Journal articles: 'Swimmer's itch'

1

Pilz, J., S. Eisele, and R. Disko. "Zerkariendermatitis (swimmer's itch)." Der Hautarzt 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001050050262.

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Żbikowska, Elżbieta, Anna Stanicka, Anna Cichy, and Janusz Żbikowski. "Can Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda) affect the prevalence of Trichobilharzia szidati in Lymnaea stagnalis populations?" Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 422 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2021014.

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Swimmer's itch is an emerging disease caused by bird schistosomes affecting people all over the world. Lymnaeidae − main host snails in Europe − are the source of harmful cercariae of these zoonotic parasites. The aim of this work was to determine whether Polish lakes, inhabited by Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843), result in a lower potential risk of swimmer's itch compared to lakes uninhabited by this non-native snail species. As a result of the dilution effect created by increasing the diversity of co-occurring non-host targets for miracidia, the risk of this zoonosis may be reduced. We studied the prevalence of digenean trematodes in Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) populations from 30 water bodies partly inhabited by P. antipodarum. The bird schistosome infection in snail hosts was found in five lakes inhabited and 11 lakes uninhabited by the non-native snails. The prevalence of these parasitesin host snail populations in the lakes uninhabited was significantly higher than in lakes inhabited by P. antipodarum. We conclude that P. antipodarum seems to be a good potential target for reducing the risk of swimmer's itch via the dilution effect. We expect from our point of view to stimulate a discussion on the use of this species to protect bathing areas against the threat of swimmer's itch.

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Baird, J. Kevin, and Douglas J. Wear. "12 Cercarial dermatitis: The swimmer's itch." Clinics in Dermatology 5, no. 3 (July 1987): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0738-081x(87)80013-5.

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Tremaine, Anne Marie, Darren E. Whittemore, Aron J. Gewirtzman, Brenda L. Bartlett, Natalia Mendoza, Ronald P. Rapini, and Stephen K. Tyring. "An unusual case of swimmer's itch." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 60, no. 1 (January 2009): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.060.

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Taverne, Janice. "Journals, Sex Life and Swimmer's Itch Online." Parasitology Today 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01588-4.

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Verbrugge, Lois M., Jeanette J. Rainey, Ronald L. Reimink, and Harvey D. Blankespoor. "PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF SWIMMER'S ITCH INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY." Journal of Parasitology 90, no. 4 (August 2004): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-237r.

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7

Burkhart, Craig G., and Craig N. Burkhart. "Swimmer's itch: An assessment proposing possible treatment with ivermectin." International Journal of Dermatology 42, no. 11 (November 2003): 917–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01945.x.

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8

Soldánová, Miroslava, Christian Selbach, Martin Kalbe, Aneta Kostadinova, and Bernd Sures. "Swimmer's itch: etiology, impact, and risk factors in Europe." Trends in Parasitology 29, no. 2 (February 2013): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2012.12.002.

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9

Żbikowska, Elżbieta. "Is there a potential danger of "swimmer's itch in Poland?" Parasitology Research 89, no. 1 (December 1, 2002): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-002-0684-6.

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Stanicka, Anna, Łukasz Migdalski, Kamila Stefania Zając, Anna Cichy, Dorota Lachowska-Cierlik, and Elżbieta Żbikowska. "The genus Bilharziella vs. other bird schistosomes in snail hosts from one of the major recreational lakes in Poland." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 422 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2021013.

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Bird schistosomes are commonly established as the causative agent of swimmer's itch − a hyper-sensitive skin reaction to the penetration of their infective larvae. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of the genus Bilharziella in comparison to other bird schistosome species from Lake Drawsko − one of the largest recreational lakes in Poland, struggling with the huge problem of swimmer's itch. In total, 317 specimens of pulmonate snails were collected and examined. The overall digenean infection was 35.33%. The highest bird schistosome prevalence was observed for Bilharziella sp. (4.63%) in Planorbarius corneus, followed by Trichobilharzia szidati (3.23%) in Lymnaea stagnalis and Trichobilharzia sp. (1.3%) in Stagnicola palustris. The location of Bilharziella sp. on the presented phylogeny showed that it is with high probability a different species than known so far B. polonica. Our finding complements the confirmed occurrence of bird schistosomes in European water bodies. Overall, presented research reveals the special importance of P. corneus as a source of the bird schistosome cercariae. This study suggests that the health threat connected with the blood flukes need to be further investigated by constant monitoring of their occurrence in intermediate hosts.

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Kolářová, L., K. Skirnisson, and P. Horák. "Schistosome cercariae as the causative agent of swimmer's itch in Iceland." Journal of Helminthology 73, no. 3 (March 1999): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x99000335.

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During late summer in 1995 to 1997, repeated outbreaks of maculopapular skin eruptions were noted on the legs of children after wading in the pond in the Family Park in Laugardalur, Reykjavík, Iceland. Clinical symptoms developing on the legs resembled those of cercarial dermatitis. An examination ofLymnaea peregrasnails from this pond and from the adjacent Lake Tjornin resulted in detection of previously undescribed schistosome cercariae. This is the first report of schistosomes in Iceland and also the most northern occurrence of these parasites in Europe.

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12

Soleng, A., and R. Mehl. "Geographical distribution of cercarial dermatitis in Norway." Journal of Helminthology 85, no. 3 (November 12, 2010): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x10000672.

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AbstractBird schistosomes can cause a disease called cercarial dermatitis, or swimmer's itch, in humans. The disease occurs when people have direct contact with fresh water or sea water containing the free-swimming cercariae of the flukes. The symptoms are well known, and include intense itching, maculae, papulae, urticariae and, in some cases, local oedema with enlarged lymph nodes and fever. In this study, we present the geographical distribution of freshwater cercarial dermatitis in Norway. The study is based on random reports obtained from both individuals and physicians treating patients with itching skin rash after freshwater bathing. The first case of cercarial dermatitis in Norway was reported in 1980 and was traced to a lake near Trondheim in the central part of Norway. In the following years, an increasing number of cases were reported, especially in southern Norway. However, case reports are distributed almost all over the country, even from lakes in northern Norway. As far as we know, these are the northernmost case reports in Europe. So far, only one fluke species (Trichobilharzia franki) from a single infected snail (Radixauricularia) has been identified in Norway. However, unidentified schistosomatid ocellate cercariae have been found on several occasions in snails collected from six lakes where swimmer's itch is frequently reported. Future studies should be performed to identify the fluke species, as well as the most important snail and bird hosts, in Norwegian lakes.

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13

Żbikowska, Elżbieta, and Anna Marszewska. "Thermal preferences of bird schistosome snail hosts increase the risk of swimmer's itch." Journal of Thermal Biology 78 (December 2018): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.023.

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14

Skírnisson, K., J. A. Aldhoun, and L. Kolářová. "A review on swimmer's itch and the occurrence of bird schistosomes in Iceland." Journal of Helminthology 83, no. 2 (June 2009): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09336408.

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AbstractIn the past decade, swimmer's itch (SI) has repeatedly occurred in people who have been wading or bathing in ponds or lakes in Iceland where water birds and snails are abundant. Some of the affected sites were warmed by geothermal activity, and others were not. A search for the causative agent of SI, ocellate furcocercariae that have been found in Iceland only in Radix peregra snails, revealed an average infection prevalence of 1.4% (n = 12,432). Locally, infection rates commonly exceeded 6%, the highest value observed being 24.5%. A search for adult schistosomes in visceral organs and the nasal cavities of 110 water birds belonging to the orders Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes and Anseriformes revealed eggs, miracidia or adult stages of at least seven previously identifiable schistosome species in four anseriform bird species. A previously unknown species of schistosome, Allobilharzia visceralis, was detected in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus), and classified in a new genus. In mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) a nasal Trichobilharzia sp. and the visceral schistosome T. franki were identified. In red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator), distinct egg types belonging to two species of the genus Trichobilharzia have been found. In grey-lag goose (Anser anser) two different egg types were also found – a large Trichobilharzia sp. and small eggs of a Dendritobilharzia sp. Additionally, unidentified cercariae, probably belonging to a previously undescribed genus were detected in R. peregra in Oslandsstjörn. Taken together, the data obtained by morphological examination of eggs and recent DNA sequencing results, indicate that at least eight species of bird schistosomes occur in Iceland.

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15

De Liberato, Claudio, Federica Berrilli, Teresa Bossù, Adele Magliano, Margherita Montalbano Di Filippo, David Di Cave, Mariano Sigismondi, Annunziata Cannavacciuolo, and Paola Scaramozzino. "Outbreak of swimmer's itch in Central Italy: Description, causative agent and preventive measures." Zoonoses and Public Health 66, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zph.12570.

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16

Sckrabulis, Jason P., Alan R. Flory, and Thomas R. Raffel. "Direct onshore wind predicts daily swimmer's itch (avian schistosome) incidence at a Michigan beach." Parasitology 147, no. 4 (January 22, 2020): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000074.

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AbstractSwimmer's itch (SI) is a painful rash caused by skin penetration by free-swimming infectious cercariae of avian schistosomes, snail-borne helminth parasites related to the causative agents of human schistosomiasis. The goal of this study was to determine if commonly collected environmental data could be used to predict daily fluctuations in SI incidence at an inland beach in northwestern Michigan. Lifeguards collected daily data over four summers, including the number of self-reported SI cases, total swimmers, water temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Mixed-effects binomial regression revealed that wind direction, wind speed and time of day were the best predictors of daily SI risk. Swimmers entering the water in the morning or on days with direct onshore wind perpendicular to the shoreline had the greatest SI risk. However, there was a negative effect of wind speed after accounting for direction, where SI risk was greatest on days with a gentle breeze originating directly offshore. These results suggest that at this beach, direct onshore winds generate a surface-water current that causes SI cercariae to aggregate in the shallow waters used by swimmers. Data are needed from additional sites to confirm whether the onshore wind is a generally important driver of SI incidence.

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17

Lambertucci, J. R. "Acute schistosomiasis: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 35, no. 5 (October 1993): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651993000500003.

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Three distinct syndromes caused by schistosomiasis have been described: cercarial dermatitis or swimmer's itch, acute schistosomiasis or Katayama fever, and chronic schistosomiasis. Complications of acute schistosomiasis have also been reported. The absence of a serological marker for the acute stage has hindered early diagnosis and treatment. Recently, an ELISA test using KLH (keyhole limpet haemocyanin) as antigen, has proved useful in differentiating acute from chronic schistosomiasis mansoni. Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that steroids act synergistically with schistosomicides in the treatment of Katayama syndrome. In this paper, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features of acute schistosomiasis are updated.

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18

Picard, D., and O. Jousson. "Genetic variability among cecariae of the shistomatidae (Trematoda: Digenea) causing swimmer's itch in Europe." Parasite 8, no. 3 (September 2001): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2001083237.

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19

Brant, S. V., and E. S. Loker. "Schistosomes in the southwest United States and their potential for causing cercarial dermatitis or ‘swimmer's itch’." Journal of Helminthology 83, no. 2 (June 2009): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09308020.

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AbstractCercarial dermatitis or swimmer's itch results when cercariae of schistosomes penetrate human skin and initiate inflammatory responses. The parasites typically die in the skin but in some cases may persist and infect other organs. Cercarial dermatitis is caused by a complex and poorly known assemblage of schistosome species, and can occur in any location where people come in contact with water bodies harbouring schistosome-infected snails. In North America, most cases are reported from the upper Midwest. In south-western USA, this phenomenon has not been well studied, and it is not known which schistosome species are present, or if cercarial dermatitis occurs with any regularity. As part of our ongoing studies of schistosome diversity, using morphological traits and sequence data to differentiate species, we have thus far identified eight schistosome genetic lineages from snails from New Mexico and Colorado. We have investigated two cercarial dermatitis outbreaks, one occurring in Stubblefield Lake in northern New Mexico, and one in Prospect Lake in the heart of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The New Mexico outbreak involved either one or two different avian schistosome species, both transmitted by physid snails. The Colorado outbreak was due to Trichobilharzia brantae, a species transmitted by geese and the snail Gyraulus parvus. These outbreaks are in contrast to those in northern states where schistosomes infecting snails of the family Lymnaeidae are more often responsible for outbreaks. Our survey suggests that dermatitis-causing schistosomes are not rare in the southwest, and that there are plenty of opportunities for dermatitis outbreaks to occur in this region.

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20

Caron, Yannick, Ariane Cabaraux, Françoise Marechal, and Bertrand Losson. "Swimmer's Itch in Belgium: First Recorded Outbreaks, Molecular Identification of the Parasite Species and Intermediate Hosts." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 17, no. 3 (March 2017): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2016.2034.

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21

Selbach, Christian, Miroslava Soldánová, and Bernd Sures. "Estimating the risk of swimmer's itch in surface waters – A case study from Lake Baldeney, River Ruhr." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 219, no. 7 (October 2016): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.012.

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22

Rudko, Sydney P., Alyssa Turnbull, Ronald L. Reimink, Kelsey Froelich, and Patrick C. Hanington. "Species-specific qPCR assays allow for high-resolution population assessment of four species avian schistosome that cause swimmer's itch in recreational lakes." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 9 (August 2019): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.006.

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23

Kolářová, L., P. Horák, and K. Skírnisson. "Methodical approaches in the identification of areas with a potential risk of infection by bird schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis." Journal of Helminthology 84, no. 3 (January 27, 2010): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09990721.

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AbstractLarval stages (cercariae) of schistosomatid flukes represent the causative agents of swimmer's itch (cercarial dermatitis), a waterborne allergic disease. Cercariae of bird schistosomes are the most frequently reported agent. Recent studies on parasite behaviour in mammals showed that infections by cercariae can be linked to more than skin syndromes. Despite the failure of complete development in mammals, bird schistosomes can escape from the skin and migrate transitorily in the hosts. These findings brought novel insights into the fate and potential pathogenic effect of the parasites in non-compatible hosts, including humans. Cercarial dermatitis occurs globally and recently is considered to be re-emerging; however, there are no data on the number of afflicted persons per year. This might be explained by a relatively low interest in human skin infections arising after bathing in fresh water. In addition, the real occurrence of bird schistosomes in the field is known only for a few areas. The paucity of epidemiological/biogeographical data is probably caused by difficulties associated with detection of the parasites in intermediate and definitive hosts. Therefore, based on personal experience and data available in the literature, we have summarized methodological approaches enabling the detection of bird schistosomes in various hosts and environments.

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Hurley, M., MN Hearnden, D. Blair, and BH Kay. "Larval trematodes in freshwater snails at the Ross River Reservoir, northern Australia, with emphasis on Trichobilharzia sp(p)., causative agents of swimmer's itch." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 4 (1994): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940563.

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Prevalence of trematode cercariae within freshwater snails at the Ross River reservoir is presented, with special attention to Trichobilharzia sp(p). (Digenea:Schistosomatidae), known causative agents of schistosome dermatitis. Three pulmonate snails-a lymnaeid, Austropeplea lessoni, and two planorbids, Gyraulus gilberti and Amerianna carinata-and one prosobranch snail, Thiara balonnensis, were common in the reservoir. These snails were infected with trematode cercariae representing six different families. Both Austropeplea lessoni (4.5%) and G. gilberti (1.8%) act as intermediate hosts of Trichobilharzia sp(p). Trematode infection levels increased as snail size increased. The implication for surveillance techniques is that only the larger snails (A. lessoni > 10 mm, G. gilberti > 3 mm and Amerianna carinata >6 mm) require dissection to determine the prevalence of trematode infections.

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25

Jothikumar, Narayanan, Bonnie J. Mull, Sara V. Brant, Eric S. Loker, Jeremy Collinson, W. Evan Secor, and Vincent R. Hill. "Real-Time PCR and Sequencing Assays for Rapid Detection and Identification of Avian Schistosomes in Environmental Samples." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 12 (April 10, 2015): 4207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00750-15.

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ABSTRACTCercarial dermatitis, also known as swimmer's itch, is an allergenic skin reaction followed by intense itching caused by schistosome cercariae penetrating human skin. Cercarial dermatitis outbreaks occur globally and are frequently associated with freshwater lakes and are occasionally associated with marine or estuarine waters where birds reside year-round or where migratory birds reside. In this study, a broadly reactive TaqMan assay targeting 18S rRNA gene (ribosomal DNA [rDNA]) sequences that was based on a genetically diverse panel of schistosome isolates representing 13 genera and 20 species (the 18S rDNA TaqMan assay) was developed. A PCR assay was also developed to amplify a 28S rDNA region for subsequent sequencing to identify schistosomes. When applied to surface water samples seeded withSchistosoma mansonicercariae, the 18S rDNA TaqMan assay enabled detection at a level of 5S. mansonicercariae in 100 liters of lake water. The 18S rDNA TaqMan and 28S rDNA PCR sequencing assays were also applied to 100-liter water samples collected from lakes in Nebraska and Wisconsin where there were reported dermatitis outbreaks. Avian schistosome DNA was detected in 11 of 34 lake water samples using the TaqMan assay. Further 28S rDNA sequence analysis of positive samples confirmed the presence of avian schistosome DNA and provided a preliminary identification of the avian schistosomes in 10 of the 11 samples. These data indicate that the broadly schistosome-reactive TaqMan assay can be effective for rapid screening of large-volume water samples for detection of avian schistosomes, thereby facilitating timely response actions to mitigate or prevent dermatitis outbreaks. Additionally, samples positive by the 18S rDNA TaqMan assay can be further assayed using the 28S rDNA sequencing assay to both confirm the presence of schistosomes and contribute to their identification.

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Verbrugge, Lois M., Jeanette J. Rainey, Ronald L. Reimink, and Harvey D. Blankespoor. "Swimmer’s Itch: Incidence and Risk Factors." American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 5 (May 2004): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.5.738.

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27

Ridenour, Nancy. "Prevention Key to Managing Swimmer’s Itch." Nurse Practitioner 28, no. 11 (November 2003): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-200311000-00016.

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Chatterjee, P., P. Nandy, S. Chakraborty, and A. Bandyopadhyay. "Critical swim speed and metabolic activities in trained male and female swimmers after 400 m free style swimming with their full effort." Progress in Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5047.

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Purpose: This study was done to ascertain gender dif ferences in trained swimmers between their Critical S wim Speed (CSS). Certain metabolic responses, imme diately after 400 meters free style swimming (FSS), w ith maximum effort, were also studied. Methods: The analysis was conducted in trained swi mmers between 12- 18 years age. Height, weight, bod y fat quantity were estimated using standard techniqu es. CSS was measured for each swimmer. Blood samp les were taken within two minutes of 400 meters FSS, with maximum efforts. The blood creatinine, lactic ac id, serum calcium, serum urea and serum urea nitroge n were estimated using standard laboratory methods. Results: With the maximal effort of 400 meters FSS, values of hematological variables for both sexes were found to increase many folds than reference values. Si gnificant (p<0.05) gender differences were observed in CSS and blood creatinine. The positive significant (p<0.05) correlation was found between CSS and heig ht in the swimmers. For trained male swimmers signif icant positive correlations among CSS, blood urea an d serum urea nitrogen were found. Conclusions: This study reflects metabolic status of b oth trained male and female swimmers, after their full efforts. Besides blood creatinine no significant differe nces were observed in them. So it may conclude that e ffective physical training minimizes the metabolic de mands during their full efforts and gender differences could be overcome.

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Marszewska, Anna, Anna Cichy, Jana Bulantová, Petr Horák, and Elżbieta Żbikowska. "Potamopyrgus antipodarumas a potential defender against swimmer’s itch in European recreational water bodies—experimental study." PeerJ 6 (June 25, 2018): e5045. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5045.

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Swimmer’s itch is a re-emerging human disease caused by bird schistosome cercariae, which can infect bathing or working people in water bodies. Even if cercariae fail after penetrating the human skin, they can cause dangerous symptoms in atypical mammal hosts. One of the natural methods to reduce the presence of cercariae in the environment could lie in the introduction of non–host snail species to the ecosystem, which is known as the “dilution” or “decoy” effect. The caenogastropodPotamopyrgus antipodarum—an alien in Europe—could be a good candidate against swimmer’s itch because of its apparent resistance to invasion by European bird schistosome species and its high population density. As a pilot study on this topic, we have carried out a laboratory experiment on howP. antipodaruminfluences the infestation of the intermediate hostRadix balthica(a native lymnaeid) by the bird schistosomeTrichobilharzia regenti. We found that the co–exposure of 200P. antipodarumindividuals per oneR. balthicato theT. regentimiracidia under experimental conditions makes the infestation ineffective. Our results show that a non–host snail population has the potential to interfere with the transmission of a trematode via suitable snail hosts.

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Stanicka, Anna, Łukasz Migdalski, Katarzyna Szopieray, Anna Cichy, Łukasz Jermacz, Paola Lombardo, and Elżbieta Żbikowska. "Invaders as Diluents of the Cercarial Dermatitis Etiological Agent." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060740.

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Research on alien and invasive species focuses on the direct effects of invasion on native ecosystems, and the possible positive effects of their presence are most often overlooked. Our aim was to check the suitability of selected alien species (the snail Physa acuta, the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha, and the gammarid Dikerogammarus villosus) as diluents for infectious bird schistosome cercariae—the etiological factor of swimmer’s itch. It has been hypothesized that alien species with different feeding habits (scrapers, filterers and predators) that cohabit the aquatic environment with intermediate hosts of the schistosomatid trematodes are capable of feeding on their free-swimming stages—cercariae. In the laboratory conditions used, all experimental animals diluted the cercariae of bird schistosome. The most effective diluents were P. acuta and D. villosus. However, a wide discrepancy in the dilution of the cercariae between replicates was found for gammarids. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that increased biodiversity, even when alien species are involved, creates the dilution effect of the free-living stages of parasites. Determining the best diluent for bird schistosome cercariae could greatly assist in the development of current bathing areas protection measures against swimmer’s itch.

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Rudko, Sydney P., Ronald L. Reimink, Kelsey Froelich, Michelle A. Gordy, Curtis L. Blankespoor, and Patrick C. Hanington. "Use of qPCR-Based Cercariometry to Assess Swimmer’s Itch in Recreational Lakes." EcoHealth 15, no. 4 (August 17, 2018): 827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-018-1362-1.

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32

Marszewska, Anna, Anna Cichy, Jana Bulantová, Petr Horák, and Elżbieta Żbikowska. "The chemotactic swimming behavior of bird schistosome miracidia in the presence of compatible and incompatible snail hosts." PeerJ 8 (July 16, 2020): e9487. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9487.

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No effective method has yet been developed to prevent the threat posed by the emerging disease—cercarial dermatitis (swimmer’s itch), caused by infective cercariae of bird schistosomes (Digenea: Schistosomatidae). In our previous studies, the New Zealand mud snail—Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1853; Gastropoda, Tateidae)—was used as a barrier between the miracidia of Trichobilharzia regenti and the target snails Radix balthica. Since the presence of non-indigenous snails reduced the parasite prevalence under laboratory conditions, we posed three new research questions: (1) Do bird schistosomes show totally perfect efficacy for chemotactic swimming behavior? (2) Do the larvae respond to substances emitted by incompatible snail species? (3) Do the excretory-secretory products of incompatible snail species interfere with the search for a compatible snail host? The experiments were carried out in choice-chambers for the miracidia of T. regenti and T. szidati. The arms of the chambers, depending on the variant, were filled with water conditioned by P. antipodarum, water conditioned by lymnaeid hosts, and dechlorinated tap water. Miracidia of both bird schistosome species chose more frequently the water conditioned by snails—including the water conditioned by the incompatible lymnaeid host and the alien species, P. antipodarum. However, species-specific differences were noticed in the behavior of miracidia. T. regenti remained more often inside the base arm rather than in the arm filled with water conditioned by P. antipodarum or the control arm. T. szidati, however, usually left the base arm and moved to the arm filled with water conditioned by P. antipodarum. In conclusion, the non-host snail excretory-secretory products may interfere with the snail host-finding behavior of bird schistosome miracidia and therefore they may reduce the risk of swimmer’s itch.

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&NA;, &NA;. "Control of Swimmer??s Itch Depends on Quick Recognition, Public Education." Nurse Practitioner 17, no. 8 (August 1992): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199208000-00009.

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Marszewska, Anna, Anna Cichy, Tomasz Heese, and Elżbieta Żbikowska. "The real threat of swimmers’ itch in anthropogenic recreational water body of the Polish Lowland." Parasitology Research 115, no. 8 (April 15, 2016): 3049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5060-z.

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Northcote, T. G., and B. Luksun. "Restoration and Environmental Sustainability of a Small British Columbia Urban Lake." Water Quality Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1992.024.

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Abstract Deer Lake and its watershed, entirely within the municipality of Burnaby, is located at the geographic centre of the Greater Vancouver metropolitan area (population 1.5 million). The lake has had a long history of gradually escalating water quality problems that have included high coliform bacterial levels, bans on swimming, “swimmer’s itch” outbreaks, heavy surface algal blooms, dense weed growths in the shallows, low water transparency, and dominance by “coarse” fish species. Nevertheless, the lake has served the community as a regional park providing various outdoor recreational opportunities that have included walking, boating, swimming and fishing. The history of its water quality problems is reviewed, the results of the various investigations and research on the system are summarized, and the attempts to improve and manage lake conditions by the District of Burnaby are outlined. The role that the community, senior levels of government and educational institutions have played in this process is also discussed.

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Froelich, Kelsey L., Ronald L. Reimink, Sydney P. Rudko, Aaron P. VanKempen, and Patrick C. Hanington. "Evaluation of targeted copper sulfate (CuSO4) application for controlling swimmer’s itch at a freshwater recreation site in Michigan." Parasitology Research 118, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 1673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06280-3.

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HORÁK, P., L. KOVÁŘ, L. KOLÁŘOVÁ, and J. NEBESÁŘOVÁ. "Cercaria–schistosomulum surface transformation of Trichobilharzia szidati and its putative immunological impact." Parasitology 116, no. 2 (February 1998): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097002059.

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Schistosome cercariae of the genus Trichobilharzia are the causative agent of swimmers' itch. In order to characterize the changes in parasites during and after the penetration of the host skin, in vitro and in vivo (in ducks and mice) transformations of T. szidati cercariae to schistosomula were performed. Ultrastructural observation revealed that cercariae possess a simple outer tegumental membrane with a thick glycocalyx. As with human schistosomes, the latter structure disappears during transformation and a new double membrane with putative protective function is formed. Our biochemical and immunological observations showed that the carbohydrate-rich glycocalyx of cercariae is readily bound by lectins and antibodies. The in vitro transformation to schistosomula can be detected by enhanced reactivity of 2 lectin probes (PNA and ConA) with the surface. The in vivo-transformed (skin and lung) schistosomula appear to have few surface ligands for the 12 lectin probes being tested. Similarly, the cercarial surface and its remnants on the in vitro-produced schistosomula is recognized by sera from immunized mice and humans with cercarial dermatitis; the tissue schistosomula fail to react with these antibodies. The loss of surface targets as a part of parasite immune evasion within the host is discussed.

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SCHETS, F. M., W. J. LODDER, and A. M. DE RODA HUSMAN. "Confirmation of the presence of Trichobilharzia by examination of water samples and snails following reports of cases of cercarial dermatitis." Parasitology 137, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990849.

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SUMMARYIn case of cercarial dermatitis after exposure to fresh water lakes, managers responsible for bathing water quality wish to confirm the presence of Trichobilharzia, which substantiates taking measures to protect bathers from further exposure. A novel approach, including concentration of suspected water samples by filtration and PCR detection of the parasite, is proposed. This approach has been applied to bathing sites with a history of cercarial dermatitis, sampled from 2005 to 2008. Examination of snails, the standard procedure for confirmation of the parasite's presence, and analysis of water samples, appear to be complementary procedures that enhance the chance of parasite detection in implicated bathing water. Water analysis is particularly valuable when snails cannot be found; it confirmed the presence of Trichobilharzia on 25% of sampling days with reported skin conditions and no snails found. PCR of the ToSau3A repeat directly confirmed the parasite in the water. The application of the combination of analysis of water samples and examination of snails is suggested when cases of (presumptive) cercarial dermatitis are reported or when lakes with a history of cercarial dermatitis are inspected prior to the bathing season, in order to guide interventions to prevent (further) cases of swimmers' itch.

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Zbikowska, Elzbieta. "Infection of snails with bird schistosomes and the threat of swimmer?s itch in selected Polish lakes." Parasitology Research 92, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-003-0997-0.

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Juhász, Alexandra, Ádám Dán, Béla Dénes, István Kucsera, József Danka, and Gábor Majoros. "Egy ritka zoonosis: a Schistosoma turkestanicum vérmétely által okozott cercaria dermatitis Magyarországon." Orvosi Hetilap 157, no. 40 (October 2016): 1579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2016.30515.

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Several trematodes that parasitize vertebrate animals utilize swimming aquatic larvae to infect the host percutaneously. The most important ones among these parasites are the blood-flukes of birds and mammals comprising species that are also zoonotic. Within this latter group are species that cause the bilharziasis or schistosomiasis of inhabitants of the tropical countries, and other trematode species that are able to penetrate human skin, but do not develop to an adult form of the worm in the body. In temperate climates this latter type of infection occurs mainly in the form of an unpleasant inflammation of the skin and is often called “swimmer’s itch”. In most of these cases, the origin of the larvae remains unexplored, the source of the infection is neglected by the medical or veterinarian practitioners. Herein we report for the first time in Hungary that the cause of such dermatitis was the cercariae of Schistosoma turkestanicum, which infected red deer (Cervus elaphus) in this country. The local name of this pristine disease is “water mange” and it occurs only in one of the floodplains of the Danube. On the basis of informal communication this symptom seems to be rather regular among people who do fishing or have a bath in the habitat of the blood-fluke. In the case of adequate anamnesis it is worth examining the origin of the cercarial dermatitis which may give cross-reactions with human schistosomiasis during serological tests. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(40), 1579–1586.

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Marszewska, Anna, Tomasz Strzała, Anna Cichy, Grażyna B. Dąbrowska, and Elżbieta Żbikowska. "Agents of swimmer’s itch—dangerous minority in the Digenea invasion of Lymnaeidae in water bodies and the first report of Trichobilharzia regenti in Poland." Parasitology Research 117, no. 12 (September 13, 2018): 3695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-6068-3.

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Ahmed, Mohamed S., Reda E. Khalafalla, Ashraf Al-Brakati, Tokuma Yanai, and Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy. "Descriptive Pathological Study of Avian Schistosomes Infection in Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus) in Japan." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122361.

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Cercarial dermatitis, or Swimmer’s itch, is one of the emerging diseases caused by the cercariae of water-borne schistosomes, mainly Trichobilharzia spp. Since the zoonotic potential of Allobilharzia visceralis is still unknown, studies on this schistosome would be helpful to add knowledge on its possible role in causing human infections. In the present study, 54 whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) from rescue/rehabilitation centers in Honshu, Japan, were necropsied to identify the cause of death. Grossly, 33 (61.11%) swans were severely emaciated and 23 (42.59%) had multiple reddened areas throughout the length of the intestine with no worms detected in the internal organs. Microscopically, adult schistosomes were found in the lumen of the mesenteric, serosal, portal, and testicular veins, in the capillaries of the intestinal lamina propria, and in the sinusoids of the adrenal gland, spleen, and liver of 23 (42.59%) swans. Hypertrophy of veins containing adult worms was identified in 15 (27.77%) swans, and vascular lumen obliteration was observed in 8 (14.81%) swans. Mild to severe villous atrophy and superficial enteritis were observed in 8 birds (14.81%), whereas bile pigments and hemosiderin were detected in the livers of 14 (25.92%) and 18 (33.33%) swans, respectively. In three swans (5.55%), schistosome parasites were found in the subcapsular veins of the testes. The schistosomes in the present study were assumed to be A. visceralis based on the microscopical and histological evidence of adult schistosomes found in the lumen of veins as well as the infection pathology, which was very similar to the schistosome-induced pathology previously reported in swans infected by A. visceralis in Europe and Australia. The swans examined herein most likely died from obstructive phlebitis associated with A. visceralis, but further molecular confirmation is required for identification of this species. However, the present study does not provide new data on the zoonotic potential, but only on the pathogenic potential of this schistosome in swans. Furthermore, our study provides a novel contribution to the description of the pathological effects of avian schistosomes infection in whooper swans in Japan.

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Peirce, J. P., J. J. Pellett, and G. J. Sandland. "A mathematical model for the control of swimmer's itch." Natural Resource Modeling 33, no. 4 (June 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12275.

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Schoeler, L. "Chlorine in swimming pools." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 1 (March 22, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2009/v21i1a568.

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To the Editor: As a former competitive swimmer who is now involved in the health and fitness industry, I am often approached by swimmers and coaches to get my opinion on the water quality in swimming pools used for training by competitive swimmers. Many swimming clubs train in heated indoor pools, mostly in a gym environment, and most of the swimmers complain of a number of symptoms such as sinus problems, itchy skin and itchy ear channels as a result of spending several hours per week exposed to chlorinated water. The scientific literature around the topic of swimming and water quality focuses on asthma and allergies caused by chlorine in swimming pools. However, none of the studies mention any normative values for chemical levels in swimming pools.

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Schoeler, L. "Chlorine in swimming pools." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 1 (February 11, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2009/v21i1a568.

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To the Editor: As a former competitive swimmer who is now involved in the health and fitness industry, I am often approached by swimmers and coaches to get my opinion on the water quality in swimming pools used for training by competitive swimmers. Many swimming clubs train in heated indoor pools, mostly in a gym environment, and most of the swimmers complain of a number of symptoms such as sinus problems, itchy skin and itchy ear channels as a result of spending several hours per week exposed to chlorinated water. The scientific literature around the topic of swimming and water quality focuses on asthma and allergies caused by chlorine in swimming pools. However, none of the studies mention any normative values for chemical levels in swimming pools.

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Weeks, Emma N. I., and Katherine A. Sayler. "Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis." EDIS 2018, no. 2 (April 3, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1200-2018.

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Learn how to swim safely and avoid this itchy skin rash in this 3-page document written by Emma N. I. Weeks and Katherine Sayler and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Entomology and Nematology. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1200

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Tracz, E., A. Al-Jubury, K. Buchmann, and A. Bygum. "Outbreak of Swimmer’s Itch in Denmark." Acta Dermato Venereologica, 2019, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3309.

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Rossin, María, Gabriela Varela, and Juan Timi. "Strongyloides myopotami in ctenomyid rodents: Transition from semi-aquatic to subterranean life cycle." Acta Parasitologica 54, no. 3 (January 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-009-0033-3.

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AbstractStrongyloides myopotami, a parasite of Myocastor coypus (nutria or coypu), was found during an extensive parasitological survey carried out on parasitic helminths of 5 species of subterranean rodents (tuco-tucos) belonging to the genus Ctenomys from Argentina and Uruguay. Strongyloides myopotami became known by causing “marsh itch” (also called “nutria itch” or “swimmer’s itch”), a severe rash caused by larvae that enter the skin in humans, and it is recognised as a zoonosis for people handling nutria fur. In the present study S. myopotami was found in 2 of the 5 examined species of Ctenomys (C. talarum from Argentina and C. pearsoni from Uruguay), both inhabiting the vicinity of water courses. Population descriptors of S. myopotami in C. talarum showed that a population of this parasite is well established in this rodent. The development of infective filariform larvae from eggs in the faeces of C. talarum and the prevalence of gravid parasitic females in this host can be considered as evidence of the establishment of a population of S. myopotami independent of the source population parasitizing M. coypus. Therefore, the presence of S. myopotami in these species of tuco-tucos indicates a change from a semi-aquatic to subterranean life cycle. Evidence that tuco-tucos are reservoirs for these nematodes and therefore may be a risk to human health in the areas studied is provided.

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Gordy, Michelle A., Tyler P. Cobb, and Patrick C. Hanington. "Swimmer’s itch in Canada: a look at the past and a survey of the present to plan for the future." Environmental Health 17, no. 1 (October 25, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0417-7.

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Kazemi, Negin, Yahya Ehteshaminia, Hamid Mohammadi, and Seif Ali Mahdavi. "A Review of the Association of Bladder and Prostate Cancers with Schistosoma Species." Tabari Biomedical Student Research Journal, August 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/tbsrj.v3i3.6924.

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Introduction: Schistosomiasis is an infection caused by the deposition of large male and female worms (trematodes) in the bladder veins. Infection caused by this trematode is also known as bilharziasis. The disease has been or continues to be present in African countries and some Asian countries such as Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, southern Portugal, Greece, and especially Egypt. The entry of Schistosoma haematobium heads into the skin begins with local symptoms, known as swimmers itch, and is more common in people who are in some form of contact with ambient water. The infection affects the kidneys, ureters, bladder and genitals. In endemic geographical areas, schistosomiasis has been implicated as an etiological factor in the pathogenesis of bladder, colon and kidney cancers, especially bladder cancer occurring in such geographical locations almost two decades earlier than in non-native areas. The urinary type of this disease can also cause prostate cancer. Material and Methodes: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase were searched and related articles were reviewed. Results: In this study, the effects of host endocrine system, hormonal imbalance caused by schistosomiasis, as well as the effect of epigenetic changes in the host genome on this parasitic infection and its association with bladder cancer were investigated. The association of schistosome egg soluble antigens with prostate carcinogenesis was also noted. Conclusion: Studies show that schistosomiasis can lead to bladder cancer. But there was not adequate evidence available for prostate cancer and this parasitic infection.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Swimmer's itch'

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