and into their explicit and implicit understanding of caring theory in their daily practice.The theoretical perspective was caring science, while the epistemological frame was of a phenomenological hermeneutical life world approach. Data was gathered by interviews with nurses working in elderly care and analyzed to grasp the structure of the phenomenon of caring in theory and practice. The thesis comprises four studies of which three empirical was consolidated with a Jean Watson’s specific caring theory, ending up in a better understanding of the approach of caring in nursing and the role of theory in practice. The findings of the studies show that the lived experience of caring as narrated by the participating nurses comprises both implicit and explicit theoretical foundation to existential caring theory. The explicit use of theory or certain theoretical affiliation was not obvious; rather what may be theoretical inputs was expressed as the importance of being present and the necessity of having a health perspective in caring. By illuminating caring and concepts from caring theory, the meaning of caring in their professional lived experience, the primary intention or choice of working as nurses became apparent again. There seems to be different perspectives related to caring theory, but as the empirical findings shows, there is a consensus behind what caring is, both in theory and in practice. As a result from the analysis the aim of caring itself may be more salient and focused if based on existential phenomenological caring concepts and theory, as this corresponds with the nurses understanding of holistic intentional caring with a health perspective. A gap exists, but is more related to organizational restrictions such as role constraints and time pressure than to the meaning of caring in theory and practice. Mediating care is a concept that embraces the implications of all the outcome concepts of the analysis and it has the possibility of being the expression of immanent and transcendent dimensions in caring. Mediating care represents the expression of our understanding of life, our values and norms. It is given expression through the insights into, and the ways we connect to one another, our ability as carers (nurses) to reach out to another in his or her being, as well the understanding of ones own being in caring. Theoretical and practical reflection and cultivation of clinical sensibility has the opportunity of inspiring for an expanded caring consciousness, manifested in the mediation of care.

The death of one�s parents, irrespective of the age at which it occurs, is generally regarded as a life experience of considerable significance. The last few years of an elderly person�s life are often characterized by increasing frailty, declining health and loss of independence. Responsibility for the spiritual and physical care of parents during that period is undertaken by many adult children. Current research in this area is generally informed by the requirements of social policy, which, by identifying and addressing the inherent difficulties in this so-called informal caring, is designed to support carers in the community. The research reported in this thesis represents a departure from this mode of inquiry and seeks, rather, to explore the existential aspects of caring in this particular situation, from the carer�s perspective. To achieve this objective, an existential phenomenological approach informed principally by the philosophies of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, and the adaptation of these philosophies by Schutz, Giorgi and van Manen to social science research, was developed to suit the particular requirements of the topic. In addition to the author�s autobiographic material, primary sources include conversations with five people who had been principal carers for their parents during their final illnesses. In all cases caring had ended with the parent�s death at least one year before the conversations took place. The principal secondary sources are Simone de Beauvoir�s memoir, A Very Easy Death, and Philip Roth�s account of his father�s illness and death, Patrimony: A True Story. In addition, the argument is supported throughout by reference to other literary works. From these sources a number of major existential themes, including temporality, hope, suffering, and knowing the body, have been explored in depth, in conjunction with relevant existential theories. Synthesis of these topics suggests that in this particular circumstance, for the people involved in the study, the phenomenon of caring can be understood as an unconditional engagement with the life and concerns of their parent at the end of life, and can be interpreted within an existential framework as representing an authentic way of Being.

In this qualitative descriptive study seven homeless young adults in a northern town in Alaska were interviewed for the purpose of finding out how they cared for their health. The common barriers experienced by the participants in caring for their health were identified as hunger, absence of shelter, inattention to health, and the act of asking for help. Common facilitators described by the participants were access to food, resources, support system, and goals. Based on the findings nurses understanding the effects of hunger, lack of sleep, lack of support, and the stress of being homeless will be better able to assess the needs of homeless young adults. Findings support increased knowledge of resources in the community of practice and the culture associated with homelessness to facilitate the young homeless adults' health care and support them in their endeavors to secure a better future. Building a relationship with resource agencies within the nurse's community will enable the nurse to seek the assistance homeless young adults require for meeting their basic needs.

Care ethics is primarily about responding to needs. Yet, surprisingly, attempts to apply the ethics of care in the domain of law have paid almost no attention to the concept of legal needs. This study fills that gap by systematically defining legal needs. It does this by revising current understandings of legal need through a unified conceptual framework for the philosophy of needs and a comparative analysis of legal action, and its major alternatives in dispute resolution and prevention. The conception of legal need that results is both more sensitive to preventative functions of the law and opens the door to a much wider range of policy options beyond legal aid. Legal needs are found to be a special case of institutional needs, i.e. needs that cannot be satisfied without an institution. I argue that the existence of institutional needs means institutions, rather than any particular actor within them, can be caregivers, but not all conceptions of the ethics of care are compatible with this kind of need. Joan Tronto’s conception of care is found to be the most accommodating and is used as a framework for a series of policy recommendations to move us towards a caring legal system.

The general aim of the present thesis was to develop a theory on caring and uncaring encounters within nursing and health care from the patient's perspective. Results of an analysis of two phenomenological studies (paper I), as well as research findings from five other phenomenological studies (papers II-VI), were used to develop the theory. Caring and uncaring can be conceptualized on a continuum symbolizing five basic modes of being with another, which, for example, involves a neutral mode of being with another, where the individual is perceived as neither caring nor uncanng. There are two major metaphors in the theory, that of the bridge, symbolizing the openness in communication and the connectedness experienced by the recipient of care in an encounter perceived as caring. The other metaphor is the wall, which symbolizes negative or no communication, detachment and lack of a caring connection, experienced by the recipient in an encounter perceived as uncaring. In the theory the importance of professional caring within nursing and health care is proposed, essentially involving competence, caring, and connection. The above-mentioned 'bridge' is developed through mutual trust and the development of a connection between the professional and the recipient. This connection is a combination of professional intimacy and a comfortable distance of respect and compassion -- professional distance. On the other hand, uncaring involves perceived indifference and incompetence, creating distrust, disconnection and the above-mentioned 'wall' of negative or no communication. The recipient of professional caring is influenced positively. Theconsequences, which are an increased sense of well-being and health, can be summarized as empowerment. Uncaring, however, has the negative consequences of decreased sense of well-being and health, which can be summarized as discouragement. Empowerment and discouragement in this context are defined as subjective experiences of the recipients of care. The importance of seeing the recipient in his or her inner and outer contexts is emphasized in the theory. The inner context involves perceived needs, expectations, previous experiences and sense of self, which in the perspective of the recipient of nursing can be summarized as both a sense of vulnerability and the need for professional caring. The perceived hospital environment comprises the recipient's outer context. It is concluded that nurses and other health professionals can, by theirprofessional caring or lack of it, be powerful sources of empowerment ordiscouragement to those whom they are pledged to serve.

Papers, included in the Ph.D. thesis, are not registered and included in the posts from 1999 and backwards.

The following papers included in the Ph.D. Thesis are removed due to copyright restrictions.

Paper I: Halldirsdottir, S. l 991. Five basic modes of being with another. In Gaut, D.A., & Leininger, M.M., (eds) Caring: The compassionate healer. NationalLeague for Nursing, New York, 37-49.

Paper II: Halldirsdottir, S. & Hamrin, E. 1997. Caring and uncaring encounters'vvithin nursing and health care: From the cancer patient's perspective. Cancer Nursing April, 20(2):120-128.

Paper III: Halldirsdottir, S. & Hamrin, E. 1996b. Experiencing existentialchanges: The lived experience ofhaving cancer. Cancer Nursing, 19(1), 29-36.

Paper IV: Halldirsdottir, S. & Karlsd6ttir, S.I. 1996a. Empowerment ordiscouragement: Women's experience of caring and uncaring encounters during childbirth. Health Care for Women lnternational, 17( 4).

Paper V: Halldirsdottir, S. & Karlsdottir, S.I. i 996b. Journeying through labourand delivery: Perceptions of women who have given birth. Midwifery 12(2).

Paper VI: Halldirsdottir, S. 1996a. The lived experience of health: Aphenomenological case study. (on the day of the defence date the status of this article was Submitted. Published later: Halldorsdottir, S. 2000. Feeling empowered: A phenomenological case study of the lived experience of health.  In B. Fridlund and C. Hildingh (eds),  Qualitative methods in the service of health (pp. 82-96).  Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-195). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis advisor: Dorothy A. Jones
A metasynthesis of 90 published qualitative studies was conducted on the nurses’, students’, and patients’ perception of nurse caring. A mid-range theory of Nurse Caring emerged from the data, including three attributes: Presence, Concern for the Other, Knowledgeable, Competent Care, and Respect for the Person. The Nurse Caring Patient Scale (NCPS) was developed from patient descriptors within the metasynthesis. NCPS was tested to establish the psychometric properties of the instrument with 341 adult acute in-patients of a northeastern United States metropolitan teaching medical center. Initial reliability for total NCPS was .92. Factor analysis using principal components analysis with varimax rotation resulted in a parsimonious three factor solution that accounted for 50.49 % of the total variance. The final NCPS was 23 items with an alpha of .91. Component 1 (Presence, Concern for the Other) was comprised of 11 items with an alpha of .89. Component 2 (Knowledgeable, Competent Care) contained five items with an alpha of .77. Component 3 (Respect for the Person) had seven items and an alpha of .73. Participants were asked to write about an experience with a nurse. Components of caring and uncaring experiences described by participants did not add to the body of data from the metasynthesis or to the items of the NCPS. This study was limited by sample population, and the items of NCPS may be applicable only to those included in the synthesized qualitative studies. The metasynthesis of qualitative studies and mid-range theory of Nurse Caring add to the theoretical concept of caring by including the patients’ perceptions of the nurse-patient encounter. Components of Nurse Caring add competency, and respect to presence with the patient for a comprehensive definition of caring. NCPS offers nurses and administrators a valid reliable measure for patient perceptions of quality of care and satisfaction that were until now unseen and unmeasured. The theory of Nurse Caring provides nurse educators with a framework for nursing curricula, since the theory incorporates all aspects of nursing practice within its definition
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008
Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing
Discipline: Nursing

Corporate sustainability comes in a variety of shapes and the boundaries defining what can be called sustainability are disputed. This thesis explores the making of sustainability at a medium-sized company in Sweden, in this study called HygieneTech, that actively works with sustainability. Inspired by theories from science and technology studies (STS), the author discusses how different versions of sustainability are created in practices. The study is based on a theoretical approach, actor network theory (ANT), which understands reality as performed rather than observed, and since reality and its objects are enacted differently in diverse situations, reality and objects are considered multiple. Moreover, inspired by Maria Puig de la Bellacasa, “thinking with care” enables the study to tell new stories about how companies work with sustainability. This view of the actors as doing sustainability through care practice in a corporate setting paves the way for a caring analysis, exploring the different versions of sustainability as different matters of care. The enactment of sustainability is studied through participant observation, interviews and document studies. The most frequently enacted versions of sustainability are sustainability as saving resources, sustainability through standards/labels, sustainability as caring for people, and sustainability as a conscious choice. The study shows how some versions of sustainability in one setting can clash, such as when the employees at HygieneTech have to decide between caring for saving resources or caring for labelled products. Even so, in other settings versions of sustainability can be added together and thus enable the employees to care for sustainability both as a marketing device and as a conscious choice. Furthermore, the thesis shows that sustainability is sometimes made absent in relation to other matters of care, such as cleanliness and economy, while in other settings economy and sustainability can be added together. Finally, the thesis shows how sustainability, while enacted in several versions, still can cohere though professional tinkering.
Hur företag arbetar med hållbarhetsfrågor kan se väldigt olika ut och många gånger uppstår stridigheter kring vad som får kallas hållbart. Denna avhandling studerar hur hållbarhet iscensätts i ett medelstort företag i Sverige som arbetar aktivt med hållbarhetsfrågor. Företaget är i denna studie anonymiserat och kallas HygieneTech. Genom att använda teorier från studier av teknik och vetenskap (STS) studeras hur olika versioner av hållbarhet skapas i olika praktiker. Studien utgår från ett teoretiskt angreppssätt, aktör-nätverksteori (ANT), som genom en symmetrisk analys studerar såväl materiella som mänskliga aktörer. ANT anser att verkligheten och dess objekt görs snarare än upplevs och eftersom verkligheten iscensätts på olika sätt i olika situationer, är verkligheten och objekten multipla. Genom att studera hållbarhet som omsorgspraktiker, inspirerad av Maria Puig de la Bellacasa, skriv nya typer av historier kring hållarbetsarbete på företag. Att tänka med omsorg (”thinking with care”) ger forskaren möjlighet att istället för att återberätta den traditionellt återkommande historien om företaget som en vinstmaximerande rationell agent, lägga fokus inte bara på rationalitet, utan även affektion. Hur hållbarhet görs i praktiken studeras genom deltagande observationer, intervjuer samt dokumentstudier. Denna avhandling visar på att det finns ett flertal olika versioner av hållbarhet som iscensätts vilka ofta är sammanknutna i varandra. Några av de viktigaste versionerna av hållbarhet i HygieneTech handlar om hållbarhet genom att spara resurser, hållbarhet genom märkningar/standarder, hållbarhet genom omsorg om människor och hållbarhet som ett medvetet val. Vissa av dessa versioner kan adderas samman, men i andra situationer ställs de mot varandra. Studien diskuterar även exempel på när hållbarhet görs osynligt på grund av att andra värden såsom renlighet och ekonomi istället sätts i fokus, samt hur hållbarhet trots sina olika versioner hålls samman.

At least one third of college students enrolled in a given year take at least one course that is 80%+ online delivery (Allen & Seaman, 2015). This number has increased from 10% of students just within the last decade. Given this increase, the need for instructional communication research in this context has also grown. One construct that has had little attention in online settings is that of perceived instructor caring. Caring instructors are perceived as concerned, sensitive, not self-centered, and having students’ best interests at heart (McCroskey & Teven, 1999). Caring has the potential to impact various aspects of student success, but has seen limited application in online learning research. Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) uses the term relatedness, and assess the impact on motivation; however, this has also been applied very little in online settings. Guided by self-determination theory, the purpose of this dissertation is to explore perceptions of instructor caring in online education environments, to compare student and faculty views of instructor caring, explore the measurement of mediated instructor caring, and to test a mediation model proposing that perceived instructor caring, autonomy, and competence impacts perceived cognitive learning with motivation and affect as mediators. To do this, the author conducted two mixed-methods studies to compare instructor and student perceptions of caring, validate the measurement of caring, and test the model. Findings seek to improve understanding of how these constructs operate in online learning contexts and to assess self-determination theory for use in online settings, as well as to guide future research in various contexts of instructional communication.

This study explores the perceptions of Directors of Nursing from NHS acute Trusts in England, on caring practices. The aspiration of the NHS is to deliver good care to patients and their families. The NHS constitution states that the ‘NHS is there to improve health and wellbeing, and it touches our lives at times of basic human need, when care and compassion are what matter most’ (DH 2013:2). However, recent inquiries into poor care have created a searching debate regarding standards of nursing care, leadership, culture and practice. Directors of Nursing play a significant role in influencing care, as they are charged with responsibilities relating to providing assurance of standards of care within NHS Trusts. However, little is known about the perceptions of Directors of Nursing in NHS acute Trusts, on caring practices. The study aimed to construct a grounded theory of the perceptions of Directors of Nursing from NHS acute Trusts, on caring practices. The study also sought to understand the social, political, professional and organisational challenges facing Directors of Nursing. Twelve Directors of Nursing from NHS acute Trusts in England were interviewed between July 2013 and January 2014 using semi-structured questions. A constructivist grounded theory approach was adopted to support the co-construction of the theory by exploring how the participants construct their worlds or reality. Through the co-construction approach a theory of ‘Directors of Nursing Perceptions on Caring: Post Francis Paradoxes’ revealed that the participants are working within a paradoxical NHS system in response to findings from the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust inquiry. The theory is supported by three categories of: ‘trusting my senses’; ‘avoiding becoming collateral damage’; and ‘being in a different place’. The three paradoxes that emerged were: the need to produce reliable high-quality assurance about standards of care in the NHS which detracted from and impacted on the Directors of Nursing roles in supporting internal assurances processes. Secondly, external monitoring standards did not capture the ‘real’ warning signals of care failings as intended. Thirdly, the reliance on intuitive skills to give assurances of caring practices was considered necessary to support the demanding monitoring and assurance processes. This study captures a challenge, as perceived by Directors of Nursing, regarding how external regulatory demands can be accommodated alongside the internal organisational requirements to lead the improvement agenda of patient care standards. Directors of Nursing need then to balance the competing priorities in their roles whilst supporting and leading a nursing workforce to deliver ethical caring practices. Recommendations are made for research, education and practice.

Since No Child Left Behind legislation was enacted, accountability features intended to assure that all students receive quality education have influenced teachers' perceptions and actions in the classroom leading many to leave the profession. The problem is that high teacher attrition rates plague education. The intent of this research was to explore and discover teachers' experiences with NCLB, including how they made sense of their experiences, and how it affected their patterns of behaviors and decision making. Fifteen instructors of grades three through five in Texas participated in interviews and responded to a grand tour question. Utilizing classical grounded theory methodology, the core variable, Caring Less, emerged from the data. Initial stages began with conditions and consequences that were present in participants' experiences in the substantive area of teachers working with NCLB legislation, forming the framework for the theory. The theory, Caring Less, accounted for the greatest variation in participants' behavior explaining how educators resolved their main concerns. It established four main categories: conforming to the mandate, obeying authority, being in relationship, and wanting out. Overwhelmed and overloaded educators de-prioritized critical portions of their work, caring less about components of their employment that affect students. The high level of stress associated with the pressures of testing and accountability seriously impacted their role as educators and contributed to teacher demoralization and instructor attrition. Conclusions include the necessity for pre-service training at the university level to include instruction and practical experiences with co-teaching, new teacher induction and mentoring, and training for social and emotional competence. For veteran instructors, districts' likelihood of retaining teachers is greater if choices in voluntary staff development are offered, training in social emotional competence is available, and teacherpreneural opportunities are supported by school administration. For school districts, campus studies of burnout and modifying hiring practices to measure grit as part of the hiring process may improve teacher retention. Recommended for future research is administrative leadership due to its effect on campus culture. In this study, effective school leadership was the most significant factor in determining how educators perceived their ability to navigate their employment under NCLB.

Thesis (M.S.)--Medical College of Ohio, 2005.
"In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nursing." Major advisor: Linda Pierce. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: vi, 56 p. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: pages 46-50.

This empirical study investigated the manifestation of prosocial sharing behaviours and how this interplayed with preschool-aged children’s Theory of Mind (ToM), described in cognitive science as one’s ability to ascribe mental states to others and how the ascribed states are used to explain and predict the actions of others, when using media and technology (M&T), i.e., iPads. The following research questions were explored: 1) In what ways do theory of mind and the prosocial behaviour of sharing manifest among preschool-aged children interacting with iPads?; 2) What are the effects of iPad use on the manifestation of theory of mind and prosocial behaviours of sharing among preschool-aged children?; 3) What are the possible connections between a child’s theory of mind and their prosocial behaviour of sharing? The study is grounded in empathy-altruism theory, social exchange theory, and social learning theories. It employed a mixed methods approach that used design-based research (DBR) strategies and video ethnography for data collection. During the study, the children wore personable cameras, which captured data from their points of view to enhance the video captured by the researcher. Phases of the DBR included: a pilot feasibility study (prototype test) with practicing teachers (n=18), field study with preschool-aged children (n=3) (four years old), and definitive test group (n=5) (three and four years old) in another early childhood education (ECE) setting. The field study and definitive test phases included a teaching intervention for data collection and analysis: 1) Reading digital story Mine, 2) ToM storybook task battery, 3) Demonstration of Chatterpix Kid, and 4) Limited iPad to children ratio using Chatterpix Kid to animate pictures taken. Data were analyzed using qualitative open-thematic coding methods and statistical methods, including Chi-square and Cohen’s Kappa for agreement. The qualitative and quantitative results indicated that all children participants had ToM attributes and incidents of prosocial behaviours occurred more than nonsocial or antisocial behaviours when using media and technology. The study’s findings underscore the importance of exploring in situ children’s ToM, using point of view wearable cameras, and continued research to understand short and long-term implications of media and technology in early childhood education.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

Critical care nurses may experience burnout and stress because they are caring for an increasing number of dying patients in the intensive care setting. The purpose of the qualitative, existential phenomenological research study was to explore the experiences, perceptions, and needs of critical care nurses who provided care to dying patients receiving futile medical care and how their experiences may contribute to burnout and stress. Findings revealed that critical care nurses in the study experienced aversive memories associated with scents and sounds of death in intensive care, discomfort, ethical concerns, family issues, personal issues, and physician barriers, but burnout was not discussed. The sample consisted of four critical care nurses who worked in a hospital in Northern California. Data collection was conducted by unstructured interviews, and data analysis was accomplished using thematic analysis and additionally interpreted using NVivo 10 software. Authentic experiences when caring dying patients, barriers encountered while caring for dying patients and identifying resources for nurses caring for dying patients were three themes that emerged from the data analysis. Goodness of caring with intent to stay, meaningful engagement, death feelings/perceptions/scents/sounds, personal feelings, values neutral, advocating for patients, family issues, physician barriers, developing coping skills, colleague/communication support, and end-of-life education/training were the 11 sub-themes that were revealed during the data analysis. There is considerable need for continued research on how to develop and offer a range of supportive resources to help nurses care for themselves while caring for dying patients and their families, on integrating palliative care teams in intensive care units, and how health care organizations could benefit from developing palliative or comfort care units in their organizations.

This critical ethnographic study investigated the outlook of the African American community in New Orleans on inherent resources for supporting the youth of the community in achieving successful educational and personal development under the oppressive conditions that they are subjected to in privatized public schools. The objective was to identify what the community envisioned as protective support for youth against typical disciplinary practices in schools that include physical and psychological abuse, suspensions for minor offenses that set youth en route to prison, and State laws have been enacted to support those practices.

The research was guided by the following questions: What resources are available within the community to support the survival and thriving of African descendant youth who are threatened by State condoned aggression in public schools? What change do parents, students, and members of the community want in public schools? What action do parents, students, and members of the community see as necessary to making that change?

Data was collected through the ethnography methods of participating in residents' everyday lives by attending meetings and community events related to the school situation; observing social action; taking reflective notes; and video recording one-on-one conversations arranged as follow up to conversational exchanges or overheard commentary.

The findings of the study consist of three themes consistently identified as elements necessary to a program of support for African descendant youth's psychological balance, motivation, and self-actualization. The three themes of self-knowledge, self-reflection, and self-reliance were consistent articulated in the outlook data of members of the community. Resistance in action centered on building education institutions founded on African centered values and curriculum, taught by African America teachers. African centered values were viewed as a basis for actualizing self-sufficiency and positive personal development for African descendant youth.

Differences in outlook were found regarding educational institutions best suited to deliver the required support and the corrective value of mainstream politics. Independent African centered schools were seen as necessary to supporting the optimal development of African American youth, and free public education with access by all was seen as needed for educating the masses of African American youth given the financially depressed conditions of African American communities. Participation in mainstream politics as a means of gaining leverage for the community was viewed as highly valuable in some sectors of the community and as less valuable in others.

Introduction: Increasingly the provision of care for older people with dementia or children with intellectual disabilities (ID) has shifted from institutions to the community. This has resulted in an increase in burden and a reduction in autonomy for those who care for these individuals. Aims: This study sought to identify, describe and explore the changes in the carers' experiences of looking after a relative living with dementia or adolescents with ID, and the effects of caring on the carers' autonomy and health over time. Research Design and Methods: A longitudinal, grounded theory approach in three phases was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with six spouses and seven mothers at the beginning, at six months and at eighteen months. A constant comparative analysis of taped and transcribed interviews was used. Findings: Four categories emerged: My Life Changed, Commitment, Responsibility and Duty, and Support. The core category My Life Changed was identified as representing the beginning of the caregiving journey; and the learning from experience that occurred as a consequence of that journey, offering a new perspective on the experience of carers. Of the other categories, Commitment refers to a deepened and sustained element; Responsibility and Duty increases over time and finally Support refers to the fluctuating nature of help provided by formal and informal sources. All participants experienced changes in the caregiving journey; the degree and nature of necessary adaptations varied. Conclusions: A Theory of Caring emerged: overall there is a great degree of similarity in the journey of caring, what changes were experienced did not appear to conform to any fixed pattern. All carers learned by experience to manage their situations although for the older group it is more rapid in the early stages of caring while the mothers experienced this learning more gradually. For all carers their autonomy and health was challenged.

By grounding my work in this series of four essays in literary theory, but telling stories to which almost anyone can relate I hope to begin making the connection between sometimes heady academics and everyday working-class Americans. Only when learners understand their circumstances and the need for education, can they begin to take control of what they learn and how they employ that knowledge.

The welfare of the elderly population is one of the most important goals of the public health services. At macro level the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare state that the premier goal is for elderly people to have dignified and comfortable lives. They should have a life with a sense of value and feel confident. These ethical values which are expressed on macro level or as normative ethics are expected to prevail at micro level. In our study the micro level is the caring encounter between the elderly patient, next of kin and nurses. Ethical values and morals are important aspects that influence the quality of care, videlicet in empiric ethics.

The aim of study (I) was to identify and describe the ethical values experienced by the older person in the daily interaction with nurses in a ward for older people during caring encounters. In study (II) the aim was to identify and describe the governing ethical values that next of kin experience in interaction with nurses who care for elderly patients at a geriatric clinic. Study (I) which was an empirical observational study included follow-up interviews. Twenty-two older people participated voluntarily. In study (II) interviews with fourteen next of kin were conducted. In both studies Constant comparative analysis, the core foundation of grounded theory was used.

Five categories; Being addressed, receiving respect, desiring to participate, increasing self-determination and gaining self-confidence formed the basis for the core category in study (I): Approaching. Approaching concerns the way people become closer to each other in a physical space .It also includes how people become closer to each other in a dialogue, which involves verbal or bodily communication. Approaching indicates the ethical values that guide nurses in their caring encounters with older people. This ethical value is noted by the older person and has an individual value, as well as leading to improved quality of their care. The older person will be confident and satisfied with the caring encounter if the desired components in the nurse’s approaching are exhibited.

Four categories were identified in study (II): Receiving, showing respect, facilitating participation and showing professionalism. These categories formed the basis of the core category: “Being amenable”, a concept identified in the next of kin’s description of the ethical values that they and the elderly patients perceive in the caring encounter. Being amenable means that the nurses are guided by ethical values; taking into account the elderly patient and next of kin. Nurses who focus on elderly patients’ well-being as a final principle will affect next of kin and their experience of this fundamental situation.

The overall aim of this thesis is to gain a better understanding how people with dementia and their spouses experience dementia over time, especially the impact it has on their inter-personal relationships and patterns of everyday life. Data were collected using separate semi-structured interviews with 20 persons with dementia and their spouses of 6 monthly intervals over an 18-months period (132 interviews in total), and analysed using constructivist grounded theory. Analysis suggested that whilst spouses are aware of and acknowledge the diagnosis of dementia, they do not routinely talk about it but rather the focus of their combined efforts is on making life as meaningful as possible. To do this couples, rather than individuals, actively ‘work together’ to create a ‘nurturative relational context’ in order to sustain the quality of their relationship, and maintain the self-image and sense of agency of the person with dementia. In order to create a ‘nurturative relational context’ couples continued to ‘do things together’ for as long as possible by understanding complementary roles underpinned by a mutual appreciation of each others contribution in a way that builds upon the remaining strengths of the person with dementia. Their focus is therefore on ‘couplehood’ as much as ‘personhood’. An analysis of the complete data set identified three temporally sequenced but overlapping phases of the experience of couplehood termed ‘sustaining couplehood’, ‘maintaining involvement’, and ‘becoming alone’. ‘Sustaining couplehood’ had the primary goal of ensuring that the spuses’ ‘work’. This involved four interrelated sets of activities: talking things through, in order to ensure good communication and acknowledge and value differences; being affectionate and appreciative by demonstrating continued attractiveness to their spouse; making the most of things by enjoying everyday pleasures, looking for positive interpretations of events and focussing on the present (living for today); and finally, keeping the peace by being aware of potential points of friction and not responding to difficult behaviour. Both the person with dementia and the non-affected spouse were active strategies in the above process. In addition both spouses worked to ‘maintain the involvement’ of the person with dementia by ensuring that they had an active role to play. However, despite their efforts, eventually the non-affected spouse took on an increasing role and this occurred in a number of ways, either by the person with dementia consciously ‘handing over’ responsibility or more passively ‘letting go’, or by the non-affected spouse ‘taking over’. ‘Sustaining couplehood’ and ‘maintaining involvement’ often occurred simultaneously but the relative emphasis changed over time as ‘sustaining couplehood’ became more difficult and increasing effort was expended in ‘maintaining involvement’. As this occurred the data suggested that the non-affected spouse became increasingly ‘alone’ as the dementia progressed. This process has yet to be fully explored, however, it is clear that for spouses a complete understanding of the dementia experience is not possible without consideration of ‘couplehood’.

Thesis advisor: Jane M. Flanagan
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore nurses’ experiences of Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Caritas Process Three: Cultivation of One’s Own Spiritual Practices and Transpersonal Self, Beyond Ego-Self. Background: There is currently an inadequacy of spiritual care provided to patients and families in the ICU despite a significant articulated need. Nurses report discomfort with and a lack of preparation in providing spiritual care competently. Nurses with strong personal spiritual development are more likely to report comfort with spiritual caregiving and provide spiritual care. Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Caritas Process Three; Cultivation of One’s Own Spiritual Practice and Transpersonal Self, Going Beyond Ego-Self makes explicit the primacy of relationship between nurse spiritual development and transpersonal spiritual nursing care. However, the nature of spiritual development of nurses in the ICU remains unknown. Methods: A qualitative descriptive methodology with directed content analysis applying Watson’s Caritas Process Three was used to analyze data for this study. Results: Ten ICU Nurses provided evidence of the experience of Caritas Process Three. Five themes were identified in the analysis of data: Caritas nurses vary in their ability to move beyond ego-self, Personal spiritual practices serve as a barrier and/or facilitator to nurses’ ability to provide spiritual care, Critical illness as experienced by patients and families provided the opportunity for nurses to explore spirituality with other, The care environment serves as a barrier and/or facilitator to nurses’ personal spiritual growth, and Cultivation of spiritual practice and spiritual identity is integral to a life-long process of consciousness evolution. Conclusions: The findings of this study extend and inform Caritas Process Three of Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. Nurses in this study provide evidence for the primacy of personal spiritual development for the delivery of spiritual and transpersonal care for patients in the ICU
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing
Discipline: Nursing

The aim of this project was to describe the results of an integrative critical literature review on caring. Nursing has experienced a shift in worldviews away from Christianity and has moved toward a post-modern humanistic worldview. The purpose of this research was to determine if there is a need to develop a middle range theory on caring from a biblical Christian worldview.

This integrative critical literature review was designed to include diverse research methodologies and the views of nursing theorists, philosophers and theologians. Articles were reviewed to identify caring as a “state of being” and the perceived origin of caring. Five percent of the research articles and 15% of the non-research articles were based on a biblical Christian worldview. In this study, “being” was viewed as characteristics of the nurse, or who he or she is, as related to his or her identified origin of caring. Fifteen unique characteristic terms were identified in those articles which were written from a Christian worldview. Only 4% of the articles recognized one of the Trinity (God, Jesus, Holy Spirit) as the origin of caring.

Findings demonstrated there is a shortage of research publications addressing the Christian worldview on caring. The study also revealed that nursing educators, nursing students and practicing nurses are basing their caring practice on theories that are founded on post-modern humanistic values and beliefs. A biblical Christian worldview and a humanistic worldview include many of the same characteristics, but authors with a biblical Christian worldview uniquely identified characteristics that are the Fruit of the Spirit.

The present study explores paediatric nurses’ experience of caring for young people who self-harm. The purpose is to identify the impact of caring for this patient group and the potential implications this has for patient care. It is estimated that between 20,000 and 30,000 young people present to hospitals in the UK with self-harm injuries each year. The current literature reveals that healthcare workers based in psychiatric and accident and emergency settings experiences a range of negative feelings when caring for adults who self-harm. Self-harm can challenge the value system of a nurse and raise issues regarding whether someone is deserving of the care. There is a scarcity of literature exploring paediatric nurses’ experience of caring for young people on a medical ward. A grounded theory approach was undertaken to meet the aims of this study. Eight paediatric nurses working in a hospital in the Scottish Highlands took part. The findings revealed one core category, ‘Stepping on untreaded waters’, which represented nurses’ sense of uncertainty. This category related to four main categories which described: the use of support mechanisms; knowledge of self-harm; nursing culture; factors which influence a nurse’s perception of being a ‘good nurse’. The core and main categories were related to three principal categories which were all formulated into a Model of Support Resources. The need for a sensitive, creative approach when introducing further education and training to nurses is critical, given the climate of change in nursing education.

Este estudo teve como objetivos: analisar o conceito de Espiritualidade a partir da Teoria do Cuidado Transpessoal proposta por Jean Watson e Discutir as relações entre Experiências da Consciência (Espirituais), nos campos de interação denominados pela teorista de Momento Presente, Campo Fenomenológico e Ocasião Real de Cuidado. Método: foi utilizado a Análise de Clarificação de Conceito, proposto por Wilson. As seguintes etapas foram seguidas: 1. Isolar as questões de conceito; 2. Encontrar as respostas certas; 3. Casos Modelo; 4. Casos Contrários; 5. Casos Relacionados; 6. Casos de Difícil Diagnóstico; 7. Casos Inventados; 8. O Contexto Social; 9. Anseios Basilares; 10. Resultados Práticos e 11. Resultados na Linguagem. As questões norteadoras para análise foram: a) Qual a natureza da Espiritualidade no Cuidado Transpessoal? e b) Espiritualidade se difere de Materialidade nas relações de cuidado, uma vez que a primeira exigiria diferentes níveis de interação para que uma dimensão mais sutil pudesse ser acessada?. Resultados: na Teoria do Cuidado Humano a Espiritualidade é concebida como o Mundo do Espírito, experienciado através de um campo fenomenológico de interação entre dois Seres caracterizado pela ocorrência de Experiências da Consciência (ou espirituais). Na Teoria do Cuidado Humano os antecedentes para Espiritualidade foram: Alma/Espírito, caracterizado por: Imortalidade, Imaterialidade, Essência, Auto Conhecimento, Consciencia e Energia Criativa; Individualidade, configurada por Alma/Espirito e Transcendencia física, mental e emocional e, por fim, Experiências da Consciência, indicada por: Intuição, Experiencia Espiritual/Sobrenatural/Metafísica/Mística. Os atributos encontrados para acessar à dimensão espiritual foram os dez Clinical Caritas Process. Também verificou-se que o Processo Interacional Paciente-Profissional é direcionado a partir da triade: Mente-Corpo-Espirito onde os resultados esperados estão relacionados à ocorrência de Ocasião Real de Cuidado, percebida pela Conexão a partir das Histórias de Vida, Dilatação da Percepção do Campo Fenomênico, Rupturas na relação espaço-tempo, culminando na Transpessoalidade e Processo de Cuidado Humano, evidenciado pelo Contato Profundo com o Outro e Consigo, Uso de Linguagem Pertinente para Descrever a Experiencia Vivida e, por fim, Sistematização do Plano de Cuidados a Partir dos Dados Obtidos da Experiência.
This study aimed to analyze the concept of spirituality from Human Caring Theory by Jean Watson and Discuss the relationship between Experiences of Consciousness (Spiritual), in the interaction field called by theorist of \'Present Moment, \'Phenomenological Field\' and \'Actual Caring Occasion. Method: Wilsons concept clarification was used. The following steps were followed: 1. Isolate questions of concept 2. Find the right answers; 3.Model Case 4. Contrary Cases 5. Related Cases 6. Borderline 7. Invented Cases 8. Social Context 9. Underlying anxiety 10. Practical Results and 11. Results in language. The guiding questions for analysis were: a) What is the nature of Spirituality in Caring? b) Spirituality differs from materiality in relations of care, since the first would require different levels of interaction for a more subtle dimension could be accessed\'. Methodological steps performed this study concluded that: the Theory of Human Caring Spirituality is conceived as the World of Spirit, experienced through a phenomenological field of interaction between two beings characterized by the occurrence of experiences of consciousness (or spirit). In Human Care Theory were the background for Spirituality: Soul/Spirit, characterized by: Immortality, Immateriality, Essence, Self Knowledge, Consciousness, and Creative Energy, Individuality, set by Soul /Spirit and Transcendence physical, mental and emotional, and finally, Experiences of Consciousness, indicated by: Intuition, Experience Spiritual/ Supernatural / Metaphysical / Mystical. The attributes found to access the spiritual dimension were the ten Clinical Caritas Process. It was observed that the Patient Process-Interactional Professional is directed from the triad: Mind-Body-Spirit where the outcomes are related to the occurrence of Care Real Deal, the perceived connection from Life Stories, dilatation of Perception Field phenomenal, breaks in the space-time, culminating in transpersonal Process and Human Care, evidenced by the Deep Contact with the Other and I can, Use of Language Relevant to describe the experience and, finally, Systematization Plan of Care Data Obtained from Experience

The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the knowledge of, attitudes toward, and experiences of the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP), sexual behaviour, and pornography consumption among high school students and young people. Data were obtained by questionnaires (studies I, II, and III), and by qualitative in-depth interviews (study IV).

A majority of 16-year old high-school students were aware that ECP existed, and knew where to obtain it. Attitudes toward using ECP were generally positive, but more girls than boys were hesitant as to whether ECP should be available without a prescription. Of those having experienced sexual intercourse, more than one fourth stated that they themselves or their partner had ever used ECP (I).

Almost half of the 16-year old high-school students surveyed (46%) had had sexual intercourse, a number similar in studies conducted 10 and 20 years earlier. Use of contraceptives at first intercourse had increased (to 76%) and use of alcohol had decreased (to 23%). More students in practical rather than theoretical programs smoked, had sexual intercourse at an earlier age, had more partners, and used contraceptives at first intercourse less often (II).

Three out of four 18-year old students had had sexual intercourse, of which almost three quarters reported contraceptive use at first intercourse. Anal intercourse was reported by one sixth, with infrequent condom use. Males who consumed more pornography were more likely than males who consumed less pornography to engage in a variety of sexual activities, as were males with an early age at first sexual intercourse (III).

The core category that emerged in the interviews was “Living with the current sexual norm”, pornography created sexual expectations and demands. The interviewees expressed contradictory feelings towards pornography and felt that sexuality was separated from intimacy. In order to deal with the current sexual norm, participants had different individual handling strategies, including liberal-, normalization-, distance-, feminist- and conservative strategies (IV).

Overall, the studies highlight several differences between genders and between students attending practical- and theoretical study programs in questions concerning ECP, sexual behaviour and pornography. These differences should be addressed while planning for counselling and sex education. We suggest that health- and school personnel discuss how sexuality is portrayed in pornographic material with young people.

One in five Australians has a mental disorder and it is estimated that one in four families have a member who has a mental disorder. Since the 1960s there has been an 80 percent decrease in Australian institution-based mental health care. The majority of people who have a mental disorder are now treated in their local community and many of them live with their families. The change in the delivery of mental health care has seen the family emerge as one of the most important supports to their ill family member. While the changes in the delivery of mental health care have been based on human rights concerns, changes in mental health legislature, and economic factors, the multi-dimensional experience of being a primary carer of a person with a mental disorder remains relatively unexplored. The need for empirical evidence on the primary carer's experience is noted in both the scientific literature and from carers themselves and the principal aim of conducting this research was to address the identified need. This qualitative study, using grounded theory methodology, presents the findings of interviews with 27 primary carers and memos documented throughout the study. In addition, existing literature of relevance to the findings of this study is presented. A substantive theory of seeking balance to overcome being consumed is presented in this thesis. Using the grounded theory method the constant comparative analysis of data revealed that the basic social psychological problem shared by all participants was the experience of "being consumed". The problem of being consumed consisted of two stages: "disruption of established lifestyle" and a "sustained threat to self-equilibrium". Six conditions were identified as influencing participants' experience of being consumed.
In order to address the problem of being consumed, participants engaged in a basic social psychological process of "seeking balance". When participants were engaged in this process they moved from a state of being consumed to one whereby they established and consolidated a balanced life perspective that incorporated their caregiving role. The process of seeking balance consisted of three phases: "utilising personal strategies to reduce the problem of being consumed', "restoring self- identity", and "reaching out to make a difference". In addition, data analysis identified the presence of a three phase sub-process entitled "trying to make sense of what was happening". Phases one of the core and sub- processes occurred primarily in the period prior to the time when a psychiatric diagnosis was made on the affected family member. Participants became engaged in the remaining two phases of the core and sub-processes when they became aware that their affected family member had a mental disorder. At the time of being interviewed for this study some participants were not yet engaged in the final phase of the process of seeking balance. Participants' experience of seeking balance was not related to the length of their caregiving experience but rather to their experience of seeking balance and the conditions influencing that process. Four conditions were identified as influencing participants' experience of seeking balance.
This thesis presents the substantive theory of seeking balance to overcome being consumed. While the findings support existing scientific literature, the substantive theory also presents a new insight on caring from the primary carer's perspective. In particular, the findings challenge health professionals to actively pursue strategies to reduce carers' experience of being consumed. The findings of this study have implications for service provision and clinical practice, policy and planning, research, education, the general population, mental health consumers, and carers.

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the positive youth development constructs of character and caring with achievement goal orientation and ability level, variables associated with achievement goal theory, in the context of organized American football. A multiple methods-mixed data approach to the research was utilized with self-administered web-based questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in an effort to provide increased understanding of the relationship between these theoretical perspectives. Participants were male adolescents attending an intercollegiate football skills camp. Significant findings included a relationship between increased self-reported ability level and measures of character and support for an interaction between ability level and orthogonal achievement goal orientation on measures of character. Recommendations for the field and future research are included in light of the limitations of the study. This initial examination of the relationship between an emerging theoretical framework in positive youth development and achievement goal theory provides an important first step towards development of an applied and conceptual model for youth development through organized sport.

This critical race qualitative research study examines the perspectives of Chicanas\os regarding their educational experiences. Critical race theory in education has been critical in the effort to bring a deeper understanding of the racism that is experienced in American schools by Chicanas\os and other children of color. This study examines the intersectionality of American education; the Chicana\o social, political and historical experiences; and racism.This study is informed by theoretical frames from the disciplines of critical race theory, Latino critical race theory and their educational implications, new racism, Chicana/o authentic caring, and critical pedagogy. These theories expose inequality and injustice that adhere in American schools, and they help me understand that Chicana/o students, their parents and their communities are constructors of knowledge and facilitators of critical transformation.The study triangulates qualitative data through two critical components: interviews and an archival evaluation of the academic impact of the Social Justice Education Project and its Critically Compassionate Intellectualism (CCI) model of transformative education. The interview component consists of one open-ended focus group interview and one open-ended interview. In the archival segment, I evaluate informal open-ended student interviews, end of the year progress reports, post-program surveys, and achievement and graduation data.These data indicate that racism remains a key variable within the educational experiences of Chicanas\os students in SUSD schools. Additional findings indicate that the student cohorts that participate in the Social Justice Education Project and experience the CCI model of transformative education have a higher AIMS pass rate and higher graduation rates than those students cohorts that do not experience both the Social Justice Education Project and its CCI model.Given these findings, the study proposes that educational leaders demonstrate the political will that is needed to discover and implement multiple forms of critical transformative educational praxis. In addition, the need for more research that centers the voices of students and that focuses on racism and the Chicana\o contemporary experience.

Research indicates that many factors may impede teachers' ability to develop caring relationships with students such as the school environment (Schaps, 2009), lack of cultural understanding (Thompson, 1998), the teacher's beliefs and attitudes about care (Goldstein, 2002), and personal experience of being cared for (Noddings, 1984). Yet, little research exists on how schools can address these and other potential limiting factors in order to help teachers cultivate caring relationships with students. The purpose of this study was to examine how one school in India, which claims to emphasize the importance of the teacher-student relationship, develops and supports teachers' capacities to create caring relationships with students. The hope was that the outcomes might provide insight for policy-makers, school administrators, and teachers about what is needed to best support teachers in their relationships with students. The research site for this study was a pre-Kindergarten through 12th grade private school in India. The choice of India as a cultural context stemmed from the historical precedence of the importance of the teacher-student relationship. A mixed-methods descriptive case study served as the design for this study. Qualitative methods included interviews of teachers, administrators, and students, classroom and event observations, and document analysis. Quantitative methods included surveys of teachers and students. The qualitative data were analyzed using Noddings' (1984) four methods for teaching care (modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation) with other themes added as needed. Descriptive statistics and factor analyses of both surveys were used to triangulate and expand upon the qualitative data. Findings indicated that schools can support teachers' capacity to care for students through a strong commitment to the teacher-student relationship, deliberate fostering of relationships between students, teachers, and parents, and through the modeling by and direct receipt of care from administrators. Other factors that may help teachers to care for students include cultural respect for the teaching profession and acknowledgement of care from both students and parents. However, teachers' efforts to care may be impeded by intense testing environments. Recommendations were made for the implementation of resources and support needed by teachers to create caring relationships with students.

Older people should have a life with a sense of value and should feel confident. These ethical values, which are expressed in normative ethics, are expected to prevail in empirical ethics. Central components of nursing are the ethical issues of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and the principles of justice. The general aim of this thesis is to identify and describe the ethical values that are apparent in the caring encounter and their influence on the people involved. This is done from the perspective of the older person in study (I), next of kin in study (II) and nurses in study (III). In study (IV) the aim was to synthesize the concepts from empirical studies (I- III) and analyze, compare and interrelate them with normative ethics. Studies (I, III) were empirical observational studies including follow-up interviews. Twenty-two older people participated voluntarily in study (I), and in study (III) 20 nurses participated voluntarily. In study (II) fourteen next of kin were interviewed. In studies (I- III) constant comparative analysis, the core foundation of grounded theory, was used. Five concepts were used in the analysis in study (IV); three from the grounded theory studies (I- III) and two from the theoretical framework on normative ethics i.e. the ICN code and SFS law. Five categories; being addressed, receiving respect, desiring to participate, increasing self-determination and gaining self-confidence formed the basis for the core category ‚Approaching‛ in study (I). ‘Approaching’ indicates the ethical values that guide nurses in their caring encounters with older people. These ethical values are noted by the older people and are greatly appreciated by them, and also lead to improved quality of care. Four categories were identified in study (II): Receiving, showing respect, facilitating participation and showing professionalism. These categories formed the basis of the core category ‚Being amenable‛, a concept identified in the next of kin’s description of the ethical values that they and the older patients perceive in the caring encounter. In study (III), three categories were identified: showing consideration, connecting, and caring for. These categories formed the basis of the core category ‚Corroborating‛. Corroborating deals with support and interaction. Empirical ethics and normative ethics are intertwined, according to the findings of this study (IV). Normative ethics influence the nurse’s practical performance and could have a greater influence in supporting nurses as professionals. Criteria of good ethical care according to this thesis are: showing respect, invitation to participation, allowing self-determination, and providing safe and secure care. These criteria are elements of the concept of being professional. Professionalism of nurses is shown by: the approach nurses adapt to the performance of their duties, and their competence and knowledge, but also how they apply laws and professional codes

During the last decades Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) has become a more frequently used method to recognise adult’s prior learning. This thesis analyses a process of RPL in health care, where health care assistants are assessed against subjects in the upper-secondary health care program. Prior research on RPL is to a high degree non-theoretical and focus is primarily on policy level research. This thesis adds to the field by progressing a critical social theory perspective on RPL. In the thesis the RPL process is analysed through Jürgen Habermas’ theory of communicative action and Axel Honneth’s Recognition theory. General questions posed are: What are the power issues in the RPL process? What implications does the tension between the lifeworld of work and the system of education have? What consequences does mutual understanding and communication have for the outcome of the RPL process? What part does recognition play for the participants? The results disclose the power relations that emerge in the relationship between participants and teachers. A caring ideology is developed and problematized. Further, the importance of mutual understanding between participant and teachers in the assessment of prior learning is discussed focusing on the consequences a lack of mutual understanding could have for the outcome in such assessments. On a macro level the analysis demonstrates the tension between the participants prior learning and the educational systems demand for formalising prior learning. In addition, analyses of a more developmental character that intends to show the potential for critical learning, change and recognition are progressed. The results suggest that communicative action can be used to develop RPL into processes focusing on critical learning and change. Recognition of traits and abilities could also enhance individual’s positive relations with the self. Such recognition could develop self-confidence and thus RPL could encourage learning and cultivate continuing self-realisation through work.
Validering har under de senaste decennierna blivit en alltmer använd metod för att erkänna vuxnas tidigare lärande. Denna avhandling analyserar en valideringsprocess inom omvårdnadssektorn för vårdbiträden med mångårig erfarenhet. Vårdbiträdena valideras mot ämnen inom omvårdnadsprogrammets karaktärsämnen. Tidigare forskning om validering är i hög grad icke-teoretisk och mycket fokus har legat på policynivå. Denna avhandling bidrar till forskningsfältet genom att problematisera validering utifrån ett kritiskt samhällsteoretiskt perspektiv. I avhandlingen analyseras valideringsprocessen utifrån Jürgen Habermas teori om det kommunikativa handlandet och Axel Honneths erkännandeteori. Exempel på mer generella frågor som ställs är: Vilka är maktfaktorerna i valideringsprocessen? Är handlingarna i processen koordinerade mot gemensam förståelse? Hur ser förhållandet mellan system och livsvärld ut? Vilken roll spelar erkännandet i validering för deltagarna? Resultatet synliggör de maktförhållanden som uppstår mellan deltagare och lärare i bedömningsprocessen. En omvårdande ideologi lyfts fram och problematiseras. Därtill diskuteras betydelsen av gemensam förståelse mellan deltagare och lärare vid bedömning, samt vilka konsekvenser brist på gemensam förståelse kan få. På ett makroplan åskådliggör analysen spänningen mellan deltagarnas erfarenheter och utbildningssystemets krav på formalisering. Vidare genomförs mer utvecklingsfokuserade analyser som vill visa på möjligheterna för kritiskt lärande och förändring i validering. Resultatet demonstrerar också, bland annat, betydelsen av att bli erkänd för sina förmågor och hur detta kan utveckla individens självuppskattning och främja lärande. I studien föreslås det att kommunikativt handlande kan utgöra en norm för hur validering kan utvecklas mot mer kritiskt lärande och positiv förändring. Men också att erkännande av tidigare förmågor kan gynna individens positiva relation till sig själv, hur detta främjar lärande, självuppskattning och hur validering därmed kan utgöra en grund för ett vidare självförverkligande genom arbete.

The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate recovery in the relationshipbetween couples following an acute myocardial infarction [AMI]. An additionalaim was to compare differences over time regarding hope and health‐relatedquality of life [HRQoL] for both patient and partner. The thesis is based on fourempirical studies (I‐IV), and has a longitudinal design employing both qualitativeand quantitative methods. A purposive sample was recruited comprising 15couples in which one partner had been diagnosed with an AMI. Study I wascarried out as individual tape‐recorded interviews aimed at describing thepatient´s and their partner´s experiences after hospital discharge. Study II alsoused individual tape‐recorded interviews, this time with the aim of describing andinterpreting the couple´s thoughts and expectations about their future life after thepatients’ discharge. Study III used the HHI‐S and SF‐36 measures to comparechanges over time in self‐rated hope and health‐related quality of life, anddifferences between patients’ ratings and their partner´s. Study IV used repeatedindividual tape‐recorded interviews with the aim of interpreting the couples´narratives about their relationship and daily life. The data were analysed andinterpreted using a number of qualitative content analysis methods (I, II, IV) anddescriptive and comparative statistics (III).Overall, the couples´ recovery from an AMI in the two years after an AMI consisted of a striving to reach some kind of balance and stability in their currentlife situation. The period after discharge from the hospital involved understandingthe importance of the home as a place in which one feels at home and which bringsa feeling of safety, experiencing the phenomenon of security and being at homewithin oneself, and seeking normalisation in returning to an ordinary life (I). Thecouples´ thoughts about their future lives were either optimistic, taking an activeapproach, or pessimistic, taking a wait‐and‐see approach. The couples could bedivided into four positions in terms of their visions of the future: life companions,who were in concordance regarding their future; tightrope walkers, who had incommon a need to reprioritise what they considered important in their future;pathfinders, who had in common an undefined vision of their future and observers, who saw their future including both physical as well as sociallimitations (II). Self‐rated hope and HRQoL both improved over time, but few ofthese improvements were statistically significant, and I found no statistically groupeffects. Estimation of the MDC index revealed that neither HHI‐S nor SF‐36measures stable traits (III). Finally, the repeated interviews revealed how thecouples viewed their daily life, mutual relationships and roles in their relationshipVIIover time. There was an abundant variation in a number of the couples´ storiesabout their relationship and daily life during the recovery period (IV).In conclusion, it is clear that what happen to one party in a relationship influencesthe other party. The couples in the studies showed improvements in both hope andhealth‐related quality of life over time. The HHI‐S and SF‐36 measures seemed tobe sensitive to and affected by the current situation. Going through an AMI is alife‐changing event that makes it necessary for the couple to make adjustments andadapt to their new situation. Different couples have different approaches tohandling this situation; no two couples are the same, and every couple willperceive and deal with the AMI differently. An AMI starts a process of transition,and over time a couple affected by AMI will undergo external as well as internal changes.
Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att undersöka återhämtning i parrelation efter hjärtinfarkt. Ett ytterligare syfte var att jämföra skillnader avseende hopp och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet över tid men också emellan patienter och deras partners.Avhandlingen baseras på fyra delstudier (I‐IV), och har en longitudinal designmed både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Ett ändamålsenligt urval av 15 par rekryterades där en i parrelationen diagnostiserats med akut hjärtinfarkt. DelstudieI genomfördes med individuella bandinspelade intervjuer med syfte att beskrivapatienter och deras partners erfarenheter efter utskrivning från sjukhus eftergenomgången hjärtinfarkt. Delstudie II använde också individuella bandinspelade intervjuer, den här gången med syfte att beskriva och tolka parens tankar ochförväntningar kring deras framtid efter att patienten skrivits ut från sjukhus.Delstudie III använde instrumenten HHI‐S och SF‐36 för att jämföra skillnader av självskattat hopp och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet över tid och emellan patienter och deras partners. Delstudie IV använde upprepade bandinspelade intervjuer medsyfte att tolka parens berättelser kring deras relation och det dagliga livet. Data haranalyserats och tolkats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys på olika sätt (I,II,IV) ochmed såväl deskriptiv som jämförande statistik (III).Avhandlingen visar att parens återhämtning efter hjärtinfarkt under en period avtvå år omfattar en strävan efter att uppnå någon form av balans och stabilitet i denrådande livssituationen. Perioden efter utskrivning från sjukhus innebar enförståelse för hur viktigt hemmet är som plats för att känna sig hemma eller för att skapa en känsla av trygghet samt erfarenheter av fenomenet trygghet och attkänna sig hemma i sig själv. Slutligen sökte paren efter normalisering för att återkomma till det vanliga livet (I). Parens tankar kring deras framtid var antingenoptimistisk, en aktiv inställning, eller pessimistisk, en vänta ‐ och ‐ se inställning.Paren kunde också grupperas i fyra positioner som beskrev deras visioner omframtiden. De som kallades livskamrater syntes vara i samklang vad gällde återhämtning, balanskonstnärerna hade gemensamt ett behov av att omprioriter a vad som var viktigt för framtiden, de som var gemensamt för de som kallades stigfinnare var deras odefinierade/oklara bild av framtiden och slutligenobservatörerna såg sin framtid omfatta såväl fysiska som sociala begränsningar(II). Både självrapporterat hopp och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet förbättrades övertid, men få av dem var statistiskt signifikanta och inga statistiska gruppeffekterhittades. Beräkning av MDC index visade att varken HHI‐S eller SF‐36 mäterstabila dimensioner (III). Slutligen visade de upprepade intervjuerna hur paren sågpå dagligt liv, den inbördes relationen och roller i relationen över tid. Det fanns enIXrikedom av variationer i parens berättelser om deras relation och det dagliga livetunder återhämtningsprocessen (IV).Till sist framträder det klart att det som händer den ene i relationen fårkonsekvenser för den andre. Paren i studierna visade på att det skeddeförbättringar vad gäller både hopp och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet över tid. BådeHHI‐S och SF‐36 är instrument som synes vara känsliga för och påverkade av denrådande situationen. Att gå igenom en hjärtinfarkt är en livsavgörande händelsesom fodrar att paren ställer in sig på och gör anpassningar till en ny situation.Paren har dock olika sätt att handskas med den nya situationen och det finns intetvå par som är lika, och inte heller uppfattar och hanterar de hjärtinfarkten i vardagen och i relationen på samma sätt. En hjärtinfarkt startar en transitionsprocess och över tid genomgår paren såväl yttre som inre förändringar.

Educational Administration
Ed.D.
This qualitative single-site case study examined the philosophy, decisions, and behaviors of a particular male school principal who subscribed to a form of care-based leadership practice. A Pennsylvania high school principal with a distinct leadership philosophy centered on the ethic of care was chosen to participate in this study. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of emotion as it relates to leadership philosophy and the enactment of leadership decisions and actions. Additionally, the short and long-term organizational effects of leader behavior were examined. Semi-structured interviews with the principal, administrators, teachers, staff, parents, community members, and graduated students were utilized to examine how the principal's leadership philosophy was perceived and carried forth in school operations. Additionally, on-site observations and document reviews were utilized to aid the data collection process. The observation and analysis of the male school principal's leadership behavior was filtered through the lens of Goleman's, Boyatzis', and McKee's (2002) primal leadership theory and also through Gross' (1998, 2004, 2006) turbulence theory. Additionally, Wilson's (1998) theoretical conception of consilience was utilized as the physiological, psychological, ethical, social, emotional, and spiritual aspects of leadership were considered. These theoretical perspectives allowed for the review of principal leadership behavior in the context of unstable organizational conditions and accounted for the various elements involved with the leadership process. In turn, the male school principal's ability to implement his leadership philosophy was explored. This examination aimed to increase understanding of the intentions, actions, perceptions, and outcomes that arise from male school principal conduct that proposes to be aligned with a care-based leadership philosophy. The findings indicated the male school principal was able to successfully implement a care-based form of leadership practice. The results suggest that a particular leadership acuity, involving various rational, emotional, social, and moral competencies, was necessary for the school principal to experience success. Principal aptitude in these domains allowed the school leader to successfully lead his school organization during both stable and highly turbulent conditions. The findings suggest that the ethic of care, specifically in relation to Sernak's (1998) conception of caring power, should serve as the foundation for school organization leadership practice. Also, the findings offer various care-based school leadership aptitudes and behaviors that may be beneficial for school leadership theorists and practitioners to explore and consider.
Temple University--Theses

This qualitative study critically examined nurses' perception of nursing qua nursing in an American Nurses Credentialing Center Magnet^® re-designated healthcare system in Albany NY. Watson's Theory of Human Caring is used by many Magnet^® hospitals, including the site for this study, to inform and guide nursing practice. Watson's Theory supports concepts and practices of integral health, holism, caring, healing, and the education and integration of complementary health care modalities as independent therapeutic nursing interventions. This study aimed to understand the nurse's emancipatory experience, comportment and self-agency as she/he participated in a theory guided practice; and illuminate the nurses' acquisition, understanding and utilization of knowledge and power as required for engaging independent therapeutic nursing interventions in the unitary-transformative health paradigm.

Eight nurses from the Oncology Unit self-selected to participate without recidivism from August to October 2012. The study was conducted in two parts: 1) A questionnaire was developed by the researcher to collect demographic and educational data from participants including: age, ethnicity, level of academic education, years of experience in nursing and in specialty, education to nursing theory, including education specifically to Watson's Theory of Human Caring and to holistic nursing and Complementary and Alternative Modalities (CAM), and CAM use in practice and self-care; and 2) Kim's (1999, 2007, 2010) Critical Narrative Inquiry Method was used to collect and analyze narrative data in three phases: 1) descriptive 2) reflective; and 3) critical-emancipatory. Written and audio data from in-person interviews were transcribed and analyzed by the researcher. Data was validated by participants and used to answer four research questions: 1) What are the emancipatory experiences of nurses in a Magnet^® re-designated healthcare system that promotes Human Caring Theory; 2) What are the patterns that facilitate nurses' comportment and self-agency to fully embody and practice integral nursing qua nursing in a Magnet^® re-designated healthcare system; 3) What are the patterns that create barriers to nurses' comportment and self-agency to fully embody and practice integral nursing qua nursing in a Magnet ^® re-designated healthcare system; and 4) How does the organization support nurses control over their nursing practice within this one ANCC Magnet ^® re-designated healthcare system? Findings gleaned from the patterns that occurred most frequently in the narrative data included: 1) Nurses used Human Caring and Integral Nursing theoretical concepts to inform and conduct their practice; even though they reported limited education to the theories. Elements of the theories that manifested in their practice and self-care included: advocating, educating, counseling, creating a caring-healing environment by honoring the patient and family's space and wishes, approaching patients and families non-judgmentally with an open mind and loving kindness, using complementary modalities of humor, prayer, intention, authentic presence, music, imagery, touch, and obtaining complementary therapy, palliative and spiritual care consults for patients; 2) Facilitators to practice included: the support of their manager, colleagues and team members, optimal staffing patterns, resource nurses and competent, self-motivated care technicians and support staff; and 3) Nurses in the study confirmed their Magnet^® healthcare system values: a) Supportive and participative nursing management; b) Advanced education by providing tuition reimbursement and flexible scheduling; c) Participation in and use of the most current nursing research in their practice; and d) A strong nursing mentoring culture, where nurses empower each other to provide ethical care and advocate for patients' and nurses' rights. Opportunities for nursing education and leadership include: 1) The need to revise academic and continuing education curricula to adopt integral theory guided practice at all levels; 2) The need for advanced practice nurses to translate conceptual models into practice and help nurses to articulate the value and power of nursing to impact integral health and healing.

Suggested Keywords: nursing, holistic, integral, human caring, theory guided practice, emancipatory praxis, critical narrative inquiry, ANCC Magnet^®.

Background: Pain is one of the most common and feared symptoms in palliative care and may cause suffering and reduced quality of life of the dying person. The pain has several different dimensions and is a subjective experience of each individual. How the nurse meets the palliative patient's pain is essential to good health of the patient, which allows a good and worthy death. Aim: The aim was to highlight nurses' experiences in meeting total pain in palliative care. Method: The literature review is based on ten scientific studies of which seven studies with a qualitative approach, a study using quantitative methods and two studies with mixed method. The studies included in the literature review has been reviewed and approved by an ethics committee. Searches were made in the databases MEDLINE and CINAHL Complete full text. Results: The results showed that nurses experienced difficulties to meet patients who experienced total pain. The nurses felt that they had insufficient knowledge and experience in meeting patients with total pain. The nurse worked much with existential conversation. Discussion: Nurses experienced an uncertainty in the face of existential questions, which is a difficult but important part of the work. This is discussed and anchored in Rosemarie Rizzo Parse nursing theory Human becoming along with the concept of caring.
Bakgrund: Smärta är ett av de vanligaste och mest fruktade symtomen i den palliativa vården och kan medföra lidande och försämrad livskvalitet hos den döende människan. Smärtan har flera olika dimensioner och är en subjektiv upplevelse hos varje enskild individ. Hur sjuksköterskan möter den palliativa patientens smärta är avgörande för en god vård av patienten vilket ger möjlighet till en god och värdig död. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att möta total smärta i palliativ vård. Metod: Litteraturöversikten baseras på tio vetenskapliga studier varav sju studier med kvalitativ metod, en studie med kvantitativ metod samt två studier med mixad metod. De studier som inkluderats i litteraturöversikten har granskats och godkänts av en etisk kommitté. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna Cinahl Complete och MEDLINE full text. Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor upplevde svårigheter att möta patienter som upplevde total smärta. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde sig ha bristande kunskap och erfarenhet av att möta patienter med total smärta. Sjuksköterskan arbetade mycket med existentiella samtal. Diskussion: Sjuksköterskor upplevde en osäkerhet i att möta existentiella frågor, vilket är en svår men viktig del i arbetet. Detta diskuteras och förankras i Rosmarie Rizzo Parses omvårdnadsteori Mänsklig tillblivelse tillsammans med begreppet vårdande.

Theoretical framework: The Theory of Human Caring by Jean Watson was used as a theoretical framework. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to describe the attitude of nursing patients who go through an induced abortion, from a nurse perspective. Method: This literature review is based on a sample of nine qualitative and quantitative studies, collected in the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsycInfo. The qualities of the studies were assessed through modified templates. Analysis of the results from the studies was inspired of a content analysis. Findings: The nurses experienced their work as meaningful since they give support to the patient. The nurses felt that their work was justified when the decision to have an abortion was well thought through and they felt respect towards the patient when they were aware of the patient’s circumstances. The nurses experienced stress and emotional impact when they faced ethical dilemmas and contradictions to abortion. Conclusion: Nurses experience can affect how patients experience care. Many nurses feel that they do not get enough support to handle difficult situations that they encounter in their work. Nurses who experience a high level of support in the workplace perceive tasks as less demanding what leads to better treatment.

As older couples age, often one partner becomes more competent and able to care for the other, in which case they are able to remain in their homes. In one township in the northeastern United States, the caregiving role had a significant effect on the lives of elderly men who care for their wives. The purpose of this quantitative project study was to determine the relationship between perceived stress burden and perceived level of social support services and between perceived stress burden and use of support services by elderly male spousal caregivers residing in active adult communities. Watson's theory of caring provided the theoretical foundation for this study. A correlational design was used and data were collected from 82 elderly male spousal caregivers with (a) the Zarit Burden Interview; (b) the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; and (c) a checklist, Support Services in Your Area. Descriptive analysis indicated that participants carry a large stress burden, particularly emotional stress (Zarit Burden score of 36.58/65), enjoy strong social support (Multidimensional Scale score of 45.47/75), and use few community services. Pearson's product-moment correlation revealed no significant relationship between perceived stress burden and perceived social support or between perceived stress burden and use of community services, indicating that men feel emotional stress but the feelings are not related to their use of community services. As community services were not used by elderly male caregiver spouses, a workshop for professionals was developed to help the professionals expand programs and services that may have value for these men in their caregiver role. This study has social significance because satisfaction with the caregiver role has consequences for the health and financial well-being of the elderly and for U.S. society.

Orientador: Josué Pereira da Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abdalla_JuliadeSouza_M.pdf: 1702454 bytes, checksum: 5410b572bc9d436149766aadda72b0eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: partir de uma reconstrução de argumentos em três linhas distintas, analisarei, nessa dissertação, as soluções propostas ao dilema do trabalho familiar. A divisão sexual do trabalho, que atribui às mulheres as tarefas domésticas e de cuidados e aos homens as ocupações situadas na esfera pública, remuneradas e reconhecidas como contribuições relevantes à sociedade, torna-se ainda mais onerosa às mulheres a partir de sua entrada no mercado de trabalho ao longo das últimas décadas. Desse momento em diante, elas passam a realizar duplas jornadas, sendo sobrecarregadas, ao mesmo tempo, com o trabalho remunerado na esfera pública e a manutenção de sua responsabilidade quase exclusiva pelas atividades referentes ao lar e à família. Frente a esse problema, uma série de propostas foram realizadas no âmbito da teoria social e dos estudos de gênero, tendo por objetivo dar conta da necessidade de reconhecimento desse trabalho e, ao mesmo tempo, preocupadas com a busca de emancipação das mulheres. Nesse trabalho, reconstruo criticamente esses argumentos, analisando em que medida dão conta da necessidade de reconhecimento e, ao mesmo tempo, das demandas emancipatórias femininas. Em primeiro lugar, tratarei das propostas de feministas igualitárias, que defendem a remuneração desse trabalho. Em seguida, da visão contrária à remuneração, tanto no âmbito do feminismo quanto nas teses desenvolvidas por André Gorz em Metamorfoses do Trabalho (1988). Por fim, retomarei o que há de pertinente à questão no debate entre Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth. O objetivo é extrair dessas contribuições os elementos relevantes para pensar a equidade de gêneros através da problemática do trabalho doméstico e da divisão sexual do trabalho
Abstract: In this dissertation, I intend to analyze the different solutions to the dilemma of family labor, enchaining arguments in three distinct lines. During the last decades, as women move into the labor market, they become specially burdened by a sexual division of labor that assigns domestic labor and care work to women and paid occupations in the public sphere, which are also recognized as relevant contributions to society, to men. As they start working in the public sphere while keeping the same responsibility as before over domestic labor and care work, women start working double shifts. Several theoretical proposals have been developed with respect to this problem, intending to afford the social recognition that is due to this work and keeping a strong concern for women¿s struggle for emancipation. In this work, I reconstruct those arguments critically and analyze whether they constitute effective solutions to the problem that conciliate the struggle for recognition of family labor as a relevant contribution to society and the claims for women¿s emancipation. In the first chapter, I debate the proposals by equalitarian feminists, who defend the payment of this work. In the second chapter, I evaluate the opposing perspective using both feminist contributions and the ideas developed by André Gorz (1988) with respect to the topic. Lastly, I carry out an incursion in the relevant points brought up in the debate between Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth (2003). My intention is to extract from these contributions the pertinent elements to a reflection on gender equity through the issue of family work and the sexual division of labor
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestra em Sociologia