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Lau, Fai-kim. "Sociological, psychological aspects of internet swearwords /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25474169.
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Chan, Kar-wing Veronica. "Social attitudes towards swearing and taboo language." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18685377.
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Chan, Kar-wing Veronica, and 陳嘉詠. "Social attitudes towards swearing and taboo language." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951211.
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Yardy, Brandon John, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Sound symbolism, sonority, and swearing : an affect induction perspective." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, 2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2556.
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The relationship between word form and word meaning has been debated since early Greek philosophy. Conventionally, the relationship is held to be arbitrary: that there is no natural connection between a word and what it represents (de Saussure 1959). In contrast, examples of sound symbolism undermine this linguistic tenet by demonstrating non-arbitrary word meanings conveyed in details of the acoustic signal of the words themselves. The Affect Induction model of animal communication offers a natural explanation for some forms of sound symbolism in language. According to the Affect Induction model, the physical properties of signals influence receiver affect and behavior in specific ways through relatively direct effects on core sensory, psychological and affective processes. To investigate the possible implications of this model for sound symbolism in human language, a set of studies was conducted on the classic “bouba-kiki” phenomenon. An analysis was subsequently undertaken to extend the results of experiments to several corpuses of real words classically associated with divergent affective themes. Results suggest that the Affect Induction model might account for some forms of sound symbolism, as instantiated in real word usage.viii, 89 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm
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Mononen, O. (Ossi). "A meta-analysis on PewDiePie, his swearing and its development." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805051604.
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This thesis discusses the swearing present in the videos of the YouTube content creator PewDiePie through meta-analysis of a research article on the subject. The thesis will approach the primary article from the points of view of the fields of language play, language policy, ecological language learning and linguistic superdiversities. The primary article is analysed from the point of view of each field in order to find reasoning for the swearing happening in the content creator’s videos, the evolution of this swearing and also to analyse the switches in code that are present in the videosTämä tutkielma käsittelee YouTuben toimivan sisällöntuottajan, PewDiePie’n, videoissa esiintyvää kiroilua meta-analyyttisen menetelmän avulla. Tutkielma tarkastelee aiheeseen liittyvää, ensisijaista tutkimusartikkelia kielellä leikkimisen, kieleen liittyvien sääntöjen, ekologisen kielen oppimisen ja kielen superdiversiteettien näkökulmista. Ensisijainen tutkimusartikkeli analysoidaan jokaisen muun näkökulman kautta sisällöntuottajan videoissa esiintyvän kiroilun, kiroilun kehittymisen ja kielellisen koodiston vaihdosten selvittämiseksi
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Lutzky, Ursula, and Andrew Kehoe. ""Your blog is (the) shit". A corpus linguistic approach to the identification of swearing in computer mediated communication." John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.21.2.02lut.
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The study of swearing has increased in the last decade, diversifying to include a wider range of data and methods of analysis. Nevertheless, certain types of data and specifically large corpora of computer mediated communication (CMC) have not been studied extensively. In this paper, we fill a gap in research by studying the use of swearwords in blog data, and illustrate ways of identifying swearing in a large corpus by taking context into account. This approach, based on the examination of shared and unique collocates of known expletives, facilitates the distinction of attestations of swearing from non-swearing in the case of polysemous lexemes, and the analysis of overlaps in usage and meaning of swearwords. This work therefore goes beyond basic sentiment analysis and offers new insights into the use of collocation for refining profanity filters, providing innovative perspectives on issues of growing importance as online interaction becomes more widespread.
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Козачук, А. В. "Прагматическая адаптация бранной лексики (на материале фильма The wolf of wall street и русского перевода «Волк с Уолл-стрит»)." Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46635.
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В 1972 году американский комик Джордж Карлин выступил с монологом «Семь слов, которые нельзя говорить на телевидении». В этот список входили 7 самых браных слов английского языка: shit, piss, fuck, motherfucker, cocksucker, cunt и tits. Грубейшие слова для того периода времени, но за сорок с лишним лет, ситуация кардинально изменилась. Никого сейчас не удивит использование данных слов в американских фильмах, радио и средствах массовой информации. Языку свойственные изменения, особенно на лексическом уровне, и к этим семи ругательствам добавились ещё десятки таких же отвратительных словечек.
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Anttila, T. (Tapio). "Swearing on Twitter:examining tweeted profanities from the United States and the Nordic countries." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201801111060.
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Communicating in English and using the social media platform Twitter have both become increasingly common all around the world, for example the Nordic countries. As a site of authentic language material, Twitter is very popular among researchers. Moreover, the Twitter Application Programming Interface (API) is very accessible, and it is relatively easy to write programming scripts for collecting large amounts of Twitter data. However, the topic of swearing on Twitter has not attracted much attention. This thesis investigates a limited set of swear words and their derivatives, and how they are used on Twitter in the United States and the Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland. Two corpora of English tweets, originating from the US and the Nordic countries, were collected through the Twitter Streaming API, utilizing the programming language Python. The frequencies and relative frequencies of swear words in both corpora were calculated with the computer software WordSmith Tools, and compared with each other. The results from the relatively small samples indicate that people from the US swear more on Twitter, and also use more offensive swear words. Descriptions of numerous future research opportunities conclude this thesisEnglannin käyttö kommunikaation kielenä ja Twitterin käyttö sosiaalisen median alustana ovat yleistyneet huomattavasti kaikkialla maailmassa, esimerkiksi Pohjoismaissa. Tutkijoiden keskuudessa Twitter on hyvin suosittu autenttisen kielimateriaalin lähteenä. Tämän lisäksi Twitterin ohjelmointirajapinta (engl. API) on helposti lähestyttävä, ja tietokoneohjelmien laatiminen suurien datamäärien keräämiseksi on suhteellisen vaivatonta. Silti, kiroileminen Twitterissä on todella vähän tutkittu aihe. Tämä tutkielma keskittyy rajoitettuun joukkoon kirosanoja ja niiden johdannaisia, ja tutkii niiden käyttöä Twitterissä Yhdysvalloissa ja neljässä Pohjoismaassa: Ruotsissa, Norjassa, Tanskassa ja Suomessa. Näissä maissa kirjoitetuista englanninkielisistä tviiteistä koottiin kaksi korpusta, hyödyntäen Python-ohjelmointikieltä ja Twitterin Streaming API:tä. Kirosanojen esiintymistaajuudet ja suhteelliset esiintymistaajuudet molemmissa korpuksissa laskettiin tietokoneohjelma WordSmith Tools -tietokoneohjelman avulla, ja saatuja lukuja verrattiin keskenään. Suhteellisen pienestä otannasta saatujen tulosten mukaan yhdysvaltalaiset ihmiset kiroilevat enemmän Twitterissä, ja käyttävät myös loukkaavampia kirosanoja. Lukuisten mahdollisten jatkotutkimusaiheiden kuvaukset päättävät tämän tutkielman
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Soler, Pardo Betlem. "Swearing and Translation: A Study of the insults in the filims of Quentin Tarantino." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81396.
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This thesis analyses the insults in Quentin Tarantino’s films and their translation into Spanish. The insults in Tarantino’s films can be considered very interesting from a social point of view as I have gradually developed during this research.
First, I have highlighted the possible problems when translating insults into Spanish. Secondly, I have provided the reader with specific examples in English of the insults collected from the seven films I have analysed [Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction, Four Rooms, Jackie Brown, Kill Bill vol. I and II, Death Proof and Inglorious Basterds]. Finally, my intention was to demonstrate that the level of swearing in Spanish was inferior by showing the translation of these insults in Spanish as they appeared in the films.
Then, I divided my work into two sections, the first one being theoretical: Quentin Tarantino (chapter 1); Characterization of Swearwords (chapter 2); and Translation Studies: The Singularity of Audiovisual Translation (chapter 3), where I have presented the theory to support the conclusions drawn in the second part; and the second one practical: Description and Methodology (chapter 4); and Analysis and Results (chapter 5). I have divided chapter 5 into two (sub) sections. In the first one, “Analysis of the Insults in Quentin Tarantino: An Initial Typology”, I have presented the insults culled in seven of Tarantino’s films and have classified them into twelve categories: (1) sex related; (2) excrement and human waste; (3) body parts; (4) religious; (5) incest; (6) prostitution; (7) racist; (8) cross-categorized; (9) physically or mentally disabled; (10) bodily functions ; (11) animal related; and (12) homophobic insults. In the second sub-section, ‘Case Study: Sex-Related Insults in Quentin Tarantino and Their Translation into Spanish’, I have focused on the sex-related insults and more specifically, on the most frequently repeated expletive, f-word and its morphological variants, alongside its translation into Spanish. This second part of my study, thus, will illustrate the results obtained during my research.
Regarding methodology, I first culled all insults found in the original version of the seven films of Tarantino I have based my data on [Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction, Four Rooms, Jackie Brown, Kill Bill vol. I and II, Death Proof and Inglorious Basterds], briefly mentioning four of the most critically acclaimed films within which he has had an important input on, but not directed: True Romance, Natural Born Killers, From Dusk Till Dawn and Sin City; secondly, I selected the ones which appeared more frequently, the sex-related ones, and have compared them with the sex-related insults in the Spanish dubbed versions.
It is important to mention that I encountered 1526 examples of bad words in Tarantino’s work, which I organized in 1117 tables.
In order to complete my work, I dealt with issues such as taboo behaviour and obscenity, which include sex, death, bodily functions, specific emotions, racism, and religion. Then, I introduced the concept of swearing, and explored possible causes for it: social, linguistic, and psychological reasons.
I have dealt with questions related to the discipline of translation studies, and the problems with the translation of swearwords in films in order to apply it to Tarantino’s work. From a linguistic perspective the defining characteristic of Tarantino’s films is his ability to introduce bawdy language in every film bypassing American censorship. Therefore, I felt that it would be important to discover whether this phenomenon also takes place in the Spanish translation, or whether censorship and self-censorship would be applied following the government’s regulations of bygone eras whose influence might, nevertheless, still be felt implicitly or explicitly in the present.Quentin Tarantino, representante del cine moderno independiente, se hizo popular con su opera prima, Reservoir Dogs, estrenada por primera vez en 1992. Dos años más tarde, obtuvo la Palme D’Or en el Festival de Cannes con su segunda película, Pulp Fiction. Después de tres años de ausencia, dirigió una de las cuatros historias de Four Rooms, film dirigido junto con Allison Anders, Alexandre Rockwell y Robert Rodríguez. En 1997, Tarantino realizó un film basado en la novela de Elmore Leonard (Rum Punch, 1992), llamado Jackie Brown. Durante 2003 y 2004, el director norteamericano estrenó los dos volúmenes de Kill Bill (I y II). En el año 2007, estrenaba Grindhouse: Death Proof y, finalmente, en el 2009 Tarantino presentó la que es su última película en el Festival de Cannes, Malditos bastardos. De estas siete películas se deriva el corpus sobre el cual he basado mi trabajo: un análisis de los insultos que aparecen en los siete filmes dirigidos por el cineasta norteamericano, Quentin Tarantino, y cómo estos insultos han sido traducidos (doblados) del inglés al español prestando especial atención a aquellos que más se repiten: los insultos sexuales. La conexión entre Tarantino y los insultos se establece desde que el cineasta estrenara su primera obra, ya que introdujo un número bastante significativo de lenguaje soez y no ha cesado de hacerlo desde que emprendiera su carrera cinematográfica. Como resultado, ha hecho de su manera de trabajar un campo peculiar y extremadamente interesante desde el punto de vista académico.
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劉輝儉 and Fai-kim Lau. "Sociological, psychological aspects of internet swearwords." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256338.
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Gauthier, Michaël. "Age, gender, fuck, and twitter : a sociolinguistic analysis of swearing in a corpus of British tweets." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2079.
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Parmi les traits traditionnellement associés au genre d’une personne, la manière dont les individus utilisent le langage est un facteur tout aussi important que d’autres aspects, potentiellement plus évidents, tels que la manière de s’habiller par exemple. La littérature recense de nombreux traits linguistiques faisant partie de ces idées associées à un genre ou l’autre tels que la tournure interrogative (tag question) ou la déférence par exemple. De toutes les caractéristiques linguistiques genrées, celle qui a probablement été le plus débattue est celle concernant l’utilisation des jurons. Ceci est principalement dû à des idées qui ont longtemps été associées à l’utilisation de la vulgarité : celles d’un langage « impur », blasphématoire ou encore d’un langage tabou. A cause d’une interaction complexe entre pression et pouvoir social, la vulgarité a traditionnellement été associée à l’idée de masculinité avant tout. Utiliser des jurons est souvent considéré comme étant l’affirmation linguistique d’une forme de pouvoir social. Par conséquent, l’association intrinsèque de la vulgarité comme forme de pouvoir à un genre ou l’autre pourrait conduire à l’association d’autres caractéristiques sociales aux questions de masculinité ou de féminité, qu’elles soient fondées ou non. Certaines études ont démontré que, contrairement aux idées longtemps répandues, les femmes n’utilisent pas la vulgarité moins souvent que les hommes, pas plus qu’elles n’utilisent un registre linguistique fondamentalement différent. Certaines ont même prédit que l’utilisation de jurons dits « forts » (i.e. « strong swear words ») chez les femmes augmenterait dans certains contextes, et en particulier sur les réseaux sociaux (Thelwall, 2008) ; ceci s’appliquerait particulièrement aux jeunes générations de femmes. En d’autres termes, l’utilisation de certains jurons chez ces jeunes générations de femmes deviendrait à terme plus fréquente que celle des hommes du même âge. Cette hypothèse correspond à certains travaux qui suggèrent que la communication assistée par ordinateur participe à l’autonomisation des femmes. Il serait donc intéressant de vérifier ces observations et prédictions près de dix ans après qu’elles aient été formulées afin de les confirmer ou de les réfuter. Par conséquent, la question suivante se pose : les prévisions faites par Thelwall en 2008 se sont-elles réalisées près de dix ans plus tard, dans une société où les médias sociaux n’ont jamais eu autant d’importance dans notre vie quotidienne ? Le but de cette thèse est donc double : tout d’abord elle vise à offrir une meilleure compréhension de la manière dont les femmes et les hommes utilisent la vulgarité sur les réseaux sociaux. Le second objectif de ce travail est de démontrer le potentiel de ce type de médias en tant qu’objet d’étude sociolinguistique synchronique (et potentiellement diachronique) de grande échelle.Cette étude est basée sur un corpus composé d’un peu plus de dix-huit millions de tweets représentatifs de près de 739 000 utilisateurs. Le corpus a été constitué à partir de tweets provenant du Royaume Unis, émis par des utilisateurs masculins et féminins, et appartenant à différentes tranches d’âge. Une méthodologie et des outils d’analyse issus de la linguistique dite de corpus ont été utilisés pour mener à bien ce projet et tenter de répondre aux problématiques soulevées précédemment. Aussi, en raison du manque d’informations démographiques directement associées aux profils Twitter (e.g. le genre et l’âge des utilisateurs), il fût nécessaire de recourir à des techniques issues de la programmation informatique afin d’inférer le genre et l’âge de ces personnes. Cette thèse entend donc améliorer les connaissances que nous avons du lien qu’il existe entre le genre, l’âge, l’utilisation de la vulgarité et les réseaux sociauxGender norms pervade many layers of our society, and more or less strongly influence the expectations we may have of others. Among these pre-conceptions, many linguistic patterns have been said to be representative of male or female features, like tag questions, deference, turn-taking for example. Of all the gendered linguistic characteristics, the one which may have been the most debated is that of swear words. Swearing is indeed a subject which, even when gender is not concerned, generally provokes many tensions and debates. This is partly due to what swear words are often associated to, that is, what is called “bad language”. Because of a complex interplay between social expectations and power relations, swearing has traditionally been associated with men. These kinds of association led to the creation of pre-conceived ideas stigmatizing women and men who would use a linguistic feature not generally associated with them. These preconceived ideas also fuel societal stereotypes and may impact people’s standards concerning what is desirable from each gender. Moreover, swearing is often considered as an act of power and a way of affirming oneself. Thus, the fact that one gender may be perceived as more frequent users of swear words, or on the other hand as swear word eschewers, may have an impact on other qualities related to power that we would inherently attribute to one gender or the other, whether these differences are real or not. Some studies have showed that contrary to what has long been widely believed, women do not swear less frequently than men, nor do they use a drastically different register. Some even envisioned that the use of “strong” swear words by women would increase in certain contexts, specifically on social media; this seemed especially true for younger generations of users. It was even predicted that “gender equality in swearing or a reversal in gender patterns for strong swearing, will slowly become more widespread, at least in social network sites” (Thelwall, 2008: 102), such that the use of strong swear words among young women will eventually be more frequent than among (young) men. Accordingly, the swearing patterns displayed in 2008 could keep evolving for a certain category of women (especially younger ones), which would correlate with other claims, which stated that computer-mediated communication as a whole could be empowering for women. Thus, the following question arises: has the prediction made by Thelwall in 2008 been fulfilled eight years later, in a society where computer-mediated communication in the context of social media is firmly rooted in people's everyday lives? The aim of this thesis is thus twofold: first, it is to offer a better understanding of the patterns of swear word usage among women and men on social media, and second, it is to show the potential of these media as a source of data for synchronic (and possibly diachronic) sociolinguistic studies on a much larger scale. This study is based specifically on a corpus composed of just over eighteen million tweets issued by roughly 739 000 users. The corpus was populated with tweets by British users of both genders and from different age groups throughout the United Kingdom. Corpus linguistic methodology and tools have been used to address the sociolinguistic issues raised earlier. Also, because Twitter does not provide us with a direct access to the gender or the age of the users, using computer-programming methods has been necessary to be able to study these age and gender differences.This thesis hopes to advance the field of swearing research with regards both to gender and the relatively new context of social media. In so doing, it also aims to further establish the use of social media in linguistic investigation and pave the way for future studies
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Mårtensson, Vahlqvist Sabine. "Sociolinguistics of Swearing : A corpus-based investigation of male and female use of damn, darn, hell and heck in soap operas compared to real life." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-24093.
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This essay will investigate male and female usage of four swear words: hell, heck, damn and darn. A minor part of the essay focuses on comparing real life speech (by using the Longman Corpus of Spoken American English) with scripted language in soap operas (the SOAP corpus). The main part of the essay focuses on a detailed investigation of the four swear words in the SOAP corpus to see how they are used considering gender. Preliminary hypotheses were both correct and incorrect. Even though it was true that women use the milder forms of swearing in the company of men, men however use the harsher forms in the company of women. Moreover, heck seems to be a very neutral swear word used by men and women equally. Hell was most frequently used by men, and darn was very frequent among women. Overall, there was very little female to female swearing, and the category with the highest instances of usage of three of the four swear words was in fact male to female.
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Lu, Ching-Ting. "Analysis of English subtitles produced for the Taiwanese movie Cape No.7." AUT University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/870.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the approaches identified for the translation of Taiwanese Mandarin dialogues into English subtitles is different from those described in research studies which examined the translation of English film dialogues into Mandarin subtitles using data gathered from a Taiwanese movie entitled Cape No. 7. Taiwanese Mandarin is significantly influenced by the Tai-yu dialect, and in order to carry out the translation of Taiwanese Mandarin, it is important to deal with the functions of the dialect and related culture-specific items (CSIs). Therefore, the researcher of this thesis has investigated whether the translator of Cape No. 7 successfully applied a variety of translation strategies and prioritized the translation criteria well, to enable the target audience to receive the same message of the film as the source audience, especially when subtitling is constrained by time and space. There are two research areas which have been examined: slang and humour. The data analysis of slang scenes included Tai-yu slang and swearing, while humorous scenes were divided into three areas: puns, irony and metaphor. The research data have been analysed by means of analysis diagrams, which were trialled in a pilot study, described in Chapter Three. The pilot study lead to a new categorization based on previous researchers’ taxonomies (Aixelá, 1996; Davies, 2003; Tveit and Fong 2005, as cited in Yang, 2006), and this was applied to the analysis diagrams. According to the findings from the analysis chapters (Chapter Four & Five), the translator of Cape No. 7 preferred to use mostly the paraphrasing strategy in translating Tai-yu slang and humour, and the synonymy strategy in conveying swearing. In addition, the translator often strengthened swear words rather than toning them down in the English subtitles. However, when subtitling humorous scenes, the translator preferred to incorporate two strategies to deal with the cultural barriers when conveying the humorous effect. The compensation strategy was not used often in slang translation. In regard to the translation criteria, pragmatics and accuracy appeared to have been deemed more important by the translator than other criteria. Surprisingly functional equivalence did not seem to have been the translator’s first priority, as suggested by earlier research. Overall, this research study appeared to show that the translator of Cape No. 7 considered the paraphrase strategy to be the most efficient strategy for maintaining CSIs, and that pragmatics and accuracy were the translator’s most important criteria, which differs from the findings of previous research studies.
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Lott, Monica L. "Seventy years of swearing upon Eric the Skull| Genre and gender in selected works by Detection Club writers Dorothy L. Sayers and Agatha Christie." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618871.
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My dissertation “Seventy Years of Swearing upon Eric the Skull: Genre and Gender in Selected Works by Detection Club Writers Dorothy L. Sayers and Agatha Christie” shows how the texts produced by Detection Club members Dorothy L. Sayers and Agatha Christie challenge assumptions about the value and role of popular genre fiction and demonstrate how the detective novel engages pressing social issues related to gender in modern Great Britain. Sayers and Christie addressed serious concerns of gender in relation to topics including war and an emerging market economy in inter-war Britain; however, because they were doing so in genre fiction, their insights have not been fully explored. The popularity of detective fiction, according to critics, has resulted in a lack of criticism and a distrust of the popular. Christie, more so than Sayers, has been ignored by critics because of her popularity and the formulaic nature of her fiction. Glenwood Irons claims that Christie's popularity is responsible for the “general ignorance of the sheer volume of detective fiction written by women” (xi), while Alison Light theorizes that the dearth of Christie criticism, because of her popularity, is “an absence which the growth of 'genre' studies of popular fiction has yet to address” (64). My goal is to understand how Sayers and Christie responded to modern issues through their writing and to set their writing in context with contemporary concerns in inter-war Britain. I advocate for a reexamination of Sayers and Christie that goes beyond their popularity as writers of genre fiction and analyzes the ways in which their fiction incorporates modern concerns.
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Lott, Monica L. "Seventy Years of Swearing upon Eric the Skull: Genre and Gender in Selected Works by Detection Club Writers Dorothy L. Sayers and Agatha Christie." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1366152840.
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Westerholm, Jim. ""Damn good coffee" : Swear words and advertising." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36672.
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Swear words and their role in advertising have been debated for a long time. There has been a general sentiment that the use of swear words should be avoided in ads so they would not appear crass or offensive. Does this sentiment still reflect reality or could swear words be used to good effect in advertising? The aim of the present study is to find out how a number of informants react to the presence of swear words in advertisements, and what their general attitude toward swearing is. An online survey with 54 respondents provided quantitative data, and two group interviews supplemented it with more qualitative information. The study shows that respondents reacted favourably towards adverts with swear words as long as they were not too offensive.
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Skillström, Bygg Madelene. "Offensive Language in Sex and the City : A study of male and female characters’ use of taboo words." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-433.
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There are words and topics of conversation that are considered taboo and offensive in the English language. Offensive words can be divided into different categories, based on the way they are used and in what situation. Topics of conversation that are considered taboo are for example sexual activity and death.
Men and women are said to use language differently, in a number of areas. One of these areas concerns offensive language. It is considered masculine to swear and women are prone to use euphemisms more than men, i.e. the mildest form possible of an offensive word. Studies have shown that men and women feel more comfortable using taboo language with members of the same sex than with members of the opposite sex.
This paper aims to study the differences in language use between men and women and apply the findings on eight episodes of the American television series Sex and the City, with focus on offensive language. The purpose is to study whether or not the female characters of the show use a typically male language and if they do, if it could be a reason for them being perceived as strong women.
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Pham, Denise. "“…this is teenage bitchiness” : A corpus-based study of teenagers’ use of the term bitch and its forms." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2147.
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So far little research has been done on the term bitch exclusively. The aim of this essay is to find a pattern of teenagers’ uses of the word bitch in various contexts and in different grammatical forms. A further question is whether bitch can be considered a swearword or not.
The investigation was carried out by using two different corpora which is COLT (The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language) and Webcorp as the primary sources out of which concordance lines were extracted. These were in turn categorized into different word classes and analyzed in detail. The results show that there were several word classes in which bitch appeared such as noun, verb and adjective and the most common word class is nouns. The results also show that teenagers mainly use the term as a swearword with which they address their peers. In conclusion even though the term bitch did not originally belong to taboo language, however, due to the fact that the word has developed a more negative meaning it can be seen a swearword.
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Shen, Jin. "On translation of swearwords from English to Chinese : a case study on subtitling Terminator I-IV." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2525845.
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Lennartsson, Louise. "Är det rätt eller fel att använda svordomar och könsord i klassrummet? : En undersökning om lärares och elevers attityd gentemot svordomar ochkönsord samt vad de har för effekt i klassrummet ur ett genusperspektiv." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-56530.
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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka elevers och lärares attityd gentemot svordomar och könsord ur ett genusperspektiv, vilka effekter svordomar innehar i klassrummet samt hur de används av eleverna och lärarna. Intervjuer genomfördes med tre lärare, en kvinnlig respektive två manliga. Lärarna fick besvara frågor som behandlar svordomar och könsord i klassrummet. För att få ett trovärdigt resultat spelades informanterna in med hjälp av ljudinspelning. En enkätundersökning genomfördes med eleverna där de fick besvara 11 frågor, som behandlar deras eget språkbruk i klassrummet och deras åsikter angående lärare som använder svordomar i sin undervisning. Resultatet visar att genus har en stor inverkan på hur vi bedömer och accepterar svordomar och könsord i klassrummet. Lärare och elever av det kvinnliga könet har mindre tolerans i jämförelse med män. Undersökningen visar att de manliga eleverna inte bryr sig om ifall en lärare använder svordomar eller könsord i klassrummet. Samma inställning har de manliga eleverna gentemot vilken effekt svordomar och könsord har i undervisningen. De kvinnliga eleverna tappar däremot respekten för lärare som använder svordomar och könsord samt anser att svordomar och könsord innehar en negativ effekt i klassrummet.A study has been conducted by investigating teachers' and students' attitudes towards swear words and sexual slurs from a gender perspective. The purpose of the investigation was to study the acceptance of swear words in classroom situations among teachers and students. Therefore, interviews were conducted with three teachers, of whom one was female and two were male. In order to get a correct analysis, the informants were recorded using a dictation machine. Teachers were allowed to answer questions related to their own use of profanities and the students' use of profanities in the classroom. A survey was conducted with the students where they answered eleven questions. Additionally, the students answered questions about their own language use in the classroom and their opinions regarding teachers' usage of swear words. The analysis of the results shows that gender has a great impact on the acceptance of swear words and vulgar words in the classroom. Female students and teachers have less tolerance compared to men, and the majority of both male and female students in the survey do not consider there to be any effect of swear words regarding the quality of teaching. Finally, the result shows that female students lose respect for teachers who are using swear words.
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Hirsch, Kasper. "A Study on Power Relations in Succession : A Conversation Analysis Approach to the Study of Power." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Engelska, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-44424.
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This study investigates how power relations are organised in conversation between two sets of characters from the HBO-series Succession. The aim has been to analyse how power can be exercised, shifted or struggled over in conversation. The main method has been conversation analysis; particularly Hutchby’s methods and concepts (2013) have been applied both for this study’s use of the concept of power and for this study’s understanding of argumentative structures and Action-Opposition sequences in conversation. There has also been a significant focus on swearing, especially with the first research question, where the instances of swearing were analysed in terms of their function and type and whether they contributed to a shift in power relations. The study found asymmetrical relations of power with both sets of characters and that one can use the conversational possibilities at one’s disposal to exercise, resist or shift the power that is omnipresent in all contexts. The findings supported the theory that the second position in an argumentative structure generally has more power. However, the findings also suggested ways in which this can be avoided, for example by using the practical implications of one’s statement in particular contexts to overpower the opposition or to selectively choose which counter statements or questions to respond to to control the outcome of the conversation.
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Lucchesi, Emilia. "A Linguistic Hybrid? : a study of male linguistic features in female conversation." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för utbildning och ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-9707.
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This study investigates four women’s use of typically male linguistic features in casual same-sex conversation. The aim of the study is to see whether and how this group of women use the linguistic features; swearing, interrupting, disagreeing and ignoring, questions and monologues (‘playing the expert’) which are all more common in male conversation and often part of a competitive communication style. I will also attempt to answer if these women’s linguistic behavior is typically female or male. The four women were tape recorded during a planned conversation in a casual setting and the recording was transcribed. The transcription was analyzed by using definitions of the linguistic features above made by, for example, Jennifer Coates (2004). The results show that these four women were neither typically female nor male, but a mix of the two; a hybrid.
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Swingler, David Diniz. "Tabu linguístico: mapeamento das atitudes relacionadas a palavrões e à influência que os fatores sociais, conversacionais, emocionais e de identidade exercem no seu uso cotidiano." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8575.
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There is nothing new about the use of swearwords in human language. In fact, it is believed that swearing is as old as language itself. Studies about swearing, as well as personal experience, show us that this type of language produces a emotional impact that can have both positive and negative effects. Despite its ubiquitous presence in the speech of Brazilians, few linguistic studies have been produced on the subject. Therefore, the present work aims at mapping out the attitudes of college students that frequent Praça da Alegria in regards to swearwords and the influence that social, conversational, emotional, as well as identity factors have in their day-to-day use. According to the existing literature on language attitudes, it is not unusual to encounter gaps or inconsistencies in relation to the language attitudes professed by individuals and what they actually do when they speak (language behavior). Studies show that this contradiction result from the influence of external factors such as context, interlocutor type, place, etc., as well as internal factors such as beliefs, emotions, intentions, etc. Thus, in order to understand the relation between attitudes held about swearwords and swearing in day-to-day social interaction, we have conducted this sociolinguistic research. The present study is of a qualitative nature and is based primarily on an Interactional Sociolinguistic and Ethnography of Communication framework. The corpus used is comprised of data collected from 29 college students at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (the Federal University of Paraíba) in a recreational area known as Praça da Alegria, using three methods: questionnaires, direct (non-participant) observation and semi-structured interviews. After that, the data was analysed in accordance to the concepts found in Language Attitude theory, as well as Accommodation Theory; and then triangulated in order to guarantee more precise and reliable results. As a result, it was found that: 1) the idea of the meaning of the term swearword, in fact, varied from person to person, nevertheless, there was, in general, a difference between the meaning of the terms swearword and offensive word; 2) the degree of offensiveness of a word is subject to individual opinion; 3) the more offensive a word was considered to be, the less frequently it was said to get used; and 4) social, conversational, emotional and identity factors, in fact, influenced considerably the individuals decision to use or not use this type of language.
O uso de palavrões não é algo novo no comportamento linguístico humano. Na verdade, acredita-se que eles são tão antigos quanto a própria linguagem. Estudos mostram que esse tipo de linguagem produz um forte impacto emocional que pode gerar tanto efeitos positivos, quanto negativos. Apesar de sua ubíqua presença na fala dos brasileiros, poucos estudos linguísticos foram produzidos sobre o assunto no Brasil. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo mapear as atitudes dos estudantes universitários frequentadores da Praça da Alegria relacionadas a palavrões e à influência que os fatores sociais, conversacionais, emocionais e de identidade exercem no seu uso cotidiano. De acordo com a literatura existente sobre atitudes linguísticas, não é incomum que constatemos uma lacuna no que diz respeito às atitudes professadas pelos indivíduos sobre certas línguas ou aspectos da linguagem, e o seu uso propriamente dito (comportamento linguístico). Estudos mostram que essa incoerência resulta da influência de fatores externos tais como contexto, tipo de interlocutor, local, etc., bem como fatores internos tais como crenças, emoções, intenções, etc. Assim sendo, a fim de melhor entender a relação entre atitudes sobre palavrões e o seu uso em interações sociais do dia-a-dia, realizamos essa investigação sociolinguística. O presente estudo é predominantemente qualitativo e foi fundamentado principalmente no aporte teórico da Sociolinguística Interacional e da Etnografia da Comunicação. O corpus utilizado foi composto de dados coletados entre 29 estudantes universitários em uma área de lazer conhecida como Praça da Alegria, situada na Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), por meio de três métodos: questionário, observação não-participante e entrevista semiestruturada. Posteriormente, foram analisados os dados relacionados aos conceitos referentes as atitudes linguísticas e a Teoria da Acomodação, que por fim foram triangulados no intuito de garantir resultados mais precisos e confiáveis. Como resultado dessa pesquisa, foi constatado que: 1) a noção do significado do termo palavrão, de fato, varia de pessoa para pessoa, não obstante, existe, de modo geral, uma diferença entre a noção dos termos palavrão e palavra ofensiva; 2) o grau de ofensividade de uma palavra é sujeito à opinião do indivíduo; 3) quanto mais ofensiva uma palavra, menos usada ela é; e 4) os fatores sociais, conversacionais, emocionais e de identidade, de fato, influenciam consideravelmente na decisão do indivíduo de usar (ou não) esse tipo de linguajar.
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Downes, Lynn. "Language change: Identity management and the boundaries of acceptable verbal conduct in school settings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/132411/1/Lynn_Downes_Thesis.pdf.
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This study focused on changing language use and social norms in secondary school settings. It investigated how teachers and school leaders define language transgressions and interpret policies such as verbal misconduct. The study used snowball sampling and Critical Discourse Analysis to examine the accounts of 19 secondary school leaders and teachers in South-East Queensland. Findings indicate policy ambiguity and the use of personal parameters in defining acceptability standards and responses. In addition, taboo terms referencing social variables such as race, gender and sexuality are of greater concern than individual swear words, leading to an innovative framework of contemporary language taboos.
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Lindahl, Katarina. "The x-word and its usage : Taboo words and swearwords in general, and x-words in newspapers." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1750.
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All languages have words that are considered taboo – words that are not supposed to be said or used. Taboo words, or swearwords, can be used in many different ways and they can have different meanings depending on what context they appear in. Another aspect of taboo words is the euphemisms that are used in order to avoid obscene speech. This paper will focus on x-words, words like the f-word or the c-word, which replace the words fuck or cunt, but as the study will show they also have other meanings and usages.
The purpose of this paper is also to investigate the significance of taboo words and their usage in English, as well as research on how they are used, or not used, in media. The aim is to examine how x-words are used in the British newspapers the Guardian and the Observer by using corpus searches.
The results show that there are several ways of using x-words, and that using them in order to show that a word either is taboo, or has become taboo in a certain context, is the most common way. It is also clear that x-words can represent many different words, and not only words that are generally considered taboo.
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Siikavaara, Josefina. "Gender differences in usage of bitch and cunt across time : An analysis of findings in the BNC1994 and the BNC2014." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35105.
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This essay presents a study on gender differences with a focus on swearing and taboo language, based on findings from the BNC1994 and the BNC2014. Bitch and cunt are two words that are linked to the female gender, but previous research has shown that they are used differently by men and women. The usage of the words differs in terms of frequency, but it has also been suggested that men and women tend to differ in the way they aim their usage of the words, whether the usage is directed toward men or women. The aim of the study is to analyse both corpora in order to find out how the usage of the words differs between men and women in different age categories, and how it has changed across time. Previous research on swearing, in connection to gender and age, is presented as well as a historical background of the words. The results show that the usage of bitch has increased but the usage of cunt has decreased. However, there are findings in the results that show that in addition to the change in frequency there has also been a change regarding how men and women tend to aim their usage of the words. Hopefully, the findings in this study could shed more light on the topic on gender differences and swearing.
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Gurney, Nicholas Scott. "As God as my witness: a contemporary analysis of theology's presence in the courtroom as it relates to the "oath or affirmation" requirement within the Florida rules of evidence." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/390.
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The existence of the oath in the courtroom can be traced back thousands of years throughout history, but the use, meaning, and effect of the oath in law has changed dramatically. The oath as we know it was once a powerful truth-telling instrument that our ancestors used to call upon a higher power. It was the belief of many that the oath itself was not sworn to man or state, but rather directly to a deity. The oath has since then evolved as a result of ever changing beliefs, fueled by increasing tolerance, shaping the oath into more of a tradition, and less of an edict. For centuries, theorists have attempted to determine whether an oath in court is actually effective at accomplishing its goal. The intent of this thesis is to examine the origin of the oath all the way up to the present day. It will be through a comprehensive study of federal law, state law, case law, articles, and publications that we will better understand the oath as a truth-telling instrument that in recent times has lost its effect. From there, it will be possible to better form a solution to a problem that plagues our courtrooms: perjury, or the act of lying under oath. This thesis will seek to establish the best way for our community to actively work towards ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of our judicial system.B.A. and B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Saarinen, Margaret. "An examination of works for band : Fortress variants by Elliot Del Borgo, Reflections by James Swearingen, Equinox by Ed Huckeby, and Procession of the nobles (Rimsky-Korsakov) arranged by Andrew Balent." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/971.
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Johnson, Travis. "An examination of the works of Flourish for wind band by Ralph Vaughn Williams, Air for band by Frank Erickson, An American elegy by Frank Ticheli, Rough riders by Karl King, arranged by James Swearingen." Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4586.
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Master of MusicDepartment of Music
Frank C. Tracz
This document was written after examination, research, score analysis, and lesson planning in preparation for the Graduate Conducting Recital of Travis M. Johnson. This recital was held on Monday, March 8, 2010 at the Cheney High School Auditorium at 6:00 pm. A philosophy of Music Education and criteria for quality literature selection is followed by the theoretical and historical analysis of four works; Flourish for Wind Band by Ralph Vaughn Williams, Air for Band by Frank Erickson, An American Elegy by Frank Ticheli, and Rough Riders by Karl King arranged by James Swearingen. Lesson plans, rehearsal aids, warm up exercises, and student assignments are included in the examination of this process.
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Johnson, Peter. "On swearing in TIME : A corpus-based diachronic study." Thesis, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-71015.
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Stone, Teresa Elizabeth. "Swearing: impact on nurses and implications for therapeutic practice." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/38560.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Swearing is a subject largely ignored in academic circles but impossible to ignore in the health workplace. Despite its prevalence there has been little academic research into swearing, and certainly none on its impact on nursing staff. Nurses are, of all health workers, most likely to be targets of verbal aggression with up to 100% of nurses in mental health settings reporting verbal abuse. Nurses encounter swearing from patients and their carers, staff, and managers, and use swearwords in communication with each other, but there is no reference in the literature to the effects on nurses of exposure to swearing. This study set out to rectify that lack of research into swearing by answering three main questions: 1. What is the extent of swearing /verbal aggression in a health care setting? 2. What are the implications of swearing for a therapeutic encounter? 3. What is the impact of swearing on nurses? A mixed methods approach was employed. Phase one of the study explored the context of care, utilising the Overt Aggression Scale to describe the nature and extent of swearing and verbal aggression across a range of acute and long-term inpatient mental health settings. Data were derived from 9,623 reports spanning a 10-year period. The sample comprised 384 (72.1%) males and 148 (27.9%) females aged between 9.5 years and 93.3, mean age 45.6, SD=21.00 years. Most frequently reported over the 10-year period was verbal aggression; incidents involving females occurred mainly in connection with the more severe levels of verbal aggression. “Psychosis” was recorded as the main perceived cause of verbal aggression, in itself an insufficient explanation. A rising tendency to cite psychosis emerged as the level of aggression rose and, on average, 1.9 interventions were recorded for each aggressive incident. Phase two surveyed 107 nurses across three health care settings paediatrics, adult mental health, and child and adolescent mental health – by means of a questionnaire designed to elicit a combination of both qualitative and quantitative data, the Nursing Swearing Impact Questionnaire, which included three standardised instruments. The quantitative data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. High levels of swearing were reported, 29% of nurses being sworn at 1 to 5 times per week and 7% “continuously.” A similar incidence occurred within the nursing team, but being sworn at in anger by another staff member was rare and the major use was in jest or in conversation. The study failed to find significant differences between mental health and paediatric settings in the frequency of swearing but did find gender-based differences. High levels of distress caused by being subjected to swearing were evident, particularly when the aggressor was a relative or carer of a patient. Moreover, the respondents appeared to have only a limited range of interventions for use in dealing with the experience of being sworn at. However, what emerges strongly from the data is the extent to which swearing is culture- and context-bound, and the fact that nurses share many of the views and attitudes about swearing held by society at large. The culmination of the findings suggests that swearing is both widespread and underreported in a range of health contexts. The implications of swearing are poorly understood by nurses. These, and the magnitude of their distress in being subjected to it, render them ill-equipped to deal with the experience. The concomitant negative effects on empathy result in the nurses’ distancing themselves from the patient when confronted and implementing only a restricted range of interventions and detrimental effects on the quality of the therapeutic relationship will have negative effects on patient outcomes. Given the levels of swearing reported and its consequences on the therapeutic relationship, further research is warranted.
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Stone, Teresa Elizabeth. "Swearing: impact on nurses and implications for therapeutic practice." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/38560.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Swearing is a subject largely ignored in academic circles but impossible to ignore in the health workplace. Despite its prevalence there has been little academic research into swearing, and certainly none on its impact on nursing staff. Nurses are, of all health workers, most likely to be targets of verbal aggression with up to 100% of nurses in mental health settings reporting verbal abuse. Nurses encounter swearing from patients and their carers, staff, and managers, and use swearwords in communication with each other, but there is no reference in the literature to the effects on nurses of exposure to swearing. This study set out to rectify that lack of research into swearing by answering three main questions: 1. What is the extent of swearing /verbal aggression in a health care setting? 2. What are the implications of swearing for a therapeutic encounter? 3. What is the impact of swearing on nurses? A mixed methods approach was employed. Phase one of the study explored the context of care, utilising the Overt Aggression Scale to describe the nature and extent of swearing and verbal aggression across a range of acute and long-term inpatient mental health settings. Data were derived from 9,623 reports spanning a 10-year period. The sample comprised 384 (72.1%) males and 148 (27.9%) females aged between 9.5 years and 93.3, mean age 45.6, SD=21.00 years. Most frequently reported over the 10-year period was verbal aggression; incidents involving females occurred mainly in connection with the more severe levels of verbal aggression. “Psychosis” was recorded as the main perceived cause of verbal aggression, in itself an insufficient explanation. A rising tendency to cite psychosis emerged as the level of aggression rose and, on average, 1.9 interventions were recorded for each aggressive incident. Phase two surveyed 107 nurses across three health care settings paediatrics, adult mental health, and child and adolescent mental health – by means of a questionnaire designed to elicit a combination of both qualitative and quantitative data, the Nursing Swearing Impact Questionnaire, which included three standardised instruments. The quantitative data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. High levels of swearing were reported, 29% of nurses being sworn at 1 to 5 times per week and 7% “continuously.” A similar incidence occurred within the nursing team, but being sworn at in anger by another staff member was rare and the major use was in jest or in conversation. The study failed to find significant differences between mental health and paediatric settings in the frequency of swearing but did find gender-based differences. High levels of distress caused by being subjected to swearing were evident, particularly when the aggressor was a relative or carer of a patient. Moreover, the respondents appeared to have only a limited range of interventions for use in dealing with the experience of being sworn at. However, what emerges strongly from the data is the extent to which swearing is culture- and context-bound, and the fact that nurses share many of the views and attitudes about swearing held by society at large. The culmination of the findings suggests that swearing is both widespread and underreported in a range of health contexts. The implications of swearing are poorly understood by nurses. These, and the magnitude of their distress in being subjected to it, render them ill-equipped to deal with the experience. The concomitant negative effects on empathy result in the nurses’ distancing themselves from the patient when confronted and implementing only a restricted range of interventions and detrimental effects on the quality of the therapeutic relationship will have negative effects on patient outcomes. Given the levels of swearing reported and its consequences on the therapeutic relationship, further research is warranted.
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Chen, Yi-Ren, and 陳奕壬. "The effects of Swearing in second language on pain tolerance and pain perception." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9rdh5r.
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碩士國立東華大學
諮商與臨床心理學系
102
Swearing a is very common human behavior to express emotion in daily life. Past research argues that swearing is an inappropriate reaction toward pain and feeling. It is also affected by state of attentions, emotional contexts, suggestions, attitudes, expectations and sensory information. On the contrary, swearing is considered as a healthy reaction in an uncomfortable environment. In the present study, we replicate the paradigm experiment of Stephens et al. (2009) to research the relationship between swearing and pain perception when a bilingual speaks first language and second language. Many bilinguals have the experience that they can swear more easily in L2, because L2 swearing words do not seem that “dirty”. In another word, swearing in L2 does not cause deep nor strong emotional feelings. Form psycholinguistic perspective, this phenomenon may indicate a weak ink between the L2 lexicon and its concept system. The results of this study suggest, L1 swearing words awake bigger changes of heart rate and longer pain tolerance time than L1 neutral word. L2 swearing words only produce greater changes of heart rate but will not produce longer pain tolerance time than L2 neutral word. Compare to the swearing word between these two languages, we found L1 swearing words produce longer pain tolerance time, and it's easier to reflect subject's state of uncomfortable feelings. Quoted from the Revised hierachical model explained these results in the study. One of the possible reasons could be the differences in concept connecting strength between L1 and L2. Because it is stronger in Mandarin than in English. In another word, when the subject speaks English swearing words, its concept will arouse less than if the subject speaks in Mandarin. So the emotion arouses with the concept is also smaller. Therefore, the physiological responses (changes of heart rate), behavior response (pain tolerance time) will arouse less than if the subject speaks in Mandarin swearing words.
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Hung, Tzulien, and 洪慈蓮. "Gender Difference In Lexical Forms – A Study Of Adolescents’ Use Of Lexical Forms In Creative Language And Swearing In Taiwan." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18230356639702411191.
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碩士靜宜大學
英國語文學系
100
Lexical or word choice is a level of language use, which can offer speakers appropriate expressions for use in different contexts. Some words or phrases are commonly invented and used by young people to express their cultural or mental attitudes and life experiences in casual speech. The aim of this study is to understand if there is any difference in female and male usage of certain linguistic forms -- the choice of lexical forms in language creativity and swearing in mixed-gender interactions. The participants of the study are 18 native Mandarin Chinese speakers, including 9 boys and 9 girls. The linguistic variables involved in this study are lexical forms used for language creativity and swearing. The lexical forms were collected in naturalistic and non-elicited environments, and the audio-recording with the electrical equipment was the main way used to collect the data. The study finds that males and females differ in the use of language creativity and swearing. Males use more creative forms and dirty words than females do in frequency, percentage and type as a whole. The findings show that males and females tend to use creative and swearing language differently in informal mixed-gender interactions. Thus, it can be concluded that gender does influence language use. The analyses of the linguistic features between male speech and female speech reflect that women and men have internalized different norms for conversational interactions. Females tend to produce language which is standard and polite, while male speech appears to display the vernacular and aggressive styles with its unmitigated directives. The findings of this study support the established claim proposed by the researchers, such as Labov (1972), Maltz and Borker (1982), Lakoff (1975), Trugill (1972), Holmes (2008) and Coates (1993) to the effect that women and men talk differently by using different forms of their styles in conversations.
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LEI, FANG-SHENG, and 雷芳昇. "The Sorrows of “Young Fucker” – The Use of “Foul Language” by Students: A Case Study of Swearing Culture in Junior High School." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6atttz.
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碩士國立中正大學
教育學研究所
104
This study discusses the use of foul language by “Young Fuckers” of Hogwarts Junior High School. Its aim is to discover the formation of the swearing culture between junior high school students by looking into their cognition and usage of swearing. In this case study, observation, questionnaires, and interviews are used. Through these methodology, the sorrows of “Young Fucker” are uncovered. This study concludes that: I. “Young Fuckers” think that foul language is obscene and aggressive and it’s a way of exchaging emotions. II. “Young Fuckers” think that foul language is offensive. It is unacceptable when the swear words related to genitalia and curse of the family members. III. “Young Fuckers” are awared of postives and negatives of foul language and get used to it. IV. “Young Fuckers” think that the best times to use foul language is when being with friends. V. “Having conflicts with friends,” “Having fun with friends,” and “Entering swearing-friendly school environment” lead “Young Fuckers” to experience the first use of foul language. VI. “Young Fuckers” learn foul language from family members, peers and friends. VII. “Young Fuckers” think that foul language can be “rude,” “ambiguous,” “fun,” “creative,” and “popular and catchy.” VIII. Teachers are awared of foul language culture between students. But they would stop students from using the foul language. This case study aims at finding out how swearing culture influence junior high school students. Based on the results and findings of this research, the study provides some concrete suggestions and some ideas that hopefully can be discussed in future research.
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"從人類學觀點探討香港廣東話粗口." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896065.
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袁立宜."2003年7月".
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003.
參考文獻 (leaves 128-131).
附中英文摘要.
"2003 nian 7 yue".
Yuan Liyi.
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003.
Can kao wen xian (leaves 128-131).
Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.
中文摘要 --- p.i
英文摘要 --- p.ii
致謝 --- p.in
圖表 --- p.vii
Chapter 第一章 --- 導論
硏究動機 --- p.1
硏究方向 --- p.3
粗口是甚麼？ --- p.5
理論背景回顧 --- p.8
硏究方法 --- p.18
問卷調查 --- p.20
參與觀察及深入訪談 --- p.23
訪問 --- p.23
專題小組討論 --- p.25
出版刊物資料收集 --- p.26
觀察記錄 --- p.27
本文章節內容 --- p.28
Chapter 第二章 --- 廣東話髒話的本質 --- p.29
香港的語言和方言 --- p.29
香港廣東話與大陸廣東話的細分 --- p.30
香港的廣東話粗口詞彙 --- p.32
廣東話粗口的使用方式.》 --- p.36
五個主要粗口詞及其用法 --- p.36
髒話的使用和避用 --- p.50
“講粗口´ح情況 --- p.51
粗口的咒罵性 --- p.53
結語 --- p.64
Chapter 第三章 --- 兩性在說髒話方面的差異 --- p.66
社會結構：男性與女性和男性化與女性化 --- p.67
社會語言的行爲差異 --- p.71
深入訪談一 --- p.76
深入訪談二 --- p.76
深入訪談三 --- p.77
漫畫資料 --- p.77
訪談觀察一 --- p.79
訪談觀察二 --- p.81
髒話在兩性之間引起的問題
語言中的權力 --- p.84
語言強勢對比語言暴力 --- p.85
結語 --- p.87
Chapter 第四章 --- 髒話的非攻擊和非侮辱使用 --- p.89
粗口字有娛樂性 --- p.89
觀察訪談 --- p.90
粗口字歇後語 --- p.94
粗口字笑話 --- p.95
笑話一 --- p.96
笑話二 --- p.96
笑話三 --- p.97
粗口歌曲 --- p.97
粗口時裝 --- p.100
粗口打招呼 --- p.102
結語 --- p.104
Chapter 第五章 --- 講粗口 ´Ø是耶？非耶？ --- p.106
公共空間及私人空間 --- p.106
公共空間的髒話 --- p.106
粗口與運動 --- p.109
粗口與賭博 --- p.109
私人空間的髒話 --- p.110
個人形象 --- p.112
說髒話犯法 --- p.113
正規道德教化 --- p.115
如何去分辨社會公認的對錯標準？ --- p.116
粗口字詞咒罵性所表現的中國親屬關係 --- p.117
禽獸不如？ --- p.119
敬神罵鬼 --- p.120
粗口與創作 --- p.120
結語 --- p.122
Chapter 第六章 --- 後結 --- p.123
髒話的演變 --- p.123
髒話的使用界線 --- p.124
髒話的價値 --- p.125
“粗口´ح會消失嗎？ --- p.126
參考書目 --- p.127
37
"Of butterflies and birds, of dialects and genres : Essays in honour of Philip Shaw." Stockholm, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90997.
Full textAbstract:
This volume is a tribute to our friend and colleague Philip Shaw, Professor of English linguistics at the Department of English, Stockholm University, on the occasion of his 65th birthday. The 22 contributions to this volume by friends and colleagues worldwide bear witness to Philip’s academic versatility as well as his interests beyond academia. The first paper, ‘Narratives of Nature in English and Swedish: Butterfly books and the case of Argynnis paphia’, a genre study by Annelie Ädel and John Swales, is illustrated by Philip devoting himself to one of his favourite activities. It is followed by four other genre analyses, based on very different texts: Trine Dahl, ‘Telling it Like it Is or Strategic Writing? A portrait of the economist writer’, Paul Gillaerts, ‘Move Analysis of Abstracts from a Diachronic Perspective: A case study’, Maurizio Gotti, ‘Investigating the Generic Structure of Mediation Processes’, and Nils-Lennart Johannesson, ‘Orrmulum: Genre membership and text organisation’. The following five papers all relate to Philip’s work in the fields of English as a Second Language (ESL), English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The ESL study by Britt Erman and Margareta Lewis is titled ‘Vocabulary in Advanced L2 English Speech’, and ELF is represented by Beyza Björkman’s ‘Peer Assessment of Spoken Lingua Franca English in Tertiary Education in Sweden: Criterion-referenced versus norm-referenced assessment’. The three following papers relate to Philip’s work on academic writing: Magnus Gustafsson & Hans Malmström, ‘Master Level Writing in Engineering and Productive Vocabulary: What does measuring academic vocabulary levels tell us?’, Akiko Okamura, ‘Philip Shaw’s Writing Expertise in Academic Discourse’, and Diane Pecorari, ‘Additional Reasons for the Correlation of Voice, Tense and Sentence Function’. The three papers to follow address issues within the fields of dialectology and sociolinguistics, representing different speech communities in the English-speaking world: Joan C. Beal, ‘Tourism and the Commodification of Language’, Peter Sundkvist, ‘“Ridiculously Country”: The representation of Appalachian English in the Deliverance screenplay’, and Sandra Jansen, ‘“I don’t sound like a Geordie!”: Phonological and morphosyntactic aspects of Carlisle English’. This naturally leads on to studies on World Englishes, represented by papers by Kingsley Bolton, ‘World Englishes, Globalisation, and Language Worlds’, Gunnel Melchers, ‘The North Wind and the Sun: A classic text as data for World Englishes’, Christiane Meierkord & Bridget Fonkeu, ‘Of Birds and the Human Species – Communication in Migration Contexts: English in the Cameroonian migrant community in the Ruhr area’, and Augustin Simo Bobda, ‘The Emergence of a Standardizing Cameroon Francophone English Pronunciation in Cameroon’. The five final papers deal with a variety of linguistic topics all close to Philip’s heart but not so easily accommodated into the above sections. They are: Maria Kuteeva, ‘Tolkien and Lewis on Language in their Scholarly Work’, Karin Aijmer and Anna Elgemark, ‘The Pragmatic Markers Look and Listen in a Cross-linguistic Perspective’, Magnus Ljung, ‘Goddamn: From curse to byname’, Christina Alm-Arvius, ‘Opposites Attract’, and Erik Smitterberg, ‘Non-correlative Commas between Subjects and Verbs in Nineteenth-century Newspaper English’.
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Χριστοπούλου, Κατερίνα. "Το άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο της Νέας Ελληνικής : μια μελέτη των μορφολογικών, σημασιολογικών και πραγματολογικών χαρακτηριστικών του." Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4159.
Full textAbstract:
Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία, αρχικά, γίνεται λόγος για τα γενικά τυπικά χαρακτηριστικά που διέπουν το άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο, κυρίως της Ελληνικής. Στη συνέχεια, επιχειρείται μια μορφολογική ανάλυση των συστατικών που χρησιμοποιούνται για τον σχηματισμό των λέξεων του άσεμνου λεξιλογίου. Ωστόσο, βασικός στόχος είναι η διερεύνηση των σημασιολογικών και πραγματολογικών χαρακτηριστικών που διέπουν αυτό το ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρον τμήμα του λεξιλογίου μας. Παράλληλα, ασχολούμαι με περιπτώσεις υποκορισμού ή μεγέθυνσης μέσα στο άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο, με τους μηχανισμούς δανεισμού, με φαινόμενα ευφημισμού και δυσφημισμού και άλλα.
Αναλυτικότερα, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, το οποίο λειτουργεί ως εναρκτήριο στάδιο ένταξης στο αντικείμενο μελέτης της εργασίας, παρουσιάζω τα περιθωριακά ιδιώματα της ελληνικής καθώς και τη δομή και λειτουργία των ειδικών λεξιλογίων στα οποία εντάσσεται και το προς εξέταση λεξιλόγιο. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου εξετάζω τις διαδικασίες και τους μηχανισμούς δανεισμού που υιοθετούνται για την εισαγωγή νέων λέξεων στην Ελληνική από άλλες γλώσσες, οι οποίες επηρέασαν και εμπλούτισαν με αυτόν τον τρόπο το άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο.
Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο ασχολούμαι με τις διαδικασίες σχηματισμού των λημμάτων του άσεμνου λεξιλογίου. Μορφολογικές διαδικασίες σχηματισμού λέξεων όπως είναι η παραγωγή και η σύνθεση, αλλά και δομές όπως οι συμφυρμοί, λεξικοποιημένες εκφράσεις κ. ά, θα με απασχολήσουν ιδιαίτερα στο κεφάλαιο αυτό.
Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο είναι αφιερωμένο στις εννοιακές σχέσεις, στις σχέσεις δηλαδή των λέξεων με άλλες λέξεις, με τις οποίες σχετίζονται. Το βασικό θεωρητικό πρότυπο πάνω στο οποίο θα βασιστώ για την ανάλυση της λεξικής σημασιολογίας είναι αυτό που προτείνεται από τον Cruse (1986, 2004). Εννοιακές σχέσεις, όπως αυτή της πολυσημίας, της συνωνυμίας, της μετωνυμίας, της μερωνυμίας και της μεταφοράς θα με απασχολήσουν ιδιαίτερα.
Στη συνέχεια, στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο με τίτλο «Άσεμνο λεξιλόγιο και Πραγματολογία» αφού αναφερθώ στα κίνητρα που ωθούν στην χρήση αυτού του λεξιλογίου, θα εξετάσω τις λειτουργίες και τη χρήση των λέξεων αυτών μέσα σε συγκεκριμένα εκφωνήματα. Το περιβάλλον μέσα στο οποίο εμφανίζονται οι λέξεις αυτές αλλά και οι διαφορετικοί πολιτισμοί και η νοοτροπία των ομιλητών, όπως θα δούμε στο κεφάλαιο αυτό παίζει πολύ σημαντικό ρόλο. Ολοκληρώνοντας, θα επικεντρωθώ σε λέξεις που χαρακτηρίζονται ως άσεμνες και μπορούν να θεωρηθούν, με βάση πραγματολογικές μελέτες (μεταξύ αυτών Fraser, 2008) ότι λειτουργούν ως δείκτες οργάνωσης λόγου και συγκεκριμένα ως δείκτες προσοχής (attention markers).Words are extremely important to people. They constitute a means of communication. It is through them that we express our thoughts, feelings and emotions. They are an integral part of our everyday life and they are with us wherever we go. Every word, of any kind, deserves our full attention and needs to be studied, no matter what kind of vocabulary it may be part of. The present thesis is about a very vibrant and expressive part of our language. It concerns “obscene vocabulary”, a domain on which very few scientific studies have been carried out to date. In this thesis I decided to examine the morphological, semantic and pragmatic aspects of the “obscene vocabulary” of the Modern Greek language. In the first chapter, I present the “marginal” jargons of the Modern Greek language, of which “obscene vocabulary” constitutes a part, based on the existing literature so far. Moreover, I propose an appropriate classification of the Greek data, based on Jay (1997). I also look into cases of euphemisms and calumny, and the way they are used in Modern Greek. In addition, I present some cases of loans concerning not only words, but expressions and even affixes coming from other languages as well. Loans and calques seem to constitute a great part of the Greek “obscene vocabulary”, most of them coming from Italian, French and Turkish. The second chapter is about the way that words and expressions of the “obscene vocabulary” are formed. It seems that this kind of vocabulary is highly productive in compound words. What is more, some prefixes and suffixes of the “purist Greek” which are not very productive in the Modern Greek common vocabulary, combined with popular words, they are frequently used to form “obscene” words, resulting in funny word formations. It should be noted here, that the formation of such words is subject to the same constraints as the rest of the vocabulary of the Modern Greek language. Finally, I look into compound expressions, lexicalized phrases, blends and the diminutive and augmentative suffixes and prefixes which are used in order to make a word sound less offensive, more familiar and even positive. The third chapter consists of a semantic analysis of the “obscene vocabulary” of the Modern Greek language, based on Cruse (1986, 2004) and Veloudis (2005). I look into polysemous and synonymous pairs of words and also into notions such as meronymy, metonymy and metaphors, concerning mostly parts of the human body. Finally, I try to analyze the pragmatic aspects of the Greek “obscene vocabulary” This field concerns the circumstances in which this kind of vocabulary is used, human communication, the intonation and the gestures that accompany the use of “obscene vocabulary” and every possible kind of social and psychological reasons, as well as the motives that make someone use this kind of vocabulary. Different languages reflect different cultures and have a different degree and way of using “obscene vocabulary”.