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Journal articles on the topic 'Swedish environmental Code'
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1
Zander, Joakim. "Risk versus Hazard before the EU Courts – A Comment." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 2 (June 2011): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001148.
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Professor Lofstedt presents a convincing illustration of the inconsistencies inherent in a European system of regulation where Member States choose whether to regulate based on assessments of risks or hazards depending on the product concerned. Particularly striking is the candid comment of a Swedish official who seems to marvel at the conflicting positions of his own government. The quote reminds this author of an official in the Swedish Ministry of Environment who in an interview stated that the application of regulation would be widely different if the precautionary principle as included in the Swedish Environmental Code or the precautionary principle as included in the Swedish Planning Code were to be employed.1 For a lawyer – or anyone else with an interest in the rule of law – such inconsistencies pose serious problems with regard to legal certainty. Unfortunately, those who could reasonably be expected to be most concerned with issues relating to the rule of law – national and European courts – have thus far proven reluctant to second-guess, or even criticise, decisions in the area of risk regulation.
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Dodoo, Ambrose. "Techno-economic and environmental performances of heating systems for single-family code-compliant and passive houses." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103039.
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In this study the implications of different energy efficiency requirements and heating solutions for versions of a single-family house in southern Sweden is explored. Final energy use, primary energy use, climate impacts and lifecycle cost of heat supply are analyzed for the building versions designed to meet the current Swedish BBR 2015 building code and heated with district heating or exhaust air heat pump. A case where the building is designed to the Swedish passive house criteria and heated with exhaust air heat pump is also analyzed. The district heating is assumed to be supplied from combined heat and power plants using bio-based fuels. For the heat pump solutions, cases are analyzed where the electricity supply is from coal-fired condensing power plant or fossil gas combined cycle power plant as baseline scenario, and from a combination of improved fossil power plants and non-fossil power plants as long-term scenario. The analysis considers the entire energy chain from natural resources to the final energy services. The results show that the BBR heat pump heated building use the most primary energy compared to the other two alternatives. Lifecycle cost is reduced by about 7-12% when district heating is used instead of heat pump for a BBR code-compliant building. This study shows the importance of lifecycle and system-wide perspectives in analyzing the resource efficiency and climate impacts as well as economic viabilities of heating solutions for houses.
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Bryngelsson, Susanne, and Nils-Georg Asp. "The new EU regulation on nutrition and health claims: comments related to experiences from the Swedish Code of Practice." Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition 51, no. 1 (March 2007): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17482970701295573.
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Weijo, Inari, Timo Turunen, Jukka Lahdensivu, Esko Sistonen, and Petri Annila. "Ministry of the Environment announces a Guide on Renovation and Repair of Buildings with Moisture and Microbial Damage – from theory to practice." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 20007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017220007.
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In 2015, the Ministry of the Environment in Finland renewed the legislation and the National Building Code of Finland. It released completely new legislation concerning repair design. This was due to widely known issues relating to the indoor air quality of private and public buildings. In the autumn of 2019, the Ministry of the Environment in Finland published a guide concerning the repairs of moisture and microbial damage. It is available in Finnish and Swedish. This guide is a follow-up of the Environmental Guide “Building Moisture and Indoor Air Quality Assessment”, published 2016. It completes the series of guides for the execution of a project repairing indoor air quality issues, from a condition assessment to the completion of repairs and the implementation of the building. These guides lead through common practices and how these issues shall be dealt with in Finland.
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Löptien, U., and H. Dietze. "Sea ice in the Baltic Sea – revisiting BASIS ice, a historical data set covering the period 1960/1961–1978/1979." Earth System Science Data 6, no. 2 (December 5, 2014): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-367-2014.
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Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered, marginal sea in central northern Europe. It is an essential waterway connecting highly industrialised countries. Because ship traffic is intermittently hindered by sea ice, the local weather services have been monitoring sea ice conditions for decades. In the present study we revisit a historical monitoring data set, covering the winters 1960/1961 to 1978/1979. This data set, dubbed Data Bank for Baltic Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperatures (BASIS) ice, is based on hand-drawn maps that were collected and then digitised in 1981 in a joint project of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research (today the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). BASIS ice was designed for storage on punch cards and all ice information is encoded by five digits. This makes the data hard to access. Here we present a post-processed product based on the original five-digit code. Specifically, we convert to standard ice quantities (including information on ice types), which we distribute in the current and free Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). Our post-processed data set will help to assess numerical ice models and provide easy-to-access unique historical reference material for sea ice in the Baltic Sea. In addition we provide statistics showcasing the data quality. The website http://www.baltic-ocean.org hosts the post-processed data and the conversion code. The data are also archived at the Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science, PANGAEA (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.832353).
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Löptien, U., and H. Dietze. "Sea ice in the Baltic Sea – revisiting BASIS ice, a~historical data set covering the period 1960/1961–1978/1979." Earth System Science Data Discussions 7, no. 1 (June 16, 2014): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-7-419-2014.
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Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered, marginal sea, situated in central northern Europe. It is an essential waterway connecting highly industrialised countries. Because ship traffic is intermittently hindered by sea ice, the local weather services have been monitoring sea ice conditions for decades. In the present study we revisit a historical monitoring data set, covering the winters 1960/1961. This data set, dubbed Data Bank for Baltic Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperatures (BASIS) ice, is based on hand-drawn maps that were collected and then digitised 1981 in a joint project of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research (today Finish Meteorological Institute (FMI)) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). BASIS ice was designed for storage on punch cards and all ice information is encoded by five digits. This makes the data hard to access. Here we present a post-processed product based on the original five-digit code. Specifically, we convert to standard ice quantities (including information on ice types), which we distribute in the current and free Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). Our post-processed data set will help to assess numerical ice models and provide easy-to-access unique historical reference material for sea ice in the Baltic Sea. In addition we provide statistics showcasing the data quality. The website www.baltic-ocean.org hosts the post-prossed data and the conversion code. The data are also archived at the Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science PANGEA (doi:10.1594/PANGEA.832353).
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Svensson, Johan, Wiebke Neumann, Therese Bjärstig, Anna Zachrisson, and Camilla Thellbro. "Landscape Approaches to Sustainability—Aspects of Conflict, Integration, and Synergy in National Public Land-Use Interests." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125113.
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Strong land-use pressure challenges sustainable development and calls for landscape approaches that balance economic, ecological, and socio-cultural aspects and interests. In the boreal, sub-alpine, and alpine regions in Sweden, encompassing 32 million ha, many and different land-use interests overlap, which causes risks for conflict, but potentially also suggests integration and synergy opportunities. Based on geographic information system (GIS) analyses of geographically delineated national interests regulated in the Swedish Environmental Code, including, amongst others, Natura 2000, contiguous mountains, recreation, reindeer husbandry, and wind power, and based on forestry as a dominating land use, we found extensive overlap among similar but also between dissimilar types of interest. In some mountain municipalities, our results show that the designated national interest area is four times as large as the available terrestrial area. Moreover, the overlap is much higher in the alpine than in the boreal biome, and there is increasing designation for nature conservation and a decreasing designation for national interests for culture, recreation, and tourism from south to north. We interpret the results with reference to multiple-use needs and opportunities for landscape approaches to sustainable planning. Departing from biodiversity conservation values, we also discuss opportunities to focus planning strategies on assessing synergy, integration, and conflict based on nature-based and place-based land-use characteristics.
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Jakimavičiūtė-Maselienė, Vaidotė, Jonas Mažeika, and Rimantas Petrošius. "MODELLING OF COUPLED GROUNDWATER FLOW AND RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT IN CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT USING FEFLOW 5.0." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2006.9636886.
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The strategy of radioactive waste management of Lithuania provides for evaluating the possibilities of disposal of spent nuclear fuel and long‐lived radioactive waste originated from Ignalina NPP in deep geological formations. The initial studies performed in Lithuania during 2001–2004 focused on screening of all potentially prospective geological formations as host formations. Since most information is available on crystalline basement, this formation was selected for the model case studies. Taking into account the assumptions (canister defect scenario proposed by Swedish experts and evaluated by LEI experts), groundwater flow and radionuclide (iodine‐129 as mobile and long‐lived one) transport modelling using computer code FEFLOW was performed according to geosphere conditions and parameters characteristic of the southern part of Lithuania (0,8×0,6×0,52 km far‐field block). The upward groundwater flow through defected canister located in tectonically damaged zone was simulated. The main results of calculations are the following: in the case of upward groundwater flow, the maximum I‐129 volumetric activity in single tectonic fracture above defected canister will not exceed 1 Bq/1, and in the active water exchange zone, it is close to 10−2 Bq/l. These figures show that doses obtained by human recipient via aquatic pathway should be below the dose constraint (0,2 mSv/y). More complicated scenarios and assumptions should be investigated in future studies.
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Lundgren, Marja Sofie. "Energy and architectural consequences of Swedish building code." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 5, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-08-2015-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose building code changes that would benefit both architectural design and the potential of achieving nearly zero energy goals by analyzing the architectural implications of the energy system boundaries within the Swedish code. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is driven by three questions that relate the national implementation of EU directive on nearly zero energy 2020 to the premises set out in the guidelines for revising the Swedish building code aiming at a performance-based regulation. A crucial part of the research is a comparative analysis of the design implications of the code to research findings in scientific articles on near-zero energy or low-energy design. Findings – The energy system boundaries in the Swedish code are steering the architectural design and energy consequences of offices towards using less heat but more electricity. The energy section is also limiting the architectural design choices by ignoring the positive energy aspects of daylight. A proposal of a new comprehensive energy section taking all architectural design related energy aspects into account is presented, in order to support design of nearly zero energy buildings. Practical implications – A building code that relates the energy system boundaries to form will help integrated design choices that are more likely to support the strive towards nearly zero energy buildings. Originality/value – The paper reveals the design implication of the Swedish energy section to be counterproductive regarding energy efficiency as well as limiting architectural design choices.
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Hornborg, Sara, and Anton Främberg. "Carp (Cyprinidae) Fisheries in Swedish Lakes: A Combined Environmental Assessment Approach to Evaluate Data-limited Freshwater Fish Resources as Food." Environmental Management 65, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01241-z.
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AbstractThe role of aquatic resources to food security is both promising and constrained since the global seafood consumption is increasing while marine fisheries approach the limit of what it can produce. In Sweden, the seafood consumption per capita is higher than the European and world average but the current dietary advice is to increase consumption. Freshwater fisheries have in general been paid less attention in food security discussions. Carp fishes (Cyprinidae) in Sweden have lost their historical value and are currently, both understudied and underutilized. Here we use a combined environmental assessment approach to examine the environmental sustainability of current and potential cyprinid fisheries. We found that current commercial fisheries for Swedish cyprinids in lakes have an average carbon footprint of 0.77 kg CO2e per kg of edible product, substantially smaller than most of the popular marine and terrestrial protein sources consumed in Sweden today. This could be even lower if cyprinid resources were better utilized than currently. The cyprinids however exhibited different vulnerability to fishing pressure and are today associated with data deficiencies. Hence, it is currently uncertain how much food for human consumption they can contribute to. Improved consumer interest and management attention is needed, but to the Swedish diet, cyprinids offer a promising opportunity for future more sustainable and nutritious food systems.
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Andersén, Åsa, Kjerstin Larsson, Ronnie Pingel, Per Kristiansson, and Ingrid Anderzén. "The relationship between self-efficacy and transition to work or studies in young adults with disabilities." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 2 (September 28, 2017): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817717556.
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Aim: To investigate perceived self-efficacy in unemployed young adults with disabilities, and the association between self-efficacy and transition to work or studies. Methods: This prospective cohort study collected data through self-report questionnaires and registry data from a vocational rehabilitation project with young adults, aged 19–29 years. The Swedish Social Insurance Agency, the Swedish Public Employment Service and the participating municipalities identified potential participants for the study. A total of 531 participants were included in the study, of which 249 (47%) were available for analysis. Multinomial logistic regression models were carried out to estimate the associations between self-efficacy, demographic (age, country of birth, education level), health and employment status. The latter was coded as: ‘no transition to work or studies’, ‘transition to studies’, and ‘transition to work’. Results: A higher level of self-efficacy was associated with increased odds for ‘transition to work’ (OR = 2.37, p < 0.05). This finding remained consistent when adjusting for possible confounders. The mean value of self-efficacy was low, and participants with lower self-efficacy reported worse self-rated health ( p < 0.001) compared to participants with higher self-efficacy. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that self-efficacy should be addressed in the vocational rehabilitation of young adults with disabilities in order to support their transition and integration into the labour market.
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San Sebastián, Miguel, Anette Edin-Liljegren, and Frida Jonsson. "Rural–urban differences in suicide attempts and mortality among young people in northern Sweden, 1998–2017: A register-based study." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 8 (July 17, 2020): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494820939018.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to assess trends in suicide attempts and mortality between 1998 and 2017 by residential area and gender among northern Swedish youths. Methods: Events of suicide attempts and deaths for each municipality in the four counties of the northern Swedish region, stratified by gender, were retrieved for each year from 1998 to 2017. All cases identified within the registers with the diagnostic codes X60–X84 or Y10–Y34 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) for individuals aged 15–24 years were included. Place of residence at municipal level was categorized into three groups: rural – municipalities with a population of <10,000 inhabitants; semi-rural – those between 10,000 and 50,000; and urban – those with >50,000 inhabitants. Results: The rates of attempted suicides in the northern region were higher in both men and women than in Sweden, while the rates of suicide deaths were slightly higher in young men but similar in young women compared to the national averages. Overall, the risk of suicide attempts was higher in semi-rural municipalities compared to urban ones, particularly among women. A significantly higher risk of mortality was also observed for men and women in semi-rural municipalities, but only in the period 2010–2013. Conclusions: The high rates of attempted and completed suicides among youth in northern Sweden and the higher risks in rural and semi-rural municipalities need close attention. The implementation of suicide prevention programs, especially in rural and semi-rural municipalities, should be intensified.
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Henning, Martin. "Regional labour flows between manufacturing and business services: Reciprocal integration and uneven geography." European Urban and Regional Studies 27, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776419834065.
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This article uses Statistics Sweden’s full-population geo-coded register data for Swedish workers and their labour market moves, between 2010 and 2014, to analyse regional flow patterns of employees between manufacturing, general business services and knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). The findings generally show that labour flows between manufacturing and services have important bi-directional features, even with manufacturing generally declining. There is no staff exodus from manufacturing to services, but rather an exchange suggesting skill interdependencies, especially between high-tech manufacturing and KIBS. However, there are strong geographical dimensions to this, emphasising a reinforcement of the spatial division of labour patterns. In trend terms, the decline of manufacturing is rather similar across all regional types; however, business services are growing much faster in metropolitan regions. The labour flow between manufacturing and KIBS is more likely in metropolitan regions, but far more often additionally involves geographical mobility, either between or towards the metropolitan regions. Thus, the major challenge facing less dense and peripheral regions is not necessarily the decline of manufacturing per se, but that (a) the low levels of transition into business services are insufficient to make up for employment losses in manufacturing and (b) the fact that there is considerable out-migration of experienced and skilled workers from manufacturing, who are joining the growing numbers of business services in metropolitan regions.
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Skröder, Helena, Hans Pettersson, Maria Albin, Per Gustavsson, Lars Rylander, Filip Norlén, and Jenny Selander. "Occupational exposure to whole-body vibrations and pregnancy complications: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 10 (June 3, 2020): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106519.
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ObjectivesPregnancy complications are common contributors to perinatal mortality and morbidity. Still, the cause(s) of gestational hypertensive disorders and diabetes are largely unknown. Some occupational exposures have been inconsistently associated with pregnancy complications, but exposure to whole-body vibrations (WBV) has been largely overlooked even though it has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. Therefore, the aim was to assess whether occupational WBV exposure during pregnancy is associated with pregnancy complications in a nationwide, prospective cohort study.MethodsThe Fetal Air Pollution Exposure cohort was formed by merging multiple Swedish, national registers containing information on occupation during pregnancy and diagnosis codes, and includes all working women who gave birth between 1994 and 2014 (n=1 091 044). WBV exposure was derived from a job-exposure matrix and was divided into categories (0, 0.1–0.2, 0.3–0.4 and ≥0.5 m/s2). ORs with 95% CIs were calculated using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsAmong women working full time (n=646 490), we found increased risks of all pregnancy complications in the highest exposure group (≥0.5 m/s2), compared with the lowest. The adjusted ORs were 1.76 (95% CI 1.41 to 2.20), 1.55 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.91) and 1.62 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.46) for preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes, respectively, and were similar in all sensitivity analyses. There were no clear associations for part-time workers.ConclusionsThe results suggest that women should not be exposed to WBV at/above the action limit value of 0.5 m/s2 (European directive) continuously through pregnancy. However, these results need further confirmation.
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Lindéus, Maria, Martin Englund, and Aliasghar A. Kiadaliri. "Educational inequalities in fracture-related mortality using multiple cause of death data in the Skåne region, Sweden." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 1 (October 22, 2018): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818807831.
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Aim: To assess the absolute and relative educational inequalities in mortality from hip and non-hip fractures in Skåne region, Sweden. Methods: We conducted a population-based open cohort study. People aged 30–99 years, resident in the region during 1998–2013 ( n = 999, 148) were followed until death, their 100th birthday, relocation outside Skåne, or the end of 2014. We obtained individual-level data from the Statistics Sweden and the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare’s Cause of Death Register. Death certificates coded with any fracture diagnosis were defined as fracture-related deaths. Educational inequalities were assessed by slope and relative indices of inequality (SII and RII). Cox regression and additive hazard models were used to estimates these indices. Results: During a mean follow-up of 12.2 years, there were 5,121 fracture-related deaths, of which 3,110 were associated with hip fracture. Age-standardized, hip fracture-related mortality rates per 100,000 person-years were 31, 95% confidence interval (CI) (30, 32) and 23 (20, 26) in people with low and high levels of education, respectively (rate ratio 1.4, 95% CI (1.2, 1.5)). Corresponding mortality rates for non-hip-fracture related deaths were 20 (18, 21) and 16 (14, 19) (rate ratio 1.2, 95% CI (1.0, 1.4)). SII and RII revealed educational inequalities in hip fracture-related mortality in favour of highly educated people. For non hip fracture-related mortality, there were statistically significant educational inequalities in people aged <70 years. Conclusions: We found higher fracture-related mortality with lower education suggesting preventative and therapeutic interventions for fractures should pay special attention to people with low-level education.
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Briones-Vozmediano, E., J. Stjärnfeldt, F. Larson, A. Nielsen, M. Eriksson, and M. Salazar. "Young men’s discourses of health service utilization for Chlamydia infection testing in Stockholm." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.854.
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Abstract Background Chlamydia Trachomatis (CT) infection is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted bacterial disease in Sweden, other European countries, as well as globally. CT is often asymptomatic and if it goes untreated it can cause severe reproductive health issues. In Sweden, men test for CT in a much lesser extent than women. The aim of this study is to identify factors influencing Swedish young men to use Health care for CT detection. Methods Qualitative study based on 18 semi-structured interviews with young men (18-30 years old) in Stockholm during 2018. A Situational Analysis was conducted (a development of Constructivist Grounded Theory) of the interviews' transcriptions, using Open Code as the software for qualitative analysis in order to code and organize the information obtained. We constructed a situational map to illustrate the positions taken by Swedish young men according to their discourses. Results Three ideal types of Swedish young men with different discourses and behaviors towards CT testing were identified: unconcerned men are indifferent about CT and other sexual transmitted infections (STI) and therefore not testing; ambivalent men only test when suspect suffering from an STI and/or are influenced by their social network; Whereas, proactive men test regularly as a way to know they are healthy. The differences between the ideal types are explained by their risk perception, the role of health services, and the positive or negative influence of their social network. Conclusions The ideal types of young men identified in this study show a range of discourses linked to their risk perception, the role of health services, and the influence of their social network, which in practice is translated into different behaviours adopted for CT testing. Testing should be encouraged as an important part of CT prevention by educating groups of unconcerned young men about both the consequences of untreated CT and the free testing options available in Sweden. Key messages Swedish young men have different discourses towards CT testing depending on their risk perception, the strategies adopted to test and the positive or negative role of their social network. The role of health services and the social support emerged as key factors to promoting testing among Swedish Young men.
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Ropponen, Annina, Mo Wang, Jurgita Narusyte, Sanna Kärkkäinen, Victoria Blom, and Pia Svedberg. "The role of sickness absence diagnosis for the risk of future inpatient- or specialized outpatient care in a Swedish population-based twin sample." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (May 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10942-2.
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Abstract Background Studies of consequences of sickness absence such as health and well-being have been rare whereas risk factors for sickness absence have been studied extensively. This study assumed the consequences of sickness absence would differ by diagnostic group or by patient care type. The aim was to investigate sickness absence due to various diagnosis groups as a predictor for subsequent inpatient- and specialized outpatient care while controlling for familial confounding. Methods We utilized the register data of 69,552 twin individuals between 16 and 80 years of age (48% women). The first incident sickness absence spell, from baseline year 2005, including diagnosis of sickness absence was our primary exposure of interest and we followed them until the first incident inpatient- and specialized outpatient care episode with main diagnosis code or until 31.12.2013. Results A total of 7464 incident sickness absence spells took place (11%), 42% had inpatient care and 83% specialized outpatient care (mean follow-up time 3.2 years, SD 3.1 years). All the main sickness absence diagnosis groups were associated with increased risk of future care in comparison to no sickness absence. Controlling for confounders attenuated the associations in magnitude but with retaining direction, and we could not confirm an effect of familial factors. Conclusions Sickness absence predicts both inpatient- and specialized outpatient care and the association is universal across diagnosis groups. The lower survival time and incidence rates of inpatient than specialized outpatient care point towards severity of diseases assumption. This finding was also universal across sickness absence diagnosis groups.
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Johansson, Olle. "Electrohypersensitivity: a functional impairment due to an inaccessible environment." Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 4 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0018.
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AbstractIn Sweden, electrohypersensitivity is recognized as a functional impairment which implies only the environment as the culprit. The Swedish view provides persons with this impairment a maximal legal protection, it gives them the right to get accessibility measures for free, as well as governmental subsidies and municipality economic support, and to provide them with special Ombudsmen (at the municipality, the EU, and the UN level, respectively), the right and economic means to form disability organizations and allow these to be part of national and international counterparts, all with the simple and single aim to allow persons with the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity to live an equal life in a society based on equality. They are not seen as patients, the do not have an overriding medical diagnosis, but the ‘patient’ is only the inferior and potentially toxic environment. This does not mean that a subjective symptom of a functionally impaired can not be treated by a physician, as well as get sick-leave from their workplace as well as economic compensation, and already in the year 2000 such symptoms were identified in the Internal Code of Diagnoses, version 10 (ICD-10; R68.8/now W90), and have been since. But the underlying cause still remains only the environment.
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Mehlig, Kirsten, Irene Blomqvist, Sofia Klingberg, Marta Bianchi, Josefin Sjons, Monica Hunsberger, and Lauren Lissner. "Secular trends in diet-related greenhouse gas emission estimates since 2000 – a shift towards sustainable diets in Sweden." Public Health Nutrition, October 16, 2020, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020004073.
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Abstract Objective: This study examines secular changes in diet-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in younger and older Swedish adults, since the turn of this century. Design: Two cross-sectional health examination surveys were conducted in 2001–2004 (T1) and 2014–2018 (T2). At both times, an eighty-six-item FFQ was embedded in the survey. From the food frequencies and age-standardised portion sizes, GHGE estimates (kg CO2e/year) were calculated. GHGE was modelled as a function of time period and covariates, for five distinct age groups. Setting: The municipality of Gothenburg, in western Sweden. Participants: Women and men aged 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 and 65–75 years were randomly selected from the population registry and recruited for examinations. After exclusion of participants with incomplete dietary data, the analytic sample consisted of 2569 individuals at T1 and 2119 at T2. Results: Lower dietary GHGE scores were observed at T2 compared with T1, in each age group, adjusting for sex, BMI and education. The largest differences in GHGE were observed in the youngest age group (approximately 30 % reduction). Decreasing trends in GHGE from animal-based foods were observed at all ages and were accompanied by smaller increases from plant-based sources in younger groups only. At all ages, GHGE from discretionary foods decreased, and prevalence of overweight remained stable. Conclusions: Optimal dietary trends should support both human health and planetary health. Our results suggest that Swedish adults have moved in this direction, e.g. through less intake of red meat products and stable weight status.
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van Rooij, R. P. J. O. M. "Analysis of the Flow Characteristics of Two Nonrotating Rotor Blades." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 130, no. 3 (July 16, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2931507.
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The investigation focuses on the analysis of the airfoil segment performances along rotor blades in the parked configuration. In this research, wind tunnel experiments on two twisted blade geometries with different airfoils played a dominant role. These measurements were carried out by the Swedish Aeronautical Research Institute, former FFA, and by the American National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) during the Unsteady Aerodynamic Experiment. The spans of the blades were 2.375m and 5m, the STORK 5 WPX and the NREL Phase VI blade, respectively. Five span locations (inboard, midspan, outboard, and tip regions) were considered and compared with the 2D airfoil characteristics. Wing model experiments with similar blade aspect ratio were included in the research. Furthermore, the commercial computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT was used for the validation and analysis of the spanwise lift and drag coefficients at four different pitch settings, 20deg, 30deg, 45deg, and 60deg. The computed pressure distributions compared reasonably well, but the derived lift and drag showed quite some differences with the blade measurements. The lift coefficients for the sections beyond the leading-edge stall angle of the STORK blade were larger than for the NREL blade and were close to that of a wing model with similar airfoil and aspect ratio. Lift and drag coefficients for the sections of the two blades were always much smaller than the 2D results. The drag values for both blades showed quite some agreement, and airfoil and blade dependency seemed to be small.
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Hallman, David M., Leticia Bergamin Januario, Svend Erik Mathiassen, Marina Heiden, Sven Svensson, and Gunnar Bergström. "Working from home during the COVID-19 outbreak in Sweden: effects on 24-h time-use in office workers." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (March 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10582-6.
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Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered national recommendations encouraging people to work from home (WFH), but the possible impact of WFH on physical behaviors is unknown. This study aimed to determine the extent to which the 24-h allocation of time to different physical behaviors changes between days working at the office (WAO) and days WFH in office workers during the pandemic. Methods Data were collected on 27 office workers with full-time employment at a Swedish municipal division during the COVID-19 outbreak in May–July 2020. A thigh-worn accelerometer (Axivity) was used to assess physical behavior (sedentary, stand, move) during seven consecutive days. A diary was used to identify periods of work, leisure and sleep. 24-h compositions of sedentary, standing and moving behaviors during work and non-work time were examined using Compositional data analysis (CoDA), and differences between days WAO and days WFH were determined using repeated measures ANOVA. Results Days WFH were associated with more time spent sleeping relative to awake, and the effect size was large (F = 7.4; p = 0.01; ηp2 = 0.22). The increase (34 min) in sleep time during WFH occurred at the expense of a reduction in work and leisure time by 26 min and 7 min, respectively. Sedentary, standing and moving behaviors did not change markedly during days WFH compared to days WAO. Conclusion Days working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden were associated with longer duration of sleep than days working at the office. This behavioral change may be beneficial to health.
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Lindblom, Hanna, Mats Lowén, Tomas Faresjö, Kristofer Hedman, and Per Sandström. "Disease prevalence and number of health care visits among members of a nationwide sports organization compared to matched controls." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (March 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10466-9.
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Abstract Background Physical activity has positive effects on several diseases and may reduce the risk of morbidity and the mortality rate. Whether the prevalence of disease and health care consumption differ between the members of sports organizations and the general population has not been established. Hence, this pilot study aimed to compare the prevalence of diseases known to be associated with physical inactivity and health care consumption in members of a large non-profit sports organization and an age-, sex- and geographically matched random sample from the general population. Methods Subjects in two Swedish cities who exercised at least once a week and had been members for at least two years in the non-profit sports organization Friskis&Svettis were invited. A randomized age-, sex- and geographically matched sample was drawn from the general population. Data on disease prevalence (by International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes) and health care consumption were retrieved using the members’ personal identification numbers through a regional health care database. Between-group differences in the prevalence of disease were compared using chi2-tests and logistic regression between members and controls. Health care consumption was defined as the number of visits, stratified by primary and hospital care, and was compared using chi2-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Results In total, 3015 subjects were included in each group (response rate 11%). Controls had higher prevalence rates of musculoskeletal diseases (13.3% vs. 11.6%, p = 0.047), metabolic disease (10.4% vs. 5.4%, p < 0.001), hypertension (16.6% vs. 11.7%, p < 0.001), psychiatric diseases (8.9% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.012) and lung cancer (0.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.001) than the members. The total number of health care contacts was 22% higher in the controls than in the members, whereas the proportion of subjects with at least one health care visit was larger in the members (89% vs. 79%, p < 0.001). Conclusions The prevalence rates of lifestyle diseases related to musculoskeletal, metabolic and psychiatric diseases, hypertension and lung cancer, and the overall health care consumption, were lower among members of a sports organization than among controls. However, longitudinal studies are needed to establish a cause-effect relationship between membership and disease development.