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Prodanov, Jasna, Radoslav Dosen, Miroslav Valcic, Vladimir Polacek, Tamas Petrovic, and Sava Lazic. "Investigations of influence of colostral antibodies on development of pathomorphological changes following experimental infection of piglets with classical swine plague virus." Veterinarski glasnik 60, no. 5-6 (2006): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0606323p.
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The pathomorphological changes established following infection with the virus of classical swine plague in non-immune individuals are well known. However, piglets present a problem from the clinical-pathological aspect, in which this virus can be multiplied in spite of established colostral antibodies, but without the exhibiting of the clinical symptoms characteristic for the disease. The question of the characteristics of the pathomorphological finding is raised in the event of the breakdown of the colostral immunity of the piglets. With the objective of determining the influence of colostral antibodies on the development of pathomorphological changes in classical swine plague, piglets aged 28, 35, 44, and 54 days, originating from sows that had received a vaccine of the K-strain of the classical swine plague virus, were experimentally infected with a virulent variety of this virus (Becker strain). The control group comprised non-vaccinated animals originating from non-vaccinated sows. Following the death and/or sacrificing of the piglets in the experiment, a pathomorphological examination was performed of all organic systems and the presence of classical swine plague virus antigens was established in organs and tissues of piglets using the immunoenzyme (ELISA) test. Even though clinical signs characteristic for this disease were not found in all animals following artificial infection, the pathomorphological findings following death and/or sacrificing indicated a successful experimental infection and was typical for the acute course of classical swine plague. Bleeding was established in most organs and serous membranes (haemorrhagic diathesis). However, certain variations were also established regarding the expression and distribution of the pathomorphological changes in certain animals.
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Prodanov, Jasna, and Radoslav Dosen. "Findings of bacterial microflora in piglets infected with conventional swine plague." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 3-4 (2002): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0204247p.
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Piglets infected with the conventional swine plague virus as a result of secondary bacterial infections sometimes show an insufficiently clear clinical and pathoanatomical picture, which is why the very procedure of diagnosis is complex and the final diagnosis unreliable. That is why these investigations were aimed at examining the presence of bacterial microflora in diseased and dead pilgets which were found to have the viral antigen for CSP using the fluorescent antibody technique, in cases where the pathomorphological finding was not characteristic for conventional swine plague. Autopsies of dead piglets most often showed changes in the digestive tract and lungs, with resulting technopathy and diseases of infective nature. Such findings on knowledge of a present bacterial microflora are especially important in cases when conventional swine plague is controlled on farms and an announcement that the disease has been contained is in the offing.
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Momot, N. V., Y. A. Kolina, and I. L. Kamliya. "PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 245, no. 1 (2021): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-245-1-112-116.
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As a result of laboratory investigations, the Rosselkhoznadzor Maritime Inter-Blast Veteri-nary Laboratory confirmed the presence of DNA from the African Pig Plague (ACS) virus in the wild and in private accessories in the Primorsky Territory. In all of 2019, 50 APC flares were recorded, although the province was previously consid-ered to be a APC success. Veterinary specialists of the Primorsky Krai region in April 2020 man-aged to eliminate all pockets of African plague of pigs. In April 2020, the Russian veterinary spe-cialists of the Primorskaya Krai region managed to eliminate all pockets of African pig plague. However, by mid-2020, Primorje experienced new outbreaks of APC, with 45 cases recorded by early autumn. The disease can occur at any time of the year. The source of the ACS causative agent is sick and sick pigs. Since the virus can spread not only with infected viral animals, including the incubation pe-riod, but also through various infected objects, the products of the infected pigs are particularly dangerous (meat, meat products, lard, blood, bones, hides, etc.). Virus-infected food and combat wastes used to feed pigs without careful venting have in most cases infected pigs with the African plague. Natural and legal persons who are the owners (owners) of pigs are obliged to carry out pre-ventive measures to prevent the emergence and spread of ACS.
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Sochnev, V. V., J. V. Pashkina, V. M. Avilov, et al. "Expert assessment of animal infectious pathology nosological profile boundaries in a specific agroclimatical zone." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700213.
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Functioning of 51 parasitic systems has been retrospectively ascertained in the South-Eastern agroclimatic zone of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, their co-agents, apart from their excitants, being productive and non-productive domestic and wild animals. For the entire depth of retrospection (82 years) eleven nosounits of infectious pathology in the region (21.6%) dominated in the quantity of epizootic foci and diseased animals (rabies, dictyocaulosis, infectious atrophic rhinitis, classical pig plague, pyroplasmosis, salmonellosis, swine erysipelas, anthrax, fasciolasis, blackleg, aphtha). They accounted for 241 episootic foci in the nosological profile of infectious pathology (68.5% of the total quantity of animal infectious disease epizootic foci in the region throughout the retrospection). At the same time, 13 nosounits in the investigated territory were registered only once during the entire period of retrospection, no expansion of the boundaries of their epizootic manifestation was ascertained, and carryover of the excitant of these infectious diseases beyond the limits of the original epizootic focus was prevented. Relapses of their epizootic occurrences in the region were prevented as well. Ten nosounits of animal infectious pathology (18%) in the aggregate animal pathology in the examined region during the entire period of retrospection were registered twice (hen typhus, swine and cattle taeniasis, swine metastrongylosis, contagious cattle rhinotracheitis, hen ascaridiasis, cattle parainfluenza, bee nosematosis). In addition, potential danger of animal infectious pathology spontaneous emergence and expansion was revealed in the South-Eastern zone of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (anthrax, blackleg, cattle tuberculosis, fasciolasis, classical and African pig plague, pyroplasmosis, echinococcosis, rabies). Schematic models of the biological hazard epizootic component potential threat in the region have been designed. New scientific data have been obtained about the epizootic condition dynamics of rural and urban territories in the region as a biological hazard epizootological component, about regional peculiarities of animal infectious pathology specific nosounits, about their potential epidemic danger in the region.
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Ivetic, Vojin, Bozidar Savic, Dragos Valter, and Bratislav Milosevic. "Circoviral infections in swine." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202033i.
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Circoviral infections in swine have appeared only recently and they today attract the attention of large numbers of researchers all over the world. They represent a great mystery, an unknown in veterinary medicine, both in our country and in the world. The causes of these infections are circoviruses, called after the DNA which is shaped like a circle. A large number of authors today believe the PCV-2 causes two pathological entities in weaned piglets which are known as porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Current investigations indicate that there is a causal connection between these two syndromes. These two new diseases, which have recently spread all over the world, cause serious losses, great concern and confusion, especially when they occur simultaneously or in a sequence in the same herd, or in parallel with other pathogenes, primarily with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the porcine parvovirus (PPV). PMWS was first described in Canada in 1991. It most often affect pigs aged 5-12 weeks. The main clinical expression, depending on the stage of progression is diarrhea, delayed development or depressed growth, stuntedness, dyspnea ictherus, eyelid swelling, and lymphadenopathy. More rarely, there are neurological symptoms. Prominent suppression of the immune system is the main characteristic of PMWS, and a wave of secondary bacterial infection is also observed. PDNS is a new disease of economic importance, which mostly affects older swine, from 5 weeks to 5 months of age. The most prominent clinical symptoms in seriously ill piglets is extensive dermatitis, mostly on the chest, abdomen, haunches and forelegs, with the appearance of purple-red swellings of different shape and size. The swine are depressive febrile, anorectic, all of which leads to stunted growth. They are inactive. Mortality is often about 15%. PDNS is a differentially diagnostically significant disease because it can easily be mistaken for classic or African swine plague. These two syndromes still have not been recorded in our country. However, if one takes into consideration the fact that the virus is very resistant in the outer environment, that transmission is most frequently through infected swine, we can soon expect them to be detected in our country as well. This will be the case especially if investigations focus on improving and updating their diagnostics.
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Radojicic, Biljana, Bosiljka Djuricic, and M. Gagrcn. "Epizootiological and diagnostic significance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome control." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202021r.
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The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a new viral disease in swine, designated exclusively under the acronym PRRS by the European Commission in 1991. The cause of this disease was isolated and determined in 1991 at the Lelystad Institute in The Netherlands as Lelystad aretrivirus. The PRRSV is an RNA virus of the order Nidovirales, the family Arteriviridae, the genus Arterivirus (Cavanaugh, 1997). Different genomic and pheriotypic varieties of the virus are significant. It is replicated in macrophages, it induces permanent viraemia, causes the creation of antibodies, and leads to persistent and latent infections. It is isolated from tonsil tissue, alveolar macrophages, the uterus, and fetal homogenate composed of different tissues (Wills et al., 1997). All production categories of swine can contract PRRS, but pregnant sows, suckling piglets and fattening swine are considered endangered categories. Morbidity and mortapty is between 8-80%, which also depends on the animal category. Economic damages are substantial when one considers the high percentage of still-born piglets, mummified fetuses and suckling piglets. Irregular successive cycles in sows are also expressed. In fattening swine, in addition to a respiratory form of the clinical picture, the time period until animals reach abattoir weight is extended even up to 30 days, which is also a considerable economic loss. Costs of treating possible secondary bacterial infections, diagnostics and immunoprophylaxis are not negligible. The OIE placed PRRS on the B list in 1992 as a contagious disease of swine which incurs economic losses in almost all countries of the world. Diagnosis is made by isolating and determining the virus and/or by serodiagnostics (ELISA and PCR). Certain countries have already made up protocols for the implementation of constant diagnostics and suggested eradication measures (Dee S.A. et al., 2000). In our country, the first clinical cases of PRRS were recorded in Herceg Novi in 1998 (Radojicic Biljana et al., 2002). It is our opinion that the implementation of PRRS diagnostics must begin in our country as well, especially since the disease has a clinical picture which is similar to swine plague, so that wrong diagnoses are possible.
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Schnall, Adrian M. "Flu Shot." Pathogens and Immunity 1, no. 2 (2016): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.20411/10.20411/pai.v1i2.143.
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Hold it like a dart.Prepare her arm,squeeze the skin,then use your wrist.She’ll feel nothingbut that gentle twist of flesh. She looks away.“Shall I tell you when?” I say,smiling as I drop the used syringein the sharp-safe bin.I live for that lookof disbelief. I do not speak to herof the debacle of ‘76.Swine flu panic in the air,hundreds of thousands clamoringfor the needle of protection.In the aftermath,two hundred with Guillain-Barre,thirty dead.It was worth it, the experts said,We saved millions from the flu. Not worth it for Jonathan,who lived the ten worst days of his lifeon life support in ICU,nerve fibers eaten away,ravaged by that malady.He couldn’t talk for a week.It took him a month to walk,a twenty-five year oldwith an old man’s limp. He never got the shot again,didn’t need to read the headlines. No black plague descended in ‘76,no swine flu,even in thosewho chose not to get stuck. Yet I still immunize,proselytize for it.I examine Jonathan,watch sadly as he limps across the roomand try to remember:millions have been savedin other years.
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Gagrcin, Mladen, Milijana Simic, Radoslav Dosen, and Vojin Ivetic. "Acute health problems in industrial production of swine and possible solutions." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202003g.
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The main characteristic of swine herds in the territory of the Republic of Serbia is an unsatisfactory health status accompanied by increased incidence of contagious parasitic, genetic and other disorders. All this is a consequence of long-term unfavorable production conditions (maintenance of animals, diet, treatment, prevention, etc), which to a large extent altered the course and outcome of the mentioned diseases, and which had direct impact on the parameters which determine the health status of animals in a population. The health status of swine populations in our country are mostly determined by the presence of swine plague, but also diseases of pluricausal character, such as coli in fections, actinobdjcillosis, atrophic rhinitis dysentery, and others. One must also not forget the presence of diseases which can be maintained in herds for a long time as enzootic diseases (Aujeszkyi, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, etc). Among parasitic diseases trichinellosis deserves special attention since it endangers the health of humans more and more every day. Most of the mentioned diseases are exhibited in very different clinical forms, so that their timely detection is very difficult and their control complex. That is why swine production in our country is characterized by a low percentage of fertilization, small number of live and large number of still-born piglets, and a high level of mortality in all categories. A logical consequence of this is a small number of produced porkers per sow, mostly of poor quality. In conditions where there are many diseases of different etiology, their control is complex and consequences always connected to a reduction or complete annulment of the expected benefits from an animal of high genetic potential veterinary-medical protection must cede its place to health protection as a technology which is based on a policy of disease prevention. This implies the establishment and maintenance of a high health status in swine herds with a clear definition of special criteria for elite, reproductive and production herds. The mentioned concept requires a well-prepared, organized and equipped veterinary service, in which relations are adequately coordinated and tasks are well distributed among experts on farms, in specialized institutions, faculties, and inspection services.
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Anugrah Lase, Jonathan, Novita Ardiarini, Dian Lestari, Verika Armnasyah Mendrofa, and Anggella Tesalonika Tombuku. "African Swine Fever (ASF): Threat of Excintion to Nias Local Pig Farm." BIO Web of Conferences 33 (2021): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213307001.
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African Swine Fever (ASF) is a disease that infects pigs. Common symptoms caused by ASF attacks on pigs are bleeding in the feces and ears as well as sudden weakness of livestock, unable to stand, and death of livestock. ASF virus is not zoonotic so it does not affect human health. This virus has entered Indonesian territory, including the Nias Island, where most of the people cultivate local pigs. The ASF outbreak on local pigs in Nias resulted in the death of many pigs. This paper discusses the spread and death of local pigs due to ASF attacks in Nias. Data compiled from the field and the Animal Husbandry Office in 2020 in the Nias islands, it is known that the pigs that died due to the ASF outbreak reached 120,592 a pigs. Meanwhile, the fact found are that the handling of infected pigs cannot be done optimally, because until now, effective treatment and vaccination for the treatment and prevention of ASF infection has not been found. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of the plague from becoming more widespread, the current methods that can be applied are the application of biosecurity in the cattle sheds, isolation of infected livestock and the role of the government in regulating the entry and exit route for pigs in the Nias region.
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Prodanov, Jasna, Radoslav Dosen, Tamas Petrovic, Diana Lupulovic, Miroslav Valcic, and Vladimir Polacek. "Significance of determining intrauterine infections with classical swine plague virus within programme of curbing and eradicating this disease." Veterinarski glasnik 61, no. 3-4 (2007): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0704163p.
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Nath, Peuli, Alamgir Kabir, Somaiyeh Khoubafarin Doust, Zachary Joseph Kreais, and Aniruddha Ray. "Detection of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens Using Photonic Point-of-Care Devices." Diagnostics 10, no. 10 (2020): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10100841.
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Infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses are highly contagious and can easily be transmitted via air, water, body fluids, etc. Throughout human civilization, there have been several pandemic outbreaks, such as the Plague, Spanish Flu, Swine-Flu, and, recently, COVID-19, amongst many others. Early diagnosis not only increases the chance of quick recovery but also helps prevent the spread of infections. Conventional diagnostic techniques can provide reliable results but have several drawbacks, including costly devices, lengthy wait time, and requirement of trained professionals to operate the devices, making them inaccessible in low-resource settings. Thus, a significant effort has been directed towards point-of-care (POC) devices that enable rapid diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections. A majority of the POC devices are based on plasmonics and/or microfluidics-based platforms integrated with mobile readers and imaging systems. These techniques have been shown to provide rapid, sensitive detection of pathogens. The advantages of POC devices include low-cost, rapid results, and portability, which enables on-site testing anywhere across the globe. Here we aim to review the recent advances in novel POC technologies in detecting bacteria and viruses that led to a breakthrough in the modern healthcare industry.
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Taubenberger, Jeffery K., Ann H. Reid, Thomas A. Janczewski, and Thomas G. Fanning. "Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1416 (2001): 1829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.1020.
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The Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 caused acute illness in 25–30% of the world'spopulation and resulted in the death of 40 million people. The complete genomic sequence of the 1918 influenza virus will be deduced using fixed and frozen tissues of 1918 influenza victims. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the complete 1918 haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes show them to be the most avian–like of mammalian sequences and support the hypothesis that the pandemic virus contained surface protein–encoding genes derived from an avian influenza strain and that the 1918 virus is very similar to the common ancestor of human and classical swine H1N1 influenza strains. Neither the 1918 HA genes nor the NA genes possessed mutations that are known to increase tissue tropicity, which accounts for the virulence of other influenza strains such as A/WSN/33 or fowl plague viruses. The complete sequence of the nonstructural (NS) gene segment of the 1918 virus was deduced and tested for the hypothesis that the enhanced virulence in 1918 could have been due to type I interferon inhibition by the NS1 protein. The results from these experiments were inconclusive. Sequence analysis of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus is allowing us to test hypotheses as to the origin and virulence of this strain. This information should help to elucidate how pandemic influenza strains emerge and what genetic features contribute to their virulence.
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KYRIAKIS (Κ. ΣΠ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ), C. S., and K. Van REETH. "Avian influenza: the role of the pig and public health implications." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 4 (2017): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15093.
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The huge epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (subtype H5N1) in Southeastern Asia over the last two years and especially the transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans have alerted the international scientific community. Many support that the threat of a new influenza pandemic appears greater today than ever before. During the 20th century, humanity has faced three pandemics, including the "Spanish flu" of 1918-19, which claimed over 20 to 40 million lives, and two less dramatic pandemics in 1957-58 and 1968-69. Influenza A viruses are single stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Their genome expresses only 10 proteins, most important of which are the two surface glycoproteins: haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). So far, 16 different types of haemagglutinin (HI to Η16) and 9 of neuraminidase (Nl to N9) have been recognized. Influenza A viruses are grouped into "subtypes", according to the HA and NA surface proteins they bear (for example Η I N I , H5N2). Natural reservoirs of influenza A viruses are the wild aquatic birds (migratory waterfowl), from which all types of HA and NA have been isolated. It is important to mention that migratory waterfowl do not show clinical signs of disease, but shed the virus through their excretions.The host range of flu viruses includes domestic poultry, and mammalian species from aquatic mammals to horses, humans and swine. Because of their segmented single stranded RNA genome, influenza viruses have a very high mutation rate (genetic drift) and the possibility to undergo reassortment. Reassortment may occur when more than one virus co-infect the same cell, exchange genes and as a result, provide a totally new influenza virus (genetic shift). At least two subtypes of influenza A viruses are currendy endemic within the human population (H1N1 and H3N2), causing every year outbreaks of disease with very low mortality, especially in elders. Unlike these endemic viruses, pandemic viruses have a much higher morbidity, affecting people of all ages. Η I N I , H3N2 and H1N2 influenza viruses are currently circulating in the European and American swine population. Some of the swine influenza virus subtypes, namely Η I N I and H3N2, are thus similar to those of humans, but there are still important antigenic differences between them. Only rarely swine influenza viruses may be transmitted or cause disease to humans. Unlike mammalian influenza viruses, influenza viruses of domestic birds are grouped in two "pathotypes": low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, which cause localized infections and remain mild or subclinical, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, which cause severe general infection with mortality up to 100% (fowl plague). The majority of avian influenza viruses are low pathogenic and only some, but not all, viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic. Occasionally low pathogenic Η5 or H7 viruses from wild birds transmit to poultry. Such viruses can undergo mutations in poultry as a result of which they may acquire a highly pathogenic phenotype. Until the recent avian influenza epizootics in Asia, the predominant theory for the creation of a pandemic virus supported that the pig was likely to act as an intermediate host for transmission of influenza viruses from birds to humans. The fact that genetic reassortment between human and avian viruses has also been shown to occur in pigs in nature, had led to the hypothesis that the pandemic viruses of 1957 and 1968 may have been generated through the pig. More recent data, however, come to question these theories and hypotheses: (a)the direct transmission of the H5N1 and H7N7 avian influenza viruses from birds to humans in Southeastern Asia and The Netherlands, and (b) the presence of cellular receptors recognized preferentially by the haemagglutinin of avian influenza viruses in the human conjunctiva and ciliated respiratory epithelial cells, which support that avian influenza viruses can be transmitted in toto (without reassortment) to and between humans or that humans can be the mixing vessel themselves. Furthermore, there is no solid scientific evidence to prove that any influenza virus reassortants, that have originated in swine, have posed a risk for humans. There are three criteria (conditions) an influenza virus must fulfill in order to be characterized as a pandemic virus: (a) it must be a new virus against which humans are immunologically naive, (b) it must be able to replicate in humans causing severe disease, and (c) it must be efficiendy transmitted among humans, causing wide outbreaks. So far the H5N1 influenza virus only fulfills the first and second condition, and even though it has been sporadically infecting humans for over two years, it has not yet been able to fully adapt to it's new host. Compared to the human population that may have been exposed to the H5N1 influenza virus in Asia, the number of patients and fatalities due to the H5N1 virus is very small. So far, it appears that swine do not play an important role in the epidemiology of this specific virus. Experimental infections of swine with highly pathogenic H5N1 virus have shown that it does not replicate extensively in pigs. Additionally, extensive serological investigations in the swine population of Viet Nam, indicated that the H5N1 virus merely spread to a very small number (~0.25%) of contact animals within the epizootic regions. Nevertheless, it is critical to continue monitor ring pigs and studying the behavior and spread of influenza viruses in these species.
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Oger, A. S., O. I. Metlytska, and V. Y. Nor. "GENETICS CHARACTERS OF PIGS DIFFERENT BREEDS BY DNA-POLYMORPHISM OF SWINE LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.20.
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Assessment of swine leukocyte antigen polymorphism (SLA–3) in different breeds pigs of Ukraine was carried out using the method of allele-specific PCR. Features of the allelic fund structure in pig breeds such as Large white, Mirgorod, Ukrainian steppe white, Ukrainian steppe speckled and Vietnamese potbellied pig were studied on four polymorphic sites: SLA–3–0602, SLA–3–0401, SLA–30101 and SLA–3–03cs01.
 In the study population of Mirgorod pigs, the absence of SLA–3–03cs01 and SLA–3–0602 alleles was detected. The experimental animals were polymorphic by the SLA–3–0101 and SLA–3–0401 marker systems with the above alleles frequency of 18.2 and 81.8%, respectively. By the polymorphic site SLA–3–0401 pigs of Large white, Ukrainian steppe white and Vietnamese potbellied breeds were monomorphic, whereas the representatives of the aboriginal Ukrainian steppe speckled breed the frequency of this allele did not exceed 40%. The genetic structure of Vietnamese potbellied pigs significantly differed from the characteristics obtained for the local Ukrainian breeds by four SLA sites. The most statistically significant differences are recorded for allele frequencies SLA–3–0602 and SLA–3–0101. The SLA–3–0602 allele was absent in Vietnamese potbellied breed with its 100% presence in Large white pigs. In contrast, the SLA–3–0101 allele was found in all Vietnamese pigs and was absent in a sample of the Large white pigs (p < 0.05).
 The distribution pattern of alleles in all of the samples selected for the study of polymorphisms in the pig locus of leukocyte antigen (SLA–3) showed a high genetic homogeneity of the Large white animals sample. The SLA–3–0101 and SLA–3–03cs01 alleles carriers were not detected, and by SLA–3–0602 and SLA–3–0401, 100% of the specimens had the respective alleles in their genotype. High values of the genetic homogeneity in these animals are confirmed by calculation of the total heterozygosity index, which was 0.136. The maximum genetic and, accordingly, genealogical relationship (according to the summary zootechnical account) were recorded in Vietnamese potbellied pigs for which the index of intragroup similarity was 0.960, and the calculated heterozygosity was the least among the breeds under study – 0.024.
 It is expedient to consider the results of the population-genetic characteristics analysis of the autochthonous pig breeds – the Ukrainian steppe speckled and Mirgorod when further planning selection and breeding work with them. The minimum value of intragroup similarity was found in the group of the Ukrainian steppe speckled swine – 0.156, as compared to the values of this index in pigs of other breeds under study (p < 0.05), and the theoretically calculated heterozygosity for these animals sample was 0.823.
 The integral assessment of breeds genetic differentiation by SLA–3 polymorphisms was obtained by performing a cluster analysis based on the calculated values of genetic distances between the breeds. The most genetically distant ones were the Mirgorod and Ukrainian steppe speckled breeds, and the value of the genetic distance between them was 0.776. In general, Ukrainian steppe speckled was characterized by the most unique distribution of SLA–3 alleles compared to other breeds under study, which has influenced the configuration of the obtained dendrogram by the UPGMA method.
 By means of molecular genetic, population and cluster analysis, the singularity and specificity of the Ukrainian steppe white and speckled pigs are shown. The genetic characteristics of the Mirgorod breed obtained by us can be useful in the process of recreating these animals using biotechnological methods, since the only gene pool herd of these pigs was eliminated due to the African plague infection.
 The generative material from the Mirgorod breed pigs has only been preserved in the Bank of Genetic Resources of the M.V.Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, NAAS. Determining genetic characteristics of the SLA allelic fund breed specificity of the local pig breeds reveals the prospects for using this information as an additional tool for their genetic certification, in special programs for conservation and restoration of their gene pool.
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Lazić, Sava, Tamaš Petrović, Maja Velhner, Dubravka Milanov, Sara Savić, and Branka Vidić. "LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS OF CURRENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 3, no. 1 (2010): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v3i1.196.
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One of the greatest challenges of modern laboratory diagnostic is selection of methods and procedures for fast and reliable diagnostic. Contemporary laboratory diagnostic is faced with the request to develop the technologies for rapid detection of agents and identification of biological features, as for example pathogenicity, group affiliation, sensitivity, or even genetic sequencing. Beside the aforementioned requests, laboratory diagnostic must implement numerous international standards and apply the principles of good laboratory practice. By compliance to international standards, i.e. good laboratory practice, laboratory diagnostic has considerably been improved, especially regarding the validity of the obtained results. With the aim to improve laboratory diagnostic of infectious diseases in veterinary medicine, this paper presents the demands of the standard SRPS ISO/IEC 17025:2006 (General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories), SRPS ISO 15189:2008 (Medical Laboratories – Particular Requirements for Quality and Competence) as well as the demands of World Organization for Animal Health (O.I.E). Implementation of these standards is presented through the procedures of laboratory diagnostic of most important bacterial and viral animal infections on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. This paper presents the demands regarding the reference material, equipment, workspace and staff, for the laboratory diagnostic of the following diseases: anthrax, leptospirosis, paratuberculosis, Q fever, chlamydiosis, tuberculosis, mycoplasmosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, pasteureliosis, salmonellosis, clostridiosis, Aujeszky’s disease, blue tongue, rabies, infectious bronchitis in poultry, influenza, atypical poultry plague, infectious bursitis, Mareck’s disease, bovine viral diarrhea, enzootic bovine leukosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, equine infectious anemia, equine rhinopneumonitis, equine viral arteritis, maedi-visna, classical swine fever and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.
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T.R., Dhage,, and Bhat, V. "Impact of COVID-19 on Agri Supply Chain in Nashik District." CARDIOMETRY, no. 24 (November 30, 2022): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.24.456466.
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India has faced many pandemic diseases like plague, swine flu, cholera, pneumonia, bird flu, etc., affecting the Indian economy. But COVID-19 is adversely affecting the country. To be specific Agriculture sector is most vulnerable to losses everywhere. Indian agriculture has not been very progressive as compared to other industries. Farmers don’t get a reasonable price for their produce. Farmers here are illiterate and trick by money lenders, middle-man, traders, etc. Most of the margin of farmers taken by middle-men results in loss of farmers and customers getting the product at a high price. Also, there are fewer storage facilities, so they have to sell their produce immediately after harvesting. Considering the research region, i.e., Nasik District, where most of the farm produce like grapes, cereals and vegetables have harvesting season in this period. Due to lockdown in the country, as COVID hit here, there have been more significant losses to grapes and other farms produce like cereals and vegetables. Nasik, which is the region of my research, has around 6 lakh farmers, wherein I have taken a sample survey of 100 farmers, which comprise small, marginal, medium, and large farmers. There is a need for change in agricultural practices wherein farmers should adopt concepts like proper supply chain management, cold storage, processing in a farm of whichever produce is possible, Direct marketing, Private wholesale market, organized retailing. Cold storage and cooperative storage facilities can play a significant role in such a critical situation. The need for change in agricultural marketing and coping with such issues as COVID is of utmost importance. New innovative ideas can help to sustain farmers in such severe problems.
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Bustos, M. J., M. L. Nogal, Y. Revilla, and A. L. Carrascosa. "Plaque assay for African swine fever virus on swine macrophages." Archives of Virology 147, no. 7 (2002): 1453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-002-0814-6.
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Sharma, Aditi, Michael A. Zeller, Ganwu Li, et al. "Detection of live attenuated influenza vaccine virus and evidence of reassortment in the U.S. swine population." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 2 (2020): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720907918.
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Influenza vaccines historically have been multivalent, whole virus inactivated products. The first bivalent, intranasal, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV; Ingelvac Provenza), with H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, has been approved for use in swine. We investigated the LAIV hemagglutinin ( HA) sequences in diagnostic cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and potential vaccine virus reassortment with endemic influenza A virus (IAV) in swine. From January 3 to October 11, 2018, IAV HA sequences demonstrating 99.5–99.9% nucleotide homology to the H1 HA or 99.4–100% nucleotide homology to the H3 HA parental strains in the LAIV were detected in 58 of 1,116 (5.2%) porcine respiratory cases (H1 HA A/swine/Minnesota/37866/1999[H1N1; MN99]; H3 HA A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998[H3N2; TX98]). Nine cases had co-detection of HA genes from LAIV and wild-type IAV in the same specimen. Thirty-five cases had associated epidemiologic information that indicated they were submitted from 11 states representing 31 individual sites and 17 production systems in the United States. Whole genome sequences from 11 cases and another subset of 2 plaque-purified IAV were included in our study. Ten whole genome sequences, including 1 plaque-purified IAV, contained at least one internal gene from endemic IAV detected within the past 3 y. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences indicated that reassortment occurred between vaccine virus and endemic field strains circulating in U.S. swine. Our data highlight the need and importance of continued IAV surveillance to detect emerging IAV with LAIV genes in the swine population.
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Stech, J., X. Xiong, C. Scholtissek, and R. G. Webster. "Independence of Evolutionary and Mutational Rates after Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses to Swine." Journal of Virology 73, no. 3 (1999): 1878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.3.1878-1884.1999.
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ABSTRACT In 1979, an H1N1 avian influenza virus crossed the species barrier, establishing a new lineage in European swine. Because there is no direct or serologic evidence of previous H1N1 strains in these pigs, these isolates provide a model for studying early evolution of influenza viruses. The evolutionary rates of both the coding and noncoding changes of the H1N1 swine strains are higher than those of human and classic swine influenza A viruses. In addition, early H1N1 swine isolates show a marked plaque heterogeneity that consistently appears after a few passages. The presence of a mutator mutation was postulated (C. Scholtissek, S. Ludwig, and W. M. Fitch, Arch. Virol. 131:237–250, 1993) to account for these observations and the successful establishment of an avian H1N1 strain in swine. To address this question, we calculated the mutation rates of A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2) and A/Swine/Germany/2/81 (H1N1) by using the frequency of amantadine-resistant mutants. To account for the inherent variability of estimated mutation rates, we used a probabilistic model for the statistical analysis. The resulting estimated mutation rates of the two strains were not significantly different. Therefore, an increased mutation rate due to the presence of a mutator mutation is unlikely to have led to the successful introduction of avian H1N1 viruses in European swine.
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Garmendia, A. E., M. V. Borca, D. O. Morgan, and B. Baxt. "Analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus-neutralizing idiotypes from immune bovine and swine with anti-murine idiotype antibody probes." Journal of Immunology 143, no. 9 (1989): 3015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.143.9.3015.
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Abstract Rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies (a-IdAb) induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) neutralizing mAb were used as probes to identify anti-FMDV Id in immune serum from bovine and swine. In a competitive RIA, at least two of the a-IdAb exhibited a dose-dependent capacity to compete with labeled virus for anti-FMDV antibodies from a convalescent bovine serum. These a-IdAb were immobilized on activated Sepharose and used to isolate anti-viral Id from bovine, swine, and murine FMDV immune sera. Both the bovine and swine antibodies recovered from the a-IdAb/Sepharose columns reacted with virus, and to a lesser extent with corresponding mAb-resistant virus variants. The binding of affinity isolated bovine and swine antibodies to virus was specifically inhibited by the homologous a-IdAb, and in addition, both were capable of neutralizing FMDV in suckling mouse protection and plaque reduction neutralization assays. Therefore, by means of a-IdAb probes generated against FMDV murine Id, two neutralizing Id were identified in bovine and swine. These results suggest that FMDV-neutralizing epitopes recognized by murine systems play a role in the overall immunity of foot-and-mouth disease-susceptible animals.
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Shi, Z. S., L. Feng, X. He, et al. "Vulnerable Plaque in a Swine Model of Carotid Atherosclerosis." American Journal of Neuroradiology 30, no. 3 (2009): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a1410.
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Kanno, Toru, David Mackay, Toru Inoue, et al. "Mapping the Genetic Determinants of Pathogenicity and Plaque Phenotype in Swine Vesicular Disease Virus." Journal of Virology 73, no. 4 (1999): 2710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.4.2710-2716.1999.
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ABSTRACT A series of recombinant viruses were constructed using infectious cDNA clones of the virulent J1’73 (large plaque phenotype) and the avirulent H/3’76 (small plaque phenotype) strains of swine vesicular disease virus to identify the genetic determinants of pathogenicity and plaque phenotype. Both traits could be mapped to the region between nucleotides (nt) 2233 and 3368 corresponding to the C terminus of VP3, the whole of VP1, and the N terminus of 2A. In this region, there are eight nucleotide differences leading to amino acid changes between the J1’73 and the H/3’76 strains. Site-directed mutagenesis of individual nucleotides from the virulent to the avirulent genotype and vice versa indicated that A at nt 2832, encoding glycine at VP1-132, and G at nt 3355, encoding arginine at 2APRO-20, correlated with a large-plaque phenotype and virulence in pigs, irrespective of the origin of the remainder of the genome. Of these two sites, 2APRO-20 appeared to be the dominant determinant for the large-plaque phenotype but further studies are required to elucidate their relative importance for virulence in pigs.
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Garcia, L. A. T., A. Viancelli, C. Rigotto, et al. "Surveillance of human and swine adenovirus, human norovirus and swine circovirus in water samples in Santa Catarina, Brazil." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 3 (2012): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.190.
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Animal and human wastewater can potentially contaminate water sources and the treatment of drinking water may not effectively remove all contaminants, especially viruses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the viral contamination of water used for human and animal consumption in the city of Concórdia, located in southern Brazil. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine adenovirus (PAdV), human adenovirus (HAdV) and human norovirus (NoV) were searched for using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). HAdV-positive samples were tested for viral infectivity by plaque assay. The qPCR results showed that PAdV, PCV2 and HAdV genetic material were present in all sampling sites. NoV was absent in all samples. The presence of genetic material from PAdV and PCV2 was detected in 30% and 45% of the 36 analyzed samples, respectively, with an average of 102 gc mL–1 for PAdV and 104 gc mL–1 for PCV2. HAdV was present in 100% of the samples, with an average of 104 gc mL–1. However, in plaque assay, only 36% of the samples were positive. As viable particles of HAdV were found in drinking water, these results confirm that swine manure and human sewage impact surface water and groundwater, endangering water quality and indicating a potential risk to public health.
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Nakazawa, Gaku, Taizo Iwasaki, and Ryota Sugimoto. "OPTIMIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE FORMATION IN SWINE CORONARY ARTERY MODEL." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 59, no. 13 (2012): E543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(12)60544-0.
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Rocchiccioli, Silvia, Antonella Cecchettini, Nadia Ucciferri, et al. "Site-Specific Secretome Map Evidences VSMC-Related Markers of Coronary Atherosclerosis Grade and Extent in the Hypercholesterolemic Swine." Disease Markers 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/465242.
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A major drawback in coronary atherosclerosis (ATS) research is the difficulty of investigating early phase of plaque growth and related features in the clinical context. In this study, secreted proteins from atherosclerotic coronary arteries in a hypercholesterolemic swine model were characterized by a proteomics approach and their expression was correlated to site-specific ATS stage and extent. A wide coronary artery map of secreted proteins has been obtained in high fat (HF) diet induced ATS swine model and a significantly different expression of many proteins related to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation/migration has been identified. Significant associations with ATS stage of HF coronary lesions were found for several VSMC-derived proteins and validated for chitinase 3 like protein 1 (CHI3L1) by tissue immunoexpression. A direct correlationR2=0.85was evidenced with intima to media thickness ratio values and ELISA confirmed the higher blood concentrations of CHI3L1 in HF cases. These findings confirmed the pivotal role of VSMCs in coronary plaque development and demonstrated a strong site-specific relation between VSMC-secreted CHI3L1 and lesion grade, suggesting that this protein could be proposed as a useful biomarker for diagnosing and staging of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary artery disease.
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Hirano, N., K. Ono, H. Takasawa, T. Murakami, and S. Haga. "Replication and plaque formation of swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (67N) in swine cell line, SK-K culture." Journal of Virological Methods 27, no. 1 (1990): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(90)90149-a.
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Nakazawa, Gaku, Taizo Iwasaki, and Ryota Sugimoto. "PREDICTORS OF VULNERABLE PLAQUE FORMATION USING DIABETES MELLITUS / HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA SWINE MODEL." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 59, no. 13 (2012): E445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(12)60446-x.
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Dea, S., R. Bilodeau, R. Sauvageau, C. Montpetit, and G. P. Martineau. "Antigenic Variant of Swine Influenza Virus Causing Proliferative and Necrotizing Pneumonia in Pigs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4, no. 4 (1992): 380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879200400403.
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A new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus was isolated from the lungs of pigs experiencing respiratory problems in 7 different swine herds in Quebec. Pigs of different ages were affected, and the main clinical signs were fever, dyspnea, and abdominal respiration. Coughing was not a constant finding of the syndrome. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions included the overall appearance of pale animals, general lymphadenopathy, hepatic congestion, and consolidation of the lungs. Histopathologic findings were mainly proliferative pneumonia with a significant macrophage invasion, necrotic inflammatory cells in the alveoli and the airways, a marked proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and thickening of the alveolar septae. Fluorescent antibody examination of lungs of sick piglets did not demonstrate porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, or encephalomyocarditis virus. However, evidence of the presence of an influenza type A infection was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining using monoclonal antibody directed to nucleocapsid protein (NP) of human type A influenza virus. The virus was isolated either by intra-allantoic inoculation of specific-pathogen-free embryonating hens' eggs or propagation in canine kidney (MDCK) cells in the presence of trypsin. By hemagglutination inhibition tests, no cross-reactivity was demonstrated with human influenza H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains, and infected MDCK cells did not react by IIF with monoclonal antibodies to NP protein of type B influenza virus. The hemagglutination activity of plaque-purified isolates was only partly inhibited by hyperimmune serum produced to subtypes A/Wisconsin/76/H1N1 and A/New Jersey/76/H1N1 of swine influenza virus. Gnotobiotic piglets that were infected intranasally with egg-adapted isolates of this new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus developed the very same type of lesions observed in field cases.
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Xu, Yulin, Xiaojing Ji, Chunyu Fu, et al. "Evolution Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolate from a Pig Farm in Shandong Province, China." Viruses 14, no. 6 (2022): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061194.
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In recent years, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains have been experiencing extensive recombination in Chinese swine farms. This recombination usually happens in NADC30/34 strains and highly pathogenic (HP) PRRSV strains. This study identified a new PRRSV isolate that shared 99% and 99.1% nucleotide identity with CH-1a and CH-1R at the genomic level, respectively. After purification by viral plaque assay, this isolate was named PRRSV CSR1801. The isolate did not experience any recombination with other PRRSV strains common in swine herd epidemics in China, which means it still maintains the stable features of the classical PRRSV strain and did not easily recombine with other PRRSV strains. Further analysis of the pathogenicity of the PRRSV isolate CSR1801 was performed in piglets. The results indicated that none of the inoculated piglets showed the typical clinical manifestations of PRRS, which presented with runny noses, rough back hair, rectal temperatures always below 40.5 °C, and no deaths. Additionally, no obvious histopathological lesions such as severe interstitial pneumonia could be observed in the lungs of the piglets. Hence, the PRRSV isolate CSR1801 should be classified as a classical-like PRRSV strain. This classical PRRSV strain showed genetic stability and maintained low pathogenicity. This study may provide new clues for further understanding the genetic evolution and pathogenicity of PRRSV and may also be an important reference for the prevention and control of PRRS in swine farms.
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Yount, Boyd, Kristopher M. Curtis, and Ralph S. Baric. "Strategy for Systematic Assembly of Large RNA and DNA Genomes: Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Model." Journal of Virology 74, no. 22 (2000): 10600–10611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.22.10600-10611.2000.
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ABSTRACT A systematic method was developed to assemble functional full-length genomes of large RNA and DNA viruses. Coronaviruses contain the largest single-stranded positive-polarity RNA genome in nature. The ∼30-kb genome, coupled with regions of genomic instability, has hindered the development of a full-length infectious cDNA construct. We have assembled a full-length infectious construct of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an important pathogen in swine. Using a novel approach, six adjoining cDNA subclones that span the entire TGEV genome were isolated. Each clone was engineered with unique flanking interconnecting junctions which determine a precise systematic assembly with only the adjacent cDNA subclones, resulting in an intact TGEV cDNA construct of ∼28.5 kb in length. Transcripts derived from the full-length TGEV construct were infectious, and progeny virions were serially passaged in permissive host cells. Viral antigen production and subgenomic mRNA synthesis were evident during infection and throughout passage. Plaque-purified virus derived from the infectious construct replicated efficiently and displayed similar plaque morphology in permissive host cells. Host range phenotypes of the molecularly cloned and wild-type viruses were similar in cells of swine and feline origin. The recombinant viruses were sequenced across the unique interconnecting junctions, conclusively demonstrating the marker mutations and restriction sites that were engineered into the component clones. Full-length infectious constructs of TGEV will permit the precise genetic modification of the coronavirus genome. The method that we have designed to generate an infectious cDNA construct of TGEV could theoretically be used to precisely reconstruct microbial or eukaryotic genomes approaching several million base pairs in length.
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Belstra, Brad A. "483 Current Knowledge Gaps in Swine Reproduction." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (2021): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.386.
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Abstract Identifying swine reproduction research opportunities, especially those that add value by addressing industry challenges and leveraging assisted reproductive technologies (ART) will be the focus of this talk. ART and genetic selection to increase pork production efficiency have been intertwined since the use of artificial insemination (AI) became widely adopted 30 years ago. Tremendous efficiency gains have been made in part by increasing litter size which is nearly 6 to 7 pigs larger today than it was in 1990. The increased farrowing duration and stillbirths, and decreased piglet birth weight, colostrum intake, and survival to weaning that has been associated with these larger litters are prime targets to be ameliorated with sow and pig management solutions. There is also clear evidence that pigs from smaller litters have the advantage of superior reproductive performance compared to those from larger litters. Thus, litter size and pre-weaning growth may need to be managed, or at least taken into account, to select the best boars and gilts for breeding stock and replacements. Any other accurate, early indicators of boar and gilt puberty, fertility, and lifetime productivity could add significant value. The seasonal fluctuation in fertility that has plagued pig production is costly and may be smoothed out by strategies that mitigate heat stress and improve health. Another opportunity to improve both pig and sow welfare may be intermittent suckling and induction of a fertile estrus and ovulation for breeding during lactation. Even more genetic and pig growth value could be added via AI with sex-sorted semen, if methods to better estimate boar fertility, deliver increased sperm quality, and more precisely synchronize or predict ovulation can be found to reduce the number of sperm required per female. Existing and evolving ART will synergize with genomics and gene editing technologies to unlock new levels of production efficiency.
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Sato, K., Y. Tanaka, H. Kurogi, et al. "Detection of antibody to pseudorabies virus in swine sera by indirect immunoperoxidase plaque staining." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26, no. 1 (1988): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.26.1.79-81.1988.
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Agrawal, Devendra K., Mohamed M. Radwan, Zefu Zhang, and Antu Antony. "Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque model in atherosclerotic swine and a potential target site for intervention." Atherosclerosis 263 (August 2017): e112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.359.
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Clarke, Lorelei L., Daniel G. Mead, Mark G. Ruder, Deborah L. Carter, Jennifer Bloodgood, and Elizabeth Howerth. "Experimental Infection of Domestic Piglets (Sus scrofa) with Rift Valley Fever Virus." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 1 (2022): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0188.
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ABSTRACT. Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted phlebovirus (Family: Phenuiviridae, Order: Bunyavirales) causing severe neonatal mortality and abortion primarily in domestic ruminants. The susceptibility of young domestic swine to RVFV and this species’ role in geographic expansion and establishment of viral endemicity is unclear. Six commercially bred Landrace-cross piglets were inoculated subcutaneously with 105 plaque-forming units of RVFV ZH501 strain and two piglets received a sham inoculum. All animals were monitored for clinical signs, viremia, viral shedding, and antibody response for 14 days. Piglets did not develop evidence of clinical disease, become febrile, or experience decreased weight gain during the study period. A brief lymphopenia followed by progressive lymphocytosis was observed following inoculation in all piglets. Four piglets developed a brief viremia for 2 days post-inoculation and three of these had detectable virus in oronasal secretions three days post-inoculation. Primary inoculated piglets seroconverted and those that developed detectable viremias had the highest titers assessed by serum neutralization (1:64–1:256). Two viremic piglets had a lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis with glial nodules; RVFV was not detected by immunohistochemistry in these sections. While young piglets do not appear to readily develop clinical disease following RVFV infection, results suggest swine could be subclinically infected with RVFV.
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Masic, Aleksandar, Lorne A. Babiuk, and Yan Zhou. "Reverse genetics-generated elastase-dependent swine influenza viruses are attenuated in pigs." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 2 (2009): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.005447-0.
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Influenza A virus causes significant morbidity in swine, resulting in a substantial economic burden. Swine influenza virus (SIV) infection also poses important human public health concerns. It has been shown that conversion of the haemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site from a trypsin-sensitive motif to an elastase-sensitive motif resulted in attenuated viruses in mouse models. However, application of this attenuation approach in a natural host has not been achieved yet. Here, we report that using reverse genetics, we generated two mutant SIVs derived from strain A/SW/SK/18789/02 (H1N1). Mutant A/SW/SK-R345V carries a mutation from arginine to valine at aa 345 of HA. Similarly, mutant A/SW/SK-R345A encodes alanine instead of arginine at aa 345 of HA. Our data showed that both mutants are solely dependent on neutrophil elastase cleavage in tissue culture. These tissue culture-grown mutant SIVs showed similar growth properties in terms of plaque size and growth kinetics to the wild-type virus. In addition, SIV mutants were able to maintain their genetic information after multiple passaging on MDCK cells. Furthermore, mutant SIVs were highly attenuated in pigs. Thus, these mutants may have the potential to serve as live attenuated vaccines.
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Lewis, T., L. Zsak, T. G. Burrage, et al. "An African Swine Fever Virus ERV1-ALRHomologue, 9GL, Affects Virion Maturation and Viral Growth in Macrophages and Viral Virulence in Swine." Journal of Virology 74, no. 3 (2000): 1275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.3.1275-1285.2000.
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ABSTRACT The African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome contains a gene,9GL, with similarity to yeast ERV1 andALR genes. ERV1 has been shown to function in oxidative phosphorylation and in cell growth, while ALR has hepatotrophic activity. 9GL encodes a protein of 119 amino acids and was highly conserved at both nucleotide and amino acid levels among all ASFV field isolates examined. Monospecific rabbit polyclonal antibody produced to a glutathione S-transferase–9GL fusion protein specifically immunoprecipitated a 14-kDa protein from macrophage cell cultures infected with the ASFV isolate Malawi Lil-20/1 (MAL). Time course analysis and viral DNA synthesis inhibitor experiments indicated that p14 was a late viral protein. A9GL gene deletion mutant of MAL (Δ9GL), exhibited a growth defect in macrophages of approximately 2 log10 units and had a small-plaque phenotype compared to either a revertant (9GL-R) or the parental virus. 9GL affected normal virion maturation; virions containing acentric nucleoid structures comprised 90 to 99% of all virions observed in Δ9GL-infected macrophages. The Δ9GL virus was markedly attenuated in swine. In contrast to 9GL-R infection, where mortality was 100%, all Δ9GL-infected animals survived infection. With the exception of a transient fever response in some animals, Δ9GL-infected animals remained clinically normal and exhibited significant 100- to 10,000-fold reductions in viremia titers. All pigs previously infected with Δ9GL survived infection when subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of virulent parental MAL. Thus, ASFV9GL gene deletion mutants may prove useful as live-attenuated ASF vaccines.
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KAWAMURA, Hitoshi, Tatsuo FUJITA, and Tadao IMADA. "Plaque formation and replication of porcine parvovirus in embryonic swine kidney cell line, ESK cells." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 50, no. 3 (1988): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.50.803.
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Sleeman, Katrina, Vasiliy P. Mishin, Varough M. Deyde, Yousuke Furuta, Alexander I. Klimov, and Larisa V. Gubareva. "In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Favipiravir (T-705) against Drug-Resistant Influenza and 2009 A(H1N1) Viruses." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 6 (2010): 2517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01739-09.
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ABSTRACT Favipiravir (T-705) has previously been shown to have a potent antiviral effect against influenza virus and some other RNA viruses in both cell culture and in animal models. Currently, favipiravir is undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. In this study, favipiravir was evaluated in vitro for its ability to inhibit the replication of a representative panel of seasonal influenza viruses, the 2009 A(H1N1) strains, and animal viruses with pandemic (pdm) potential (swine triple reassortants, H2N2, H4N2, avian H7N2, and avian H5N1), including viruses which are resistant to the currently licensed anti-influenza drugs. All viruses were tested in a plaque reduction assay with MDCK cells, and a subset was also tested in both yield reduction and focus inhibition (FI) assays. For the majority of viruses tested, favipiravir significantly inhibited plaque formation at 3.2 μM (0.5 μg/ml) (50% effective concentrations [EC50s] of 0.19 to 22.48 μM and 0.03 to 3.53 μg/ml), and for all viruses, with the exception of a single dually resistant 2009 A(H1N1) virus, complete inhibition of plaque formation was seen at 3.2 μM (0.5 μg/ml). Due to the 2009 pandemic and increased drug resistance in circulating seasonal influenza viruses, there is an urgent need for new drugs which target influenza. This study demonstrates that favipiravir inhibits in vitro replication of a wide range of influenza viruses, including those resistant to currently available drugs.
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Binger, Tabea, Augustina Annan, Jan Felix Drexler, et al. "A Novel Rhabdovirus Isolated from the Straw-Colored Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum, with Signs of Antibodies in Swine and Humans." Journal of Virology 89, no. 8 (2015): 4588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02932-14.
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ABSTRACTBats have been implicated as reservoirs of emerging viruses. Bat species forming large social groups and roosting in proximity to human communities are of particular interest. In this study, we sampled a colony of ca. 350,000 individuals of the straw-colored fruit batEidolon helvumin Kumasi, the second largest city of Ghana. A novel rhabdovirus (Kumasi rhabdovirus [KRV]) was isolated inE. helvumcell cultures and passaged to Vero cells as well as interferon-competent human and primate cells (A549 and MA104). Genome composition was typical for a rhabdovirus. KRV was detected in 5.1% of 487 animals, showing association with the spleen but not the brain. Antibody prevalence was 11.5% by immunofluorescence and 6.4% by plaque reduction virus neutralization test (PRNT). Detection throughout 3 sampling years was pronounced in both annual wet seasons, of which only one overlaps the postparturition season. Juvenile bats showed increased viral prevalence. No evidence of infection was obtained in 1,240 female mosquitos (6 different genera) trapped in proximity to the colony to investigate potential vector association. Antibodies were found in 28.9% (5.4% by PRNT) of 107 swine sera but not in similarly large collections of sheep, goat, or cattle sera. The antibody detection rate in human subjects with occupational exposure to the bat colony was 11% (5/45 persons), which was significantly higher than in unexposed adults (0.8% [1/118]; chi square,P< 0.001). KRV is a novel bat-associated rhabdovirus potentially transmitted to humans and swine. Disease associations should be investigated.IMPORTANCEBats are thought to carry a huge number of as-yet-undiscovered viruses that may pose epidemic threats to humans and livestock. Here we describe a novel dimarhabdovirus which we isolated from a large colony of the straw-colored fruit batEidolon helvumin Ghana. As these animals are exposed to humans and several livestock species, we looked for antibodies indicating infection in humans, cattle, swine, sheep, and goats. Signs of infection were found in swine and humans, with increased antibody findings in humans who are occupationally exposed to the bat colony. Our data suggest that it is worthwhile to look for diseases caused by the novel virus in humans and livestock.
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Rocchiccioli, S., A. Cecchettini, N. Ucciferri, et al. "P466Coronary vascular smooth muscle cell proteins in the hypercholesterolemic swine: plaque-related markers of accelerated atherogenesis." Cardiovascular Research 103, suppl 1 (2014): S85.3—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvu091.143.
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Echeverri, Dario, German Santamaria, Valentin Fuster, William N. O'Connor, and Pedro R. Moreno. "Rupture of the external elastic lamina increases plaque neovascularization after coronary angioplasty in the swine model." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41, no. 6 (2003): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(03)80238-3.
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Jiang, Xiao-Bing, Wei-Si Yuan, Jin-Shan Wang, Zhong Liu, Dong-Hong Liu, and Zhong-Song Shi. "Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in carotid atherosclerotic plaque and contrast-enhanced MRI in a swine model." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 6, no. 1 (2012): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010536.
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Taylor, M. J., and C. L. Clark. "Discordant secretion of relaxin by individual porcine large luteal cells: quantitative analysis by a reverse haemolytic plaque assay." Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 1 (1992): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1340077.
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ABSTRACT Individual large luteal cells (LLC) derived from pregnant swine differ conspicuously in their ability to secrete the peptide hormone relaxin under basal and stimulated conditions – the phenomenon of functional heterogeneity. The purpose of this study was to quantitate knowledge of this phenomenon through use of a reverse haemolytic plaque assay, a technique that utilizes antibody-directed, complement-mediated erythrocyte lysis to detect hormone secretion by single LLCs in culture. Measurement of individual plaque areas (an index of the amount of relaxin secreted) demonstrated an approximate 100-fold range in the amount of relaxin secreted by a single cell under basal conditions. This range was doubled by exposure to the phorbol ester, 4β-phorbol 12β-myristate 13α-acetate (PMA; 50 nmol/l). Under basal conditions, 50 and 80% of the total amount of relaxin was secreted by approximately 10 and 30% of all LLCs respectively. The size of these fractions was not influenced by the time of incubation (1–8 h), or by the presence of either of two non-specific stimulatory relaxin secretagogues, PMA (50 nmol/l) or arachidonic acid (1 μmol/l). The unimodal frequency distribution of plaque areas (under basal or stimulated conditions) suggests that relaxin-secreting LLCs comprise a discrete functional population of secretory cells, at least under these experimental conditions. We conclude that a remarkably small fraction of LLCs secretes the majority of relaxin, and that the size of this fraction was not influenced by time or secretagogues. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 134, 77–83
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Reuscher, Carina Maria, Lisa Schmidt, Anette Netsch, and Benjamin Lamp. "Characterization of a Cytopathogenic Reporter CSFV." Viruses 13, no. 7 (2021): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071209.
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Cytopathogenic (cp) pestiviruses frequently emerge in cattle that are persistently infected with the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as a consequence of RNA recombination and mutation. They induce apoptosis in infected tissue cultures, are highly attenuated in the immunocompetent host, and unable to establish persistent infections after diaplacental infections. Cp strains of BVDV have been used as naturally attenuated live vaccines and for species-specific plaque reduction tests for the indirect serological detection of BVDV. Here, we present a genetically engineered cp strain of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Cytopathogenicity of the strain was induced by the insertion of ubiquitin embedded in a large NS3 to NS4B duplication. The CSFV RNA genome was stabilized by the inactivation of the NS2 autoprotease, hindering the deletion of the insertion and the reversion to a wild-type genome. Additional insertion of a mCherry gene at the 5′-end of the E2 gene allowed fluorescence-verified plaque reduction assays for CSFV, thus providing a novel, cost-efficient diagnostic tool. This genetically stabilized cp CSFV strain could be further used as a basis for potential new modified live vaccines. Taken together, we applied reverse genetics to rationally fixate a typical cp NS3 duplication in a CSFV genome.
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Chen, Zhongying, Weijia Wang, Helen Zhou, et al. "Generation of Live Attenuated Novel Influenza Virus A/California/7/09 (H1N1) Vaccines with High Yield in Embryonated Chicken Eggs." Journal of Virology 84, no. 1 (2009): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02106-09.
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ABSTRACT Several live attenuated influenza virus A/California/7/09 (H1N1) (CA09) candidate vaccine variants that possess the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from the CA09 virus and six internal protein gene segments from the cold-adapted influenza virus A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) virus were generated by reverse genetics. The reassortant viruses replicated relatively poorly in embryonated chicken eggs. To improve virus growth in eggs, reassortants expressing the HA and NA of CA09 were passaged in MDCK cells and variants exhibiting large-plaque morphology were isolated. These variants replicated at levels approximately 10-fold higher than the rate of replication of the parental strains in embryonated chicken eggs. Sequence analysis indicated that single amino acid changes at positions 119, 153, 154, and 186 were responsible for the improved growth properties in MDCK cells and eggs. In addition, the introduction of a mutation at residue 155 that was previously shown to enhance the replication of a 1976 swine influenza virus also significantly improved the replication of the CA09 virus in eggs. Each variant was further evaluated for receptor binding preference, antigenicity, attenuation phenotype, and immunogenicity. Mutations at residues 153, 154, and 155 drastically reduced viral antigenicity, which made these mutants unsuitable as vaccine candidates. However, changes at residues 119 and 186 did not affect virus antigenicity or immunogenicity, justifying their inclusion in live attenuated vaccine candidates to protect against the currently circulating 2009 swine origin H1N1 viruses.
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Rogovski, Paula, Raphael da Silva, Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro, et al. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Control in Poultry Litter Mediated by Lytic Bacteriophage Isolated from Swine Manure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (2021): 8862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168862.
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We report the use of bacteriophages for control of Salmonella Enteritidis in poultry production. Phage was isolated by the double-agar plate assay from agricultural waste samples, and one isolate, named SM1, was selected and propagated for application in poultry litter. Two experimental protocols were tested: single treatment and repeated treatment (re-application of phage SM1 after 6 h and 12 h). Each treatment cycle involved 25 g of poultry litter placed in plastic boxes and contaminated with 105 Colony Forming Units mL−1 (CFU mL−1) of S. Enteritidis, in independent duplicates. The contaminated litter was treated with 106 Plaque Forming Units mL−1 (PFU mL−1) of SM1 phage by dripping. Repeated application of phage SM1 reduced Salmonella counts by over 99.9%; the phage persisted in poultry litter for over 35 days. This study illustrates the application of SM1 treatment as a promising technology for bacterial control in production matrices that could allow safe and sustainable use of agricultural waste products as biofertilizers.
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ABDELWAHID, S. A., and IMA ELJALII. "Protection of piglets immunized with a cloned pseudorabies virus." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 4 (2017): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15090.
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The potential of pseudorabies virus (PrV) clone (mAlp) as an immunizing agem against Aujeszky's disease (AD) in swine was invesτigaτed in this study. The pathogenicity, immunogenicity and protective efficiency induced by the virus were the major focus of the study. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure antibody responses to the virus. The virus was proved non-pathogenic for piglets up to the dose 10 plaque forming unit (p.f.u.). The antibody titres to the virus were correlated with the immunization dose. The difference in the antibody levels for the doses 10 and 10 p.f.u. was nonsignificant (p<0.01), but between the dose 10 and 10 , was significant (p<0.05). Following challenge of immunized animals with the virulent PrV-CD strain, total protection of piglets was observed even at the immunizing dose 10 p.f.u. In conclusion, PrVmAlp was non-pathogenic, highly immunogenic and protective against virulent PrV challenge in piglets, hence suggested as an efficacious and safe vaccine candidate against the disease.
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Rebel, J. M. J., C. H. Leendertse, A. Dekker, F. van Poelwijk, and R. J. M. Moormann. "Construction of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of swine vesicular disease virus strain NET/1/92 and analysis of new antigenic variants derived from it." Journal of General Virology 81, no. 11 (2000): 2763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-11-2763.
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The Dutch swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) isolate NET/1/92 was one of the first isolates belonging to a new SVDV antigenic group. This strain was completely sequenced and was shown to have 93% similarity with the UKG/27/72 isolate. To enable antigenicity, replication, maturation and pathogenicity studies of NET/1/92, an infectious full-length cDNA clone, designated pSVD146, was prepared. The in vitro and in vivo biological properties of the virus derived from pSVD146 were studied by analysing antigenicity, plaque morphology, growth curves and virulence in pigs. The epitopes of newly prepared monoclonal antibodies were roughly mapped by fusion-PCR. Fine mapping of epitopes at the amino acid level was achieved by introducing single amino acid mutations in pSVD146. Two new amino acids important in epitope formation were located in VP1; one was mapped in the C-terminal end and the second is thought to be located in the H–I loop. Growth curve and plaque sizes in vitro were similar between virus derived from pSVD146 and the parent wild-type virus. In virulence studies in pigs, the lesions score, neutralization titres and the seroconversion rates were comparable between virus derived from pSVD146 and the parent strain. Since virus derived from pSVD146 had the same biological properties as the parent strain NET/1/92, the full-length infectious cDNA clone pSVD146 will be very useful in studies of the antigenicity, virulence, pathogenesis, maturation and replication of SVDV.
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Fujimori, Yoshie, Tetsuya Sato, Taishi Hayata, et al. "Novel Antiviral Characteristics of Nanosized Copper(I) Iodide Particles Showing Inactivation Activity against 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 4 (2011): 951–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06284-11.
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ABSTRACTWe investigated the antiviral activity of nanosized copper(I) iodide (CuI) particles having an average size of 160 nm. CuI particles showed aqueous stability and generated hydroxyl radicals, which were probably derived from monovalent copper (Cu+). We confirmed that CuI particles showed antiviral activity against an influenza A virus of swine origin (pandemic [H1N1] 2009) by plaque titration assay. The virus titer decreased in a dose-dependent manner upon incubation with CuI particles, with the 50% effective concentration being approximately 17 μg/ml after exposure for 60 min. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the inactivation of the virus due to the degradation of viral proteins such as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase by CuI. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy revealed that CuI generates hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution, and radical production was found to be blocked by the radical scavengerN-acetylcysteine. Taken together, these findings indicate that CuI particles exert antiviral activity by generating hydroxyl radicals. Thus, CuI may be a useful material for protecting against viral attacks and may be suitable for applications such as filters, face masks, protective clothing, and kitchen cloths.
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Shibuya, Masahiko, Armando Tellez, Yanping Cheng, et al. "TCT-815 Positive Vascular Remodeling and Plaque Vulnerability: Biological Insights from the Novel Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine Model of Atherosclerosis." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62, no. 18 (2013): B247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1568.
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