Academic literature on the topic 'Swine plague'

The pathomorphological changes established following infection with the virus of classical swine plague in non-immune individuals are well known. However, piglets present a problem from the clinical-pathological aspect, in which this virus can be multiplied in spite of established colostral antibodies, but without the exhibiting of the clinical symptoms characteristic for the disease. The question of the characteristics of the pathomorphological finding is raised in the event of the breakdown of the colostral immunity of the piglets. With the objective of determining the influence of colostral antibodies on the development of pathomorphological changes in classical swine plague, piglets aged 28, 35, 44, and 54 days, originating from sows that had received a vaccine of the K-strain of the classical swine plague virus, were experimentally infected with a virulent variety of this virus (Becker strain). The control group comprised non-vaccinated animals originating from non-vaccinated sows. Following the death and/or sacrificing of the piglets in the experiment, a pathomorphological examination was performed of all organic systems and the presence of classical swine plague virus antigens was established in organs and tissues of piglets using the immunoenzyme (ELISA) test. Even though clinical signs characteristic for this disease were not found in all animals following artificial infection, the pathomorphological findings following death and/or sacrificing indicated a successful experimental infection and was typical for the acute course of classical swine plague. Bleeding was established in most organs and serous membranes (haemorrhagic diathesis). However, certain variations were also established regarding the expression and distribution of the pathomorphological changes in certain animals.

Piglets infected with the conventional swine plague virus as a result of secondary bacterial infections sometimes show an insufficiently clear clinical and pathoanatomical picture, which is why the very procedure of diagnosis is complex and the final diagnosis unreliable. That is why these investigations were aimed at examining the presence of bacterial microflora in diseased and dead pilgets which were found to have the viral antigen for CSP using the fluorescent antibody technique, in cases where the pathomorphological finding was not characteristic for conventional swine plague. Autopsies of dead piglets most often showed changes in the digestive tract and lungs, with resulting technopathy and diseases of infective nature. Such findings on knowledge of a present bacterial microflora are especially important in cases when conventional swine plague is controlled on farms and an announcement that the disease has been contained is in the offing.

As a result of laboratory investigations, the Rosselkhoznadzor Maritime Inter-Blast Veteri-nary Laboratory confirmed the presence of DNA from the African Pig Plague (ACS) virus in the wild and in private accessories in the Primorsky Territory. In all of 2019, 50 APC flares were recorded, although the province was previously consid-ered to be a APC success. Veterinary specialists of the Primorsky Krai region in April 2020 man-aged to eliminate all pockets of African plague of pigs. In April 2020, the Russian veterinary spe-cialists of the Primorskaya Krai region managed to eliminate all pockets of African pig plague. However, by mid-2020, Primorje experienced new outbreaks of APC, with 45 cases recorded by early autumn. The disease can occur at any time of the year. The source of the ACS causative agent is sick and sick pigs. Since the virus can spread not only with infected viral animals, including the incubation pe-riod, but also through various infected objects, the products of the infected pigs are particularly dangerous (meat, meat products, lard, blood, bones, hides, etc.). Virus-infected food and combat wastes used to feed pigs without careful venting have in most cases infected pigs with the African plague. Natural and legal persons who are the owners (owners) of pigs are obliged to carry out pre-ventive measures to prevent the emergence and spread of ACS.

Functioning of 51 parasitic systems has been retrospectively ascertained in the South-Eastern agroclimatic zone of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, their co-agents, apart from their excitants, being productive and non-productive domestic and wild animals. For the entire depth of retrospection (82 years) eleven nosounits of infectious pathology in the region (21.6%) dominated in the quantity of epizootic foci and diseased animals (rabies, dictyocaulosis, infectious atrophic rhinitis, classical pig plague, pyroplasmosis, salmonellosis, swine erysipelas, anthrax, fasciolasis, blackleg, aphtha). They accounted for 241 episootic foci in the nosological profile of infectious pathology (68.5% of the total quantity of animal infectious disease epizootic foci in the region throughout the retrospection). At the same time, 13 nosounits in the investigated territory were registered only once during the entire period of retrospection, no expansion of the boundaries of their epizootic manifestation was ascertained, and carryover of the excitant of these infectious diseases beyond the limits of the original epizootic focus was prevented. Relapses of their epizootic occurrences in the region were prevented as well. Ten nosounits of animal infectious pathology (18%) in the aggregate animal pathology in the examined region during the entire period of retrospection were registered twice (hen typhus, swine and cattle taeniasis, swine metastrongylosis, contagious cattle rhinotracheitis, hen ascaridiasis, cattle parainfluenza, bee nosematosis). In addition, potential danger of animal infectious pathology spontaneous emergence and expansion was revealed in the South-Eastern zone of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (anthrax, blackleg, cattle tuberculosis, fasciolasis, classical and African pig plague, pyroplasmosis, echinococcosis, rabies). Schematic models of the biological hazard epizootic component potential threat in the region have been designed. New scientific data have been obtained about the epizootic condition dynamics of rural and urban territories in the region as a biological hazard epizootological component, about regional peculiarities of animal infectious pathology specific nosounits, about their potential epidemic danger in the region.

Circoviral infections in swine have appeared only recently and they today attract the attention of large numbers of researchers all over the world. They represent a great mystery, an unknown in veterinary medicine, both in our country and in the world. The causes of these infections are circoviruses, called after the DNA which is shaped like a circle. A large number of authors today believe the PCV-2 causes two pathological entities in weaned piglets which are known as porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Current investigations indicate that there is a causal connection between these two syndromes. These two new diseases, which have recently spread all over the world, cause serious losses, great concern and confusion, especially when they occur simultaneously or in a sequence in the same herd, or in parallel with other pathogenes, primarily with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the porcine parvovirus (PPV). PMWS was first described in Canada in 1991. It most often affect pigs aged 5-12 weeks. The main clinical expression, depending on the stage of progression is diarrhea, delayed development or depressed growth, stuntedness, dyspnea ictherus, eyelid swelling, and lymphadenopathy. More rarely, there are neurological symptoms. Prominent suppression of the immune system is the main characteristic of PMWS, and a wave of secondary bacterial infection is also observed. PDNS is a new disease of economic importance, which mostly affects older swine, from 5 weeks to 5 months of age. The most prominent clinical symptoms in seriously ill piglets is extensive dermatitis, mostly on the chest, abdomen, haunches and forelegs, with the appearance of purple-red swellings of different shape and size. The swine are depressive febrile, anorectic, all of which leads to stunted growth. They are inactive. Mortality is often about 15%. PDNS is a differentially diagnostically significant disease because it can easily be mistaken for classic or African swine plague. These two syndromes still have not been recorded in our country. However, if one takes into consideration the fact that the virus is very resistant in the outer environment, that transmission is most frequently through infected swine, we can soon expect them to be detected in our country as well. This will be the case especially if investigations focus on improving and updating their diagnostics.

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a new viral disease in swine, designated exclusively under the acronym PRRS by the European Commission in 1991. The cause of this disease was isolated and determined in 1991 at the Lelystad Institute in The Netherlands as Lelystad aretrivirus. The PRRSV is an RNA virus of the order Nidovirales, the family Arteriviridae, the genus Arterivirus (Cavanaugh, 1997). Different genomic and pheriotypic varieties of the virus are significant. It is replicated in macrophages, it induces permanent viraemia, causes the creation of antibodies, and leads to persistent and latent infections. It is isolated from tonsil tissue, alveolar macrophages, the uterus, and fetal homogenate composed of different tissues (Wills et al., 1997). All production categories of swine can contract PRRS, but pregnant sows, suckling piglets and fattening swine are considered endangered categories. Morbidity and mortapty is between 8-80%, which also depends on the animal category. Economic damages are substantial when one considers the high percentage of still-born piglets, mummified fetuses and suckling piglets. Irregular successive cycles in sows are also expressed. In fattening swine, in addition to a respiratory form of the clinical picture, the time period until animals reach abattoir weight is extended even up to 30 days, which is also a considerable economic loss. Costs of treating possible secondary bacterial infections, diagnostics and immunoprophylaxis are not negligible. The OIE placed PRRS on the B list in 1992 as a contagious disease of swine which incurs economic losses in almost all countries of the world. Diagnosis is made by isolating and determining the virus and/or by serodiagnostics (ELISA and PCR). Certain countries have already made up protocols for the implementation of constant diagnostics and suggested eradication measures (Dee S.A. et al., 2000). In our country, the first clinical cases of PRRS were recorded in Herceg Novi in 1998 (Radojicic Biljana et al., 2002). It is our opinion that the implementation of PRRS diagnostics must begin in our country as well, especially since the disease has a clinical picture which is similar to swine plague, so that wrong diagnoses are possible.

Hold it like a dart.Prepare her arm,squeeze the skin,then use your wrist.She’ll feel nothingbut that gentle twist of flesh. She looks away.“Shall I tell you when?” I say,smiling as I drop the used syringein the sharp-safe bin.I live for that lookof disbelief. I do not speak to herof the debacle of ‘76.Swine flu panic in the air,hundreds of thousands clamoringfor the needle of protection.In the aftermath,two hundred with Guillain-Barre,thirty dead.It was worth it, the experts said,We saved millions from the flu. Not worth it for Jonathan,who lived the ten worst days of his lifeon life support in ICU,nerve fibers eaten away,ravaged by that malady.He couldn’t talk for a week.It took him a month to walk,a twenty-five year oldwith an old man’s limp. He never got the shot again,didn’t need to read the headlines. No black plague descended in ‘76,no swine flu,even in thosewho chose not to get stuck. Yet I still immunize,proselytize for it.I examine Jonathan,watch sadly as he limps across the roomand try to remember:millions have been savedin other years.

The main characteristic of swine herds in the territory of the Republic of Serbia is an unsatisfactory health status accompanied by increased incidence of contagious parasitic, genetic and other disorders. All this is a consequence of long-term unfavorable production conditions (maintenance of animals, diet, treatment, prevention, etc), which to a large extent altered the course and outcome of the mentioned diseases, and which had direct impact on the parameters which determine the health status of animals in a population. The health status of swine populations in our country are mostly determined by the presence of swine plague, but also diseases of pluricausal character, such as coli in fections, actinobdjcillosis, atrophic rhinitis dysentery, and others. One must also not forget the presence of diseases which can be maintained in herds for a long time as enzootic diseases (Aujeszkyi, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, etc). Among parasitic diseases trichinellosis deserves special attention since it endangers the health of humans more and more every day. Most of the mentioned diseases are exhibited in very different clinical forms, so that their timely detection is very difficult and their control complex. That is why swine production in our country is characterized by a low percentage of fertilization, small number of live and large number of still-born piglets, and a high level of mortality in all categories. A logical consequence of this is a small number of produced porkers per sow, mostly of poor quality. In conditions where there are many diseases of different etiology, their control is complex and consequences always connected to a reduction or complete annulment of the expected benefits from an animal of high genetic potential veterinary-medical protection must cede its place to health protection as a technology which is based on a policy of disease prevention. This implies the establishment and maintenance of a high health status in swine herds with a clear definition of special criteria for elite, reproductive and production herds. The mentioned concept requires a well-prepared, organized and equipped veterinary service, in which relations are adequately coordinated and tasks are well distributed among experts on farms, in specialized institutions, faculties, and inspection services.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a disease that infects pigs. Common symptoms caused by ASF attacks on pigs are bleeding in the feces and ears as well as sudden weakness of livestock, unable to stand, and death of livestock. ASF virus is not zoonotic so it does not affect human health. This virus has entered Indonesian territory, including the Nias Island, where most of the people cultivate local pigs. The ASF outbreak on local pigs in Nias resulted in the death of many pigs. This paper discusses the spread and death of local pigs due to ASF attacks in Nias. Data compiled from the field and the Animal Husbandry Office in 2020 in the Nias islands, it is known that the pigs that died due to the ASF outbreak reached 120,592 a pigs. Meanwhile, the fact found are that the handling of infected pigs cannot be done optimally, because until now, effective treatment and vaccination for the treatment and prevention of ASF infection has not been found. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of the plague from becoming more widespread, the current methods that can be applied are the application of biosecurity in the cattle sheds, isolation of infected livestock and the role of the government in regulating the entry and exit route for pigs in the Nias region.