Academic literature on the topic 'Swedish-Polish War'
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Journal articles on the topic "Swedish-Polish War"
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KOWALSKA-STUS, Hanna. "POLISH HISTORIANS’ ASSESSMENTS OF THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 4 (27) (2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-4-71-81.
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Polish historical science, largely concentrated on the Partitions of Poland, tends to look at both past and future from this perspective. Most Polish historians interpret the Great (Third) Northern War as a prologue to Poland falling into political dependence on Russia and the subsequent partitions of Poland. However, as this article points out, analysis of Polish historiography reveals a variety of approaches to the subject. Thus, some historians paint a broad panorama of the interactions and interests of European powers. Others focus on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’ history, viewing the Northern War in the context of Swedish expansion in Eastern Europe, since the 17th-century Swedish Deluge. This article sets itself the task of acquainting the reader with research works that adhere to historical truth, tend to objectivity and seek non-simplified analysis of complex historical processes. An accompanying goal is to draw attention to the fact that history as a science is often subject to foreign policy pressures.
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Giloh, Mordechay. "Odmienne sylwetki przybyłych do Szwecji więźniów pochodzenia żydowskiego i nieżydowskiego, ocalałych z obozów koncentracyjnych na ziemiach polskich." Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, no. 8 (December 2, 2012): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.698.
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Survivors from Nazi concentration camps, who were brought to Sweden as refugees during the last month of the Second World War and during the summer that followed, were often required to supply information about personal details to the authorities. Much of the information was later stored in written form in the Swedish National Archives. Antisemitism among the refugees and enmity between the Jewish and non-Jewish Polish refugees caused the authorities to include their ethnic or religious affiliation in many records and documents. Using mainly two collections from the Swedish National Archives it is shown that substantial differences existed between Jewish and non-Jewish Polish refugees with respect to their age, education and the length of their war experiences. These differences, in addition to the existing socio-geographic, demographic, cultural and ethnic differences led to inevitable clashes between the two groups. The Swedish authorities who first regarded all refugees of Polish citizenship as one national group had to revise this attitude gradually during the administration of the refugees
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Kościelniak, Karol. "Polish accounts of the participation of the Lithuanian armed forces in the battle of Kryżbork/Jakobstadt of 26 July (5 August) 1704." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (2019): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0016.
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AbstractThe Great Northern War changed not only the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but also the countries of Central Europe. This war brought many tactical and strategic innovations that could be observed on the battlefields and during the war campaigns. That is why it seems appropriate to recall the battles that took place during the Great Northern War. An example of such a battle is a clash between the Swedish-Lithuanian army and Lithuanian-Russian army, which took place near Kryżbork/Jakobstadt on 26 July (5 August) 1704. In this battle the Lithuanian troops fought on both sides. On the Swedish side they were commanded by Kazimierz Jan Sapieha, and on the Russian side – by Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki.
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Balcerek, Mariusz. "Vom nationalen Narrativ vergessen – Der Beitrag des Herzogtums Kurland und Semgallen sowie des Piltener Kreises während der Schlacht bei Kirchholm im Jahre 1605." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 72, no. 2 (2013): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2013-0010.
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Abstract On September 27th, 1605 a battle between a numerically superior Swedish army and cavalry strong Polish-Lithuanian forces took place close to Kirchholm a small town just outside of Riga. The surprising defeat of the Swedes and the conclusions drawn from this encounter had a massive impact on the development of the military in the 17th century. Even though that there is a large number of publications on this topic, the contribution of the Dutchy of Courland and Semigallia as well as the Piltene district during this battle has not found adequate appreciation in modern literature. This article illustrates in detail how important the support of these troops from Livland was for the outcome of this battle at the banks of the Düna and therefore substantiates the knowledge and the image of one of the most important clashes of the Polish-Swedish War 1600-1629 on the eve of the Thirty Years‘ War.
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Achremczyk, Stanisław. "Bishop Wydżga’s concerns for Warmia." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 292, no. 2 (2016): 303–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-135023.
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Bishop Jan Stefan Wydżga was in the government of Warmia during the Polish-Swedish War. Following the end of the war, there was no peace for the episcopal domain. The bishop’s concern was to free Frombork and Braniewo from the Brandenburgian occupation. He managed to free Frombork from the elector’s armies relatively quickly, whilst Braniewo was only left by Brandenburgian forces in October 1663. However, the threat from Brandenburg remained. When the Brandenburgian contingent was on its way to Ukraine, Warmia provided fodder and food, and when it returned it passed through the domain or nearby, the inhabitants again had to provision it. The bishop became alaramed in 1678, when a Swedish invasion of Royal Prussia. It seemed that the war would also affect the domain of Warmia. There was fear. Bishop Wydżga was constantly concerned about the taxation of the Polish troops. Taxes were passed by the Parliamentary General of Royal Prussia, the bishops in the Sejms agreed to the extraordinary taxes, and finally the priesthood had to provide a hyberne. Wydżgaand the canons did not object to the taxes, the hybernas brought in money which saved Warmia from the stopover of the crown’s armies. In the bishop’s correspondence tax issues occupy a substantial amount of space – to pay or delay with payment. Wydżga even brought in prepayments before the relevant tax resolutions were passed, he was afraid of the unpunished soldiers. The internal affairs of Warmia caused him a lot of trouble but he was able to deal with the problems extremely well. The bishop complained he had to financially support the manor, the poor, to repair the churches and to rebuild the Warmia after the destruction of the Polish-Swedish War. However, in his correspondence there is no mention of building a baroque mansion; at most repairing the buildings in the forecourt. It can therefore be concluded that the construction of the baroque palace on the southern side of the castle cannot be attributed to him. At most, Wydżga repaired the buildings constructed by Bishop Maurice Ferber.
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Makiłła, Dariusz. "The Prussian case in the Treaty of Oliwa of 3 May, 1660, Part 1. The end of hostilities and Brandenburg’s preparations for peace negotiations (1657–1659 / 1660)." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 299, no. 1 (2018): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134910.
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The conclusion of treaties by the Republic of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg in Welawa and Bydgoszcz in 1657 was a turning point in the Polish-Swedish war, begun in 1655. The elector of Brandenburg, Frederick Wilhelm, joined the anti-Swedish coalition in exchange for exemption from subordination to Prussia. Conducting a prudent and balanced policy, he aimed to increase his political position through both military participation and diplomatic efforts. The goal of Frederick Wilhelm’s policy was to achieve the greatest possible benefits in the ongoing war, including acquiring territorial gains. Faced with efforts to conclude a general peace that would end the war, at the same time opening the way towards creating a new political order in the central and northern part of Europe, Elector Frederick Wilhelm, who gained the position of a party to the conflict, made his own proposals for peace negotiations planned in Oliwa. Among Brandenburg’s postulates was, amongst other things, the issue of extending the provisions of treaties concluded in 1657 with Poland in Welawa and Bydgoszcz, which would also create international guarantees for them.
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Krawczuk, Wojciech. "Z nadzieją na powrót – perspektywa badań nad uchodźcami ze Skandynawii w Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów za panowania Zygmunta III." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 2 (2021): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.021.13858.
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Hoping for a return: The perspectives in research on refugees from Scandinavia in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of Sigismund III After the Swedish Civil War of 1598 hundreds of exiles left their home country and fled to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, hoping for the protection of king Sigismund. Composition of this group and ways the refugees were helped are known thanks to the conducted research. The king could not support exiles too openly because of the gentry’s reluctance to strangers, but they received general salary and small privileges. However, many actions of this group are still unexplored. One can especially mention their participation in the construction of the Royal Fleet, activity of this group in Gdańsk (Danzig), and other actions carried out by the exiles in support of the Polish branch of House of Vasa.
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Koscielniak, Karol. "Battle of Poznan of 19 August 1704 between the Saxon and Swedish Armies." Economics, Politics and Regional Development 1, no. 2 (2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eprd.v1n2p1.
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The battle of Pozna? between the Swedish army commanded by Johann August Meijerfelt and the Saxon army commanded by general Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg began at the dawn of 19 August 1704. The Saxon general had a major advantage in terms of army strength. He was therefore able to push back the Swedish army from the city, but did not capture the tower. The lack of broader researcher interest and the relatively high number of remaining source materials contributed to the tackling the subject. It is worth shedding light on all events that faded into the historical abyss and are forgotten, or worse, are enveloped by false myths. The Republic of Poland, which became an arena for direct military action in 1702-1709 during the Great Northern War, suffered much pain and destruction despite not officially participating in the war. It is perhaps this fact that makes the conflict and its effects difficult to find among valuable Polish historiography works that would objectively show its course and above all the art of war of the early XVIII century. This paper represents only a small droplet of what remains to be done in terms of describing each aspect of the Great Northern War.
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Paweł, Krokosz. "Difficult alliance. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia against Sweden during the Great Northern War (1700–1721) – an introduction to the problematic." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0139.
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Abstract With the outbreak of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was officially outside the fighting parties (Denmark, Saxony and Russia against Sweden), despite the fact that the main burden of hostilities was on its territory. It was only in 1704 that its representatives concluded an agreement with Russia and in the following years they undertook a joint fight against the Swedish king Charles XII and the Polish and Lithuanian nobility cooperating with him. Soon the alliance turned out to be “difficult” for both sides. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth obtained military and financial aid from Russia for the expansion of its army. Poland and Lithuania also counted on Russia’s help in regaining the Baltic lands occupied by Sweden, which were also sought by the Polish king and the Saxon elector Augustus II. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also counted on support in the event that Turkey tried to take back Ukrainian lands from it. On the other hand, Tsar Peter I was successful at the front over the years (including the Battle of Poltava) and strengthened his political and military position in Europe. The tsar also began to interfere in the matters of the internally quarrelsome the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, trying to be an arbiter deciding its fate. Additionally, the prolonged stay of Russian troops there was a heavy burden for the Crown and Lithuania. The common paths of the Commonwealth and August II with Peter I slowly diverged. With the end of the war between Russia and Sweden in 1721, former allies were already enemies. Due to the very wide range of political, military, economic and religious issues, this article is only an introduction to the indicated issues. The author’s intention is to inspire researchers to undertake a new, or revive an already started, historical discourse on the Polish–Russian alliance during the Great Northern War (1700–1721).
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Sjökvist, Peter. "On Literary Spoils of War in Private Libraries. The Case of Rålamb at Länna Gård." Biblioteka, no. 27 (36) (March 7, 2024): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/b.2023.27.2.
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After arriving in Sweden, the literary spoils of war taken from Poznań in the Swedish deluge in the 1650s ended up in the private country house library of nobleman Clas Rålamb (1622–1698), who had been sent by Swedish King Charles X Gustavus (reigned 1654–1660) to manage the difficult situation in this Polish town while it was under Swedish command. With the help of a still extant inventory from the 1690s drawn up at the country house before the books were donated to Uppsala University Library, where they remain today, the contents and possible arrangement of this library are briefly described and discussed in this article. Some notable characteristics are the sections on theology and duplicates being larger than what would normally be expected from a country house library of this kind. It is assumed that these factors, among others, indicate that Rålamb did not make any sort of selection when seizing the books from monasteries and churches in Poznań. In addition, it suggests that their primary role in their new environment was to increase the cultural capital of their owner. Large numbers of the confessionally Catholic books were of little practical use in a Sweden characterized by Lutheran Orthodoxy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Swedish-Polish War"
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Górniok, Łukasz. "Swedish refugee policymaking in transition? : Czechoslovaks and Polish Jews in Sweden, 1968-1972." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-119532.
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The aim of this dissertation is to examine the Swedish government’s responses to the Prague Spring, the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the anti-Semitic campaigns in Poland and, first and foremost, to Czechoslovak and Polish-Jewish refugees fleeing their native countries as a result of these event during the formative period of the late 1960s and early 1970s. This has been accomplished by examining the entire process from the decision to admit the refugees in 1968, to their reception and economic integration into Swedish society during the seven-year period necessary for acquiring Swedish citizenship. This study also analyzes discourses in Swedish newspapers relating to these matters and compares the media’s treatment of these two groups. The investigation is guided by factors influencing refugee policy formation such as bureaucratic choices, international relations, local absorption capacity, national security considerations, and Cold War considerations. Press cuttings, diplomatic documents, telegrams, protocols from the departments and government agencies involved, as well as reports from the resettlement centres, and, finally, refugees’ applications for citizenship form the empirical basis of this study. The period under investigation coincides with three key developments in Sweden’s foreign, refugee, and immigrant policies – the emergence of a more activist foreign policy, the shift from labour migration to refugee migration and, finally, the shift from a policy of integration to multiculturalism. In this regard, the overarching objective of the study is to shed some light on these developments and to determine whether the arrival, reception, and integration of these refugees should be regarded as the starting point for new policies towards immigrants and minorities in Sweden, or if it should rather be seen as the finale of the policies that had begun to develop at the end of World War II. The results demonstrate that Sweden’s refugee policy formation of the late 1960s and early 1970s was hardly affected by these major developments. It could be argued that a more active foreign policy was evident in the criticism of the events in Czechoslovakia and Poland and in the admission of the Czechoslovak of Polish-Jewish refugees to Sweden, but a detailed analysis of the motives shows that these decisions were primarily the result of international relations, national security considerations, and economic capacity, along with other considerations that had guided Swedish refugee policy in previous decades. Similarly, at the centre of Sweden’s reception of the Czechoslovak and Polish-Jewish refugees during the late 1960s and early 1970s was, like in previous decades, the labour market orientation of Sweden’s refugee policy. The Czechoslovaks and Polish-Jews did not experience any multiculturalist turn. Overall, Sweden’s responses to the Czechoslovak and Polish-Jewish refugees were consistent with the objectives developed at the end of World War II and thus did not represent a transition in Swedish refugee policymaking.
Books on the topic "Swedish-Polish War"
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Koczorowski, Eugeniusz. "Skórzaki" przeciw okrętom przy latarni na Wiśle. Dom Wydawn. Bellona, 2004.
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Kondraciuk, Piotr. Druga po Jasnej Górze: Twierdza Zamość w czasach potopu szwedkziego. Muzeum Zamojskie w Zamościu, 2006.
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Wiktor, Fenrych, ed. Akta i Diariusz Królewskiej Komisji Okrętowej Zygmunta III z lat 1627-1628: = Acts and Diary of the Royal Naval Commission of Sigismund III in the period of 1627-1628. Gdańskie Tow. Nauk., 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Swedish-Polish War"
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O'Connor, Kevin C. "Star City: The Swedish Century." In The House of Hemp and Butter. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747687.003.0008.
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This chapter demonstrates that the peace, progress, educational advances, and cultural achievements of the seventeenth century made the Swedish era into something of a “golden age” for early modern Riga. For ninety years, Riga was under the dominion of the Swedish Empire, an absolutist state that relied on the Livonian port for supplies of food and for the defense of its Baltic possessions. As Riga was the empire's largest city, its most important fortress, and a significant source of income, the city underwent extensive physical renovations that strengthened its defenses and transformed its appearance. Yet the dawn of the “good old Swedish times”—or rather the end of Polish dominion—was far from promising, as the transition began during a drawn-out war accompanied by all the usual disruptions. For an entire decade, Riga was blockaded by sea and activity at its once-bustling harbor practically ceased.
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Teller, Adam. "The Second Wave of Wars." In Rescue the Surviving Souls. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.003.0005.
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This chapter investigates how the events of the second round of wars caused further waves of Jewish refugees, this time not just within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but across Europe and Asia. On one level, it could be said that Poland–Lithuania successfully weathered the storm that began with Khmelnytsky in 1648 and ended in the Peace of Andrusów some nineteen years later. However, the price it had paid for the years of war was incredibly high, so getting the country back on its feet was a very complex operation. Poland–Lithuania's Jews, too, had suffered huge losses during the wars, not the least of which was the number of Jews who had been uprooted from their homes and forced to start new lives elsewhere, often in difficult—not to say traumatic—conditions. Beyond that, many of the refugees displaced by this second wave of wars left the Commonwealth never to come back. The chapter then details the experience of these people. It looks first at the refugees in the parts of Lithuania under Russian occupation, then at those in the westerly regions where the Swedish and Polish armies fought it out in the second half of the 1650s.
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Lewandowski, Józef, and Gwido Zlatkes. "Early Swedish Information about the Nazis’ Mass Murder of the Jews." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 13. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774600.003.0008.
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This chapter evaluates when and how the outside world came to know about the Nazi genocide during the Second World War. In Sweden, there has been considerable public and private debate on this question centred on a document from August of 1942, known as the Vendel Report, which contains a description of the situation in Germany and in German-occupied Poland. Karl Yngve Vendel, a 45-year-old officer of the Swedish consular corps, was transferred in January of 1940 from Holland and appointed as consul in Stettin. Vendel's principal assignment was to gather intelligence. Sweden feared German aggression, a justified fear, for only several months later Germany was to attack Denmark and Norway and conquer them easily. Vendel's account was one of the first revelations of the scale of the Nazi genocide to be sent to the West.
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Lewandowski, Józef. "A Fish Breaks through the Net:Sven Norrman and the Holocaust." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 14. Liverpool University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774693.003.0021.
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This chapter takes a look at Sven Norrman (1892–1979), a little-known Swedish engineer who waged his own private war against Nazism. He was the first man to break the news of the Nazis' large-scale genocide operations to the British. The process of mass murder had been in operation for several months before any information about it managed to break through the web of Gestapo surveillance. Certainly, some signals penetrated earlier, but they were vague and unconfirmed, and seemingly too fantastic, and they were easily drowned out in the clamour of war information. Aside from his correspondence regarding the Holocaust, Norrman's activities in Poland also involved carrying the materials gathered by employees of the Polskie Towarzystwo Elektryczne (PTE). He also gave regular support to Jewish employees of PTE hiding on the ‘Aryan’ side; to those who were in the ghetto he sent help through people who knew how to slip into the ghetto.
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Rosman, Moshe. "The Image of Poland as a Torah Centre after 1648." In Categorically Jewish, Distinctly Polish. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764852.003.0016.
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This chapter is a corrective to another common notion: that after the mid-seventeenth-century persecutions Torah culture declined precipitously in Poland, never to recover. The chapter asserts that on the cultural vector, recovery from Khmelnytsky's rebellion and the Muscovite-Swedish invasions and accompanying persecutions was quite rapid. Rabbis and religious functionaries did indeed emigrate in the wake of the persecutions. However, not all of Poland's Jewish communities were affected. After 1660, along with the physical and social rehabilitation of the Jewish communities, much of the destroyed Jewish educational and cultural life was reconstituted. Notwithstanding their exceptional predecessors, the post-1660 Polish Jewish community, recovering from rampant destruction, remained an important centre of Torah.
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Tkachuk, Olesia. "Successes and Failures in the Implementation of the Eastern Partnership Objectives in a Changing Security Environment." In Eastern Partnership: The Role and Significance in the Process of Transformation of the Countries of Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381386425.03.
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The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is a Polish-Swedish initiative to strengthen cooperation between the European Union (EU) and its eastern neighbours in both bilateral and multilateral dimensions. The programme was inaugurated in May 2009; as the eastern dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), it was intended to help initiate or accelerate the political and economic transformation of the partner countries and bring them closer to the EU, thus stabilising the eastern neighbourhood of the EU and strengthening European security. However, over the past twelve years, the security environment of the EU and the region of Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus have undergone significant transformations, and new challenges and threats have emerged requiring active measures to counteract them effectively. Consequently, the initial goals and objectives of the EaP were updated. The aims of this paper are to analyse the new objectives of the Eastern Partnership proposed by the EU in the context of the changing security environment and closer relations with the eastern neighbours of the EU, and to show the prospects for further development of the eastern dimension of the ENP.
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LeDonne, John P. "Deep Strikes." In The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650-1831. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195161007.003.0005.
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Abstract We now turn to the evolution of Russia’s grand strategy from the accession of Elizabeth to the death of Catherine II and to an analysis of its three major principles—strategic penetration, deployment, and the client system—at a time when Russia sought and achieved hegemony in the Heartland. Faced with the re-luctance of the Swedish client to accept its place in the new international order created by the Treaty of Nystadt (1721) and ill-conceived attempts to regain some of its losses, the empire struck back with a determination to destroy Sweden’s military capability and discipline it to accept Russia’s overlordship. Russian troops were stationed in Stockholm for the first and only time. Determined likewise to teach the Prussian client that Russia alone was entitled to manage the client system anchored in the friendly kingdom, Russia fought the bloodiest engagements of the century against Frederick II, and its troops even briefly occupied Berlin. In the southern theater, imperial troops finally broke the Ottoman hold on the Black Sea and even crossed the Danube under the watchful apprehension of the Prussian client and Austria. Both were subsequently kept in line by an agreement to partition the Polish client. Farther east, a new client state was being created in Georgia. By the time of Catherine’s death in 1796, Russian forces were poised for deep penetrations beyond the Heartland’s periphery, in Holland and northern Italy. Russia’s position as hegemon and arbiter of interclient disputes within the Heartland had become an incontrovertible fact.
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Prunotto, Andrea, Stefan Schulz, and Martin Boeker. "Automatic Generation of German Translation Candidates for SNOMED CT Textual Descriptions." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210144.
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We present an approach called MTP (multiple translation paths) aiming at assisting human translation in SNOMED CT localisation projects based on free, web-based machine translation tools. For a chosen target language, MTP generates a scored output of translation candidates (TCs) for each input concept. This paper describes the basic idea of MTP, the distribution of its output TCs and discusses typical examples with German as target language. The MTP approach capitalises on combinatorial growth by the combination of input languages, support languages, and translation engines. We applied MTP on the SNOMED CT Starter Set, using Google Translator, DeepL and Systran, together with the four source languages English, Spanish, Swedish and French, and Danish, Dutch, Norwegian, Italian, Portuguese, Polish and Russian as support languages. The descriptive assessment of TC variety, together with an analysis of typical results is the focus of this paper. MTP defines, for each input concept, TPs by the combination of input languages, support languages and translation engines, resulting in 91 translation results with various degrees of co-incidence (cardinality). The most configurations produce an average number of TCs indicating that the same TC is often derived via different translation paths. Combinations of translation engines result in distributions with a higher number of distinct TCs per concept. We present work in progress on using machine translation (MT) for terminology translation, by leveraging several free MT tools fed by different languages and language combinations. A first qualitative analysis was promising and supports our hypothesis that a majority voting applied to many translation candidates yields higher quality results than from one single engine and input language.
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Kryński, Marcin. "Geneza, problemy definicyjne i założenia prawa do edukacji w kontekście Konwencji o Prawach Dziecka." In Dziecko w historii - między godnością a zniewoleniem. Tom 1. Dziecko jako fundament praw człowieka. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/dhmgz.01.2021.21.
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The aim of this article is to present the right to education with particular emphasis on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. When analyzing the concept of the right to education, it should be stated that there is no single, general and coherent definition of education that would be satisfactory and evident for everyone. This is due to the ambiguity of this term as well as the diversity of its designates. The promoter of the idea of popularizing education was, among others, Czech educator, philosopher and reformer Jan Amos Comenius. In turn, the Swedish feminist and educator – Ellen Key believed that the 20th century will be the “century of the child”, in which the new man will be shaped, and thus the world will become happier and better. An advocate of the emancipation of the child in Poland was Janusz Korczak, whose thought was one of the foundations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention on the Rights of the Child was established on the initiative of Poland. Intensified work began in 1978, when Poland submitted to the UN Human Rights Commission a draft Convention on the Rights of the Child. It was a turning point in the process of developing a complete set of children’s rights, already called the “Convention” in the project. Following this, the United Nations declared 1979 the International Year of Children. The capitalist and socialist views on human rights clashed and therefore working out a consensus on the final shape of the Convention was complicated. However, the social resistance intensifying at the end of the 1980s, which in later years led to the collapse of the totalitarian or communist regime, was undoubtedly a factor which strongly contributed to the work on the Convention. The head of the Polish delegation, prof. Adam Łopatka referred to Janusz Korczak as one of the precursors and promoters of children’s rights. Altogether, after 11 years of work, these events ended with the adoption, on November 20, 1989, by the UN General Assembly, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In this Convention, the right to education is directly regulated in Art. 28, as well as indirectly in art. 29.
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Pallot, Judith, and Tat'yana Nefedova. "Ethno-cultural Differentiation in Household Production." In Russia's Unknown Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227419.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
Russia is a multi-ethnic country with more than two hundred different ‘officially recognized’ ethnic groups. Of these, twenty-seven have been given administrative recognition in the form of national republics, which together with non-ethnically based oblasts and krais (regions and territories) make up the Russian Federation. The Great Russians are numerically the most dominant group accounting for 80 per cent of the population. Next come the Tatars at 5.5 million, or 4 per cent of the total, and then Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Chechens, Armenians, and other much less numerous groups. Soviet nationality policy did much to preserve ethnic identities in Russia, even though these were supposed to be transcended by a higher ‘Soviet socialist’ identity. When the USSR collapsed it did so along ethnic lines, and the post-Soviet Russian government was forced to accept ethnoterritorialism as an organizing principle of the new federal state (Smith, 1990, 1999). The major nationalities are not spatially discrete; many members of the most numerous nationalities live outside their republic and in only a minority of the national republics is the titular ethnic group the majority population. However, at lower scales, the picture is different and spatial segregation along ethnic lines can be marked, especially in rural areas. The southern steppe, describing an arc stretching from the Ukrainian border in the west to the regions beyond the River Volga in the east is, in fact, a veritable ethnic mosaic. Travellers who visited the southern and eastern steppe of European Russia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries commented upon the variety of national and religious groups of different descent settled in the area. Apart from the Russians who had come south during the protracted conquest of the steppe, people were to be found there of German, Swedish, Armenian, Bulgarian, Serbian,Walachian, Moldavian, Polish, Jewish, and Greek origin together with the descendants of the traditional steppe dwellers, the Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Kirghiz, Kalmyks, and Mordvinians. The ethnic diversity of the settlers in the steppe was matched by the diversity of their cultural mores and religions.