Journal articles: 'Swine Swine Heat Swine'

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Wang, Mei Zhi, Ji Jun Liu, Zhong Hong Wu, Zhao Hui Chen, and Jian Hui Tian. "Effect of Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Technique Application on Economic Performance and Emission Reduction in Swine Farm in Beijing China." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3196.

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To find low carbon heating measures in swine farms in Beijing China, A study of swine houses with area of 920 m2in swine farms in Beijing China was conducted and economic performance, emission reduction of ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) heating system, coal fired heating system and other heating systems were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the initial investment of ground-coupled heat pump system was more than that of the coal fired heating system, the relative running cost of the heating systems of ground-coupled heat pump, coal fired, electricity resistance and natural gas was 0.86, 1.00, 3.17 and 1.22, respectively. CO2avoidances of GCHP heating systems were 57% and 73%, respectively, compared with conventional coal fired heating system and electricity resistance heating.

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Ferrari, S., A. Costa, and M. Guarino. "Heat stress assessment by swine related vocalizations." Livestock Science 151, no. 1 (January 2013): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.10.013.

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T. M. Brown-Brandl, J. A. Nienaber, H. Xin, and R. S. Gates. "A LITERATURE REVIEW OF SWINE HEAT PRODUCTION." Transactions of the ASAE 47, no. 1 (2004): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.15867.

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Lentz, Zachary A., John Classen, and Praveen Kolar. "Thermochemical Conversion: A Prospective Swine Manure Solution for North Carolina." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 3 (2017): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12074.

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Abstract. The growth of North Carolina’s swine industry in recent decades has led to a subsequent increase in the production of swine manure. This manure represents a potential threat to environmental and human health, as well as an opportunity to add value to pork production. Technologies for treating swine manure safely while generating products to offset costs are part of an expanding field of research centered on sustainable food production for our growing population. Thermochemical conversion processes use heat to degrade organic feedstocks and drive chemical reactions, which generate valuable products. The high moisture content of swine manure is prohibitive for most thermochemical processes, but gasification and hydrothermal carbonization may be more accommodating. Gasification, a time-tested thermochemical conversion process, yields a combustible gas through a series of endothermic reactions, and hydrothermal carbonization yields a solid, coal-like char that can be used as a fuel or chemical precursor. Advances in thermochemical conversion processes have indicated the potential for yielding valuable products from swine manure, but viable scalable processes are still under development, requiring further research to apply these processes to swine manure management and evaluate the usefulness of their products. This review (1) describes, generally, thermochemical conversion via both hydrothermal gasification (HTG) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), (2) shows the usefulness of each conversion process for biomass, and (3) discusses the potential of HTG and HTC of swine manure to enhance the value of pork production. Keywords: Energy, Gases, Hydrothermal carbonization, Hydrothermal gasification, Pig manure, Pigs, Sustainable.

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Polaček, Vladimir, Biljana Đurđević, Tamaš Petrović, Jasna Prodanov-Radulović, Milena Samojlović, Ivana Vučićević, and Sanja Kovačević-Aleksić. "CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS DETECTION IN FETAL SWINE TISSUES BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 13, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v13i1.235.

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The classical swine fever virus has the ability to cross the placental barrier, resulting in the infection of fetuses, which may consequently lead to persistent infection in piglets. The aim of this study was to report the lesions in fetuses naturally infected with CSFV during late gestation and clarify the nature of infected cells and the distribution of viral antigen in different tissues. A total of twenty-nine fetuses aged 82, 83 and 95 gestational days originating from three naturally CSFV infected sows were examined in this study. In all tested sows and their fetuses CSFV was detected using RT-PCR method. Immunohistochemistry method was used to detect viral antigen and monoclonal antibody WH303 was used on formalin fixed tissue samples of brain, spleen, heart, tonsils, kidney, ileocecal valve and umbilical cord. The most common lesions in the majority of fetuses were hyperemia, petechial haemorrhages in the skin, lymph nodes and kidneys. With the exception of myocardium, CSF viral antigen was detected in all the examined tissues. WH303 positive cells included endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. The largest number of positive cells was found in kidneys in all of the examined fetuses. Reticular cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and endothelial cells in the spleen were also intensely and widely stained in most of the fetuses. These results showed that CSFV antigen can be detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal tissue specimens originating from naturally CSFV infected sows by using monoclonal antibody WH303. Fetal kidneys proved to be a very useful organ for diagnosis of the CSF virus. Having that in mind, it is assumed that persistently infected piglets may shed a high amount of viral particles through urine. However, further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

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Besheda, E., Qiang Zhang, and Ray Boris. "Energy consumption of heat pads and heat lamps and aerial environment in a commercial swine farrowing facility." Canadian Biosystems Engineering 56, no. 1 (June 20, 2014): 5.1–5.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2014.56.5.1.

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Merkus, Daphne, Birgit Houweling, Marion van Vliet, and Dirk J. Duncker. "Contribution of KATP+ channels to coronary vasomotor tone regulation is enhanced in exercising swine with a recent myocardial infarction." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288, no. 3 (March 2005): H1306—H1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00631.2004.

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Previous studies demonstrated a decreased flow reserve in the hypertrophied myocardium early after myocardial infarction (MI). Previously, we reported that exacerbation of hemodynamic abnormalities and neurohumoral activation during exercise caused slight impairment of myocardial O2 supply in swine with a recent MI. We hypothesized that increased metabolic coronary vasodilation [via ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP+) channels and adenosine] may have partially compensated for the increased extravascular compressive forces and increased vasoconstrictor neurohormones, thereby preventing a more severe impairment of myocardial O2 balance. Chronically instrumented swine were exercised on a treadmill up to 85% of maximum heart rate. Under resting conditions, adenosine receptor blockade [8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT), 5 mg/kg iv] and KATP+ channel blockade (glibenclamide, 3 mg/kg iv) produced similar decreases in myocardial O2 supply in normal and MI swine. However, while glibenclamide's effect waned in normal swine during exercise ( P < 0.05), it was maintained in MI swine. 8-PT's effect was maintained during exercise and was not different between normal and MI swine. Finally, in normal swine combined treatment with 8-PT and glibenclamide produced a vasoconstrictor response that equaled the sum of the responses to blockade of the individual pathways. In contrast, in MI swine the vasoconstrictor response to 8-PT and glibenclamide was similar to that produced by glibenclamide alone. In conclusion, despite significant hemodynamic abnormalities in swine with a recent MI, myocardial O2 supply and O2 consumption in remodeled myocardium are still closely matched during exercise. This close matching is supported by increased KATP+ channel-mediated coronary vasodilation. Although the net vasodilator influence of adenosine was unchanged in remodeled myocardium, it became exclusively dependent on KATP+ channel opening.

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Vilas Boas Ribeiro, Bruna Pontara, Eloiza Lanferdini, Jorge Yair Pérez Palencia, Marina Alves Gomes Lemes, Márvio Lobão Teixeira de Abreu, Vinícius de Souza Cantarelli, and Rony Antonio Ferreira. "Heat negatively affects lactating swine: A meta-analysis." Journal of Thermal Biology 74 (May 2018): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.04.015.

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Li, D. J., S. L. Qiu, S. L. Zhou, and H. L. Liu. "Acute heat injury to the normal swine rectum." International Journal of Hyperthermia 4, no. 2 (January 1988): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02656738809029309.

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Zhao, Huihui, Jianxin Chen, Qi Shi, Xueling Ma, Yi Yang, Liangtao Luo, Shuzhen Guo, Yong Wang, Jing Han, and Wei Wang. "Metabolomics-Based Study of Clinical and Animal Plasma Samples in Coronary Heart Disease with Blood Stasis Syndrome." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/638723.

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The aim of this study is to explore a bridge connecting the mechanism basis and macro syndromes of coronary heart disease with experimental animal models. GC-MS technique was used to detect the metabolites of plasma samples in mini swine models with myocardial infarction (MI) and patients with unstable angina (UA). 30 metabolites were detected in the plasma samples of more than 50 percent of model group and control group in swine, while 37 metabolites were found in the plasma samples of UA patients and healthy control group. 21 metabolites in the plasma samples of swine model and 20 metabolites in patients with UA were found of significant value. Among which, 8 shared metabolites were found of low level expression in both swine model and UA patients. Independent Student’st-test, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchicalcluster analysis (HCA) were orderly applied to comprehend inner rules of variables in the data. The 8 shared metabolites could take place of the 21 or 20 metabolites in classification of swine model with MI and UA patients, which could be considered as a bridge connecting the mechanism basis and macrosyndromes of swine model with MI and UA patients.

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Friess, S. H., M. Y. Naim, T. J. Kilbaugh, J. Ralston, and S. S. Margulies. "Premedication with meloxicam exacerbates intracranial haemorrhage in an immature swine model of non-impact inertial head injury." Laboratory Animals 46, no. 2 (April 2012): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2011.011084.

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Meloxicam is a cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) preferential non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with very effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in swine. Previous reports in piglets have demonstrated that meloxicam also inhibits COX-1 and reduces production of thromboxane significantly. We use preinjury analgesia in our immature swine (3–5-day-old piglets) model of brain injury using rapid head rotations without impact. In 23 consecutive subjects we found that premedication with meloxicam ( n = 6) produced a significantly higher mortality rate (5/6 or 83%) than buprenorphine ( n = 17, 1/17 or 6%, P < 0.02). On gross neuropathological examination of the meloxicam-treated swine, we observed massive subdural and subarachnoid bleeding which were not present in buprenorphine-premedicated animals. To our knowledge there are no previous reports in swine of increased bleeding or platelet inhibition associated with meloxicam administration and further research is needed to define mechanisms of action in piglets. We caution the use of meloxicam in swine when inhibition of platelet aggregation might adversely affect refinement of experimental research protocols, such as in stroke, trauma and cardiac arrest models.

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Sirotkin, AV, and M. Kacaniova. " The effect of high temperature on swine ovarian function in vitro." Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 8 (September 15, 2010): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2953-vetmed.

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The aim of the present study was to understand the hormonal mechanisms behind the effect of high temperatures on reproductive function. It was proposed that high temperatures can directly alter production of ovarian hormones and/or the response of ovarian cells to hormonal stimulators. To examine this hypothesis, in the 1st series of experiments, we compared the release of progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and expression of the leptin gene in whole ovarian follicles cultured in conditions of normal (37.5°C) and high (41.5°C) temperatures. In the 2nd series of experiments, we examined the release of P4 and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) by ovarian granulosa cells cultured in conditions of normal and high temperatures with and without IGF-I, leptin and FSH. The release of hormones was measured by RIA, while the expression of the leptin gene was evaluated by PCR. It was observed that high temperature significantly increased P4 and E2 release and reduced the accumulation of leptin DNA in ovarian follicles. In cultured ovarian granulosa cells, high temperatures promoted the release of both P4 and IGF-I. The addition of IGF-I, leptin and FSH to granulosa cells cultured at normal temperature promoted the release of both P4 and IGF-I. High temperature was able to prevent the stimulatory effect of leptin (but not of IGF-I or FSH) on P4 output and the stimulatory action of both leptin and FSH on IGF-I release by granulosa cells. The present observations (1) demonstrate the possible production of leptin in the porcine ovary, (2) demonstrate for the first time the influence of high temperatures on ovarian P4, E2, IGF-I and leptin, and (3) suggest, that the negative effect of heat stress on reproductive processes can be due to high temperature-induced malproduction of ovarian hormones and a reduction in the response of ovarian cells to hormonal stimulators.

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H. B. Manbeck, R. E. Scheideman, and W. B. Roush. "Simulating Ventilation Heat Recovery for Broiler and Swine Facilities." Transactions of the ASAE 30, no. 3 (1987): 0746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30470.

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Johnson, Jay S., Kara R. Stewart, Tim J. Safranski, Jason W. Ross, and Lance H. Baumgard. "In utero heat stress alters postnatal phenotypes in swine." Theriogenology 154 (September 2020): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.013.

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Sharara, Kim, Sadaka, and Thoma. "Consequential Life Cycle Assessment of Swine Manure Management within a Thermal Gasification Scenario." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214081.

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Sustainable swine manure management is critical to reducing adverse environmental impacts on surrounding ecosystems, particularly in regions of intensive production. Conventional swine manure management practices contribute to agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and aquatic eutrophication. There is a lack of full-scale research of the thermochemical conversion of solid-separated swine manure. This study utilizes a consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) to investigate the environmental impacts of the thermal gasification of swine manure solids as a manure management strategy. CLCA is a modeling tool for a comprehensive estimation of the environmental impacts attributable to a production system. The present study evaluates merely the gasification scenario as it includes manure drying, syngas production, and biochar field application. The assessment revealed that liquid storage of manure had the highest contribution of 57.5% to GHG emissions for the entire proposed manure management scenario. Solid-liquid separation decreased GHG emissions from the manure liquid fraction. Swine manure solids separation, drying, and gasification resulted in a net energy expenditure of 12.3 MJ for each functional unit (treatment of 1 metric ton of manure slurry). Land application of manure slurry mixed with biochar residue could potentially be credited with 5.9 kg CO2-eq in avoided GHG emissions, and 135 MJ of avoided fossil fuel energy. Manure drying had the highest share of fossil fuel energy use. Increasing thermochemical conversion efficiency was shown to decrease overall energy use significantly. Improvements in drying technology efficiency, or the use of solar or waste-heat streams as energy sources, can significantly improve the potential environmental impacts of manure solids gasification.

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Zhou, Sheng, Jining Zhang, Guoyan Zou, Shohei Riya, and Masaaki Hosomi. "Mass and Energy Balances of Dry Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion Treating Swine Manure Mixed with Rice Straw." Biotechnology Research International 2015 (November 2, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/895015.

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To evaluate the feasibility of swine manure treatment by a proposed Dry Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion (DT-AD) system, we evaluated the methane yield of swine manure treated using a DT-AD method with rice straw under different C/N ratios and solid retention time (SRT) and calculated the mass and energy balances when the DT-AD system is used for swine manure treatment from a model farm with 1000 pigs and the digested residue is used for forage rice production. A traditional swine manure treatment Oxidation Ditch system was used as the study control. The results suggest that methane yield using the proposed DT-AD system increased with a higher C/N ratio and shorter SRT. Correspondently, for the DT-AD system running with SRT of 80 days, the net energy yields for all treatments were negative, due to low biogas production and high heat loss of digestion tank. However, the biogas yield increased when the SRT was shortened to 40 days, and the generated energy was greater than consumed energy when C/N ratio was 20:1 and 30:1. The results suggest that with the correct optimization of C/N ratio and SRT, the proposed DT-AD system, followed by using digestate for forage rice production, can attain energy self-sufficiency.

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Merkus, Daphne, Birgit Houweling, Anton H. van den Meiracker, Frans Boomsma, and Dirk J. Duncker. "Contribution of endothelin to coronary vasomotor tone is abolished after myocardial infarction." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288, no. 2 (February 2005): H871—H880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00429.2004.

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Left ventricular dysfunction in swine with a recent myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with neurohumoral activation, including increased catecholamines and endothelin (ET). Although the increase in ET may serve to maintain blood pressure and, hence, perfusion of essential organs such as the heart and brain, it could also compromise myocardial perfusion by evoking coronary vasoconstriction. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that endogenous ET contributes to perturbations in myocardial O2 balance during exercise in remodeled myocardium of swine with a recent MI. For this purpose, 26 chronically instrumented swine (10 with and 16 without MI) were studied at rest and while running on a treadmill at 1–4 km/h. After MI, plasma ET increased from 3.2 ± 0.4 to 4.9 ± 0.3 pM ( P < 0.05). In normal swine, blockade of ETA (by EMD-122946) or ETA-ETB (by tezosentan) receptors resulted in an increase in coronary venous Po2, i.e., coronary vasodilation at rest, which decreased during exercise. In contrast, neither ETA nor ETA-ETB receptor blockade resulted in coronary vasodilation in swine with MI. Coronary vasoconstriction to intravenous ET-1 infusion in awake resting swine was blunted after MI. To investigate whether factors released by cardiac myocytes contributed to decreased vascular responsiveness to ET, we performed ET-1 dose-response curves in isolated coronary arterioles (70–200 μm). Vasoconstriction to ET-1 in isolated arterioles from MI swine was enhanced. In conclusion, the vasoconstrictor influence of endogenous as well as exogenous ET on coronary circulation in vivo is reduced. Because the response of isolated coronary arterioles to ET is increased after MI, the reduced vasoconstrictor influence in vivo suggests modulation of ET receptor sensitivity by cardiac myocytes, which may serve to maintain adequate myocardial perfusion.

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Wang, Yi, Wanqin Zhang, Hongmin Dong, Zhiping Zhu, and Baoming Li. "Performance Evaluation of a Large-Scale Swine Manure Mesophilic Biogas Plant in China." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 5 (2017): 1713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12216.

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Abstract. With the rapid growth of large-scale and intensive swine farms have come many ecological and environmental problems associated with the substantially increased and concentrated animal waste production. In this article, a swine manure and flushed slurry to renewable energy management system is present and discussed. This system was installed in a commercial feeder-to-finish swine farm with 18,000 head of swine in Beijing, China, and included two mesophilic upflow solids reactors (USRI and USRII, 500 m3 and 700 m3) and one psychrophilic plug-flow reactor (PFR, 1000 m3). In this study, USRII was monitored throughout a whole year to evaluate the performance of this swine waste to energy system. The biogas plant used mixed solid swine manure and flushed slurry as substrate with a relatively low organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.7 to 1.8 kg volatile solids (VS) m-3 d-1. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied from 15 to 22 days depending on the season. Less added water contributed to the longer HRT and more concentrated influent in winter. In winter, the specific methane production (SMP) of the digester was 0.43 m3 CH4 kg-1 VSadded, which was slightly lower than the value reported in Europe (0.45 m3 CH4 kg-1 VSadded) but about 48.3% higher than that in Asia (0.29 m3 CH4 kg-1 VSadded). This indicated that the performance of this USR in winter was stable, with a higher biogas production, and up to 90% of the VS was removed as well. However, the low OLR limited the volumetric methane production rate to only 0.21 to 0.57 m3 m-3 d-1. Keywords: Flushed slurry, Large-scale biogas plant, Monitoring, Performance, Swine manure.

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Roka, Fritz M., and Dana L. Hoag. "Manure Value and Liveweight Swine Decisions." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 28, no. 1 (July 1996): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800009615.

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AbstractProduced as a joint product, economic theory suggests that manure value could influence livestock management decisions such as herd size and optimal market weights. This study examines the concept of manure value and its connection with optimal replacement age or market weight. A model of a swine finishing operation representative of North Carolina conditions is developed. Over the range of conditions considered, manure value is negative and does not affect market weights. The marginal per head change in manure value is small relative to the marginal per head change in net returns from pork production. Further, economies of scale with respect to irrigation cause manure value to increase with herd size.

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LAUBACH, CHERYL, JEFFREY RATHGEBER, ALAN OSER, and SAMUEL PALUMBO. "Microbiology of the Swine Head Meat Deboning Process." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.2.249.

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The microbiology of swine head meat was evaluated by comparing the levels of aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, and Escherichia coli as well as the incidence and levels of Salmonella spp. in swine head meat harvested by either the old or a new improved procedure. Based on 144 samples (72 by each procedure), the levels of APC, coliforms, and E. coli were 4.52 ± 0.26, 2.37 ± 0.42, and 2.25 ± 0.42 log10 CFU/g respectively, regardless of the procedure used for harvesting the meat. The incidence (27/72 versus 28/72) and MPN levels (4 to 93 versus 4 to 1100) of Salmonella spp. determined by the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) methods also were the same for meat obtained using either the old or the new procedure. The BAM method detected a higher incidence of Salmonella spp. (55/144) than other methods, PCR (38/144; BAX, Du Pont) or DNA hybridization (41/144; Gene-Trak). Time of harvesting during the processing day or site of origin of the head meat (cheek versus tongue versus back of head) had no effect on the incidence of Salmonella spp. The data in this study indicate that the levels of bacteria encountered in swine head meat are a reflection of the harvesting procedures themselves, as well as levels in and around the head and oral cavity of swine.

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Joab, Malanda, Péter Balogh, and Gabriella Novotni Dankó. "Sow removal patterns in commercial breed-wean herds of Midwest, USA." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/2/3671.

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An observational retrospective study was done to provide up-to-date information on recent sow removal patterns from 9 breed-wean herds of Midwest USA. The study comprised of sow’s removal reasons and removal types of F1 Landrace x Yorkshire gilts entered in the herds between 1st Jan 2014 and 31st July 2016. Data was extracted from existing database on Dec 2018 and 15% of the sows were still active in the herds hence not included in the study. Descriptive statistics showed that out of the 20,009 removed sows, planned removals comprised of farrowing productivity (FP) 3,523 (17.6%) and old age (OA) 1,785 (8.9%) while unplanned removals consisted of reproductive failure (RF) 7,786 (38.9%), health problems (HP) 2,629 (13.1%), locomotion problems (LP) 1,473 (7.4%) and conformation issues (CI) 1,350 (6.8%).‘Did not conceive’ and “No heat” were observed as the main contributing factors accounting for 37.6% and 32.9% respectively for gilts & sows removed by RF.13.5% of the gilts (Parity 0) were removed from the herds before attaining their first litter of which 64.1% of their removals was due to RF. Removal type consisted of slaughter (S) 85.0%, found dead on the farm (DoF) 10.8% and euthanized (E) 4.2%. The research findings depict an upward trend of sow RF removals in the US swine herds posing a serious concern for US swine producers. Characterization and quantification of sow removals gives a revelation on the deeper intrigues about the vulnerability of the various parity in respect to common causes of RF. This helps swine producers to decisively improve on gilt replacement selection, reproductive efficiency, health and nutrition management all aimed at increasing overall swine productivity and efficiency in management. Swine farmers in the US can now focus their efforts towards curbing unnecessary RF removal within parity specifics.

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Cliplef, R. L., and R. M. McKay. "Visceral organ weights of swine selected for reduced backfat thickness and increased growth rate." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-020.

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Eight generations of Yorkshire swine and seven generations of Hampshire swine, involving a total of 2300 animals of which 1350 were selected for reduced backfat thickness and increased growth rate, had concurrent increases in visceral organ weights (heart, lungs, spleen, liver and kidney). Implications are that this could amount to 0.4 kg less weight per carcass. Key words: Pigs, organs, selection, Yorkshire, Hampshire

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Goodband, Robert D. "4 Protein and Amino Acid Concepts and Use in Swine Nutrition: Gary Allee’s Contributions to the Swine Industry." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.028.

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Abstract I was very fortunate to meet Gary Allee in 1984 when I began my M.S. degree at Kansas State University. I’ll remember Gary most in that he cared about people and truly wanted to serve humanity and make the world a better place through animal agriculture. He helped develop scholars, both nationally and internationally, that would be the future of our industry. Gary was proficient in seeking a solution to a problem and finding the experimental resources to explain it. Very early in his career, he helped verify the concept of a lysine:calorie ratio as a means of explaining the previously varied and inconsistent response to added fat in swine diets. Early research outlined the order of limiting amino acids in various feed ingredients. Gary’s research also focused on determining the nutritional value of protein sources for weanling pigs, such as dried whey, fish meal and dried skim milk that ultimately led to phase feeding strategies for early weaned pigs that are the backbone of our industry. Gary and his students determined lysine and other amino acid requirements for growing pigs and sows under field conditions. He helped elucidate the effects of low-protein, amino acid fortified diets under heat stress environments. As market weights increased, his research was instrumental in determining how to feed heavy weight pigs as well as those fed ractopamine. Gary grasped concepts and applied them into practical solutions in swine nutrition. He was a strong believer and leader in cooperative research among universities but also, at that time, a novel concept of university-industry partnerships. Those of us that can say they knew Gary Allee, are very fortunate and better because of it.

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Mani, Venkatesh, Jon K. Rubach, David J. Sanders, Thoai Pham, Dawn A. Koltes, Nicholas K. Gabler, and Mitchell J. Poss. "Evaluation of the protective effects of zinc butyrate in IPEC-J2 cells and grower pigs under heat stress1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 842–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz023.

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Abstract Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental stressor primarily affecting swine performance through negative effects on intestinal health. Zinc and butyric acid supplementation help maintain intestinal integrity and barrier function, and has been shown to be beneficial to swine during stress conditions. We tested a novel formulation of zinc butyrate (ZnB) to study whether it has protective effects toward swine using pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and in a grower swine HS trial. IPEC-J2 cells were grown either under an inflammatory challenge (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide) or HS (41.5 °C for 48 h) using Transwell plates. The tight junction integrity of the cells under various treatments, including ZnB, zinc sulfate, and calcium butyrate, was followed over a period of 36 to 48 h by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). During inflammatory challenge, ZnB-treated cells had the greatest TER (P < 0.05) at 36 h. When the cells were exposed to HS at 41.5 °C, ZnB-treated cells had similar TER to the cells incubated at 37.0 °C, indicating significant protection against HS. In the swine trial (two dietary treatments, control and an encapsulated form of 40% zinc butyrate [E-ZnB] in hydrogenated palm oil pearls, 12 pigs per treatment), grower gilts (35 ± 1 kg) were supplemented with E-ZnB for 24 d before being subjected to biphasic HS for 7 d, 30 to 32 °C for 8 h and 28 °C for 16 h, for a total duration of 56 h of HS. At the end of the HS phase, half the pigs were euthanized from each treatment (n = 6 per treatment), and growth performance was calculated. During the HS phase, average daily gain (ADG; 0.53 vs. 0.79 kg) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; 0.33 vs. 0.43) were greater in the E-ZnB group (P < 0.05). Although in vivo intestinal permeability increased during the HS phase (P < 0.05), no differences were observed in the present study for the intestinal health parameters measured including TER, villus height:crypt depth ratio, and in vivo and ex vivo intestinal permeability between the two treatment groups. In conclusion, results presented here demonstrate that E-ZnB supplementation during HS improves ADG and G:F in grower pigs. Although we could not measure any differences, the mode of action of butyric acid and zinc suggests that the performance improvements are related to improved intestinal health.

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T. P. McDonald, D. D. Jones, J. R. Barrett, J. L. Albright, G. E. Miles, J. A. Nienaber, and G. L. Hahn. "Measuring the Heat Increment of Activity in Growing-Finishing Swine." Transactions of the ASAE 31, no. 4 (1988): 1180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30841.

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Tangwongsan, C., J. A. Will, J. G. Webster, K. L. Meredith, and D. M. Mahvi. "In Vivo Measurement of Swine Endocardial Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 51, no. 8 (August 2004): 1478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2004.828035.

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T. M. Brown-Brandl, J. A. Nienaber, and L. W. Turner. "ACUTE HEAT STRESS EFFECTS ON HEAT PRODUCTION AND RESPIRATION RATE IN SWINE." Transactions of the ASAE 41, no. 3 (1998): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.17216.

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Bharati, Saroja, Marc Levine, Shoei K. Stephen Huang, Bruce Handler, Grant V. S. Barr, Robert Bauernfeind, and Maurice Lev. "The Conduction System of the Swine Heart." Chest 100, no. 1 (July 1991): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.100.1.207.

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Chinchoy, Edward, Charles L. Soule, Andrew J. Houlton, William J. Gallagher, Mark A. Hjelle, Timothy G. Laske, Josée Morissette, and Paul A. Iaizzo. "Isolated four-chamber working swine heart model." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 70, no. 5 (November 2000): 1607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01977-9.

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Wiwanitkit, Viroj. "Heart Failure in Swine Flu: A Note." Journal of Cardiac Failure 15, no. 9 (November 2009): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.08.007.

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O'Connor, Matthew J., and Christopher M. Rembold. "Heat-induced force suppression and HSP20 phosphorylation in swine carotid media." Journal of Applied Physiology 93, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00009.2002.

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In vascular smooth muscle, cyclic nucleotide-dependent phosphorylation of heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) on serine-16 (Ser16) has been suggested to cause force suppression, i.e., reduced force with only minimal myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) dephosphorylation. We hypothesized that heat pretreatment also suppresses force by increasing HSP20 phosphorylation. After heat pretreatment of swine carotid artery at 44.5°C for 4 h and reduction to 37°C for 1 h, Ser16-HSP20 phosphorylation was increased and histamine-induced increases in contractile force were suppressed. Subsequent addition of nitroglycerin induced additive force suppression. Heat and nitroglycerin induced a similar relation between Ser16-HSP20 phosphorylation and force. Heat pretreatment induced a small, but significant, increase in total HSP20 immunostaining. These results demonstrate that vascular smooth muscle responds to thermal stress by increasing Ser16-HSP20 phosphorylation in addition to a possible small increase in total HSP20 concentration. The resulting heat-induced reduction in force should be considered “force suppression” because histamine-induced increases in MRLC phosphorylation were not significantly altered by heat pretreatment. These processes may bring about a resistance to contractile agonists, which could have clinical significance in conditions such as hyperthermia and/or sepsis with vasodilatory shock.

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Moi, Marta, Irenilza de A. Nääs, Fabiana R. Caldara, Ibiara C. de L. Almeida Paz, Rodrigo G. Garcia, and Alexandra F. S. Cordeiro. "Vocalization data mining for estimating swine stress conditions." Engenharia Agrícola 34, no. 3 (June 2014): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000300008.

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This study aimed to identify differences in swine vocalization pattern according to animal gender and different stress conditions. A total of 150 barrow males and 150 females (Dalland® genetic strain), aged 100 days, were used in the experiment. Pigs were exposed to different stressful situations: thirst (no access to water), hunger (no access to food), and thermal stress (THI exceeding 74). For the control treatment, animals were kept under a comfort situation (animals with full access to food and water, with environmental THI lower than 70). Acoustic signals were recorded every 30 minutes, totaling six samples for each stress situation. Afterwards, the audios were analyzed by Praat® 5.1.19 software, generating a sound spectrum. For determination of stress conditions, data were processed by WEKA® 3.5 software, using the decision tree algorithm C4.5, known as J48 in the software environment, considering cross-validation with samples of 10% (10-fold cross-validation). According to the Decision Tree, the acoustic most important attribute for the classification of stress conditions was sound Intensity (root node). It was not possible to identify, using the tested attributes, the animal gender by vocal register. A decision tree was generated for recognition of situations of swine hunger, thirst, and heat stress from records of sound intensity, Pitch frequency, and Formant 1.

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Sigg, Daniel C., and Paul A. Iaizzo. "Malignant Hyperthermia Phenotype." Anesthesiology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 1777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200006000-00038.

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Background Succinylcholine causes immediate and severe arterial hypotension in swine with the malignant hyperthermia phenotype. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Methods Malignant hyperthermia-susceptible (MHS; n = 10) and normal swine (n = 5) were anesthetized with thiopental. The following were monitored: electrocardiogram; arterial blood pressure; pulmonary artery, central venous, and left and right ventricular pressure; cardiac output; end-tidal carbon dioxide; core temperature; peripheral-blood flows; and arterial blood gases. After a control period, 2 mg/kg succinylcholine was given intravenously. Three MHS animals received 1 mg/kg vecuronium and two MHS animals received 2.5 mg/kg dantrolene intravenously. The effects of succinylcholine on left and right ventricular pressure and contractility were analyzed in isolated hearts. The effects of 0.06 mm succinylcholine on isometric tension development were recorded in isolated femoral artery rings. Results Succinylcholine caused an early, severe decrease in blood pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, and left ventricular contractility in MHS swine but not in normal swine; no significant differences were found in heart rate, right ventricular parameters, systemic vascular resistance, and preload (pulmonary diastolic pressure, central venous pressure). The succinylcholine-induced hypotension and associated effects were not prevented by dantrolene. However, pretreatment with high-dose vecuronium prevented not only the cardiovascular depression, but also MH. In addition, no phenotypic differences of succinylcholine on contractility or left ventricular pressure were observed in the isolated working hearts. Similary, succinylcholine did not cause a significantly different relaxation in rings in either phenotype. Conclusion Succinylcholine-induced hypotension occurred before muscle hypermetabolism in MHS swine. Succinylcholine had no differential physiologic effects on either the isolated heart or on isolated arteries. This hypotension could not be prevented by dantrolene but was prevented by pretreatment with high-dose vecuronium. Thus, an indirect mechanism such as the release of a cardiac depressant from skeletal muscle may have caused this hypotensive response.

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Lopes, Idael Matheus Góes, João Paulo Pereira de Souza, Marcelo Dourado de Lima, Kariny Fonseca da Silva, Marley Conceição dos Santos, and Bruno Alexander Nunes Silva. "Influence of the reproductive cycle on the zootechnical indexes in hyperproliferous swine matrices." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): e14610212367. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12367.

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In swine breeding stock, the calving order has a direct correlation with the performance of the litter, both at birth and at weaning. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the number of reproductive cycles of swine females on their zootechnical indexes. Forty healthy swine females from an industrial cross (Landrace X Large White) were used, distributed in five treatments, eight females per treatment, submitted to the same type of diet and water ad libitum. Being carried out the management of confirmation of pregnancies or return to heat and transfer to maternity After calving, productive indexes of females and piglets were evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed through analysis of variance, and comparison of means by the Tukey test (p <5%). In alternative cases, the chi-square test was performed. There was an increase in the number of piglets born total and live births up to the third cycle, followed by a drop in the fourth and fifth cycle. There was no difference between treatments in relation to piglet weight at birth, weaning and mummified rate. However, there was a relationship between the number of births, the rate of stillbirths, deaths from crushing and repetition of heat, showing a reduction in such rates due to the advancing age of the mothers. Thus, the results demonstrated that the total number of piglets born and live births increases while losses due to stillbirth, crushing and repetition of heat tend to decrease with advancing age of the females, with greater reproductive efficiency achieved between the third and fourth cycle.

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Sharpe, Kirsten T., Michael H. Reese, Eric S. Buchanan, Joel E. Tallaksen, Kevin A. Janni, and Lee J. Johnston. "Electrical and Thermal Energy Consumption in Midwest Commercial Swine Facilities." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 5 (2018): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12771.

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Abstract. Interest and concern is growing regarding sustainability of agricultural production systems including pork production. Information on the electrical and thermal energy consumption of pork production systems in the Midwestern United States is scarce. Understanding how swine production systems utilize electrical and thermal energy will help determine how this consumption can be reduced. This study evaluated the electrical and thermal energy (heating fuel) use of six commercial swine barns located in west central Minnesota. All barns were representative of typical Midwestern pork production systems. Energy monitoring was done on two barns from each stage of production: two breed-to-wean barns, two nursery barns, and two finishing barns. Breed-to-Wean Barn A used an average of 11.36 kWh and 1.29 L of propane per weaned pig produced. Breed-to-Wean Barn B used an average of 11.9 kWh and 1.17 L of propane per weaned pig produced. Heat lamps used at least 58% of the total electrical energy in both barns. Nursery Barn A and B used an average of 2.4 and 2.1 kWh and 1.63 and 1.55 L of propane per feeder pig produced, respectively. Ventilation fans used at least 50% of the total electricity in both barns. The tunnel-ventilated finishing barn used an average of 14.4 kWh and 1.29 L of propane per finished pig produced, and the curtain-sided finishing barn used an average of 4.1 kWh and 1.85 L of propane per finished pig produced. Ventilation accounted for 72% and 81% of the total electrical energy in the tunnel-ventilated and curtain-sided finishing barns, respectively. These data will be useful in targeting specific areas of pork production that have potential for improved energy efficiency. Keywords: Commercial pork production, Consumption, Electricity, Energy, Heat lamps, Propane, Swine, Ventilation.

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Helm, Ricki M., and A. Wesley Burks. "Sensitization and Allergic Response and Intervention Therapy in Animal Models." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 1441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.6.1441.

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Abstract A review is presented of 3 murine models and a swine neonatal model used to investigate immunotherapeutic options. In Model 1, mutation of linear IgE-binding epitopes of Ara h 1 for the preparation of a hypoallergenic Ara h 1 is discussed with respect to expression in transgenic tobacco plants and correct folding following expression in the pET16b construct. In Model 2, the mutations of Ara h 1 were assessed for use as an immunotherapeutic agent. Although some protective benefit was observed with the modified Ara h 1 protein, animals desensitized with heat-killed E. coli preparations showed increased protection to challenge. In Model 3, soybean homologs to peanut proteins were investigated to determine if soybean immunotherapy can potentially provide benefit to peanut-allergic subjects. Although some protection was provided, additional experimentation with respect to optimal doses for sensitization and challenge will need to be investigated. In Model 4, the neonatal swine model was used to profile different foods (low to moderate to high sensitizing) similar to food allergies in humans. Evidence suggests such feasiblity; however, threshold levels for sensitization and allergic responses will need additional study. In summary, murine and swine animal models are being used to address immunotherapeutic avenues and investigation into the mechanisms of food-allergic sensitization.

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Voelckel, Wolfgang G., Demetris Yannopoulos, Todd Zielinski, Scott McKnite, and Keith G. Lurie. "Inspiratory Impedance Threshold Device Effects on Hypotension in Heat-Stroked Swine." Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/asem.2289.2008.

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Turner, L. W., T. C. Bridges, and R. S. Gates. "Use of the NCPIG Swine Growth Model for Heat Stress Assessment." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 12 (June 1998): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)36056-1.

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Fischer, Melina, Maarten Mohnke, Carolina Probst, Jutta Pikalo, Franz J. Conraths, Martin Beer, and Sandra Blome. "Stability of African swine fever virus on heat‐treated field crops." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 67, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 2318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13650.

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Turner, Claire, Stuart M. Williams, Colin H. Burton, John W. Farrent, and Philip J. Wilkinson. "Laboratory scale inactivation of pig viruses in pig slurry and design of a pilot plant for thermal inactivation." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0587.

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African swine fever (ASF) and swine vesicular disease (SVD) are virus diseases that threaten the pig populations in Europe. This paper examines the effectiveness of two methods used to inactivate these two viruses in pig slurry, and then describes the design of a pilot plant which makes use of one inactivation method. The first method is the addition of alkali, specifically NaOH or Ca(OH)2 at various concentrations. ASF virus (ASFV) required 1% of either NaOH or Ca(OH)2 for inactivation; SVD virus (SVDV) required 1.5% NaOH or Ca(OH)2 for similar inactivation. The second method was the application of heat. ASFV was inactivated to below detectable levels at 56°C within 90 seconds, whereas SVDV required 60°C for inactivation within 90 seconds. Heat was identified as the most suitable method, and a pilot plant was designed and assembled for the inactivation of viruses in pig slurry at a rate of up to 100 litres per hour.

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Froeba, Gebhard, Thomas Marx, Johannes Pazhur, Christoph Baur, Stefan Baeder, Enrico Calzia, Hans M. Eichinger, Peter Radermacher, and Michael Georgieff. "Xenon Does Not Trigger Malignant Hyperthermia in Susceptible Swine." Anesthesiology 91, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199910000-00025.

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Background Xenon is a noble gas with anesthetic properties currently under investigation for use in humans. This study was performed to evaluate whether xenon may trigger malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine. Methods Nine malignant hyperthermia-sensitive swine (Pietrain) were initially anesthetized with pentobarbital and then ventilated with 70% xenon in oxygen for 2 h. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, body temperature, arterial and mixed-venous blood gases, and plasma catecholamine and lactate levels were measured every 10 min both during xenon-oxygen ventilation and after a 30-min xenon washout phase followed by subsequent administration of halothane (1% inspired) and succinylcholine (3 mg/kg intravenous). During the investigation, no malignant hyperthermia-specific therapy was instituted. Results Xenon exposure did not induce any changes in metabolic and hemodynamic parameters nor elevations of the plasma catecholamine levels indicative for an episode of malignant hyperthermia. By contrast, in all animals, within 20 min after the administration of halothane and succinylcholine, fulminant and fatal malignant hyperthermia episodes were initiated. Conclusions The authors conclude that xenon does not trigger malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine.

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Silva, Kleiton Augusto Santos, Emily V. Leary, T. Dylan Olver, Timothy L. Domeier, Jaume Padilla, R. Scott Rector, and Craig A. Emter. "Tissue-specific small heat shock protein 20 activation is not associated with traditional autophagy markers in Ossabaw swine with cardiometabolic heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 319, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): H1036—H1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00580.2020.

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Our study shows that the activation of HSPB6 is tissue specific and associated with variable states of downstream markers of autophagy in a unique preclinical swine model of cardiometabolic HF with potential relevance to HFpEF. These findings suggest that targeted approaches could be an important consideration regarding the development of drugs aimed at this intracellular recycling process.

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Kenny, Jon-Emile S., George Berberian, David G. Rabkin, Santos E. Cabreriza, T. Alexander Quinn, Lauren J. Curtis, and Henry M. Spotnitz. "Ethanol Induction of Complete Heart Block in Swine." Journal of Surgical Research 132, no. 1 (May 2006): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2005.10.011.

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Seki, Shuji, and Hidehisa Iwamoto. "Disruptive Forces for Swine Heart, Liver, and Spleen." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 45, no. 6 (December 1998): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199812000-00019.

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Locke, M. "Constitutive Expression of HSP 72 in Swine Heart." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 28, no. 3 (March 1996): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.1996.0043.

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TAKAHASHI, Yasuyuki, Hisashi KANAI, Mitsuaki ITAGAKI, Akihiro NORO, and Kunio OMI. "Mulberry Heart Disease Occurring in a Swine Farm." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 48, no. 2 (1995): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.48.71.

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Cross, Amanda J., Tami M. Brown-Brandl, Brittney N. Keel, Joseph P. Cassady, and Gary A. Rohrer. "Feeding behavior of grow-finish swine and the impacts of heat stress." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa023.

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Abstract Heat stress has negative impacts on pork production, particularly in the grow-finish phase. During heat stress events, the feeding behavior of pigs is altered to reduce heat production. Several different systems have been developed to study feeding behavior. Most systems are not accurate representations of grow-finish commercial production as feed intake is monitored for only one pig at a time. The objective of this study was to utilize a feed monitoring system, representative of commercial conditions, to determine feeding behavior patterns of grow-finish pigs throughout the year and to identify changes that occurred during heat stress events. Feeder visit data were collected on barrows and gilts (n = 932) from three different sire breeds, Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc, between May 2014 and April 2016. Days in the study were partitioned into groups based on their maximum temperature–humidity index (THI), where a THI less than 23.33 °C was classified as “Normal”, a THI between 23.33 and 26.11 °C was classified as “Alert”, a THI between 26.11 and 28.88 °C was classified as “Danger”, and a THI greater than 28.88 °C was classified as “Emergency”. Feeding behavioral differences among breeds and sex were observed across all THI categories. Landrace-sired pigs had fewer feeder visits compared to Duroc- and Yorkshire-sired pigs. Gilts had fewer feeder visits than barrows in all THI categories. Differences in feeding behavior patterns between THI categories demonstrated that heat stress reduced the feeding duration of Landrace-sired pigs without any dramatic effects on the other pigs in the study. During elevated temperatures, all pigs tended to increase feeding events during the early (03:00–05:59) and late (18:00–20:59) periods of the day. Utilizing a feed monitoring system that is a more accurate representation of commercial conditions will lead to a greater understanding of feeding behavior among breed types and sexes during heat stress, allowing producers to enhance their ability to properly care for their pigs during both normal and heat stress events.

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Crisóstomo, Verónica, Juan Maestre, Manuel Maynar, Fei Sun, Claudia Báez-Díaz, Jesús Usón, and Francisco M. Sánchez-Margallo. "Development of a Closed Chest Model of Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Swine: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Pathological Evaluation." ISRN Cardiology 2013 (October 27, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/781762.

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Our aim was to develop an easy-to-induce, reproducible, and low mortality clinically relevant closed-chest model of chronic myocardial infarction in swine using intracoronary ethanol and characterize its evolution using MRI and pathology. We injected 3-4 mL of 100% ethanol into the mid-LAD of anesthetized swine. Heart function and infarct size were assessed serially using MRI. Pigs were euthanized on days 7, 30, and 90 (n=5 at each timepoint). Postoperative MRI revealed compromised contractility and decreased ejection fraction, from 53.8% ± 6.32% to 43.79% ± 7.72% (P=0.001). These values remained lower than baseline thorough the followup (46.54% ± 11.12%, 44.48% ± 7.77%, and 40.48% ± 6.40%, resp., P<0.05). Progressive remodeling was seen in all animals. Infarcted myocardium decreased on the first 30 days (from 18.09% ± 7.26% to 9.9% ± 5.68%) and then stabilized (10.2% ± 4.21%). Pathology revealed increasing collagen content and fibrous organization over time, with a rim of preserved endocardial cells. In conclusion, intracoronary ethanol administration in swine consistently results in infarction. The sustained compromise in heart function and myocardial thinning over time indicate that the model may be useful for the preclinical evaluation of and training in therapeutic approaches to heart failure.

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Kang, Xilong, Yun Yang, Yang Jiao, Hongqin Song, Li Song, Dan Xiong, Lili Wu, Zhiming Pan, and Xinan Jiao. "HA1-2-fljB Vaccine Induces Immune Responses against Pandemic Swine-Origin H1N1 Influenza Virus in Mice." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 26, no. 6 (2016): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448895.

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In 2009, a novel pandemic swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus caused a public emergency of international concern. Vaccination is the primary strategy for the control of influenza epidemics. However, the poor immunopotency of many vaccine antigens is a major barrier to the development of effective vaccines against influenza. Flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) ligand, has been used as an adjuvant to enhance the immunopotency of vaccines in preclinical studies. Here, we developed a recombinant candidate vaccine, HA1-2-fljB, in which the globular head of the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen (residues 62-284) from H1N1 virus was fused genetically to the N-terminus of Salmonella typhimurium ﬂjB. The recombinant HA1-2-fljB protein was expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli, and the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant HA1-2-fljB were evaluated in a mouse model. Immunization with HA1-2-fljB elicited robust IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies and completely protected the mice against infection by swine-origin influenza A/swine/Jangsu/38/2010 (H1N1). These results suggest that HA antigen placed at the N-terminus of flagellin is also an excellent starting point for creating a fusion HA1-2-fljB protein as a candidate vaccine, and the recombinant HA1-2-fljB protein will contribute to the development of a more effective vaccine against swine-origin influenza virus infection.

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Lee, K., H. van der Zee, S. W. Dziuban, K. Luhmann, and R. D. Goldfarb. "Left ventricular function during chronic endotoxemia in swine." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 254, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): H324—H330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.2.h324.

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Cardiac performance was studied in 15 chronically instrumented awake pigs during chronic endotoxemia (CET) induced by intravenous infusion of low doses of endotoxin. We sought to test the hypothesis that left ventricular inotropic state was depressed during the stage of chronic endotoxemia when cardiac output, heart rate, and left ventricular systolic pressures are elevated, termed "hyperdynamic sepsis". Left ventricular pressure, internal short axis diameter (SAX), pulmonary artery blood flow, and electrocardiogram were recorded. After initial surgical preparation, each pig was observed for 7-10 days to measure representative basal values. Each pig was then reoperated on day 10 to implant an endotoxin-loaded osmotic pump whose output, infused Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin at a rate calculated to be 10 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 for up to 7 days. Cardiac performance was monitored by measuring dP/dt, heart rate, stroke volume, end-diastolic diameter, percent change in diameter, and the slope of the end-systolic pressure diameter relationship (ESPDR). Data from the basal days were pooled and compared with the data obtained each day of CET by two-way analysis of variance. Ten of 15 pigs survived more than 2 days of CET; 5 died before the morning of the second CET day. The surviving pigs demonstrated elevated systolic pressures, left ventricular maximum rate of pressure development (+dP/dtmax and -dP/dtmax), heart rates, and cardiac output. However, both ESPDR and percent SAX shortening were significantly depressed during both CET days. We conclude that cardiac inotropic state is depressed during hyperdynamic sepsis as indicated by the load-independent parameter ESPDR and confirmed by depressed percent SAX shortening.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Swine Swine Heat Swine'

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