Academic literature on the topic 'Swedish environmental Code'
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Journal articles on the topic "Swedish environmental Code"
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Zander, Joakim. "Risk versus Hazard before the EU Courts – A Comment." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 2 (June 2011): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001148.
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Professor Lofstedt presents a convincing illustration of the inconsistencies inherent in a European system of regulation where Member States choose whether to regulate based on assessments of risks or hazards depending on the product concerned. Particularly striking is the candid comment of a Swedish official who seems to marvel at the conflicting positions of his own government. The quote reminds this author of an official in the Swedish Ministry of Environment who in an interview stated that the application of regulation would be widely different if the precautionary principle as included in the Swedish Environmental Code or the precautionary principle as included in the Swedish Planning Code were to be employed.1 For a lawyer – or anyone else with an interest in the rule of law – such inconsistencies pose serious problems with regard to legal certainty. Unfortunately, those who could reasonably be expected to be most concerned with issues relating to the rule of law – national and European courts – have thus far proven reluctant to second-guess, or even criticise, decisions in the area of risk regulation.
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Dodoo, Ambrose. "Techno-economic and environmental performances of heating systems for single-family code-compliant and passive houses." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103039.
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In this study the implications of different energy efficiency requirements and heating solutions for versions of a single-family house in southern Sweden is explored. Final energy use, primary energy use, climate impacts and lifecycle cost of heat supply are analyzed for the building versions designed to meet the current Swedish BBR 2015 building code and heated with district heating or exhaust air heat pump. A case where the building is designed to the Swedish passive house criteria and heated with exhaust air heat pump is also analyzed. The district heating is assumed to be supplied from combined heat and power plants using bio-based fuels. For the heat pump solutions, cases are analyzed where the electricity supply is from coal-fired condensing power plant or fossil gas combined cycle power plant as baseline scenario, and from a combination of improved fossil power plants and non-fossil power plants as long-term scenario. The analysis considers the entire energy chain from natural resources to the final energy services. The results show that the BBR heat pump heated building use the most primary energy compared to the other two alternatives. Lifecycle cost is reduced by about 7-12% when district heating is used instead of heat pump for a BBR code-compliant building. This study shows the importance of lifecycle and system-wide perspectives in analyzing the resource efficiency and climate impacts as well as economic viabilities of heating solutions for houses.
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Bryngelsson, Susanne, and Nils-Georg Asp. "The new EU regulation on nutrition and health claims: comments related to experiences from the Swedish Code of Practice." Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition 51, no. 1 (March 2007): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17482970701295573.
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Weijo, Inari, Timo Turunen, Jukka Lahdensivu, Esko Sistonen, and Petri Annila. "Ministry of the Environment announces a Guide on Renovation and Repair of Buildings with Moisture and Microbial Damage – from theory to practice." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 20007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017220007.
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In 2015, the Ministry of the Environment in Finland renewed the legislation and the National Building Code of Finland. It released completely new legislation concerning repair design. This was due to widely known issues relating to the indoor air quality of private and public buildings. In the autumn of 2019, the Ministry of the Environment in Finland published a guide concerning the repairs of moisture and microbial damage. It is available in Finnish and Swedish. This guide is a follow-up of the Environmental Guide “Building Moisture and Indoor Air Quality Assessment”, published 2016. It completes the series of guides for the execution of a project repairing indoor air quality issues, from a condition assessment to the completion of repairs and the implementation of the building. These guides lead through common practices and how these issues shall be dealt with in Finland.
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Löptien, U., and H. Dietze. "Sea ice in the Baltic Sea – revisiting BASIS ice, a historical data set covering the period 1960/1961–1978/1979." Earth System Science Data 6, no. 2 (December 5, 2014): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-367-2014.
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Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered, marginal sea in central northern Europe. It is an essential waterway connecting highly industrialised countries. Because ship traffic is intermittently hindered by sea ice, the local weather services have been monitoring sea ice conditions for decades. In the present study we revisit a historical monitoring data set, covering the winters 1960/1961 to 1978/1979. This data set, dubbed Data Bank for Baltic Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperatures (BASIS) ice, is based on hand-drawn maps that were collected and then digitised in 1981 in a joint project of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research (today the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). BASIS ice was designed for storage on punch cards and all ice information is encoded by five digits. This makes the data hard to access. Here we present a post-processed product based on the original five-digit code. Specifically, we convert to standard ice quantities (including information on ice types), which we distribute in the current and free Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). Our post-processed data set will help to assess numerical ice models and provide easy-to-access unique historical reference material for sea ice in the Baltic Sea. In addition we provide statistics showcasing the data quality. The website http://www.baltic-ocean.org hosts the post-processed data and the conversion code. The data are also archived at the Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science, PANGAEA (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.832353).
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Löptien, U., and H. Dietze. "Sea ice in the Baltic Sea – revisiting BASIS ice, a~historical data set covering the period 1960/1961–1978/1979." Earth System Science Data Discussions 7, no. 1 (June 16, 2014): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-7-419-2014.
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Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered, marginal sea, situated in central northern Europe. It is an essential waterway connecting highly industrialised countries. Because ship traffic is intermittently hindered by sea ice, the local weather services have been monitoring sea ice conditions for decades. In the present study we revisit a historical monitoring data set, covering the winters 1960/1961. This data set, dubbed Data Bank for Baltic Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperatures (BASIS) ice, is based on hand-drawn maps that were collected and then digitised 1981 in a joint project of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research (today Finish Meteorological Institute (FMI)) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). BASIS ice was designed for storage on punch cards and all ice information is encoded by five digits. This makes the data hard to access. Here we present a post-processed product based on the original five-digit code. Specifically, we convert to standard ice quantities (including information on ice types), which we distribute in the current and free Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). Our post-processed data set will help to assess numerical ice models and provide easy-to-access unique historical reference material for sea ice in the Baltic Sea. In addition we provide statistics showcasing the data quality. The website www.baltic-ocean.org hosts the post-prossed data and the conversion code. The data are also archived at the Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science PANGEA (doi:10.1594/PANGEA.832353).
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Svensson, Johan, Wiebke Neumann, Therese Bjärstig, Anna Zachrisson, and Camilla Thellbro. "Landscape Approaches to Sustainability—Aspects of Conflict, Integration, and Synergy in National Public Land-Use Interests." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125113.
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Strong land-use pressure challenges sustainable development and calls for landscape approaches that balance economic, ecological, and socio-cultural aspects and interests. In the boreal, sub-alpine, and alpine regions in Sweden, encompassing 32 million ha, many and different land-use interests overlap, which causes risks for conflict, but potentially also suggests integration and synergy opportunities. Based on geographic information system (GIS) analyses of geographically delineated national interests regulated in the Swedish Environmental Code, including, amongst others, Natura 2000, contiguous mountains, recreation, reindeer husbandry, and wind power, and based on forestry as a dominating land use, we found extensive overlap among similar but also between dissimilar types of interest. In some mountain municipalities, our results show that the designated national interest area is four times as large as the available terrestrial area. Moreover, the overlap is much higher in the alpine than in the boreal biome, and there is increasing designation for nature conservation and a decreasing designation for national interests for culture, recreation, and tourism from south to north. We interpret the results with reference to multiple-use needs and opportunities for landscape approaches to sustainable planning. Departing from biodiversity conservation values, we also discuss opportunities to focus planning strategies on assessing synergy, integration, and conflict based on nature-based and place-based land-use characteristics.
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Jakimavičiūtė-Maselienė, Vaidotė, Jonas Mažeika, and Rimantas Petrošius. "MODELLING OF COUPLED GROUNDWATER FLOW AND RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT IN CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT USING FEFLOW 5.0." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2006.9636886.
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The strategy of radioactive waste management of Lithuania provides for evaluating the possibilities of disposal of spent nuclear fuel and long‐lived radioactive waste originated from Ignalina NPP in deep geological formations. The initial studies performed in Lithuania during 2001–2004 focused on screening of all potentially prospective geological formations as host formations. Since most information is available on crystalline basement, this formation was selected for the model case studies. Taking into account the assumptions (canister defect scenario proposed by Swedish experts and evaluated by LEI experts), groundwater flow and radionuclide (iodine‐129 as mobile and long‐lived one) transport modelling using computer code FEFLOW was performed according to geosphere conditions and parameters characteristic of the southern part of Lithuania (0,8×0,6×0,52 km far‐field block). The upward groundwater flow through defected canister located in tectonically damaged zone was simulated. The main results of calculations are the following: in the case of upward groundwater flow, the maximum I‐129 volumetric activity in single tectonic fracture above defected canister will not exceed 1 Bq/1, and in the active water exchange zone, it is close to 10−2 Bq/l. These figures show that doses obtained by human recipient via aquatic pathway should be below the dose constraint (0,2 mSv/y). More complicated scenarios and assumptions should be investigated in future studies.
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Lundgren, Marja Sofie. "Energy and architectural consequences of Swedish building code." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 5, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-08-2015-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose building code changes that would benefit both architectural design and the potential of achieving nearly zero energy goals by analyzing the architectural implications of the energy system boundaries within the Swedish code. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is driven by three questions that relate the national implementation of EU directive on nearly zero energy 2020 to the premises set out in the guidelines for revising the Swedish building code aiming at a performance-based regulation. A crucial part of the research is a comparative analysis of the design implications of the code to research findings in scientific articles on near-zero energy or low-energy design. Findings – The energy system boundaries in the Swedish code are steering the architectural design and energy consequences of offices towards using less heat but more electricity. The energy section is also limiting the architectural design choices by ignoring the positive energy aspects of daylight. A proposal of a new comprehensive energy section taking all architectural design related energy aspects into account is presented, in order to support design of nearly zero energy buildings. Practical implications – A building code that relates the energy system boundaries to form will help integrated design choices that are more likely to support the strive towards nearly zero energy buildings. Originality/value – The paper reveals the design implication of the Swedish energy section to be counterproductive regarding energy efficiency as well as limiting architectural design choices.
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Hornborg, Sara, and Anton Främberg. "Carp (Cyprinidae) Fisheries in Swedish Lakes: A Combined Environmental Assessment Approach to Evaluate Data-limited Freshwater Fish Resources as Food." Environmental Management 65, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01241-z.
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AbstractThe role of aquatic resources to food security is both promising and constrained since the global seafood consumption is increasing while marine fisheries approach the limit of what it can produce. In Sweden, the seafood consumption per capita is higher than the European and world average but the current dietary advice is to increase consumption. Freshwater fisheries have in general been paid less attention in food security discussions. Carp fishes (Cyprinidae) in Sweden have lost their historical value and are currently, both understudied and underutilized. Here we use a combined environmental assessment approach to examine the environmental sustainability of current and potential cyprinid fisheries. We found that current commercial fisheries for Swedish cyprinids in lakes have an average carbon footprint of 0.77 kg CO2e per kg of edible product, substantially smaller than most of the popular marine and terrestrial protein sources consumed in Sweden today. This could be even lower if cyprinid resources were better utilized than currently. The cyprinids however exhibited different vulnerability to fishing pressure and are today associated with data deficiencies. Hence, it is currently uncertain how much food for human consumption they can contribute to. Improved consumer interest and management attention is needed, but to the Swedish diet, cyprinids offer a promising opportunity for future more sustainable and nutritious food systems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Swedish environmental Code"
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Florén, Joakim, and Nikolaus Söderström. "Tillsyn enligt miljöbalken, ur ett mikroperspektiv - Supervision according to the Swedish Environmental Code, from a micro-perspective." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23612.
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I det här examensarbetet undersöker vi kommunikationsförhållandet mellan ett utvalt mikroföretag och den kommunala miljömyndigheten med avseende på miljöbalkens bestämmelser. För att tillgodogöra oss empirisk kunskap över detta problemområde har vi inom ramen för en fallstudie genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med nyckelpersoner hos områdets signifikativa aktörer. Syftet med en sådan undersökning följer av att försöka problematisera förhållandet mellan miljömyndighetens kommunikation av miljölagstiftning och företagets drivkrafter för att bedriva ett systematiskt miljöarbete. Resultaten av undersökningen visar att det studerade företaget upplever vissa svårigheter med att förverkliga miljökrav som den kommunala miljömyndigheten kommunicerar. Härmed kvarlämnas således företaget i ett vidare behov av stöd och rådgivning för att effektivt kunna uppfylla ställda miljökrav. Våra resultat framhåller även goda exempel på kommunikationsformer som upplevts positiva och ändamålsenliga för båda aktörer. Samtidigt kan vi förvissa oss om att den kommunala miljömyndigheten inte besitter de resurser som krävs för att deras åliggande enligt miljöbalken fullt ut ska kunna tillgodoses.This paper studies the communication between a micro-enterprises and the municipal environmental authority with reference to the Swedish Environmental Code. In order to achieve empirical knowledge according to our problem in question, a case study with qualitative interviews have been carried out with significant actors. The purpose of this study is to problemize the relation between the municipal environmental authority’s communications about the Swedish Environmental Code and the micro-enterprise and the driving force for systematic environmental work in the enterprise. The results of this study show that the micro-enterprise experiences difficulty fulfilling demands that the municipal environmental authority communicates. This means that a micro-enterprise is left with a further need for additional support and advice to be able to fulfil the wishes and intensions of the local environmental authority. Our results also show good examples in forms of communication that both participants experience as suitable. At the same time our study suggests that the municipal environmental authority’s lack sufficient resources to achieve their advisory duties according to the Swedish Environmental Code.
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Lehtimäki, Linda. "From legislation to implementation? : Understanding the implementation deficiency of the general rules of consideration, the Swedish Environmental Code (2000:61)." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38324.
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The Environmental Code is a central environmental policy instrument, which contributes to achieve Sweden’s national environmental objectives. Therefore, the implementation of the rules and regulations of the Environmental Code are of importance. This thesis focuses on the identified research gap in the implementation of the general rules of consideration in the Environmental Code, adopting a Swedish perspective and seeking to understand the reasons why. This thesis intends to increase the understanding of both external and internal aspects affecting the implementation at a municipal level. The results show that the implementation deficiency in the general rules of consideration consists of several complex, interconnected factors. The findings implicate three fundamental aspects affecting the implementation: prerequisites, work procedures and interpretations of the general rules of consideration. Furthermore, the implementation requires an improved understanding among concerned stakeholders. This thesis argues that there is a shortage of knowledge and understanding of the general rules of consideration among stakeholders, therefore there is much more to learn, in order to reduce the implementation deficiency of the rules. Additionally, the findings indicate a need for exemplified guidance from state authorities and government agencies, to reduce the knowledge gap among municipalities and operators. Furthermore, operators ought to increase the understanding of the general rules of consideration, to contribute to the implementation of the general rules of consideration.
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Persson, Alexandra. "Environmental Impact Assessments in Detailed Development Plan Processes: An Adequacy Analysis." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103756.
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A detailed development plan (DDP) is a legally binding plan that regulates the municipalities land use on a detailed level. The purpose with the DDP is to evaluate the suitability for development on land access, in order for municipalities to manage spatial planning and minimize environmental harm. If a DDP would likely cause a significant impact on the environment, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has to be produced. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how DDP and EIA processes are working on a local level in Sweden, and how the quality is reflected in the processes. More specifically, I investigated the role of EIA actors involved in the DDP process, as well as whether these processes are inadequate from an environmental conservation perspective. To investigate these issues, a document study was conducted as well as an interview study. The results from the study presents several shortcomings in both processes; examples of shortcomings were the lacking knowledge among the DDP and EIA actors in how to conduct the process, as well as interpreting and understanding the law. Other observed shortcomings were the different levels of engagement among the plan administrators, the EIA performers and the County Administrative Board reviewers. Three important factors were recognized for achieving good processes. Firstly, the people involved need to have broad knowledge and good qualifications. Secondly, the actors must be able to communicate in a good and clear manner. Lastly, the third factor is a good process leader who brings together the DDP and EIA process.
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Schmidt, Mimmi, and Emma Rolfsson. "Bildandeprocessen för naturreservat : En jämförande fallstudie över naturreservat bildade i Stockholms län." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96081.
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Naturreservat är en form av områdesskydd som kan användas för att ge värdefulla naturområden ett långsiktigt skydd. När ett naturreservat bildas är tanken att det ska finnas kvar mycket länge och att upphäva ett reservat kräver väldigt starka skäl. Naturreservat är den vanligaste formen av naturskydd i Sverige. Antalet reservat och den totala skyddade ytan har stigit mycket under de senaste årtiondena och anledningen till detta är att man inom miljö- och naturvårdspolitiken har satt upp tydliga mål som ska uppfyllas samt att lagstiftningen som finns är praktiskt tillämpbar. Att bilda ett naturreservat är en process med många steg. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda denna bildandeprocess, och jämföra tillvägagångssättet hos kommunerna och hos länsstyrelsen. Denna jämförelse begränsar sig till Stockholms län och reservat som vunnit laga kraft under de senaste tre åren. I undersökningen har skillnader i reservatens storlek, utformning, syften samt tidsåtgång noterats. De kommunala reservaten som ingår i undersökningen är större än länsstyrelsens. De kommunala reservaten är också mer spridda i sin utformning och har flikigare gränser. Tidsåtgången för en bildandeprocess varierar, naturreservaten som har bildats under de senaste tre åren i Stockholms län har tagit från drygt 1 år till 18,5 år att bilda. För de reservat som ingår i undersökningen har länsstyrelsens reservat i genomsnitt tagit längre tid att bilda än vad kommunernas reservat har tagit. Naturreservat kan bildas på fastigheter som ägs av andra än staten, då kan värdering och förhandling om marken bli ett tidskrävande moment. Tidsåtgången kan därför påverkas kraftigt av vem som äger marken som man ska bilda naturreservat på. En annan faktor för tiden det tar att bilda ett reservat är resursbrist, detta har framgått tydligast för reservaten bildade av länsstyrelsen där flera av reservatsärendena legat vilande under någon period på grund av personalbrist.Establishing nature reserves is a long-term way of protecting valuable environments. A nature reserve is meant to last for a very long time and revoking one takes strong and valid reasons. Nature reserves are the most occurring type of nature protection in Sweden. The amount of reserves and the areal of protected estates have been increasing for the latest decades, due to clear goals and programs from the political field and a practically applicable legislature. The creating of a nature reserve is a multistep procedure. The purpose with this thesis is to investigate this procedure and to compare the method used by the municipalities and by the County Administrative Board. This comparison is limited to reserves that have won legal force during the past three years. In the comparison we have seen differences in the reserves size, shape, purposes and timescale. The nature reserves constituted by municipalities are larger than those created by the County Administrative Board. They are also more fragmented and uneven when it comes to shape and boundaries. The time that passes during the process can vary, for example the reserves in our review have taken from just over 1 year to 18.5 years to finish. The average timespan for the making of the nature reserves has been larger in the County Administrative Boards reserves than in the municipalities’. Nature reserves can be constituted on estates owned by others than the Government. When that is the case, valuing the property and negotiating with the owner may take a lot of time. The timescale can thus be largely influenced by who owns the land that is to be protected. Another factor of the timescale is lack of assets. This is most clear with the County Administrative Board, where several matters have been resting some time during the procedure, due to shortage of human resources.
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Håkansson, Jenny. "Use of waste ash : effects of the law." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2522.
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This study is a comparison of Swedish and Danish legislation on recycling of MSWI (Municipal Solid Waste Incineration) residues for construction purposes. The aim has been to look for differences and figure out whether these could be a reason for the minor use of MSWI ashes in Sweden compared to Denmark. To do this, text analysis has been performed on Swedish and Danish environmental legislation with focus on recycling of incineration ashes for constructions.
In Denmark, use of incineration ashes was very common and large amounts were recycled during the 1980’s and 1990’s. The new legislation, more similar to the Swedish in terms of an increased need for assessments along with tightened limits for hazardous substances, has diminished the use.
This shows that changes in Danish legislation towards the Swedish complicate the use of incineration ashes. Thereby the minor use of ashes from MSWI in Sweden could, at least partially, be explained by differences in Danish and Swedish legislation.
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Olsson, Johannah. "From safety code to safety in operations : A qualitative study of safety management within five companies operating in the Swedish shipping industry." Thesis, KTH, Ergonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284671.
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The maritime industry is vital to the Swedish trade and economy. Shipping has less environmental impact per ton transported goods than other transport modes. Furthermore, ships use the sea as their roads, thus not requiring additional impact on the environment in the form of building roads or tracks to be able to transport goods or people. The aim of this thesis is to identify the characteristics of the safety management approach and safety management systems (SMS) in five Swedish companies operating in the Swedish shipping industry. It furthermore explores whether a new approach to safety management such as Safety II and resilience engineering can offer a complementary view to the current safety management. The study design of this thesis has been a multiple case study. A literature review has been performed to gain insights into the domain and safety management in the domain in specific. Data has been gathered through semi-structured interviews with 10 respondents working within shipping or crew management companies. Five of the respondents work ashore with safety management and five of the respondents work onboard as Chief Officers or Chief Engineer. Chief Officers as well as Chief Engineers have responsibilities regarding safety for their respective department and thus have management positions within the operations. The results show that the participating companies’ safety management and SMSs are of the reactive kind. There is furthermore a gap between work as imagined, WAI, and work as done, WAD, that affects the suitability of the routines, procedures and equipment used in operations. Complexity of a system is also a contributing factor when it comes to safety management, and in the participating companies, aspects regarding complexity were identified at a regulatory, organisational and operational level. This affects the possibility to create routines and procedures that correspond to the demands, variations and situations encountered in operations. It is suggested in this thesis that a Safety II approach to safety management, along with the use of resilience engineering to develop and enhance the domain’s adaptability, can serve as a complement to the current safety management approach. Being able to adapt, respond and manage various unforeseen situations is a way of ensuring safety in operations even in complex socio-technical systems. The resilience assessment grid, RAG, is suggested as a tool to be developed to be usable in the participating companies. The RAG could serve as a tool to taper the gap between WAI and WAD, as well as to provide input to the development of indicators other than accidents for improving safety. Furthermore, it could also facilitate learning from everyday operations and what is going well – the everyday successes in everyday execution of tasks involved in operations.
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Juric, Marija. "Upphävande av ledningsrätt i vattenområde : Hur hanteras eventuell miljöskada inom Stockholms län." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21946.
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I dagens samhälle är vi beroende av elkraft, vatten- och avloppsförsörjning, bredband och andra ledningar som är till stor nytta för människor och infrastruktur. För att säkra rätten att dra fram ledningar för olika ändamål bildas det ofta ledningsrätter. Samhällen förändras över tiden och själva tekniken moderniseras. Befintliga ledningar räcker inte till vilket gör att behov av fler ledningar och ledningsrätter uppstår. Ledningar och anläggningar som tjänat ut sitt ändamål ändras eller upphävs. Frågan uppstår då vad som händer med ledningar och dess anordningar efter det att de tjänat ut sitt ändamål. Hur hanteras eventuell miljöskada? När det skrivs om bildande, ändring och/eller upphävande av ledningsrätter går tankarna oftast till själva processen samt kring nytta av ändamål och syfte som ledningsrätten uppfyller. Själva miljöaspekten är något som det inte pratas lika mycket om. När ledningar befinner sig på sjöbotten eller blir kvarlämnade efter att de tjänat ut sitt ändamål pågår nedbrytning av materialet som sprids ut i vattnet. De metoder som har använts i arbetet är: (1) en juridisk studie där rättslägget undersöks och beskrivs; (2) en intervjustudie för att analysera hur Lantmäteriet och Länsstyrelsen ser på problematiken kring ledningar som lämnas kvar i vatten efter att ledningsrätt har upphävts samt en intervjustudie för att analysera i vilket mån är fastighetsägarna och ledningsrättshavarna informerade om själva problematiken kring ledningar som finns kvar i vattnet efter att ledningsrätt har upphävts och vem de anser har ansvar att ta bort ledningar för att återställa miljö i vattenområde; (3) en granskning av förrättningsakter för att analysera om tillräcklig information ges ut till fastighetsägarna och ledningsrättshavarna om vad som kommer att hända med ledningar efter att dessa tjänat ut sitt syfte och att analysera om någon miljöbedömning gjorts avseende miljöpåverkan av ledningar i vattenområde. Resultatet och slutsatsen av examensarbetet ger svar på frågan om den gällande lagstiftningen tar hänsyn till miljö under iordningsställande av ledningsrätten, vilka brister som råder kring hantering av miljöfrågor och hur dessa brister skulle kunna åtgärdas.In today's society we are dependent on electricity, water and sewage treatment, broadband and other lines, which are of great benefit to people and infrastructure. In order to secure the right to draw up cables for different purposes are formed often rights. Communities change over time, and the technology itself modernized. Existing utility easements are not sufficient, which means that the need for more cables and rights occurs. Existing pipelines and facilities that served their purpose, amended or repealed. The question arises what happens with the lines and the devices after they served their purpose. How is environmental damage managed? When written about the establishment, amendment and / or termination of utility easements there is usually suggest of the process itself as well as about the advantage of object and purpose of the utility easement which it meet. The environmental aspect is something that is not talked about as much. When the cables are on the bottom of the lake, or gets left behind after they served their purpose, it starts ongoing degradation of the material out in the water. What happened is – impact on environmental and thereby also people's life quality. The methods used in the work are: (1) a legal study of legal position examined and described; (2) an interview to analyze how the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority and the County Board looks at the problem of wiring left in the water after a utility easement has been repealed and an interview study to analyze to what extent are the property owners and proprietor of the utility easement informed about the problem of cables left in the water after the utility easement right has been revoked and who they think has the responsibility to remove the cables to restore the environment in the water area; (3) a review of the ordinance acts to analyze whether sufficient information is given out to the property owners and proprietor of the utility easement about what will happen to the cables after they served their purpose and to analyze whether an environmental assessment has been made regarding the environmental impact of the cables in the water area. The results and the conclusion of the thesis answers the question whether current legislation including the environment during the preparation of utility easement, identifying gaps about the management of environmental issues and how these gaps could be fixed.
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Dittberner, Kajsa, and Emelie Åström. "The complexity of operating in a country rich in resources, yet constrained by its core : A qualitative case study of the South African business environment and how Swedish SMEs establishment are affected by economic and political changes." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86000.
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Since 1994, South Africa has undergone comprehensive political and economic changes in a positive direction, however, the country’s business environment still constitutes of corruption and inequity. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how South Africa’s business environment affects Swedish SMEs establishment in the country. The methodology chosen for this research was a qualitative multiple case study with an abductive approach. The theoretical framework was established based on various theories related to business environment, internationalization and risk management, these theories was interlinked into a conceptual framework. In the empirical chapter, the primary data gathered from four cases was presented and thereafter analyzed together with the conceptual framework. The research concludes that the South African business environment affects the Swedish SMEs business activities in the country differently, depending on the firm’s size. The last decade’s political changes have generated in a more cautious approach among Swedish SME and their establishment in the country. Lastly, limitations of the research and recommendations for further research is outlined.
Books on the topic "Swedish environmental Code"
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Sweden. The Swedish Environmental Code. Stockholm: Regerinskansliet, Miljödepartementet, 2000.
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Andrén, Mats. Children’s Expressive Handling of Objects in a Shared World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0005.
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Theories of embodied interaction and environmental coupling are now successfully struggling with the slippery notions of mind, matter, and sociality, but more empirical work is required, especially in relation to children. At the heart of the development of sociality is how the handling of objects in parent-child interaction may stand out as having expressive (gestural) qualities over and above their instrumental aspects. What sort of expressive qualities may be found in such actions, and what provides for them? In short, how do they come to mean? Using longitudinal recordings of five Swedish children between 18 and 30 months, the empirical part of this paper identifies microecologies of expression that have their basis in how human bodies handle objects. This accompanies an approach to intersubjectivity—building on the work of Schutz, Mead and Merlau-Ponty—that views it as emergent from embodied interaction.
Book chapters on the topic "Swedish environmental Code"
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Centerholt, Victor, Frida Kjidderö, Ted Saarikko, and Sten Grahn. "Value Chains vs. Ecosystems: Current Perspectives Among Swedish SMEs Entering the Interconnected World of IoT." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde200187.
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Smart connected industrial products and the Internet of Things (IoT) are transforming the industrial business landscape in a radical way. To reach the full potential of IoT-technologies manufacturing firms are forced to rethink almost every aspect of their value creation process. To utilize this promising digital technology and to cope with the new market conditions of IoT environments, research shows that industrial firms have to make a fundamental shift in value creation logic and break free from the value chain perspective of business. Instead they have to embrace a view where value is co-created within ecosystems in both a vertical and a horizontal manner. By exploring the value creation logic of small and medium sized (SME) Swedish industrial machinery manufacturers, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how manufacturing firms view their value creation processes and how aligned this logic is to the latest research in IoT. The study found that Swedish industrial machine manufacturers do understand the transformative force of IoT-technologies and see great business opportunities to utilize IoT in their business. The study, however, identified a lack of co-creation and difficulties in embracing an ecosystem perspective. While quick to embrace change on a technical level, respondents still adhere to a firm-centric and linear perspective of value creation, with a strong attachment to the value chain concept. The study suggests that it is not a lack of technical proficiency or engineering know-how, but rather an adherence to goods-dominant logic and attachment to the value chain concept that prevent Swedish SME manufacturers from fully embracing the growing market of industrial IoT. Hence, we see an urgent need for both practitioners and academia to shift their attention from the dazzling potential of cutting-edge technologies to the nitty-gritty business of incorporating co-creation and ecosystem-thinking into current business practices.
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Graham, Alan. "Methods, Principles, Strengths, and Limitations." In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation (North of Mexico). Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113426.003.0007.
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Methods of paleovegetation analysis can be grouped into two broad categories. Those that use plant microfossils for reconstructing terrestrial vegetation, past environments, migrations, and evolutionary histories constitute a part of paleopalynology that includes the study of pollen, spores, other acid-resistant microscopic structures, and phytoliths (distinctive, microscopic silicate particles produced by vascular plants). Those that use plant megafossils such as leaves, cuticles, cones, flowers, fruits, and seeds constitute paleobotany. Two important subdisciplines of paleobotany are dendrochronology (fossil woods) and analysis of packrat middens. The latter are sequences of nesting materials, constructed by packrats of the genus Neotoma, preserved in arid environments of the American southwest. The study of fossil fruits and seeds is a specialized field within paleobotany, and it is also used in studies on Quaternary vegetational history in the preparation of seed diagrams accompanying pollen and spore profiles from bog and lake sequences. In 1916 Swedish geologist Lennart von Post demonstrated that pollen grains and spores were abundantly preserved in Quaternary peat deposits and could be used to trace recent forest history and climatic change (Davis and Faegri, 1967). The term palynology was subsequently introduced by Hyde and Williams in 1944 to include all studies concerned with pollen and spores. Paleopalynology has come to denote the study of acid-resistant microfossils generally, while pollen analysis designates those investigations dealing specifically with the Quaternary. In the early 1950s researchers in the petroleum industry began to routinely apply paleopalynology to problems of stratigraphic correlation and the reconstruction of depositional environments in Tertiary and older strata (Hoffmeister, 1959). This added a practical dimension to a mostly academic pursuit and fostered interest in applied palynology and its use as a paleoecological research tool. This important development is reflected in the increased number of publications after about 1955. As the history of other innovations might predict, there was a period of exuberant claims, isolated specialization, and exaggerated charges of deficiency in the method; but for palynology this seemingly inevitable period was mercifully brief. The different terminology, principles, and techniques involved in megafossil paleobotany and paleopalynology still result in specialization, but this limitation is frequently overcome by coordinated or collaborative projects, and an increasing number of practitioners work in both disciplines.
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"th at originates in neighboring countries has been recognized as a cause of well water problems. The Swedish government has alerted home owners to the danger, and even subsidized the purchase of home water treatment systems [5]. In New York, where the Adirondack lakes continue to be affected by acid rain. Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) announced it will no longer sell its pollution rights to Midwestern or Southeastern power companies [6]. Recently many states, including Connecticut, have passed electric deregulation bills. This encourages large scale users to purchase the cheapest power available. Some citizens are concerned this will increase the burning of coal in plants without pollution controls and lead to more acid rain. Perhaps the only recourse for citizens will be to come together and initiate Federal court actions to prevent downwind environmental damage. References." In Hazardous and Industrial Waste Proceedings, 30th Mid-Atlantic Conference, 863–74. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781498709453-142.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Swedish environmental Code"
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Lindskog, Staffan, and Rolf Sjo¨blom. "Radiological, Technical and Financial Planning for Decommissioning of Small Nuclear Facilities in Sweden." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16177.
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On November 1st 2008, a new ordinance came into force in Sweden. It extends the implementation of nuclear liability to all nuclear facilities and companies, regardless of size. The Government has authorized the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) to issue further regulation as warranted and appropriate, and commissioned the same Authority to oversee the implementation. Consequently, SSM is presently conducting research in order to establish a basis for the implementation of the ordinance to smaller facilities and enterprises. The goal is to enable finance to be assured in an efficient manner so that any burden on the companies is as small as possible. Thus, “functional requirements” are identified, and used as a basis for various investigations. The aspects include technical and cost calculation prerequisites, as well as various domains of law: the environmental code, radiation and nuclear safety, financial reporting, and criminal law. It is found that the basis for the differentiation among the facility operators and owners should be the cost and the associated uncertainty. Thus, a cost calculation will have to be carried out by all. It should be based on available standards and guidance documents. It is found that this is a requirement that already exists elsewhere in the legislation, and thus no additional burden is imposed on the companies. It is found that segregated funds is the preferred option for long-term liabilities. Securities are suitable for short-term liabilities provided that the economy of the company in question is sound. Securities might also be used for long-term liabilities to cover uncertainty. It is proposed that a de minimis limit of at least kSEK 25 (about k€ 2, 4 and k$ 3, 4) is used. An important reason for this is that lower limits might be incompatible with the rules for financial reporting. It is also proposed that securities might be used also for long-term commitments if the total environmental liability does not exceed 1,00 MSEK (about k€ 96 and k$ 135). It is found that the “general advice” that must be used by smaller companies lacks proper instructions on how to account for environmental liability whilst at the same time it prohibits the use of e g the international reporting standards IFRS/IAS. It is also found that the “general advice” prohibits distribution of costs for research and development over time. This might be incompatible with a fund system where considerable research may be necessary at the early stages of the work and often many years before the actual decommissioning is to take place. The rules in the penal code require that an annual report presents an “essentially correct financial situation”. One of the interpretations to this statement is that a deviance of at most 30% might be tolerated. Although previous work has indicated that the error in cost estimates need not be higher than about 15%, even for research facilities, concealed cost raisers may from time to time lead to much larger errors, even when best practices are being used. It is therefore essential that decommissioning planning and cost predictions are made in accordance with state of the art, and that the estimating methods as well as the results are properly documented.
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Menon, Shankar, Bo Wirendal, Jan Bjerler, and Lucien Teunckens. "Validation of Dose Calculation Codes for Clearance." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4667.
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All proposals for clearance from regulatory control of very low level radioactive material are based on predicted scenarios for subsequent utilisation of the released materials. The calculation models used in these scenarios tend to utilise conservative data regarding exposure times and dose uptake as well as other assumptions as a safeguard against uncertainties. Another aspects is common to all these calculation models and codes: none of them has ever been validated by comparison with the actual real life practice of recycling. An international project has recently been concluded where two calculation codes used for this purpose (the RESRAD-RECYCLE and CERISE codes) were used to calculate the dose uptake by workers, during the segmentation and melting of a contaminated fuel rack at Studsvik RadWaste, Sweden. These calculated doses were compared with electronic dosimeter measurements on workers participating in the various operations. The measurements showed that segmenting was the work operation that gave the highest dose, almost 65% of the total dose incurred, while melting itself accounted for only about 13%. The project was a co-operation between the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, Studsvik (Sweden), the US Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory (USA), the Institute de Radioprotection et Securite´ Nucle´aire (France) and Belgoprocess (Belgium). The comparison of the calculation results indicated that, even with a carefully controlled reflection of reality with respect to geometry and exposure time and with a “best judgment” choice of densities for each operation, the calculation programmes have tended to overestimate the dose uptake by a factor 4 to 7, i.e. about an order of magnitude. An obvious explanation is the fact that the workers are not static, they move about constantly, changing the geometry, thus not taking the assumed doses. There are also some other practical aspects difficult to reflect exactly in the calculations. It should be noted that the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute were not completely of the same opinion as the project team, pointing out that the codes also underestimated doses for certain operations. We feel, however, that this is irrelevant, as only the maximum estimated doses for any operation in the process are used for the determination of clearance levels. It seems reasonable to state that the use of ‘enveloping’ scenarios, which necessarily cover a wide range of scenarios range of scenarios in connection with the calculation of clearance levels, would tend to accentuate this tendency of overestimation of dose uptake in most individual cases of recycling by melting. Taking into account the sensitivity of the modelling and the practical aspects listed above, the estimated doses can be, say, one or even more orders of magnitude higher than those actually taken. A side aspect of the execution of the Validation Project — specifically the background measurements — was the revelation of radioactivity in unexpected places: the paint used for the painting of moulds at A˚kers (3–5 Bq/g), the slag binding product (twice background radiation), the stamp mass, insulation and new asphalt at the Studsvik furnace (all at three to four times background). This serves to illustrate the undetected omnipresence of radioactivity in the human habitat at dose rate levels considerably higher (up to 400% over background) than the levels (ca 1% over background) at which the currently proposed clearance criteria are based on. Finally, it is important to note that the degree of overestimation (a factor of 4 −7), as recorded in the validation project, is generally regarded as ‘acceptable’ by dose modellers. The results will most probably not lead to any revision or refinement of these codes. For the nuclear decommissioner and the other producers of large volumes of only slightly radioactively contaminated material, the clearance levels resulting from such a degree of conservatism can lead to huge amounts of material unnecessarily being condemned to burial as radioactive waste. Considering that most such producers transfer their costs to the public, it is society at large that will foot the bill for this exercise in conservatism.
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Poskas, Povilas, and Asta Brazauskaite. "Modeling of Radionuclide Releases From the Geological Repository for RBMK-1500 Spent Nuclear Fuel in Crystalline Rocks in Lithuania." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7272.
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During 2002–2005 the assessment of possibilities for disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in Lithuania was performed with support of Swedish experts. Potential geological formations for disposal of SNF were selected, disposal concept was developed, reference disposal site was defined and preliminary generic safety assessment was performed. Performing safety assessment the analysis of radionuclides migration from the repository as well as their impact to human and environment were also very important issues. In this paper results on the analysis of the radionuclide releases from the reference geological repository site for RBMK-1500 SNF in crystalline rocks in Lithuania are presented. For radionuclide migration in the near field region of the repository integrated finite difference method and the concept of compartments were used. For radionuclide migration in the far field the discrete channel network concept was used. The assessment of radionuclide migration in the near and far field region was performed using computer codes AMRER4.5 [1] and CHAN3D [2]. The results of analysis show that most of safety relevant radionuclides of RBMK-1500 SNF are effectively retarded in the near field region. The exposure due to possible release of the radionuclides from the crystalline rocks would be dominated by 129I firstly while after app. 250 thousand years 226Ra is dominating already.
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Hodzic, Erdzan, Senbin Yu, Arman Ahamed Subash, Xin Liu, Xiao Liu, Robert-Zoltan Szasz, Xue-Song Bai, Zhongshan Li, and Marcus Alden. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the CeCOST Swirl Burner." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75760.
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Clean technology has become a key feature due to increasing environmental concerns. Swirling flows, being directly associated with combustion performance and hence minimized pollutant formation, are encountered in most propulsion and power-generation combustion devices. In this study, the development process of the conceptual swirl burner developed at the Swedish National Centre for Combustion and Technology (CeCOST), is presented. Utilizing extensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, both the lead time and cost in manufacturing of the different burner parts were significantly reduced. The performance maps bounded by the flashback and blow-off limits for the current configuration were obtained and studied in detail using advanced experimental measurements and numerical simulations. Utilizing high speed OH-chemiluminescence, OH/CH2O-PLIF and Large Eddy Simulation (LES), details of the combustion process and flame-flow interaction are presented. The main focus is on three different cases, a stable case, a case close to blow-off and flashback condition. We show the influence of the flame on the core flow and how an increase in swirl may extend the stability limit of the anchored flame in swirling flow burners.
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Hartley, Lee, Dave Swan, and Steven Baxter. "Characterization of Bedrock Hydrogeology at the Olkiluoto Site Using Surface Based and Underground Data." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59095.
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Posiva Oy is responsible for implementing the program for geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Finland. Olkiluoto in Eurajoki has been selected as the primary site for the repository, subject to further detailed characterization which is currently focused on the construction of an underground rock characterization and research facility (the ONKALO). An essential part of the site investigation program is analysis of groundwater flow and solute transport to depth by means of numerical flow modeling as part of the 2011 site descriptive model. Groundwater flow in the crystalline rocks at Olkiluoto takes place predominantly in the void space of the interconnected fractures in the bedrock. Many of the hydraulic characteristics of flow through such a system can be represented by hydrogeological Discrete Fracture Network (hydro-DFN) models, since they capture some of the details of fracture geometry, size, connectivity and openings. The paper describes how field data is used to derive such models, ultimately for use in safety assessment. Surface based site investigations at Olkiluoto include 53 vertical or inclined deep core drilled boreholes and 27 shallower sub-vertical boreholes. The characterization of fractures is a key objective. Fracture geometrical data (fracture positions and orientations) are determined from drill core mapping and/or borehole TV images, while hydraulic data are determined with the Posiva Flow Log (PFL). The PFL method is a geophysical logging device developed to detect continuously flowing fractures in sparsely fractured crystalline bedrock by means of difference flow logging, providing the effective transmissivity of individual fracture intercepts. A methodology developed originally in the Swedish program for constraining hydrogeological DFN models based on the PFL high resolution hydraulic test data has been extended to incorporate data from underground. The approach integrates deterministic models of the main hydro-structures with a stochastic model of the bedrock between. An exploration of conceptual uncertainties in the representation of the very scarce distribution of flow at repository depth, c. 400m, has been performed. This has been greatly informed by the analysis of 15 additional sub-horizontal boreholes drilled ahead of the ONKALO tunnel excavations. Conditions for PFL hydraulic tests performed in these pilot holes provide a lower detection limit and reveal the very low magnitude of groundwater flow that may be expected around the repository depositional volumes.
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Ene, Daniela. "Preliminary Waste Management Plan of European Spallation Source." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96154.
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The European Spallation Source (ESS) is the European common effort in designing and building a next generation large-scale user facility for studies of the structure and dynamics of materials. The proposed schematic layout of the ESS facility is based on a linear driver (linac) directing the proton beam (5 MW of 2.5 GeV) of 2.8 ms long pulses with a 20 Hz on a tungsten target where neutrons are produced via spallation reactions. Further the neutrons will be moderated to thermal and subthermal energies in a couple of moderators placed around the target. The moderators feed 22 beamlines guiding the neutrons to the scattering instruments, mainly for neutron scattering research, as has been previously mentioned. The objective of this work is to develop a waste management plan for ESS facility. In this respect two important aspects are analyzed. First the present status of the problem is outlined as follow. Estimate types and quantities of waste that the ESS project will generate at different stages: commission, operation, decommissioning were derived using: i) precise Monte Carlo calculations ii) scaling the activity from the operation experience of the existing spallation source installations for waste such it is difficult to predict level of activation or for components of the facility in stage of the pre-conceptual model. Associated waste treatment/conditioning options and final disposal route were further analyzed in order to define the waste type and packet descriptions in agreement with Swedish regulations and policy. It was found that the compilation of completely new waste type descriptions for qualification of the ESS waste for disposal will be necessary. Particular attention was devoted to “problematic waste” as Beryllium reflector, C-14 from graphite used as core zone of the beam-dump and collimators or waste arising from the purification systems of both Helium and water cooling circuits. Management of waste on ESS site: collection/segregation systems, characterization system, storage options, is also described. In the second step, the acquired information is used for planning and implementing actions involving all participants (ESS, treatment facility operator, disposal operator, regulatory body and other authorized authorities).