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Journal articles on the topic 'Swedish-Polish War'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

KOWALSKA-STUS, Hanna. "POLISH HISTORIANS’ ASSESSMENTS OF THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 4 (27) (2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-4-71-81.

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Polish historical science, largely concentrated on the Partitions of Poland, tends to look at both past and future from this perspective. Most Polish historians interpret the Great (Third) Northern War as a prologue to Poland falling into political dependence on Russia and the subsequent partitions of Poland. However, as this article points out, analysis of Polish historiography reveals a variety of approaches to the subject. Thus, some historians paint a broad panorama of the interactions and interests of European powers. Others focus on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’ history, viewing th

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Giloh, Mordechay. "Odmienne sylwetki przybyłych do Szwecji więźniów pochodzenia żydowskiego i nieżydowskiego, ocalałych z obozów koncentracyjnych na ziemiach polskich." Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, no. 8 (December 2, 2012): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.698.

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Survivors from Nazi concentration camps, who were brought to Sweden as refugees during the last month of the Second World War and during the summer that followed, were often required to supply information about personal details to the authorities. Much of the information was later stored in written form in the Swedish National Archives. Antisemitism among the refugees and enmity between the Jewish and non-Jewish Polish refugees caused the authorities to include their ethnic or religious affiliation in many records and documents. Using mainly two collections from the Swedish National Archives i

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Kościelniak, Karol. "Polish accounts of the participation of the Lithuanian armed forces in the battle of Kryżbork/Jakobstadt of 26 July (5 August) 1704." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (2019): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0016.

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AbstractThe Great Northern War changed not only the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but also the countries of Central Europe. This war brought many tactical and strategic innovations that could be observed on the battlefields and during the war campaigns. That is why it seems appropriate to recall the battles that took place during the Great Northern War. An example of such a battle is a clash between the Swedish-Lithuanian army and Lithuanian-Russian army, which took place near Kryżbork/Jakobstadt on 26 July (5 August) 1704. In this battle the Lithuanian troops fought on both sides. On the Sw

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Balcerek, Mariusz. "Vom nationalen Narrativ vergessen – Der Beitrag des Herzogtums Kurland und Semgallen sowie des Piltener Kreises während der Schlacht bei Kirchholm im Jahre 1605." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 72, no. 2 (2013): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2013-0010.

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Abstract On September 27th, 1605 a battle between a numerically superior Swedish army and cavalry strong Polish-Lithuanian forces took place close to Kirchholm a small town just outside of Riga. The surprising defeat of the Swedes and the conclusions drawn from this encounter had a massive impact on the development of the military in the 17th century. Even though that there is a large number of publications on this topic, the contribution of the Dutchy of Courland and Semigallia as well as the Piltene district during this battle has not found adequate appreciation in modern literature. This ar

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Achremczyk, Stanisław. "Bishop Wydżga’s concerns for Warmia." Masuro-⁠Warmian Bulletin 292, no. 2 (2016): 303–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-135023.

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Bishop Jan Stefan Wydżga was in the government of Warmia during the Polish-Swedish War. Following the end of the war, there was no peace for the episcopal domain. The bishop’s concern was to free Frombork and Braniewo from the Brandenburgian occupation. He managed to free Frombork from the elector’s armies relatively quickly, whilst Braniewo was only left by Brandenburgian forces in October 1663. However, the threat from Brandenburg remained. When the Brandenburgian contingent was on its way to Ukraine, Warmia provided fodder and food, and when it returned it passed through the domain or nearb

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Makiłła, Dariusz. "The Prussian case in the Treaty of Oliwa of 3 May, 1660, Part 1. The end of hostilities and Brandenburg’s preparations for peace negotiations (1657–1659 / 1660)." Masuro-⁠Warmian Bulletin 299, no. 1 (2018): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134910.

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The conclusion of treaties by the Republic of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg in Welawa and Bydgoszcz in 1657 was a turning point in the Polish-Swedish war, begun in 1655. The elector of Brandenburg, Frederick Wilhelm, joined the anti-Swedish coalition in exchange for exemption from subordination to Prussia. Conducting a prudent and balanced policy, he aimed to increase his political position through both military participation and diplomatic efforts. The goal of Frederick Wilhelm’s policy was to achieve the greatest possible benefits in the ongoing war, including acquiring territorial g

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Krawczuk, Wojciech. "Z nadzieją na powrót – perspektywa badań nad uchodźcami ze Skandynawii w Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów za panowania Zygmunta III." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 2 (2021): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.021.13858.

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Hoping for a return: The perspectives in research on refugees from Scandinavia in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of Sigismund III After the Swedish Civil War of 1598 hundreds of exiles left their home country and fled to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, hoping for the protection of king Sigismund. Composition of this group and ways the refugees were helped are known thanks to the conducted research. The king could not support exiles too openly because of the gentry’s reluctance to strangers, but they received general salary and small privileges. However, many actions of

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8

Koscielniak, Karol. "Battle of Poznan of 19 August 1704 between the Saxon and Swedish Armies." Economics, Politics and Regional Development 1, no. 2 (2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eprd.v1n2p1.

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The battle of Pozna? between the Swedish army commanded by Johann August Meijerfelt and the Saxon army commanded by general Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg began at the dawn of 19 August 1704. The Saxon general had a major advantage in terms of army strength. He was therefore able to push back the Swedish army from the city, but did not capture the tower. The lack of broader researcher interest and the relatively high number of remaining source materials contributed to the tackling the subject. It is worth shedding light on all events that faded into the historical abyss and are forgotten,

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Paweł, Krokosz. "Difficult alliance. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia against Sweden during the Great Northern War (1700–1721) – an introduction to the problematic." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0139.

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Abstract With the outbreak of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was officially outside the fighting parties (Denmark, Saxony and Russia against Sweden), despite the fact that the main burden of hostilities was on its territory. It was only in 1704 that its representatives concluded an agreement with Russia and in the following years they undertook a joint fight against the Swedish king Charles XII and the Polish and Lithuanian nobility cooperating with him. Soon the alliance turned out to be “difficult” for both sides. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth obt

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Sjökvist, Peter. "On Literary Spoils of War in Private Libraries. The Case of Rålamb at Länna Gård." Biblioteka, no. 27 (36) (March 7, 2024): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/b.2023.27.2.

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After arriving in Sweden, the literary spoils of war taken from Poznań in the Swedish deluge in the 1650s ended up in the private country house library of nobleman Clas Rålamb (1622–1698), who had been sent by Swedish King Charles X Gustavus (reigned 1654–1660) to manage the difficult situation in this Polish town while it was under Swedish command. With the help of a still extant inventory from the 1690s drawn up at the country house before the books were donated to Uppsala University Library, where they remain today, the contents and possible arrangement of this library are briefly described

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Durek, Ewa. "Exporting art under Polish law." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia de Securitate 13, no. 2 (2023): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/26578549.13.2.10.

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One of the best ways to promote an artist is to sell his work to a famous, international collection. There are strong voices in law and art economy, claiming that Polish legal regulation regarding art export is unnecessarily strict and complicated, which results in suppressed promotion of arts and cultural development. In the following article, I am exploring this problem by analyzing current Polish legal regulations as well as contemporary cases relevant to the topic. I am also investigating the problem by delving into Polish history, especially the aftermath of the Swedish Deluge and World W

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12

Olsson, Sven-Olof. "Swedish-Polish trade negotiations at the end of the second world war and their results." Scandinavian Economic History Review 36, no. 2 (1988): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.1988.10408115.

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13

Augusiewicz, Sławomir. "Swedish sources for the campaign of Field Marshal Otto Gustav Stenbock in Prussia and the Battle of Filipow (22 X 1656)." Masuro-⁠Warmian Bulletin 301, no. 3 (2018): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134883.

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The diary of Gustav Otto Stenbock from the Royal Prussia campaign in autumn 1656 and the account of the battle of Filipów (22.10.1656) are in the Riksarkivet archive in Stockholm. They have not yet been used in the study of the Polish-Swedish War of 1655–1660. In many places, correlating with the relevant fragment of the work of Samuel Pufendorf on the wars of Charles X Gustav, they introduce new details: the chronology of the initial phase of the Stenbock campaign and the composition of the division led by the Lithuanian field marshal Wincenty Gosiewski. In the latter case, it is not certain

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Gawron, Przemysław. "Organizational transformations of the Crown Army during the war of the Vistula mouth, 1626–1629." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (30) (2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.203.

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The article explores the organizational transformations of the Crown army during the war with Sweden in the years 1626–1629. On the basis of fiscal sources, correspondence, and war accounts, the author established that the number of Sigismund III’s troops increased. In 1629 they were more numerous in Prussia than the combined armies in Prussia and in Ukraine three years earlier. Positional warfare with the Swedes, who had a considerable number of well-trained infantry and perfect artillery, required a change in the structure of the army, over half of which during hostilities consisted of drago

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Łazuga, Waldemar. "W kręgu mitu habsburskiego. Alicja Ankarcrona – Badeni – Habsburg – Altenburg (1889–1985)." Galicja. Studia i materiały 6 (2020): 375–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2020.6.18.

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Alicja Ankarcrona lived in Stockholm, Brussels, Busko, Lviv, Vienna and Żywiec. She belonged to the European elite of the elites of the turn of the 19th and the 20th century. The Swedish aristocrat who married the Polish count and, after his death, married the Habsburg archduke. She did not stop being a Swede when she became Polish. She did not stop being Polish when during WWI she tied the knot with the Habsburg from Żywiec. She belonged to “the Beautiful Era”. In her life she experienced emperors and kings, two world wars and times of dictatorship but mentally never left that era. She was a

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Turos, Maria Joanna. "Walki o Warszawę 6–7 IX 1831 – oczami medyków widziane." Medycyna Nowożytna 27, no. 1 (2021): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12311960mn.21.002.14215.

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The last days of the Polish-Russian war of 1831 are the storming of Warsaw. This fact is generally perceived through the prism of military operations, but no less important was the operation of the military health service headed by Karol Kaczkowski acting as the chief staff doctor. Risking his own life, he rushed to help soldiers injured in combat, along with his subordinate medics, including foreigners. After the capitulation of the capital, the Russians who entered the city treated the wounded and sick with all brutality. Traces have survived, among others in the little-known in Poland diary

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Eilbart, Natalia. "Polish Notes on Moscow Documents of the Time of Troubles: Historical and Linguistic Analysis." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.2.6.

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Introduction. The article analyzes Polish markings made on documents of Moscow origin during the Time of Troubles. Materials. For analysis we took documents stored in the archives of St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (petitions of nobles, merchants and peasants to Moscow princes, King Sigismund III and Prince Vladislav), as well as documents from the Smolensk archive, which are located in the State Archives of Sweden (Riksarkivet). Two categories of documents stand out: petitions of Moscow nobles addressed to King Sigismund III and Prince Vladislav, as well

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Pludra-Żuk, Paulina. "Manuscript waste in reconstructing book collections of medieval Elbląg." Fragmentology 4 (December 16, 2021): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24446/g5uh.

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Medieval manuscript collections on the territory of Teutonic Prussia have been particularly affected by numerous unfortunate events in modern history, such as Polish-Swedish wars and the turmoil after World War II. Still, the attempts to reconstruct the local collections may shed new light on the intellectual history of this historical region. To this date this kind of research was based mostly on the preserved manuscripts with Prussian origin or provenance, that is to say produced or used on the territory of Prussia, currently held in Polish or foreign libraries and on the evidence on the los

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19

Kicińska, Urszula. "Beyond the Standards of the Epoch – The Phenomenon of Elżbieta Sieniawska Née Lubomirska and Anna Katarzyna Radziwiłł née Sanguszko based on Selected Aspects of Their Economic Activities in Times of Political Unrest in the Saxon Era." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2020-0118.

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Abstract At the turn of the eighteenth century, the political and economic situation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was difficult and unstable. This period was brimming with military conflicts, the most important of which was the Great Northern War, and contributed to devastation and impoverishment in many areas of the country. The post-war damage in cities and villages could be felt among civilians for many years. While women did not take part in military operations directly, they were interested in the reports from the war front, they caught up on political news, and sometimes persona

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KRESIN, OLEKSIY. "Ukrainian-Swedish Relations and Treaties of the XVII–XVIII Centuries." Право України, no. 2020/02 (2020): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.33498/louu-2020-02-291.

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It can be said that Sweden’s appeal to Ukraine during the Thirty Years War (1618–1648) and the formation of an imperial state was quite understandable: Ukraine was the enemy of Sweden’s enemies. But the peculiarities of political and economic development of Sweden and its allies caused their claims to the West Ukrainian and Belarus lands. This made it impossible to conclude a full-fledged political treaty. The like situation is with Ukrainian-Swedish relations in 1708–1709, when Sweden was a guarantor of possession of West Ukrainian lands by Polish-Lithuanian state. Ukrainian-Swedish treaties

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Juga, Oleksandr. "Acceptance of Swedish Protection by J. Radziwill in 1655: Contemporaries’ Assessments and Hetman’ Motives." Ukraina Lithuanica. Studìï z ìstorìï Velikogo knâzìvstva Litovsʹkogo 2021, no. 6 (2021): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ul2021.06.072.

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The article highlights the perception and assessments of contemporaries of the Grand Hetman of Lithuania Janusz Radziwill's acceptance of Swedish protection in 1655 and examines the reasons for such a step by the Hetman through the prism of his own vision and understanding of the then difficult situation of the principality and ways out. It is determined that after the attack of Swedish troops on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the summer of 1655, the situation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania deteriorated sharply, as its territory became the epicenter of military confrontation (at the sa

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Jaworski, Paweł. "The beginning of revolution of the ”Solidarity” in Poland as seen by the Swedish media (August–September 1980)." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 9, no. 1 (2017): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v9i1_2.

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This article is a case study on the role of media during the Cold War era. The aim is to present the effects of the ventures of Swedish journalists in Poland during the strike of summer 1980 and in its aftermath when the Polish authorities decided to accept the creation of a new trade union independent from the communist regime. How these events were interpreted and what kind of the future was predicted? The article will demonstrate that the creation and development of ”Solidarity” Trade Union was received with a great interest in Sweden as well as in other western countries. Besides, it prove

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Żelichowski, Ryszard. "Poles and Finns under Russian rule." Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej 8 (December 30, 2019): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2300-0562.08.03.

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An attempt to compare Russian Tsar Alexander I was the head of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which the Russian army captured in 1809 as a result of the Russo-Swedish war. The final act of the Congress of Vienna of June 1815 decided to establish the Kingdom of Poland. Beside the title of Grand Duke of Finland tsar, Alexander I was awarded the title of the King of Poland. From that moment on, for over one hundred years, the fate of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland was intertwined during the rule of five Russian tsars. The aim of this paper is to answer the question whethe

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Łopatecki, Karol, and Wojciech Krawczuk. "The Swedish plan of the Siege of Krakow in 1655." Scandinavian Philology 19, no. 2 (2021): 400–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2021.212.

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In this article we present an unknown map of Krakow and its surroundings with an attached description in Swedish, which is stored in the Riksarkivet, the National Archives of Sweden (Stockholm). We are scrutinizing the circumstances in which this work came into being, which indicates that the source was created between 1 and 7 October 1655, making it the oldest known map with an attached legend presenting not only Krakow, but also the adjacent towns of Kleparz and Kazimierz and the suburb of Stradom. This document was attached to an unpreserved letter that was probably sent to the Scandinavian

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Pister, Aleksandra. "Printed Music as a Medium of International Representation for the Magnates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: A Case Study of Music Prints Dedicated to Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Aleksander Chodkiewicz." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 49 (July 4, 2022): 8–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.49.1.

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The article deals with the collections of printed music dedicated to the distinguished nobles, statesmen and military commanders of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania, brothers Jan Karol and Aleksander Chodkiewicz. These collections were printed in Venice in the beginning of the 17th century and dedicated to the Lithuanian magnates by Italian composers Giovanni Valentini and Giulio Osculati. However, it was not in their home country where composers became acquainted with the above-mentioned noblemen who had studied and travelled extensively in Italy but in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In fac

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Kłonczyński, Arnold. "Woman, Mother, Polish Woman. The Evolution of Attitudes of Polish Women in Sweden 1945–1989 from the Emigrant Perspective." Studia Historica Gedanensia 14 (2023): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.23.020.18821.

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Polish emigrant communities scattered around the world have been usually dominated by men. The Polish diaspora in Sweden was exceptional, for in the years 1945–1989 the majority was made up of women. In 1945, they constituted 90% of the community. The next four waves of emigration resulted in an influx of women who tried to define their role in a new reality of emigration. The high number of women in the Polish immigrant community continued and in 1980 they constituted 62% of this community. The clash with new economic conditions, sometimes social declassing, resulted in the redefinition of fe

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Kopiczko, Andrzej. "Catholic churches and ministry in Malbork in the years 1525–1772." Masuro-⁠Warmian Bulletin 287, no. 1 (2015): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-142669.

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The article presents the history of the Catholic churches, operating in Malbork in the early modern period. Most attention was paid to the parish St. John the Evangelist, which – with short breaks in the second half of the sixteenth century and during the First Swedish-Polish War – remained in the hands of Catholics. With post-visit protocols learn about repairs carried out, the order of worship and involvement of the clergy. On the basis of the preserved since 1700 year vital records we can conclude that each year about 200 children was baptized and was contained from 50 to 150 weddings. Sinc

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Smyrnov, I., O. Lyubitseva, and N. Belousova. "POLISH REGION OF ROZTOCZE: UKRAINIAN-POLISH COOPERATION POTENTIAL IN SPHERE OF RECREATION AND TOURISM." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 76-77 (2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2020.76-77.3.

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The recreational and tourist potential of Roztocze, a region in the south-east of Poland, bordering on Ukraine, its tourist specialization and opportunities for the development of cooperation with Ukraine in the field of recreation and tourism have been revealed. The resource base of the Roztocze region for the formation of its modern tourist specialization, in particular, gastronomic, urban, rural green, pedestrian, literary, historical- cognitive and military types of tourism has been studied. The specifics of gastronomic tourism in the region, which is based on a rather specific agricultura

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Sibul, Karin. "Interpretive Communities: Estonia’s Case Study." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 4 (March 5, 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2014.17470.

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This paper discusses Stanley Fish’s notion of interpretive communities, based on interviews conducted with interpreters who operated in Estonia from 1944 to 1991 while Estonia was a Soviet republic. 43 semi-structured convergent interviews were conducted: 21 with people who worked as interpreters and 22 with people who recruited interpreters or worked with an interpreter during this period.This study has presented a new perspective for the consideration of interpretive communities as defined by Stanley Fish. It has demonstrated the applicability of the notion on the basis of interviews conduct

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Giloh, Mordechay. "Splittringen mellan polska judiska och icke-judiska överlevande från koncentrationsläger. Det svenska samhällets reaktioner våren och sommaren 1945." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 27, no. 1 (2016): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.67604.

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När ungefär 20 000 överlevande från nazisternas koncentrationsläger togs emot i Sverige under våren och sommaren 1945 visste flyktingpersonalen och beslutfattarna bland svenska myndigheter mycket litet om deras bakgrund, kultur och etnicitet. I början dominerade inställningen att antagonismen mellan judar och icke-judar från Polen var en religiös eller etnisk ömsesidig motsättning. Efter ett par månader mognade insikten om splittringen i två separata polska identiteter, samtidigt som antisemitismen hos icke-judiska polacker började nämnas vid sitt rätta namn. En liberalare samhällssyn, flyktin

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Kolpakov, Maksim Yur'evich, and Dmitry Vladimirovich Mikheev. "The everyday life of the Pskov borderland at the dawn of the Peter the Great era." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 5 (May 2022): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.5.38145.

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The subject of the study is the daily routine of the Pskov border region in the description of foreign travelers who visited the Russian state at the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great. The testimonies of travelers, diplomats and the military allow to trace the first changes related to the road infrastructure, the attitude towards foreigners and the way of life of the local population observed in the last quarter of the XVII century. The impression that the Pskov road made on travelers often left its indelible imprint on the entire perception of the Russian state by foreigners, and thro

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Sliesoriūnas, Gintautas. "Jonušas Antanas Višnioveckis apie motinos, brolio ir savo politinių akcijų motyvus (1700–1707 m.)." XVIII amžiaus studijos T. 7: Giminė. Bendrija. Grupuotė, T. 7 (December 31, 2021): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/23516968-007001.

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JANUSZ ANTONI WIŚNIOWIECKI ON THE MOTIVES OF POLITICAL ACTIONS BY HIS MOTHER, BROTHER AND HIS OWN (1700–1707) At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the dukes Wiśniowiecki rose to the ranks of the most influential nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Their interests, political actions, as well as disagreements or frictions within the family, had a significant impact on the course of political life in Lithuanian and Polish state at the time. The state was going through a period of shocks. Lithuania was overwhelmed by the civil war – a majority of the nobility revolted against the hegemo

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Hamrin-Dahl, Tina. "This-worldly and other-worldly: a holocaust pilgrimage." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 22 (January 1, 2010): 122–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67365.

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This story is about a kind of pilgrimage, which is connected to the course of events which occurred in Częstochowa on 22 September 1942. In the morning, the German Captain Degenhardt lined up around 8,000 Jews and commanded them to step either to the left or to the right. This efficient judge from the police force in Leipzig was rapid in his decisions and he thus settled the destinies of thousands of people. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the town (renamed Tschenstochau) had been occupied by Nazi Germany, and incorporated into the General Government. The Nazis marched into Częstochowa

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Biskri, Mounir, and Samir Guettas. "Western Sahara: the stalemate of the issue and the continuation of the state of no war and no peace." Technium Social Sciences Journal 36 (October 8, 2022): 504–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v36i1.7396.

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This article attempts to provide insight into the long-standing subject of Western Sahara through analysis and criticism. In comparison, all international and regional efforts failed to resolve this situation. That has remained constant since 1975. As a result, this paper will explore the magnitude of this issue, its roots, and the reasons for its decades-long stagnation. On this premise, we have split the subject into four essential elements, which are as follows: The Western Sahara issue is a zero-sum strategy game between the conflicting parties. The involvement of major powers in the issue

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Galofaro, Francesco. "Beneath Thy Protection: Portrait of the Holy Virgin as a semantic operator." Sign Systems Studies 51, no. 2 (2023): 376–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2023.51.2.09.

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Starting from the third century, many songs, prayers, and icons testify to the way the Virgin Mary – Mother of God – has been attributed the role of protecting the community. Examples include the Akhathist hymn traditionally dated to the siege of Constantinople (626), the Polish anthem “Bogurodzica”, associated with the battle of Grunwald (1410), the icon of Częstochowa that protected Poland from the Swedish invasion (1655), and numerous others. The role of menace is embodied by different enemies: infidels, heretics, or atheists. The Virgin watches over the frontier between two cultural spaces

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Potiomka, Roman. "The Activities of the Scotsman Patrick Gordon in Kyiv (Based on the Materials of the Diary of 1684–1685)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 73 (2024): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2024.73.05.

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Patrick Gordon entered the history of Eastern Europe as a companion of Peter I, commander of the Chyhyryn campaign of 1678, one of many foreign officers who formed regiments of foreign troops in the Muscovite state. Patrick Gordon came from a wealthy family in Aberdeen County, Scotland. Patrick’s childhood took place during the Civil War in England 1642–1651, so at the age of 16, Gordon’s parents sent Patrick to study at the Jesuit college in Braunsberg (now the city of Braniewo, Poland). Later, Patrick Gordon began his military career in the Swedish and then in the Polish armies and distingui

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Artamonov, V. A. "Proclamation of the All-Russian Empire – the Beginning of the Way to the Great Power Status." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 2 (2022): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-2-83-51-68.

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Many historians believe that Russia became a great power either as a result of the Poltava victory in 1709, or after the Nystadt Peace of 1721. It is difficult to agree with this. Peter the Great’s rule indeed produced a combat-ready regular army, a guard, an officer corps, a navy with shipyards, military bases, and coastal artillery. There was an upsurge in the metallurgical industry and mining. Schools with high-quality military and secular education, the Academy of Sciences, the Senate, and the Synod were established. St. Petersburg was founded. Talented and enterprising individuals were pr

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Krotov, P. A. "Russia of PeterI: Gaining Great Power Status." MGIMO Review of International Relations 14, no. 6 (2021): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-6-81-30-48.

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The article focuses on the issue of the international status of Russia during the reign of Peter the Great, which progressed from regional power in Eurasia to great power. It seeks to establish when and how Russia officially became a great power. The Poltava victory over the Swedish army (1709) showed that Russia had created the military-industrial poten- tial necessary for great power. The tsar gradually prepared the conditions for the proclama- tion of Russia as an empire and himself as an emperor. Arguably, the recognition of the title by the European states cannot be the main criterion for

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Sauter, Willmar. "Janina Ludawska in memoriam (1921–2019)." Pamiętnik Teatralny 69, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.36744/pt.146.

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The author presents his personal recollections of Janina Ludawska, a Polish theatre scholar of Jewish origins who passed away in 2019 in Stockholm. Ludawska spent a significant part of her life in Sweden, where she found refuge during the war when she studied chemistry. She returned to Warsaw after the war and she started taking an interest in the theatre. In the late 1940s and early 1950s she studied in Moscow in The Russian Institute of Theatre Arts (GITIS). Back in Poland, she devoted her energy to the establishment of a new Polish theatre. When the anti-Semitic policy of the communist gove

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"Economic violence or the law of war? Swedish contributions from the period of the Great Northern War as an example of extraordinary provisions imposed on the residents of the cities within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth." Przegląd Historyczny 111, no. 3 (2020): 557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36693/202003p.557-569.

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The literature on the subject mentions three kinds of levies imposed in the early modern era. The first was a regular tax for the benefit of the army, irrespective of whether it was an occupying, neutral or friendly force; its amount depended on the property of the individual in question. The second type, called Brandschatzung in German, was usually a one-off payment aimed at securing the area seized by the occupier against looting or destruction. The third type, the so-called Kontribution, was imposed by the occupier depending on the needs of the army. Its payment deadline was short, so it wa

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Kopiec, Jan. "Papal diplomacy in the face of the dispute for the throne of Poland in the years 1704 1709." Nasza Przeszłość 138, no. 2 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.52204/np.2022.138.2.73-96.

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The following article focuses on an opinion of papal diplomacy on Stanisław Leszczyński, a rival of Augustus II, at the dispute for the throne of Poland at the beginning of the 18th century. Polish society was then divided into two political camps, which caused chaos in the country. Since the reign of Stanisław Leszczyński was considered illegal, papal diplomacy recognised absent Augustus II as the king of Poland and maintained official relationship with the Sandomierz Confederation, yet contacts with the Leszczyński’s camp were not broken off.During the preparations for the war with Sweden, T

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Ryabov, Sergey. "A Letter from John III of Sweden to King Charles IX of France: A New Source for the History of the Baltic Wars." Quaestio Rossica 11, no. 3 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/qr.2023.3.825.

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The letter of King John III of Sweden to King Charles IX of France from October 13, 1568, covers several subjects of the history of Baltic wars in the second half of the sixteenth century. What is most noticeable among them is the reasons why John III’s brother King Eric XIV was overthrown in September 1568, the plot against John of Finland to hand over Catherine Jagiellon, his wife and sister of Sigismund II Augustus, the Polish king, and grand duke of Lithuania, to the Russian czar Ivan the Terrible, as well as the period when the Northern Seven Years’ War ended. After his accession to the t

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"The Perspectives Of The Cities Evolution In Poland." Auspicia 2/2023 XX, no. 2 (2024): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36682/a_2023_2_3.

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Urban development is determined not only by geographical and demographic factors, but also by economic, social, systemic, and legal ones. The process of granting town statutes and privileges in the Middle Ages and implementation of the Magdeburg rights were crucial for the foundation of cities in Poland. Cities were distinguished from settlement units by having borough rights. The modern age was a period of decline in the political importance of cities and then their destruction, especially during the Swedish Deluge. The restoration, which began in the mid-18th century, was interrupted by the

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Staender, Anna, and Edda Humprecht. "Topics (Disinformation)." DOCA - Database of Variables for Content Analysis, March 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34778/4d.

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The topic variable is used in research on disinformation to analyze thematic differences in the content of false news, rumors, conspiracies, etc. Those topics are frequently based on national news agendas, i.e. producers of disinformation address current national or world events (e.g. elections, immigration, etc.) (Humprecht, 2019). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Topics are a central yet under-researched aspect of research on online disinformation (Freelon & Wells, 2020). The research interest is to find out which topics are taken up and spread by disinformation producers. Th

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