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1
Pearson, Calvin H. "An Updated, Automated Commercial Swather for Harvesting Forage Plots." Agronomy Journal 99, no. 5 (September 2007): 1382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0069n.
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Paraforos, Dimitris S., Hans W. Griepentrog, Stavros G. Vougioukas, and Dietrich Kortenbruck. "Fatigue life assessment of a four-rotor swather based on rainflow cycle counting." Biosystems Engineering 127 (November 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.08.006.
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Paraforos, Dimitris S., and Hans W. Griepentrog. "Switching Markov chains for modelling the loads of a four-rotor swather under different operating modes." IFAC-PapersOnLine 50, no. 1 (July 2017): 5392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1072.
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Karn, J. F., D. L. Tanaka, M. A. Liebig, R. E. Ries, S. L. Kronberg, and J. D. Hanson. "An integrated approach to crop/livestock systems: Wintering beef cows on swathed crops." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 4 (December 2005): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2005108.
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AbstractGrain and livestock production have gradually been separated, as farmers have tended to specialize in one or the other. Some producers and scientists are beginning to question whether this is the best approach. An integrated crop/livestock project was initiated in 1999 to investigate potentially beneficial synergies to both enterprises. The cattle portion of this project involved wintering dry pregnant cows on swathed crop residue and drilled corn produced in a 3-year crop rotation, with all crops present each year. Swath grazing was initiated in mid-November of 1999, 2000 and 2001, and terminated in mid-February each year. Two replications of ten Hereford cows were rotationally grazed on swathed oat/pea and triticale crop residue and swathed drilled corn (RGSC). Comparison treatments were: cows grazing swathed western wheatgrass (SWWG) and cows fed hay in a drylot. Cows on the RGSC treatment were also fed a 20% crude protein supplement of oat/pea and triticale grain. Drilled corn was swathed in late September and western wheatgrass in early October. Three-year average winter-long weight gains for the RGSC cows were slightly lower (P<0.10) than those for drylot cows. Body condition scores generally followed the same pattern as weight gain data. Reproductive and calf performance data were not significantly different among wintering treatments. Average daily feed costs per cow over the three winters were US$0.49, 0.65 and 0.73 for RGSC, SWWG and baled hay in a drylot, respectively, providing a potential daily savings of US$0.24 per cow with the RGSC treatment compared to bale feeding in a drylot. Swath grazing did not appear to have any adverse affects on mid-aged beef cow performance and could potentially reduce winter feeding costs and manure handling problems. The main problem with swath grazing is potentially deep snow and icing of the swaths.
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Lamond, W. J., H. B. Spencer, R. Graham, and A. B. Moore. "Effect of thin layer drying rate and swath architecture on the rate of grass swath drying under controlled conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 1 (August 1989): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084616.
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SUMMARYA total of 51 grass swaths was dried in a wind tunnel under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. The swath treatments covered a range of conditioning treatments, crop types, maturities and porosities. Drying rates of the swaths were related to crop and swath properties to establish which variables were important in influencing the overall drying rates of the swaths. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the statistical dependence of drying rate on variables reflecting crop and swath properties: the dependence on swath structure was approximately four times greater than the dependence on crop conditioning. Improved swath drying rates could be achieved by lesssophisticated machinery than the current mower conditioners.
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Brennan, R. F., M. D. A. Bolland, and J. W. Bowden. "Potassium deficiency, and molybdenum deficiency and aluminium toxicity due to soil acidification, have become problems for cropping sandy soils in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 10 (2004): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03138.
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Nutrient omission experiments determined the cause of ‘waves’ of good and bad growth in wheat and barley crops following burning of swathed canola crop residues on acidified sandy soils in south-western Australia. Potassium deficiency, and molybdenum deficiency and aluminium toxicity induced by soil acidification, were identified as major problems. Burning canola swaths increased bicarbonate-extractable soil potassium by 20–100 mg/kg, and as measured in 0.01 mol/L CaCl2, increased soil pH by 0.3–0.8 of a pH unit and decreased aluminium extracted from soil by 1–6 mg/kg. These changes in soil chemistry were shown to be responsible for waves of better crop growth under the burnt swaths. Root lesion nematodes were shown not to be related to the problem.
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Zhen, Chun Bo, Liang Feng, Guo Chun Lu, and Yuan Hang Hou. "Global Structure Strength Analysis of SWATH Based on Direct Calculate Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 1002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.1002.
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The stress concentration of SWATH’s cross-deck structure is serious and the problem of its structure strength appears particularly important. In this paper, A 3-D global element model of SWATH was built, the design Loads, load cases and boundary conditions were studied. on the base of that, the structure response analysis was completed. The result show that the global ship’s stress is small in all load cases of head seas and oblique seas, and the bulkheads have serious stress concentration phenomenon in beam seas.The result can offer the reference for SWATH’s design and development.
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Colarco, P. R., L. A. Remer, R. A. Kahn, R. C. Levy, and E. J. Welton. "Implications of satellite swath width on global aerosol optical thickness statistics." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 2 (April 12, 2012): 2795–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-2795-2012.
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Abstract. We assess the impact of swath width on the statistics of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrieved by satellite, as inferred from observations made by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Using collocated AERONET sun photometer observations we develop a correction to the MODIS data to account for calibration and algorithmic view angle dependency in the retrieved AOT. We sub-sample and correct the AOT data from the MODIS Aqua instrument along several candidate swaths of various widths for the years 2003–2011. We find that over ocean the global, annual mean AOT is within ± 0.01 of the full swath AOT for all of our sub-samples. Over land, however, most of our sub-samples are outside of this criterion range in the global, annual mean. Moreover, at smaller spatial and temporal scales we find wide deviation in the sub-sample AOT relative to the full swath over both land and ocean. In all, the sub-sample AOT is within ± 0.01 of the full swath value less than 25% of the time over land, and less than 50% of the time over ocean (less than 35% for all but the widest of our sub-sample swaths). These results suggest that future aerosol satellite missions having only narrow swath views may not sample the true AOT distribution sufficiently to reduce significantly the uncertainty in aerosol direct forcing of climate.
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Haberlie, Alex M., and Walker S. Ashley. "A Method for Identifying Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems in Radar Mosaics. Part II: Tracking." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 7 (July 2018): 1599–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0294.1.
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AbstractThis research is Part II of a two-part study that evaluates the ability of image-processing and select machine-learning algorithms to detect, classify, and track midlatitude mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in radar-reflectivity images for the conterminous United States. This paper focuses on the tracking portion of this framework. Tracking is completed through a two-step process using slice (snapshots of instantaneous MCS intensity) data generated in Part I. The first step is to perform spatiotemporal matching, which associates slices through temporally adjacent radar-reflectivity images to generate swaths, or storm tracks. When multiple slices are found to be matches, a difference-minimization procedure is used to associate the most similar slice with the existing swath. Once this step is completed, a second step combines swaths that are spatiotemporally close. Tracking performance is assessed by calculating select metrics for all available swath-building perturbations to determine the optimal approach in tracking. Frequency maps and time series generated from the swaths suggest that the spatiotemporal occurrence of these swaths is reasonable as determined from previous work. Further, these events exhibit a diurnal cycle that is distinct from that of overall convection for the conterminous United States. Last, machine-learning predictions are found to limit areas of high MCS frequency to the central and eastern Great Plains.
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Calvache Ramírez, Miguel, and Oscar Raúl García Baquero. "Analysis for use coastguard Offshore Platforms or SWATH Patrol Vessels in the Colombian Pacific Ocean." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 14, no. 28 (January 31, 2021): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.212.
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The average cocaine seizure rate of coast guard operations in the Colombian Pacific can be improved. To enhance this indicator, detection and interdiction must be improved. Therefore, the option of using an offshore platform with better detection means, and several Rapid Reasponse Units (RRUs) stationed offshore, is being analyzed. As a result, offshore platforms are neither feasible nor viable due to the depth of the sea floor (> 2 km), but SWATH platforms can be used. The parametric design of two SWATHs is performed and an operational evaluation is made of the different current units and SWATHs. The operational evaluation of the different current units and the proposed SWATHs is carried out and contrasted with their acquisition and life cycle cost, showing that the SWATHs have a better efficiency/cost ratio. Therefore, they can be considered as an alternative to improve the efficiency of cocaine seizures and other coast guard operations.
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Flanders, K. L., O. F. Farrior, and Z. D. DeLamar. "Red Imported Fire Ant Control in Bahiagrass Pastures, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.337.
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Abstract Test 1, located in Atmore, AL, was a RCB design with two replications, each block being in two adjacent, closely grazed bahiagrass paddocks on sandy, Coastal Plain soil. Plot size was 5-8 acres per plot, dictated by the irregular shape of the paddocks. The insecticide Amdro was applied in late afternoon on 16 May 1995 with a Solo brand backpack mistblower, in 20 ft wide swaths (within-swath rate of 3 lb bait/acre), alternating with 20 ft untreated swaths. Treatments were evaluated 16 May, 14 Jun, and 12 Oct 1995, and 7 Aug 1996, by counting number of active fire ant mounds in one, 60 ft by 200 ft transect, randomly located in each plot. The same transect was used on each evaluation in 1995. A new transect was located in each plot in 1996. The transect ran across swaths in the treated plots. A thin rod was inserted with minimal disturbance into each mound, to determine colony activity. Test 2, located in Brewton, AL, was a CRB design with two replications in a bahiagrass pasture. The paddocks were on sandy, Coastal Plain soil. Plot size ranged from 1.5-2.5 acres per plot, dictated by the irregular shape of the pasture. The insecticide was applied in afternoon on 30 Apr 1996 with a Herd GT77-A spreader, at a within swath rate of 1.5 lb bait/acre. Insecticide was applied in alternating 30 ft wide swaths, or as a conventional broadcast treatment. Treatments were evaluated 24 May and 7 Aug 1996, using same methods as in Test 1.
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Hill, J. "Effect of swath treatment and duration of field wilting of grass on chemical composition and feeding value of silage in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002660.
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The wilting of grass prior to ensiling is an effective method of reducing the moisture content of the grass and improving the fermentation quality of the silage (Wilkinson et al., 1996). The effects of wilting grass on voluntary intake, digestibility and animal performance are variable, potentially reflecting the losses of nutrients from the crop during the wilting period. Three methods of swath treatment to accelerate the loss of water from the mown crop are currently used in northern Europe, wilting in the swath, spreading the crop to 1.0 of ground area and tedding swaths. The aim of the experiment reported here was to investigate the effect of swath treatment and duration of field wilting on the voluntary intake and digestibility of wilted silage offered to lambs.
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Lavergne, Thomas, Montserrat Piñol Solé, Emily Down, and Craig Donlon. "Towards a swath-to-swath sea-ice drift product for the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer mission." Cryosphere 15, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 3681–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3681-2021.
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Abstract. Across spatial and temporal scales, sea-ice motion has implications for ship navigation, the sea-ice thickness distribution, sea-ice export to lower latitudes and re-circulation in the polar seas, among others. Satellite remote sensing is an effective way to monitor sea-ice drift globally and daily, especially using the wide swaths of passive microwave missions. Since the late 1990s, many algorithms and products have been developed for this task. Here, we investigate how processing sea-ice drift vectors from the intersection of individual swaths of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) mission compares to today's status quo (processing from daily averaged maps of brightness temperature). We document that the “swath-to-swath” (S2S) approach results in many more (2 orders of magnitude) sea-ice drift vectors than the “daily map” (DM) approach. These S2S vectors also validate better when compared to trajectories of on-ice drifters. For example, the RMSE of the 24 h winter Arctic sea-ice drift is 0.9 km for S2S vectors and 1.3 km for DM vectors from the 36.5 GHz imagery of AMSR2. Through a series of experiments with actual AMSR2 data and simulated Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) data, we study the impact that geolocation uncertainty and imaging resolution have on the accuracy of the sea-ice drift vectors. We conclude by recommending that a swath-to-swath approach is adopted for the future operational Level-2 sea-ice drift product of the CIMR mission. We outline some potential next steps towards further improving the algorithms and making the user community ready to fully take advantage of such a product.
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Wilman, D., and Nthoana Mzamane. "The effect of field drying on the concentrations of some major elements in herbage." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 1 (August 1986): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600066739.
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SUMMARYHerbage from a grass-white clover sward was dried in the field to the hay stage (≤ 0·33 g moisture/g dry matter) at three times of year in 2 years comparing, in each case, all combinations of two stages of maturity, two levels of applied nitrogen and two thicknesses of swath. Samples taken at intervals during drying were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium.When there was little or no rain during drying, there was no change in the concentration of any of the six elements in the herbage dry matter between cutting and the hay stage, whatever the stage of maturity, level of N applied or swath thickness.The concentrations of potassium and sodium in the crop were greatly reduced by rain in the later stages of drying, but were less affected by rain in the early and middle stages; the concentrations of calcium and magnesium appeared to be reduced by rain as readily in the middle as in the later stages; the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were relatively little affected by rain, but seemed likely to be more at risk in the later stages. The extent of the reductions in the concentration of elements was not markedly affected by the stage of maturity or level of N applied. There were reductions in the thin but not in the thick swaths when rain fell during the early and middle stages of drying, probably partly or wholly because the herbage in the thin swaths was drier, with a higher proportion of dead cells, at that time than the herbage in the thick swaths. At least 70 kg K/ha was leached out of the crop in the thick swaths by rain in the late stages of drying.
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Tanaka, D. L., J. F. Karn, M. A. Liebig, S. L. Kronberg, and J. D. Hanson. "An integrated approach to crop/livestock systems: Forage and grain production for swath grazing." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 4 (December 2005): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2005107.
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AbstractCurrent agricultural systems are the result of decoupling crop/livestock enterprises for short-term economic gain at the expense of long-term sustainability. Objectives of our research were to determine the influences of winter grazing dry gestating beef cows on no-till forage and grain production, water-use efficiency, and protein and phosphorus (P) production for an oat/pea–triticale/sweet clover–corn 3-year cropping system. Oat/pea and triticale crops were harvested for grain, with the straw and chaff left in swaths after harvest for winter grazing. Drilled corn for forage was swathed in late September. Cropping system treatments were: (1) straw and corn chopped and left in place (IP); (2) straw and corn baled and removed without livestock (R); and (3) straw and corn swath grazed by livestock (L). The first winter for grazing dry, bred cows was in 1999–2000; therefore, no treatment differences occurred for the 1999 crop. In 2000, oat/pea and triticale grain and straw production for the IP treatment was about half of the production for the R treatment, because of low oat/pea and triticale plant stands on the IP treatment. Averaged over all years, corn was about 1.5 times more efficient in using water for dry matter production when compared to oat/pea or triticale. Generally, protein and P production, on a unit area basis, were highest for corn and lowest for triticale. Averaged over 4 years, about half of the nitrogen used for protein production was derived from sources other than applied commercial fertilizer. Data suggest that more than 4 years of research are needed to understand cropping system and animal interactions on forage and grain production in integrated crop/livestock systems, with trends in year four suggesting that livestock may enhance forage and grain production.
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Wallis, Max. "Swathed in darkness." New Scientist 202, no. 2713 (June 2009): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)61644-4.
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Krebs, Jerome R. "Three‐dimensional migration of swath surveys." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 9 (September 1990): 1251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442941.
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A three‐dimensional (3-D) wave‐equation migration program is used to migrate swath data (swath data are here defined as a very narrow 3-D survey consisting of approximately ten seismic lines and having a width of about 500 m). Three‐dimensionally migrated swath data give an accurate 3-D image of the subsurface and have a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio than 2-D data. These advantages are gained at the expense of lateral resolution in the crossline direction and less extensive 3-D subsurface coverage. Since swaths are on the order of one‐tenth the size of a normal 3-D survey, the costs of gathering and processing swath data are about 10 percent those of a conventional 3-D survey. Thus 3-D migrated swath surveys are a practical means of producing 3-D images in areas where the expense of conventional 3-D surveys is not justified. Following 3-D wave‐equation migration, inlines from the swath data are geologically interpretable. However, crosslines from the swath data are dominated by migration artifacts (often called migration smiles), making them uninterpretable. Relatively high‐amplitude portions of these migration smiles indicate where the data were accurately migrated. These facts lead to a two‐step method of interpreting 3-D migrated swath data. First the inlines are interpreted geologically, then the accuracy of that interpretation is verified by tying it to the crossline data.
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Thompson, N., I. A. Barrie, and L. D. J. Harvey. "The climatic potential for field hay drying in north-west Europe." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055830.
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SUMMARYA model of a drying swath has been developed and used with 20-year long meteorological data sets from 32 sites in north-west Europe to provide an objective assessment of the influence of weather on field hay drying. The model considered the swath in terms of its bulk properties but incorporated the effects on swath drying of soil evaporation and stubble transpiration: delays in swath drying caused by interception of rain or dew were calculated explicitly.A cutting season from May to September was assumed, and results given in terms of the number of daily cuts reaching various moisture contents in less than 10 days, and especially those reaching 25% (dry-weight basis) within 5 days so that dry-matter losses were relatively small, and immediate long-term storage was possible. Rainfall amounts on the faster-drying swaths were usually less than 1 mm. A large inter-annual variability in hay-drying prospects was demonstrated, even at sites with fairly good climates for drying on average. The most favourable conditions for field drying were shown to occur substantially earlier in the cutting season at maritime sites than at those with a more continental climate. Conditioning of the swath allowed more cuts to dry to a prescribed moisture content, but with the penalty of larger average rainfall on the swath, and consequent loss of quality.
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Pace, N. G., and H. Gao. "Swathe seabed classification." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 13, no. 2 (April 1988): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.559.
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Vern S. Baron, Arvid Aasen,, George W. Clayton, A. Campbell Dick, and Duane H. McCartney. "Swath grazing potential of spring cereals, field pea and mixtures with other species." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 1051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-143.
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There is little information on the relative suitability of cereal species and field pea or their mixtures for winter swath grazing. The objective of this study was to compare the swath grazing potential of small-grain cereal and field pea (Pisum sativa L.) monocultures, their mixtures, and mixtures with other species, by evaluating forage yield in the fall and changes in nutritive value due to weathering from fall until spring. The monocultures and mixtures were seeded in early summer and swathed in late September with conventional farm equipment for 3 yr. Dry matter yield was measured by harvesting a subplot (1.22 × 3.62 m) across each plot prior to swathing. A cross-section sample of swath was taken for quality determination immediately after swathing, in late November and April. In vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), protein, and neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations were measured for each sampling time. Generally, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and field pea monocrops produced similar yields, and mixtures did not out-yield monocrops. Yield of the barley/oat mixture was more stable from year to year than the respective monocrops. Addition of field pea to cereals in mixtures increased crude protein slightly and reduced NDF over cereal monocrops, but field pea mixtures did not improve nutritive value compared with the field pea monocrop. In one year with severe weathering conditions, field pea and field pea mixtures lost nutritive value faster than cereal monocrops initially, but had nutritive value similar to the cereal monocrops by April. Mixtures and monocrops lost nutritive value at a similar rate due to weathering. Added costs of growing mixtures rather than monocrops were not offset by superior yield, nutritive value, or resistance to weathering. Key words: Winter swath grazing, cereal and field pea mixtures, weathering, nutritive value
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Colarco, P. R., R. A. Kahn, L. A. Remer, and R. C. Levy. "Impact of satellite viewing swath width on global and regional aerosol optical thickness statistics and trends." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 6 (November 27, 2013): 10117–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-10117-2013.
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Abstract. We use the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite aerosol optical thickness (AOT) product to assess the impact of reduced swath width on global and regional AOT statistics and trends. Ten different sampling strategies are employed, in which the full MODIS dataset is sub-sampled with various narrow-swath (~400–800 km) and curtain-like (~10 km) along-track configurations. Although view-angle artifacts in the MODIS AOT retrieval confound direct comparisons between averages derived from different sub-samples, careful analysis shows that with many portions of the Earth essentially unobserved, the AOT statistics of these sub-samples exhibit significant regional and seasonal biases. These AOT spatial sampling artifacts comprise up to 60% of the full-swath AOT value under moderate aerosol loading, and can be as large as 0.1 in some regions under high aerosol loading. Compared to full-swath observations, narrower swaths exhibit a reduced ability to detect AOT trends with statistical significance, and for curtain-like sampling we do not find any statistically significant decadal-scale trends at all. An across-track sampling strategy obviates the MODIS view angle artifact, and its mean AOT converges to the full-swath mean values for sufficiently coarse spatial and temporal aggregation. Nevertheless, across-track sampling has significant seasonal-regional sampling artifacts, leading to biases comparable to the curtain-like along-track sampling, lacks sufficient coverage to assign statistical significance to aerosol trends, and is not achievable with an actual narrow-swath or curtain-like instrument. These results suggest that future aerosol satellite missions having significantly less than full-swath viewing are unlikely to sample the true AOT distribution well enough to determine decadal-scale trends or to obtain the statistics needed to reduce uncertainty in aerosol direct forcing of climate.
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S. R. Radhika, K., C. V. Rao, and V. Kamakshi Prasad. "Spatial Enhancement of AWiFS along Wider Swath using NSCT." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.12 (July 20, 2018): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.16162.
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Image acquisition in a wider swath, cannot assess the best spatial resolution (SR) and temporal resolution (TR) simultaneously, due to inherent limitations of space borne sensors. But any of the information extraction from remote sensed (RS) images demands the above characteristics. As this is not possible onboard, suitable ground processing techniques need to be evolved to realise the requirements through advanced image processing techniques. The proposed work deals with processing of two onboard sensor data viz., Resourcesat-1 (RS1): LISS-III, which has medium swath combined with AWiFS, which has wider swath data to provide high spatial and temporal resolution at the same instant. LISS-III at 23m and 24 days, AWiFS at 56m and 5 days spatial and temporal revisits acquire the data at different swaths. In the process of acquisition at the same time, the 140km swath of LISS-III coincides at the exact centre line 740km swath of AWiFS. If the non-overlapping area of AWiFS has same features of earth’s surface as of LISS-III overlapping area, it then provides a way to increase the SR of AWiFS to SR of LISS-III in the same non-overlapping area. Using this knowledge, a novel processing technique Fast One Pair Learning and Prediction (FOPLP) is developed in which time is optimized against the existing methods. FOPLP improves the SR of LISS-III in non-overlapping area using technique Single Image Super Resolution (SISR) with Non Sub sampled Contourlet Transforms (NSCT) method and is applied on different sets of images. The proposed technique resulting into an image having TR of 5 days, 740km swath at SR of 23m. Results have shown the strength of the proposed method in terms of computation time and prediction accuracy assessment.
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Saputra, Hikmah Noerqori, and Muhamad Sofian Hadi. "Teaching Vocabulary through Fly Swatter Game." English Language in Focus (ELIF) 2, no. 1 (September 26, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/elif.2.1.17-24.
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The study aimed to find out whether fly swatter game can give influence toward students’ vocabulary mastery. The subject of this study was grade VII-2 of SMPN 9 Tangerang Selatan in the academic year of 2018/2019, which consisted of 42 students. The method used in this study is a quantitative method with the design of the pre-experimental study. The data from pre-test and post-test were analyzed statistically using spss 16. The result of this study showed; the students’ pre-test mean score was 45.4 and the students’ post-test mean score was 86.6. The result of t-test was 21.55 and significant (2-tailed) was 0.00 < p (0.05). The hypothesis (H1) was accepted, which means there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group. It can be concluded that applying fly swatter game in teaching vocabulary to 7th grade students of SMPN 9 Tangerang Selatan is effective.
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Moller, Delwyn, Scott Hensley, Jeremie Mouginot, Joshua Willis, Xiaoqing Wu, Christopher Larsen, Eric Rignot, Ronald Muellerschoen, and Ala Khazendar. "Validation of Glacier Topographic Acquisitions from an Airborne Single-Pass Interferometer." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173700.
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The airborne glacier and ice surface topography interferometer (GLISTIN-A) is a single-pass radar interferometer developed for accurate high-resolution swath mapping of dynamic ice surfaces. We present the first validation results of the operational sensor, collected in 2013 over glaciers in Alaska and followed by more exhaustive collections from Greenland in 2016 and 2017. In Alaska, overlapping flight-tracks were mosaicked to mitigate potential residual trends across-track and the resultant maps are validated with lidar. Furthermore, repeat acquisitions of Columbia Glacier collected with a three day separation indicate excellent stability and repeatability. Commencing 2016, GLISTIN-A has circumnavigated Greenland for 4 consecutive years. Due to flight hour limitations, overlapping swaths were not flown. In 2016, comparison with airborne lidar data finds that residual systematic errors exhibit evenly distributed small slopes (all less than 10 millidegrees) and nadir biases were typically less than 1 m. Similarly 2017 data exhibited up to meter-scale nadir biases and evenly distributed residual slopes with a standard deviation of ~10 millidegrees). All satisfied the science accuracy requirements of the Greenland campaigns (3 m accuracy across an 8 km swath).
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Kennett, Michael, and Trond Eiken. "Airborne measurement of glacier surface elevation by scanning laser altimeter." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012337.
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Airborne scanning laser altimetry is a relatively new technique for remote sensing of ground elevation. A laser ranger is scanned across a swath beneath the aircraft, producing a two-dimensional distribution of elevations when combined with data on aircraft position and orientation. Smooth snow-covered glaciers are ideal surfaces for laser scanning since they are highly reflective. A new prototype laser system is described together with results from Hardangerjökulen, Norway. An analysis of the data shows that noise levels are very low at around 2 cm, and that repeatability between overlapping swaths is approximately ± 10 cm. This is consistent with an absolute accuracy of 15 cm or better from manufacturer’s and other measurements. Swath widths of over 1 km are attainable, at lowing complete coverage of small to medium-sized glaciers using parallel flight tracks. The high accuracy and dense, even coverage (about 20 000 points per km2) gives good-quality derived products such as DEMs and enables reliable measurement of glacier volume change. Scanning laser altimetry has many advantages over photogrammetry, which was previously the only remote-sensing method of measuring elevations over large areas but which performs poorly over snow-covered glaciers.
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Kennett, Michael, and Trond Eiken. "Airborne measurement of glacier surface elevation by scanning laser altimeter." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012337.
Full textAbstract:
Airborne scanning laser altimetry is a relatively new technique for remote sensing of ground elevation. A laser ranger is scanned across a swath beneath the aircraft, producing a two-dimensional distribution of elevations when combined with data on aircraft position and orientation. Smooth snow-covered glaciers are ideal surfaces for laser scanning since they are highly reflective. A new prototype laser system is described together with results from Hardangerjökulen, Norway. An analysis of the data shows that noise levels are very low at around 2 cm, and that repeatability between overlapping swaths is approximately ± 10 cm. This is consistent with an absolute accuracy of 15 cm or better from manufacturer’s and other measurements. Swath widths of over 1 km are attainable, at lowing complete coverage of small to medium-sized glaciers using parallel flight tracks. The high accuracy and dense, even coverage (about 20 000 points per km2) gives good-quality derived products such as DEMs and enables reliable measurement of glacier volume change. Scanning laser altimetry has many advantages over photogrammetry, which was previously the only remote-sensing method of measuring elevations over large areas but which performs poorly over snow-covered glaciers.
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Chernikov, V. G., and V. Yu Romanenko. "Determination of the Bonding Force Between the Rettery and Flax Swaths in Their Picking Up by Pick-Up Device Fingers." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 12, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-3-12-16.
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The quality of flax products depends on the way of flax straw retting. Currently, the best and most widely used method of flax straw retting is way of dew retting. Flax stems are laid in a thin layer on the flax field where they were grown or on a clover or grass field. During the retting process, plants tend to grow through the flax swaths depending on the air temperature (starting from 18°C) and humidity (50-60%). Therefore, the flax straw picking up process should be done with certain efforts, however, without damaging the stems. (Research purpose) To determine the bonding forces of the flax straw with the rettery (a flax field or a grass field). (Materials and methods) The authors have designed an instrument to measure and register the considered forces as well as a general mechanism of the flax straw picking up process, which operates in conjunction with the IP 264 (BS) measurement information system, and also developed a research methodology. This system is integrated with to a laptop with the pre-installed «Testing» software. The system is adopted to use the MS Excel software to transfer data in MS Excel format for further plotting. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that the bonding forces of flax stems, their changing pattern, and the maximum value during the picking up process depend on the degree of penetration by grass plants into flax swaths and the grass plant density per square meter. (Conclusions) In process of picking up the grass-penetrated swaths, they show weak strength characteristics for transportation and an increased tendency to break the continuity of their picking up. The values of the ratio of the translational speed of a pick-up device and the rotary speed of a picking device fingertip can be greater than the value of the relative elongation at the point of pulling the swath away from the ground. The coefficient of strength to pick up the swaths from a clover rettery is higher than that of flax and grass retteries.
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Renegar, James. "Central Swaths." Foundations of Computational Mathematics 13, no. 3 (March 30, 2013): 405–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10208-013-9148-x.
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Pasambuna, Henratno ,., Jailani ,. Husein, and Wiske ,. Rotinsulu. "ANALISIS POTENSI JENIS POHON LOKAL GUNA REVEGETASI LAHAN TAMBANG EMAS (PT. J-Resources Bolaang Mongondow Site Lanut)." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 13, no. 3A (November 7, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.13.3a.2017.17949.
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The purposes of this study are (1) to know the local trees which growing at area before mining operation began and when mining operation by PT. J Resource Bolaang Mongondow has started, (2) to know the kind of local trees which is appropriate with revegetation land, (3) to know technical planning the use of local tree for revegetation gold mine area. This study is use line swath method. This method is as the modification of dual swaths method or track method which with through one or more swaths in the track so that in every line path should have many swaths in some distance. The sampling intensity which use in this study is 10 %. The variables (data) of the study are consists by primary data and secondary data. To collect the data the researcher use a literature study which to collect the first data from many literatures about the analysis of local trees and revegetation land, direct observation, and identify kind of local trees by using work sheet data. The result of the study at the PT. J Resources Bolaang Mongondow Lanut-Site forest area, the researcher have found that (1) 29 species of vegetation tree level with the total number 50 individual trees and vegetation of local trees consist of 8 species and those are Matoa (Pometia pinnata), kitchen wood (Dryobalanops aromatic), Gopasa (Vitex cofassus), Sengon (Albazia moluccana), Benuang (Octomeles sumatrana), Trembesi (Albizia saman), Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), and Durian (Durio spp). From all of the total number of individual trees which is in 6 swaths examples (plot), (2) it has founded 10 species trees level with the level of dominance (level of mastery) in the vegetation community are: Diangow (Anarcadium Sp), Dongiat/Matoa (Pometia Pinnata), Dau’/Dao (Dracontomelon dao), Toraut/Gopasa (Vitex cofassus), Biluk (Aegle marmefes), Nutmeg (Myristica sp), Dongkat/Stone wood (Irvingia malayana oliv), Atul/Kitchen wood (Dryobalanops aromatic), Tagoy (Laportea sinuate), and tula-tula (Floribundus muel). (3) For the revegetation area planning should be formulated that the revegetation area in gold mine must effective and efficient, because the area with slope and difference contour will have different way to handling (land with <300 slope have different slope >300).
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Dorrestijn, Jesse, Brian H. Kahn, João Teixeira, and Fredrick W. Irion. "Instantaneous variance scaling of AIRS thermodynamic profiles using a circular area Monte Carlo approach." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2018): 2717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2717-2018.
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Abstract. Satellite observations are used to obtain vertical profiles of variance scaling of temperature (T) and specific humidity (q) in the atmosphere. A higher spatial resolution nadir retrieval at 13.5 km complements previous Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) investigations with 45 km resolution retrievals and enables the derivation of power law scaling exponents to length scales as small as 55 km. We introduce a variable-sized circular-area Monte Carlo methodology to compute exponents instantaneously within the swath of AIRS that yields additional insight into scaling behavior. While this method is approximate and some biases are likely to exist within non-Gaussian portions of the satellite observational swaths of T and q, this method enables the estimation of scale-dependent behavior within instantaneous swaths for individual tropical and extratropical systems of interest. Scaling exponents are shown to fluctuate between β=-1 and −3 at scales ≥500 km, while at scales ≤500 km they are typically near β≈-2, with q slightly lower than T at the smallest scales observed. In the extratropics, the large-scale β is near −3. Within the tropics, however, the large-scale β for T is closer to −1 as small-scale moist convective processes dominate. In the tropics, q exhibits large-scale β between −2 and −3. The values of β are generally consistent with previous works of either time-averaged spatial variance estimates, or aircraft observations that require averaging over numerous flight observational segments. The instantaneous variance scaling methodology is relevant for cloud parameterization development and the assessment of time variability of scaling exponents.
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Tashjian, Joseph. "Ian Swatez, MD." Radiology 223, no. 1 (April 2002): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2231022504.
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Snook, Nathan, Ming Xue, and Youngsun Jung. "Tornado-Resolving Ensemble and Probabilistic Predictions of the 20 May 2013 Newcastle–Moore EF5 Tornado." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 4 (March 25, 2019): 1215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0236.1.
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Abstract An ensemble of 10 forecasts is produced for the 20 May 2013 Newcastle–Moore EF5 tornado and its parent supercell using a horizontal grid spacing of 50 m, nested within ensemble forecasts with 500-m horizontal grid spacing initialized via ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation of surface and radar observations. Tornadic circulations are predicted in all members, though the intensity, track, and longevity of the predicted tornado vary substantially among members. Overall, tornadoes in the ensemble forecasts persisted longer and moved to the northeast faster than the observed tornado. In total, 8 of the 10 ensemble members produce tornadoes with winds corresponding to EF2 intensity or greater, with maximum instantaneous near-surface horizontal wind speeds of up to 130 m s−1 and pressure drops of up to 120 hPa; values similar to those reported in observational studies of intense tornadoes. The predicted intense tornadoes all acquire well-defined two-cell vortex structure, and exhibit features common in observed tornadic storms, including a weak-echo notch and low reflectivity within the mesocyclone. Ensemble-based probabilistic tornado forecasts based upon near-surface wind and/or vorticity fields at 10 m above the surface produce skillful forecasts of the tornado in terms of area under the relative operating characteristic curve, with probability swaths extending along and to the northeast of the observed tornado path. When probabilistic swaths of 0–3- and 2–5-km updraft helicity are compared to the swath of wind at 10 m above the surface exceeding 29 m s−1, a slight northwestward bias is present, although the pathlength, orientation, and the placement of minima and maxima show very strong agreement.
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Weil, Harry J. "Sandwiches, Silkscreens, Swatches, and Scores." Afterimage 38, no. 5 (March 1, 2011): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2011.38.5.15.
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Fantl, Jeremy, and Robert Howell. "SENSATIONS, SWATCHES, AND SPECKLED HENS." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 84, no. 4 (December 2003): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-0114.2003.00179.x.
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Choquette, Jonathan D., Matthew R. Macpherson, and Robert C. Corry. "Identifying Potential Connectivity for an Urban Population of Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) in a Canadian Park System." Land 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090313.
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In the face of ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation, maintaining an adequate level of landscape connectivity is needed to both encourage dispersal between habitat patches and to reduce the extinction risk of fragmented wildlife populations. In a developing region of southwestern Ontario, Canada, a declining population of Eastern Massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) persists in fragmented remnants of tallgrass prairie in an urban park system. The goal of this study was to identify potential connectivity pathways between habitat patches for this species by using a GIS least-cost permeability swath model, and to evaluate the outputs with snake road mortality data. Results identified seven pathways between five core habitat blocks, a subset of which were validated with aerial imagery and mortality data. Four high-ranking pathways intersected roads through or near road mortality hotspots. This research will guide conservation interventions aimed at recovering endangered reptiles in a globally rare ecosystem, and will inform the use of permeability swaths for the identification of locations most suitable for connectivity interventions in dynamic, urbanizing landscapes.
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Dalgleish, F. R., W. Naeem, S. Tetlow, R. L. Allwood, and R. Sutton. "Adaptive AUV Control for Optimized Swathe Laser Stripe Imaging." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 14 (September 2004): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)31099-6.
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Magnus, Charlene R. A., Trevor S. Barss, Joel L. Lanovaz, and Jonathan P. Farthing. "Effects of cross-education on the muscle after a period of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 6 (December 2010): 1887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00597.2010.
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The purpose of this study was to apply cross-education during 4 wk of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe to investigate the effects on muscle strength, muscle size, and muscle activation. Twenty-five right-handed participants were assigned to one of three groups as follows: the Immob + Train group wore a sling and swathe and strength trained ( n = 8), the Immob group wore a sling and swathe and did not strength train ( n = 8), and the Control group received no treatment ( n = 9). Immobilization was applied to the nondominant (left) arm. Strength training consisted of maximal isometric elbow flexion and extension of the dominant (right) arm 3 days/wk. Torque (dynamometer), muscle thickness (ultrasound), maximal voluntary activation (interpolated twitch), and electromyography (EMG) were measured. The change in right biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness [7.0 ± 1.9 and 7.1 ± 2.2% (SE), respectively] was greater for Immob + Train than Immob (0.4 ± 1.2 and −1.9 ± 1.7%) and Control (0.8 ± 0.5 and 0.0 ± 1.1%, P < 0.05). Left biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness for Immob + Train (2.2 ± 0.7 and 3.4 ± 2.1%, respectively) was significantly different from Immob (−2.8 ± 1.1 and −5.2 ± 2.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). Right elbow flexion strength for Immob + Train (18.9 ± 5.5%) was significantly different from Immob (−1.6 ± 4.0%, P < 0.05). Right and left elbow extension strength for Immob + Train (68.1 ± 25.9 and 32.2 ± 9.0%, respectively) was significantly different from the respective limb of Immob (1.3 ± 7.7 and −6.1 ± 7.8%) and Control (4.7 ± 4.7 and −0.2 ± 4.5%, P < 0.05). Immobilization in a sling and swathe decreased strength and muscle size but had no effect on maximal voluntary activation or EMG. The cross-education effect on the immobilized limb was greater after elbow extension training. This study suggests that strength training the nonimmobilized limb benefits the immobilized limb for muscle size and strength.
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Paleti, Swathi. "Author Spotlight: Swathi Paleti." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 65, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06087-8.
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Baron, V. S., A. C. Dick, D. McCartney, J. A. Basarab, and E. K. Okine. "Carrying Capacity, Utilization, and Weathering of Swathed Whole Plant Barley." Agronomy Journal 98, no. 3 (May 2006): 714–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0171.
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Gore, Jerry L. "SWATH SHIPS." Naval Engineers Journal 97, no. 2 (February 1985): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1985.tb03396.x.
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Shahmirzadi, Azadeh Asadi, Vahid Babaei, and Hans-Peter Seidel. "A Multispectral Dataset of Oil and Watercolor Paints." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 5 (January 26, 2020): 107–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.5.maap-106.
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We publish two carefully prepared and spectrally measured datasets of paint swatches. The main advantage of these datasets is that a diverse set of paint mixtures are manually prepared the way an artist may create them. The ratio of paints in each mixture is also published. The first set has 286 swatches made from 8 tubes of Old Holland oil paints in different combinations. The second set has 397 swatches made from 9 tubes of Schmincke watercolor paints. We provide exact details about the preparation of our swatches. We analyze the colorimetric and spectral properties of the two datasets in order to show the spread of the colorimetric gamut and the intrinsic, spectral dimensionality of the datasets. The dataset will be available on http://cam.mpi-inf.mpg.de/ and http://www.azadehasadi.com/.
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Vaithilingam, Jayasheelan, Marco Simonelli, Ehab Saleh, Nicola Senin, Ricky D. Wildman, Richard J. M. Hague, Richard K. Leach, and Christopher J. Tuck. "Combined Inkjet Printing and Infrared Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles using a Swathe-by-Swathe and Layer-by-Layer Approach for 3-Dimensional Structures." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 7 (February 7, 2017): 6560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b14787.
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Sun, Yingying, Peng Rao, and Tingliang Hu. "Parameter Design and Performance Evaluation of a Large-Swath and High-Resolution Space Camera." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124106.
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A rotary-scan space camera with an area sensor can achieve large width and high-resolution imaging. Designing system parameters properly is important for the application of the rotary-scan space camera. We model the swath, resolution, and overlap rate between frames for such a camera. An optimum algorithm combining the linear weighting method and the Monte Carlo method for system parameter design is proposed based on the model. Then, the performance of the designed system is evaluated using the grid point method. The designed systems can achieve swaths of more than 1000 km and less than 1 m resolution without leakage during the imaging. In the evaluation, the designed system can cover 82.13% of the observation region at the height of 500 km in 6.5 min, and the average repeated observation frequency is 3.26 times per 118 s. The design method is simple and effective in the initial design of the rotary-scan space camera’s system parameters. The system designed can provide “no-leakage and wide coverage by quick scan” and “high-frequency repeated observation over a long visibility period.” This will greatly improve earth observation ability in wide-area search and rescue missions.
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Stensmyr, Marcus C., and Florian Maderspacher. "Insect Olfaction: Once Swatted, Twice Shy." Current Biology 28, no. 3 (February 2018): R103—R105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.056.
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Crown, Hannah. "a guide to upcoming policy changes 2019: What's in store." Nursery World 2019, no. 17 (August 19, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2019.17.32.
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Likhanova, I. A., E. M. Perminova, G. S. Shushpannikova, G. V. Zheleznova, T. N. Pystina, and Yu V. Kholopov. "Dynamics of vegetation after clearcutting bilberry spruce forests (middle taiga subzone of the European North-East of Russia)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 40 (2021): 108–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2021.40.108.
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The communities of middle taiga spruce forests (ass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. typica) and secondary communities formed after winter clearcuttings are described (Fig. 1) and classified according Braun-Blanquet (1964) approach using 81 relevés. Ellenberg ecological values (Ellenberg et al., 1991) were used to assess lighting (L), soil moisture (F), acidity (R) and nitrogen (N). The ordination was carried out using the NMS method. Both primary forest and secondary communities are classified as the alliance Piceion excelsae Pawłowskiet al. 1928 within the order Piceetalia excelsae Pawłowski et al. 1928 in the class Vaccinio–Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.et al. 1939. We described 2 associations (incl. 1 new), 3 subassociations (2 new), 2 varieties (1 new), 2 subvarieties, and 2 communities. Ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco): relevé 16 (field № 26p/20), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, two-year cutting place, swath (61.84083° N 54.33778° E, 16.07.2020, author I. A. Likhanova. Diagnostic species (DS): Aulacomnium palustre, Calamagrostis purpurea, Carex globularis, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum angustifolium. The association includes «young» (succession stage 1(2)-17(18) years after cutting) secondary communities, formed at the swaths and skidding trails. The absence of tree stand results in the increased lighting and soil moisture, which explains an invasion of heliophile and water-resistant species of vascular plants and mosses. After cutting, DS of the primary association and subassociation almost disappear, but those of class and order remain. Species number — 23–54, average — 38. There are 2 subassociations within aasociation. Subass. A. p.–C. p. typicum subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2 relevés 1–16, Fig. 3). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco): relevé 16 (field № 26p/20), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, two-year cutting of spruce herb-bilberry-green moss forest at the swath (61.84083° N 54.33778° E , 16.07.2020, author I. A. Likhanova. No own DS. The subassociation includes communities at the swath and skidding trails of 1(2)-year cutting place with poor species richness in comparison with primary forests. Number of species 20–27, average – 24. Subass. A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2, relevés 17–27, Fig. 4). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco), relevé 25 (field № 13-УК), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, 17-year cutting place, swath (61.99389° N, 54.14778° E , 17.09.2019, author I. A. Likhanova. DS: Avenella flexuosa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Rubus arcticus.The subassociation includes communities of swaths and skidding trails at 17(18)-year cutting place enriched by heliophile and water-resistant species. The forming forest environment is the reason of high abundance of forest species and emergence of several diagnostic species of primary association and subassociation. The cutting remains are overgrown by epigeous mosses and lichens. Species number — 24–45, average — 33. Community Carex brunnescens (Table 3, relevés 1–12, Fig. 5). DS: Carex brunnescens (dominant), C. canescens, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella cerviculata (dominant). Syntaxon includes communities at the main skidding trail at 1(2)-year cutting place. Despite high abundance of diagnostic species of the ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae, we can’t include the relevés into the association due to high diversity of early succession species and low abundance of DS of both the class Vaccinio–Piceetea sylvestris and the order Piceetalia excelsae. There are numerous undergrowth of Betula pubescens (18 thousand ind./ha). Herb-dwarf shrub and moss layers are formed by pioneer, heliophile and water-resistant species. Forest dwarf shrubs, herbs and mosses occur on the litter remnants. Species number — 20–34, average — 27. Community Salix caprea. (Table 3, relevés 13–22, Fig. 6). DS: Agrostis gigantea, A. tenuis, Carex rhynchophysa, Deschampsia cespitosa, Epilobium palustre, Juncus filiformis, Populus tremula, Salix caprea (dominant), S. myrsinifolia, S. phylicifolia, Sphagnum russowii. The syntaxon includes communities at the main skidding trail of 17(18)-year cutting place. The presence of DS of ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae and subass. A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae as well as the prevalence of water resistant and early succession species and low abundance of DS of class Vaccinio–Piceetea sylvestris and order Piceetalia excelsae are character. Tree stand is formed by young trees of Betula pubescens (mean density is 21 thousand ind./ha). Shrub layer is formed by wiilows. Herb-dwarf shrub layer is dominated by species, preferring water logging, and species of disturbed habitats. Species number — 36–45, average — 40. Subass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens (Table 1, relevés 13–22). DS: Betula pubescens (dominant), Milium effusum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. The variant includes communities at 48(49)-year cutting place. The tree lyer height and crown density are comparable to those of the indigenous spruce forest, however, the proportion of birch is higher. Vascular plant DS of ass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis and subass. dryopteridetosum are registered, but the abundance of moss DS is low. Many forest species become abundant in the herb-dwarf shrub layer. Moss layer is inhibited by leaf litter. Species number — 29–45, average — 36. There are 2 subvarieties: typica (communities at the swath and skidding trails) and Calamagrostis purpurea (main skidding trail). The scheme of vegetation succession after clearcuttings of spruce small herb-bilberry-green moss forests (Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. typica) (Fig. 10) is made on the results of NMS-ordination (Fig. 9) and the data on the restoration period and preferences of syntaxa to the certain technological elements of the cutting place. The following succession series are described: at the swaths and skidding trails — Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae typicum → A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae → Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens subvar. typica → L. b.–P. a. dryopteridetosum var. typica; at the skidding trails – community Carex brunnescens →community Salix caprea → Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens subvar. Calamagrostis purpurea → L. b.–P. a. dryopteridetosum var. typica. In communities of different ages at swaths and skidding trails, the species richness of vascular plants (16–18 species/100 m2) and mosses (8–10 species/100 m2) is lower compare to the primary spruce forest (19 and 14 species/100 m2 respectively). The species richness of vascular plants at 17-year and 48-year communities of the main skidding trails (27 species/100 m2) is higher than in the primary forest due to the invasion of pioneer, meadow and mire species; that of mosses is lower (8–12 species/100 m2). Thus, the cutting has a negative impact on species diversity, which is expressed in forest species loss. The floristic composition of the disturbed forest community is not restored even fifty years after anthropogenic impact.
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Harris, Andrew P., Steven F. DeFroda, Joseph A. Gil, and Gregory R. Waryasz. "Sling and swathe modification for immobilization of posterior glenohumeral dislocations." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 34, no. 3 (March 2016): 668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.088.
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Gray, L. A., and K. C. Nishikawa. "Feeding kinematics of phyllomedusine tree frogs." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.2.457.
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Previous studies have demonstrated that the phyllomedusine hylids possess highly protrusible tongues, a derived characteristic within the family Hylidae. In the present study, the kinematics of the feeding behavior of a phyllomedusine species, Pachymedusa dacnicolor, was analyzed using high-speed video (180 frames s-1). Its behavior was compared with that of Hyla cinerea, a species with a weakly protrusible tongue. P. dacnicolor exhibits a faster rate of tongue protraction, a longer gape cycle and more variable feeding kinematics than H. cinerea. In addition, the tongue is used in a unique 'fly-swatter' fashion, to pin the prey to the substratum as the frog completes the lunge. The rapid tongue protraction, extended gape cycle and fly-swatter action may have evolved in response to a diet of large, rapidly moving insects. In addition, several duration variables of the feeding cycle were greater for misses than for captures and drops, which suggests that sensory feedback rather than biomechanics controls gape cycle duration.
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VERSAVEL, P. A., and W. E. MUIR. "CRUSHING OF SWATHED STEMS TO IMPROVE FIELD DRYING OF CEREAL CROPS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-090.
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Spikes severed from the stem and stems crushed just below the attached spike were compared with untreated stems to determine if the drying rate of windrowed cereal crops could be increased. Moisture content of stems and unthreshed spikes were measured while crop material was dried under room conditions. Fresh cut immature and physiologically mature material, and rewetted crop material were examined in the laboratory. The stems of immature field material dried faster when crushed than un-crushed while the attached spikes showed no difference in drying rate. Crushed stems of both fresh and rewetted crop material at high initial moisture contents dried faster than uncrushed stems. Severed spikes dried faster than spikes attached to the stems. Spikes attached to crushed and uncrushed stems showed no difference in drying rate. Crushed stems gained moisture 58% faster than untreated stems. A windrower designed to crush straw stems could reduce straw moisture content significantly and reduce power requirements for the threshing mechanism. The benefit would be reduced or eliminated if rewetting conditions occurred.Key words: Drying, stem crushing, wheat, barley, Triticum aestivum L.
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Barcus, James E. "Broad Swaths and Deep Cuts." Chesterton Review 12, no. 3 (1986): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chesterton198612324.
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