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Terada, Tomoki P., Masaki Sasai, Mitsunori Takano, Takeshi N. Sasaki, Akio Togashi, and Qing-Miao Nie. "Coupling of Lever Arm Swing and Biased Brownian Motion in Actomyosin." PLOS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20626.
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Nilsson, Philip. "Topology optimization of a swing arm for a track driven vechile." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149608.
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The development in additive manufacturing methods has cleared the path for topology optimizationby making it possible to produce complex geometries, which would not be possible to produce bytraditional manufacturing methods. Topology optimization uses iterative structural computations tond an optimal material distribution given a maximum optimization domain, load cases and/or otherstructural criteria. The relation between retained mass and structural performance of a swing armfor the vehicle BvS10 was examined for two different materials. The first material was an estimate of an additive manufactured material and the other for a high structural steel. Given the extreme load cases, the geometrical limits of the swing arm and by specifying how much mass was to be retained the stiffness was to be maximized. The optimization was performed using an elastic material model in thecommercial software ANSYS. This elastic material models was based on standard material parameters of steel. Three geometries were generated, namely OG100, OG90 and OG80, which corresponded to 101 %, 87 % and 81 % of the mass of the original swing arm, respectively. The optimization procedurewas combined with geometry modications in SpaceClaim to simplify the obtained geometries. All these geometries consisted of a hollow geometry with a greater width compared to the original geometry. The geometries were then evaluated using multilinear plastic material models based on respective material. Using the additive manufactured material model no generated geometry could perform structurally better than the original swing arm. This indicates that greater material properties must be obtainedin order to be able to reduce the weight of the swing arm. By using the material properties of the highstructural steel, it was found that at least 31.3 kg per vehicle could be reduced by using the optimizedgeometry OG80, and still not perform structurally worse than of the original swing arm.<br>Utvecklingen inom additiv tillverkning har öppnat vägen för topologioptimering genom att kunna producera komplexa geometrier, som inte skulle vara möjliga att tillverka med hjälp av traditionella tillverkningsmetoder. Topologioptimering använder iterativa hållfasthetsberäkningar för att finna den optimala materialfördelning givet en maximal optimeringsdomän, lastfall och/eller andra strukturella kriterier. Relationen mellan bibehållen massa och strukturella prestationer hos en pendelarm till fordonet BvS10 har undersökts för två olika material. Det ena materialet var en uppskattning av ett additivt tillverkat material och det andra materialet var ett höghållfasthetsstål. Givet dem extrema lastfall, geometriska begränsningar hos pendelarmen och genom specficera hur mycket massa som skulle behållas så skulle styvheten maximeras. Optimeringarna utfördes med en elastisk materialmodell i den kommersiellamjukvaran ANSYS. Denna elastiska materialmodell var baserad på klassiska materialparametrarfor stål. Tre geometrier genererades. Optimeringsproceduren användes i kombination med geometriska modikationer i SpaceClaim för att förenkla de optimierade geometrierna. Dessa var OG100, OG90 och OG80, vilka motsvarade 101 %, 87 % och 81 % av pendelarmens originalvikt. Alla geometrier bestod av en ihålig geometri med större bredd än originalarmens. Geometrierna utvärderades sedan med hjälp av multilinjära plastiska materialmodeller baserat på respektive material. Ingen av dessa geometrier kunde prestera bättre än originalarmen när det additivt tillverkade materialet användes. Detta indikerar att bättre materialegenskaper måste uppnås för att kunna reducera vikten hos pendelarmen. Genom attanvända höghållfasthetsstålet upptäcktes att åtminstone 31.3 kg per fordon kunde reduceras genom attanvända OG80, och fortfarande inte prestera sämre än originalarmen.
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Yu, Jie. "Novel swing arm mechanism design for trailing edge flaps on commercial airliner." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9586.
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This thesis will describe the works had been done by the author in the Flying Crane
aircraft group design project and the new design of a novel swing arm mechanism
which can be applied in the trailing edge high lift devices for this aircraft concept.
Flying Crane aircraft is a new generation commercial airliner concept as the result of
group design project conducted by China Aviation Industry Corporation I (AVIC I) and
Cranfield University. At the end of the group design project, parameters such as take-off
and landing distance, trailing edge flap type and deflection in take-off and landing
configuration of the Flying Crane concept have been determined. These parameters are
design input of the novel trailing edge high lift device mechanism for this aircraft
concept.
The idea of this innovative mechanism comes from the research achievement of a
previous MSc student, Thomas Baxter, which applied swing arm mechanism into a
passenger aircraft's leading edge slat. This thesis applied this idea to trailing edge flap
and modeled the mechanism on CATIA software to yield a kinematic simulation for the
purpose of check motion trail and force transfer in this mechanism. Relevant works
such as actuation, mass and stress analysis are also involved.
As the result of this research project, it was found that swing arm mechanism trends to
require relatively small fairings for supports and attachments due to its high stowed
space utilizing efficiency. Initial mass estimation carried out in this thesis also indicates
that the new design takes advantage in terms of weight comparing with traditional
trailing edge flap mechanisms. Thus. swing arm mechanism is supposed to show great
competitive potential for commercial airliner's trailing edge flaps after further analysis
has been done in the detail design phase.
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Siragy, Tarique. "The Role of Arm Swing on Dynamic Stability in People with Parkinson’s Disease." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41997.
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Introduction: Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease is a multisystem neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by asymmetric impairment in regions of the midbrain, forebrain, and brainstem. Of the known neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson’s is the second most commonly diagnosed worldwide with a global prevalence expected to reach 9 million individuals by 2030. As fall rates range between 35-68% annually, falling during walking is amongst the primary concerns for this demographic. Interestingly, despite the close association between loss of arm swing (due to Parkinson’s Disease) and future falls, evidence to-date has not examined the effect different arm swing conditions have on walking stability during unperturbed and perturbed (cognitive and mechanical) conditions. Dynamic stability research in this demographic is further limited in that evidence examining differences between the least and most affected leg is sparse.
Research Objectives: To examine the differences between natural arm swing (unrestricted) and when arm swing was physical restricted (restricted) in people with Parkinson’s Disease. The effect of arm swing was assessed when people with Parkinson’s Disease walked in steady-state, dual-task, destabilizing terrains as well as in response to slips. Additionally, this thesis examined differences between the least and most affected sides, during the aforementioned conditions, that stem from the asymmetric progression in Parkinson’s Disease.
Methods: Twenty individuals with Parkinson’s Disease were recruited for this research. Individuals walked on a CAREN-Extended System with unrestricted (natural) and restricted (absent) arm swing. Arm conditions were combined with steady-state walking, walking while performing a secondary dual-task, walking on minor destabilizing environments (hilly, rocky and mediolateral translational), and in response to slips for the heel-strikes of the perturbed (slipped) leg and recovery (contralateral) leg. The minor destabilizing terrains were assessed separately to steady-state walking for the arm swing condition resulting in three types of analyses (arms-rocky, arms-rolling hills, and arms-mediolateral). Data were processed in Vicon, Visual 3D, and OpenSim before being exported to Matlab to calculate dynamic stability (Margin of Stability, Harmonic Ratios and Coefficient of Variation), average spatiotemporal parameters, as well as trunk linear and angular velocities. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS with a significance level set a priori at (p<0.05).
Results: During unperturbed walking with the restricted arm swing condition, compared to unrestricted, average trunk angular velocity increased in the transverse plane while instantaneous linear velocity at heel-strike decreased in the sagittal plane. Further, on the least affected leg, the Margin of Stability increased, average step length decreased, and coefficient of variation for step length increased. Contrastingly, step time coefficient of variation increased in the most affected leg. In the presence of the dual-task, average angular velocity in the frontal plane increased, average step time decreased (most affected leg), and step width coefficient of variation increased (bilaterally). Compared to unrestricted arm swing, restricted arm swing reduced average step length (arm-rolling hills) and time (arm-rocky), and increased COV step time (arm-rolling hills). The arm-rolling hills analysis revealed that the most affected leg had a shorter step length than the least affected. The destabilizing surface effects revealed that during the arm-rolling hills and arm-rocky analyses step time decreased, step width increased, and the COV for step time, length and width increased. No main effects occurred for the arm-mediolateral analysis. Additionally, when comparing the arm swing conditions in response to a slip, the restricted arm swing condition, compared to unrestricted, caused a faster step time during the slipped step. Compared to the most affected leg, the least affected had a wider step width during the slipped step. During the recovery step, the least affected leg had a larger anteroposterior Margin of Stability and longer step time than the most affected.
Conclusion: The findings revealed that when people with Parkinson’s Disease walk without arm swing, trunk rotational velocity increases which internally perturbs gait. This destabilization elicited unique responses from dynamic stability metrics that were specific to the terrain encountered. Since Parkinson’s Disease primarily affects movement timing, the results suggest that loss of arm swing is particularly perturbing to foot placement timing while changes in spatial foot placement reflect compensation to maintain an existing level of global dynamic stability and symmetry. Additionally, the evidence indicates that the independent behavior of the least and most affected leg respond uniquely to loss of arm swing. However, as people with Parkinson’s Disease adjust the least affected leg’s foot placement to mirror the contralateral leg, functional interlimb differences may only be revealed when individuals encounter perturbations.
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Efstathiou, A. "Design considerations for a hybrid swing-arm profilometer to measure large aspheric optics." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444702/.
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This thesis presents issues regarding the design and implementation of a profilometer based on the swivelling motion of a pivot arm. The main advantage of such a method, over conventional profiling techniques, is that it can be easily adapted to measure a range of optics including both spherics and aspherics, convex and concave as well as a variety of optic diameters and radii of curvature. The initiative for the development of the new aspheric metrology technique comes from the need for fabrication and measurement of hundreds of aspheric segments to enable the future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). A detailed investigation of currently available aspheric metrology techniques concluded with the proposal of a novel SAP with a hybrid opto-mechanical sensor as a way to tackle issues of ELT segment metrology that remain in doubt. The successful submission of the proposal to the Department of Trade and Industry resulted in the allocation of funding for the development of a functional full scale prototype. Initially a basic error model was constructed in order to forecast the error of a generic SAP and to estimate allowed sub-component tolerances. Subsequently a first, scaled- down model of an SAP was used as a test platform which guided the construction of a full-scale prototype. The prototype is capable of measuring optics up to 1 m in diameter with a minimum radius of curvature of 1.75 m for concave and 1.25 m for convex surfaces. The SAP performance was evaluated through the measurement of a 680 mm diameter optic and measurements of surface profiles with accuracy better than 20 nm were realised. The thesis describes in detail the design process followed from the conceptual idea to the implementation and evaluation of the instrument.
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Kronlund, Jesper, and Matilda Palm. "Effekten av submaximala Benböj på Countermovement Jump with Arm Swing : Tvärsnittsstudie på aktiva bollidrottare." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Avdelningen för idrottsmedicin, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-163320.
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Introduktion: Den vertikala hoppförmågan är viktigt för prestationen inom många idrotter. Att använda sig utav komplexträning som benböj och vertikala upphopp har i tidigare forskning visats ge signifikant förbättrad kraftutveckling. Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) är ett fysiologiskt fenomen som ökar muskelspänningen och kraftutvecklingen i de arbetande musklerna, vilket kan implementeras under komplexträning. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om idrottare inom basket, fotboll, handboll och volleyboll får en gynnsam ökning på Countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa) om de genomför benböj med en belastning på 50% och 80% av deras estimerade eller faktiskt uppmätta 1 repetition maximum (RM) innan test av CMJa. Metod: 9 män och 2 kvinnor, ålder 20.6±3.3, 181.4±7.4 cm, vikt, 76.9±12.6 kg, deltog där samtliga deltagare var aktiva inom någon av idrotterna basket, fotboll och handboll. Testdeltagarna utförde två set tunga benböj följt av fem set CMJa på en infraröd sensor. Resultat: Resultatet visade ingen signifikant förbättring över tid i hopphöjd hos aktiva bollidrottare (p=0.98). Slutsats: Resultatet tyder på att användandet av PAP med tunga benböj inte leda till förbättrad prestation på hopphöjden vid genomförande av CMJa hos bollidrottare. Resultatet i den här studien stödjer inte tidigare forskningsresultat om att det finns en positiv skillnad på hopphöjd efter tunga benböj över tid.<br>Introduction: The vertical jump ability is essential for performance in many sports. The use of complex training has in previous research been shown to provide significantly improved power development. Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) is a physical phenomenon that increases muscle tension and the force development of the working muscles which can be implemented in complex training. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether athletes in basketball, football, handball and volleyball will have a favorable increase in Countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa) if they perform heavier squats with a load of 50% and 80% of their estimated or measured 1 repeat maximum (RM) before CMJa. Method: 9 men and 2 women, age 20.6±3.3 years, height 181.4±7.4 cm, 76.9±12.6 kg body mass participated in the study. All participants were active in one of the sports basket, football, handball or volleyball. The participants performed two set of squats followed by five set of two repetition CMJas with a five minutes rest in between. An infrared sensor MuscleLab was used to analyze the jump height. Results: The result showed no significant difference between heavy squats and jump height in CMJa over time (p=0.98). Conclusion: Squats with 50% and 80% of 1RM do not seem to improve jump height performance in CMJ on team sports players. The result in this study does not support the results in previous studies showing a positive effect of heavy squats on maximal jump height.
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Mezher, Cézar. "The Effect of Arm Swing and Rocky Surface on Dynamic Stability In Healthy Young Adults." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40939.
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There are millions of fall-related injuries worldwide requiring medical attention on a yearly basis. These falls place a financial burden on the healthcare system. These falls can occur in the event of disruption in the postural control system and/or a loss of balance while walking. Previously, most gait studies have focused on the assessment of the lower extremities while neglecting the contribution of arm swing as it was believed to be a passive motion.
However, it has been shown that there is an active component to arm swing. Moreover, these arm movements have been shown to affect the motion of the center of mass when walking. Therefore, arm swing could mitigate the destabilizing effects of perturbations caused by challenging surfaces. Additionally, no studies have examined the effect of arm swing when walking on a rocky surface. This type of surface causes perturbations in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions simultaneously, leading to uneven center of mass displacement and spatiotemporal modifications.
Hence, the present study assessed the effect of normal arm swing, held arm swing and active arm swing on postural control and dynamic stability when walking on regular and rocky surface. We hypothesized that active arm swing will have a negative impact on postural control and gait dynamics on a regular surface, while rocky surface walking will decrease stability and increase spatiotemporal variability. Additionally, we expect active arm swing to attenuate the negative effects of the rocky surface.
Fifteen healthy young adults from the University of Ottawa community (mean age 23.4 ± 2.8 years) were recruited to participate in this study. They were asked to walk using three different arm conditions (normal, held and active arm swing) on the dual-belt CAREN-Extended System (Motek Medical, Amsterdam, NL) on simulated regular and rocky surface. This last is generated using the “Rumble” module (maximum range of ±2 cm at 0.6 Hz vertically, ±1° at 1 Hz pitch, and ±1° at 1.2 Hz roll). Mean, standard deviation and maximal values of trunk linear and angular velocity were calculated in all three planes. Moreover, step length, time and width mean and coefficient of variation as well as margin of stability mean and standard deviation were calculated. A mixed linear model was performed to compare the effects of the arm swing motions and surface types. The arm and surface conditions were set as fixed effects, while the walking speed was set as a covariate.
Active arm swing increased trunk linear and angular velocity variability and peak values compared to normal and held arm conditions. Active arm swing also increased participants’ step length and step time, as well as the variability of margin of stability. Similarly, rocky surface walking increased trunk kinematics variability and peak values compared to regular surface walking. Furthermore, rocky surface increased the average step width while reducing the average step time.
The spatiotemporal adaptations show the use of “cautious” gait to mitigate the destabilizing effects of both the active arm swing and rocky surface walking and, ultimately, maintain stability.
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Plawinski, Marek Pawel. "An analysis of the different spike attack arm swings used in elite levels of men's volleyball." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1325.
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Thompson, Elizabeth Diane. "Improving Walking in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease Through Wearable Technology." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/597154.
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Kinesiology<br>Ph.D.<br>Movement problems related to Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been shown to have a profound effect on functional independence and reported quality of life. Within the constellation of movement signs of PD (tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia/hypokinesia, and postural instability), impaired arm swing is often the earliest-recognized symptom. It is also a strong independent predictor of greater fall risk and morbidity/mortality risk. Early treatment for movement problems such as impaired arm swing is associated with the greatest improvement in these impairments. However, movement problems often coincide with impaired processing of sensory information, leaving many people with PD with inadequate awareness of their posture and limb position. Thus, PD-related gait deficits are difficult for people to correct by themselves. External cueing techniques (such as visual cues in the environment or auditory cues for pacing and rhythm) have shown promise in improving parameters such as gait speed, s<br>Temple University--Theses
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Neves, Taubi J. "A Comparison of the Traditional, Swing, and Chicken Wing Arm Movements on Volleyball Blocking in NCAA Division 1 Female Athletes." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3401.pdf.
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Perez, Carla Silva. "Influência da mastectomia unilateral no equilíbrio estático e na marcha." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17152/tde-25052015-222005/.
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Mulheres submetidas à mastectomia, apresentam assimetrias posturais, assim como alterações na cinemática do movimento do ombro e tronco. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o equilíbrio estático bem como a marcha em mulheres submetidas à cirurgia de mastectomia unilateral. Para tanto, foram analisadas 42 mulheres, divididas em dois grupos: mulheres submetidas à mastectomia unilateral (GM), com idade média de 53,77±7,24 anos, e mulheres sem a doença como controle (GC), com idade média de 54,70±6,31 anos. As análises do equilíbrio estático e da marcha foram efetuadas com sistema Vicon System (VICON-MX-T40S, Oxford, Inglaterra). Foi avaliado o equilíbrio estático com olhos abertos e olhos fechados, com e sem o uso da prótese mamária externa, por meio da área e do deslocamento do centro de massa projetado no chão, assim como o ângulo da coluna. Na marcha, foram avaliados os parâmetros espaço-temporal com e sem o uso da prótese mamária externa, e a oscilação dos membros superiores e do tronco. Foi aplicado o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, diante de uma distribuição normal e relacionada, aplicou-se o teste T relacionado, e para amostras independentes, teste T independente, em distribuição não paramétrica, foi aplicado Wilcoxon para variáveis relacionadas e Mann-Whitney, para variáveis independentes. Foi fixado o nível crítico de 5% (p<0,05), o processamento dos dados efetuado pelo software SPSS, versão 17.0. A análise do equilíbrio estático apontou aumento significativo na área e no deslocamento do centro de massa projetado no chão, e deslocamento médio-lateral do ângulo da coluna. Na marcha, houve piora dos parâmetros espaço-temporal e menor oscilção do membro superior homolateral à cirurgia para movimentos de flexão/extensão e abdução/adução, o tronco apresentou menor oscilação médio-lateral. A prótese parece não ter influenciado no equilíbrio e na marcha. Os resultados sugerem que a mastectomia unilateral pode afetar o equilíbrio e a marcha.<br>Women undergoing mastectomy, have postural asymmetries as well as changes in the kinematics of the movement of the shoulder and spine. The objective of this study was to evaluate static balance and gait in women undergoing unilateral mastectomy surgery. Therefore, 42 women were analyzed, divided into two groups: women who underwent unilateral mastectomy (GM) with a mean age of 53.77 ± 7.24 years, and women without the disease as control (GC) with a mean age of 54.70 ± 6.31 years. Analyses of static equilibrium and gait was performed with Vicon System (MX-T40S-VICON, Oxford, England). We evaluated the static balance with eyes open and eyes closed, with and without the use of external breast prosthesis through the area and the center of mass displacement designed on the floor, as well as the angle of the spine. On the gait were evaluated spatiotemporal parameters with and without the use of external breast prosthesis and the oscillation of the upper limbs and trunk during walking. The functionality of the upper limbs was measured by the DASH questionnaire, and the level of physical activity by IPAQ. We used the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, before a normal and related distribution, we applied the related t test for independent samples and, independent t test, in non-parametric distribution, Wilcoxon was applied to related variables and Mann Whitney test for independent variables was set the critical level of 5% (p <0.05), the processing of data carried out by SPSS software, version 17.0. The static equilibrium analysis indicated a significant increase in the area and the center of mass offset projected on the ground and the medial-lateral displacement of the spine angle. On the march, there was worsening of spatiotemporal parameters and lower swing in arm ipsilateral to surgery for flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, trunk shows less medial-lateral oscillation. The prosthesis seems to have no influence on balance and gait. The results suggest that unilateral mastectomy can affect the balance and gait.
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Austen, Karen Christine. "The Effect of Hand-Held Weights and Exaggerated Arm Swing on Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Submaximal Walking." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279087/.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hand-weights and exaggerated arm swing on heart rate, blood pressure, and ratings of perceived exertion during submaximal walking. Twenty middle-aged (40- 59 years) female volunteers were given four submaximal treadmill tests at 3.0 mph and 0 grade. The four treatment conditions were as follows: 1) walking with unexaggerated arm swing (AS); 2) walking with unexaggerated arm swing with hand-held weights (ASHW); 3) walking with exaggerated arm swing (EAS), and 4) walking with exaggerated arm swing with hand-held weights (EASHW). The testing sequence was randomized and a minimum of 48 hr was given between tests.
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Budnar, Jr Ronald Gene. "The Acute Hormonal Response to the Kettlebell Swing Exercise." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407736/.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute hormonal response to a bout of kettlebell swing exercise. Ten healthy men (19-30 y, 23.6 ± 3.5 y, 174.6 ± 5.7 cm, 78.7 ± 9.9 kg) who were engaged in resistance training at least twice per week but were inexperienced with kettlebell swings participated in this study. Participants were familiarized with the kettlebell swing exercise during an initial visit. During the subsequent experimental protocol visit, participants performed 12 rounds of 30 seconds of 16-kg kettlebell swings alternated with 30 seconds of rest. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the end of every round of swings. Fasted blood samples were collected pre-exercise (PRE), immediately post (IP), 15 minutes post (P15), and 30 minutes post exercise (P30) and analyzed for total testosterone (T), growth hormone (GH), cortisol, and lactate concentrations. Participants completed a total of 227 ± 23 swings (average swings per round: 19 ± 2). HR and RPE increased significantly (P < 0.05) throughout the exercise protocol. Lactate concentrations were significantly increased at all post exercise time points compared to PRE. T was significantly increased at IP compared to PRE. GH was significantly increased at IP, P15, and P30 compared to PRE. Cortisol was significantly increased at IP and P15 compared to PRE. 12 rounds of 30 seconds of kettlebell swing exercise induced an acute increase in T, GH, and cortisol concentrations in resistance trained men. Additionally, this exercise protocol induced a large increase in HR and lactate concentration. Thus, the kettlebell swing exercise might provide an effective method for simultaneous endurance and resistance training.
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Sova, Melodee Lynn. "Who Knows Their Bedroom Secrets? Communication Privacy Management in Couples Who Swing." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149665/.
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Swinging is a lifestyle choice where members of a couple seek out other couples or sometimes singles, with whom to engage in sexual activity. Swinging is a lifestyle associated with the 1960s and 1970s, but Americans still engage in swinging activities today. Because of stigmas associated with this practice, swinging couples often keep their lifestyle concealed from family and friends. These couples have a unique lifestyle that requires strong communication and boundary management styles. Scholars use communication privacy management theory to examine how individuals or couples disclose private information and how this private information is then co-owned by both parties. The purpose of this study was to understand whom swinging couples disclose their lifestyle to, and what risks the couple experienced from the disclosures. The swingers disclosed to friends in most cases and were concerned about risks of stigma, privacy, and relationship termination. In this exploratory study I showed that swingers’ privacy management seems to align with the components of CPM in concealing or revealing their lifestyle to others. However the findings also indicate that swingers utilize self-disclosure for recruitment into the lifestyle, and that the disclosures seem to be more spontaneous then strategic. Future research should look further into the privacy management of swingers, as well as other ways in which they manage their stigmatized identities.
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Kleinschmidt, Travis Lee. "Modeling hydrogen sulfide emissions: are current swine animal feeding operation regulations effective at protecting against hydrogen sulfide exposure in Iowa?" Thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2728.
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Confined farm animals generate large amounts of excrement on-site. Many toxic substances emitted from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) emanate from that manure including hydrogen sulfide. There is growing concern that these pollutants, including hydrogen sulfide, may lead to adverse health effects among people living close to these operations. Iowa law mandates that separation distances be established from CAFOs to residences, public areas, and public buildings to protect human health. The primary objective of this study was to assess the adequacy of current separation distance requirements established in Iowa to protect for the Health Effects Standard (HES) and Health Effects Value (HEV) of hydrogen sulfide concentrations emanating from swine CAFOs in Iowa. Specifically, the research examined: 1) the characteristics of swine weight dense areas, 2) if current CAFO setback distance regulations in Iowa protect for the HES and HEV of hydrogen sulfide nearest the largest swine weight CAFO, and 3) if current CAFO setback distance regulations in Iowa protect for the HES and HEV of hydrogen sulfide for an area of Iowa which has the greatest swine weight density. The results suggest that the highest swine weight dense areas generally have a greater median and average swine weight per CAFO than is observed for all active swine CAFOs in Iowa. The high swine weight areas are also generally influenced greatly by a few very large swine CAFOs. Additionally, these areas tend to have a high CAFO density but are not located in the highest CAFO dense areas of Iowa. The HEV level of hydrogen sulfide is estimated to be exceeded in a total area of 423,568 m2 beyond the associated separated distance for the largest active swine CAFO alone in 2004. This indicates that the 914.4 m (3,000 ft) separation distance does not protect against the HEV of hydrogen sulfide for the largest swine CAFO in Iowa. The HES of hydrogen sulfide was not exceeded in this area. Additionally, the estimated concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the highest swine weight dense area did not exceed the HES or HEV beyond the minimum separation distances.
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Fox, Jill Englebright. "Young Children's Construction of Physical Knowledge on Swings in the Outdoor Play Environment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278750/.
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This investigation examined the development of young children's behaviors on swings in the outdoor play environment and their emerging understanding of the physics principles associated with those behaviors. The children's language interactions were also examined in an effort to determine the relationship between language and cognitive development in their construction of physical knowledge. The procedures involved observing the children's behaviors and collecting samples of their spontaneous language interactions during their swinging activities. Informal interviews were also conducted with individual and groups of children. The findings indicate that young children's swinging behaviors develop in eight hierarchical stages. As these behaviors develop, children experiment with the physics principles of balance, gravity, force, resistance, and resonance. Children's swinging behaviors develop in a social context. Many early behaviors are acquired through observing and modeling other children. Language provides the medium for more-experienced peers to assist novice swingers through encouragement and direct instruction. The stage development of swinging behaviors is compared to Cratty's Theory of Perceptual-Motor Development and Harrow's Taxonomy of the Psychomotor Domain. Children's cognitive processing and language interactions are discussed in the context of Piagetian and Vygotskian theories of development. Implications for instruction and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Brady, Jocelyn Mary. "Being Human: How Four Animals Forever Changed the Way We Live, What We Believe, and Who We Think We Are." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1531.
Full textAbstract:
Our lives would not be what they are today without animals. From the food we eat, to the clothes we wear, animals provide tangible evidence of their importance every day. But more than that, animals have shaped who we are and what we believe. Often in ways we don't see.
That's what inspired me to write Being Human. This work began as an examination of how humans have altered animals to better match our imaginations and ideals, and too, the way these animals have irrecoverably altered how we live and look at the world. Consider, for example, that before they became physically useful to us in providing meat or skills or companionship, animals were central figures in our stories, mythologies, and religions. All the while, of course, these animals remained both ignorant and at the mercy of whatever we imagined--or needed--them to be.
And what does all of this say about us? What can we learn about ourselves from looking at animals, and more specifically, looking at the way we treat them? In a society where animal flesh comes to us freshly packed and cleanly saran-wrapped, and pets are treated as members of our families, we tend to look at animals as one thing or another. A farm pig is not a companion animal, any more than a cat is a meal-in-waiting. At least not in our culture. We generally see what's convenient or desirable and when things get messy or complicated, we tend to look away. In so doing, we miss the opportunity to clearly see who we really are, what we're capable of, and what, if anything, we might want to change as a result.
I chose four specific animals that show us different sides of ourselves. These beings are both familiar and strange, part of our everyday lives but often only found on the periphery. Each animal symbolizes one of four categories: food, pest, worker and pet. And each connects to a human need: pigs with consumption, pigeons with communication, horses with control and cats with companionship. They are arranged in this order to reflect the deepening complexity of their respective human needs--from the simplest, the need to eat, to the most complex, the need for companionship. (Arguably, control can be considered the most complex, however I chose companionship as the culminating need because it inherently involves all of the other three.)
I hope if I accomplish only one thing, it is this: after reading, you see these animals--and your relationship to them--a little bit differently than before.
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Clark, Colleen (Musician). "The Evolution of the Ride Cymbal Pattern from 1917 to 1941: An Historical and Critical Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505181/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to provide a historiographical and musical analysis examining the jazz ride cymbal pattern, from its inception on woodblock, small accessory cymbals, hand cymbal mechanisms and brushes through what becomes known as the modern-day ride cymbal pattern. This research examines a wide array of drummers and bandleaders, with the objective of identifying the earliest recordings of this important addition to jazz drumming, and popular music history while analyzing the ride cymbal pattern's evolution through definitive recordings. The study begins with the earliest known recordings that clearly display the pattern as it is played on any of the instruments mentioned above. The research concludes with the jam sessions of the early 1940s at Minton's Playhouse, where the pioneer of bebop drumming, Kenny Clarke, experimented with altering the pattern. At this point, the pattern reach its final level of maturity and has since experienced no subsequent major modification. The historical and geographical analysis uses relevant literature from the field of jazz history in order to interpret and evaluate the impact of the the overall trajectory of the music and players. By surveying newspaper and magazine articles, archival interviews, and photographic sources, combined with audio and film analysis, it is clear that drummers navigated a path to the maturation of the pattern.
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Yang, Tzu-Hsien, and 楊滋賢. "The Mathematical Model of Marathon Runners’ Arm Swing." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73823131003240352591.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>運動與健康管理研究所<br>103<br>Running can be seen as the most popular exercise nowadays. There are so many marathon races and news reports related to it. Therefore, if runners are able to have correct self-training, the development of marathon would be positive in the long term. The studies related to marathon techniques mostly focused on the motion of lower limbs. In fact, arm swing also plays an important role in the stability of bodies. Arm swing could also help bodies keep balance. For marathon runners, arm swing is an essential part helping them to compete, finish events and relieve fatigue. The participants of this research are 8 teenagers who have interest in marathon. The researcher recorded the motion formed by their shoulders, upper arms, elbows, forearms, wrists and palms. After their motion and mechanic modes were confirmed, Kwon 3D movement analysis software was adopted to carry a two dimensional direct linear transformation (2D-DLT) and establish 2D models. Afterward, the researcher analyzed the changes in each joint and quantified the angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration with the coordinate data to get the torque and its instantaneous power and the effect of gravity when arm swing. In doing so, the research is capable of conducting a discussion on the relationship between the arm swing movement and its optimization to build mathematical modes. The research has some findings. First, for overweight runners with larger moment of inertia, reduce the angle of elbow joint could lower the moment of inertia and energy cost. Second, taller runners who have lower centre of gravity on arms tend to lose more energy while swinging arms. This is also why those who have smaller body size hold more advantages in marathon events. Third, the changes in joints, angular velocity and angular acceleration are the main factors affecting arm power. Fourth, in order to avoid the influence of gravity, reduce the angle of arm swing helps to keep arm’s center of gravity. Fifth, smaller width of shoulders and elbows in motion help runners reach their optimization and this is proved with two participants who have had participated in marathons before. Because participants have no much experience in marathon, they were able to recognize their problems in running with the analysis. They also derived helpful running techniques in the process. However, there are some limitations. More samples are recommended for future studies so that the mathematical models could be derived from statistical methods. Therefore, if similar studies could be conducted with three-dimensional analysis, the accuracy of the data could be improved.
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LO, HUNG-ZEN, and 羅宏仁. "BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF ARM-SWING IN VERTICAL JUMP." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02197945916178692438.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>運動教練研究所<br>86<br>ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to investigate the mechanics of
armswing during vertical jump. Through the analysis of the jump
performance, and the changes in a small redistribution of
relative vertical impulse contribution among segments, and the
comparison of vertical impulse and shoulder joint angle velocity
by position during the motion process of no-armswing
countermovement jump and armswing countermovement jump
conditions. The data gained from
5 test subjects of the volleyball teams from the Department of
Physical Education of Chinese Culture University. Section was
analyzed for kinematics and kinetics variables while performing
the above mentioned movements, using the Kistler Force Platform
system and Peak Performance video motion analysis system. The
establishing values of variables mentioned above were analysis
by using dependent sample t-test, and the alpha level was 0.05.
Results were as follows:
1. The addition of an armswing to the countermovement jump
brought a significant increase in jump height over the no-
armswing countermovement jump condition.
2. The addition of an armswing to the countermovement jump
brought a significant increase in segmental vertical impulse
(arm, trunk/head and thigh) over the no-armswing countermovement
jump condition.
3. The relative segmental impluse contributions to the net
vertical impluse of the arms had significant increase, and the
trunk/head had significant deline in armswing countermovement
jump condition.
4. The upper arm angle pattern was similar for all subjects in
armswing countermovement jump condition. Peak angle magnitudes
typically occurred at a arm angle of approximately -102.374°
±3.74°.
5. The arm segmental vertical impulse pattern was similar for
all subjects in armswing countermovement jump condition. Peak
impulse magnitudes typically occurred at a arm angle of
approximately -76.88°±7.34°.
6. The different between Peak angle magnitudes and Peak impulse
magnitudes typically occurred was because of the interaction
between trunk extend and armswing.
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Yi-ChangHuang and 黃一展. "Effects of arm swing on single-step balance recovery." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05588107340197758040.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>體育健康與休閒研究所<br>101<br>Injuries caused by falling have become a serious concern in an aging society. Balance recovery techniques are useful not only in preventing falls but also in many sports activities. The step strategy plays an important role especially under violent balance perturbations. However, relatively little is known about the effect of arm swing on stepping balance recovery although considerable arm motions have been observed. To investigate how the arms influence balance recovery, 12 young male adults were released from forward-lean postures with single step balance recovery under arm swing (AS) and arm constrained (AC) conditions. It was found that unconstrained arm motions did allow more time in preparation for taking the step. The actual stepping time and distance could also be lengthened. Furthermore, it seemed that arm swing assisted in body coordination for reducing ground reaction forces and loading rate on the stepping foot. Future studies are required to investigate the optimal strategy for the arms to coordinate with the trunk and lower body in balance recovery.
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Liu, Chum-shang, and 劉俊尚. "Research and Development of Swing Arm Type Autoloading Apparatus." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yhgsfz.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>製造科技研究所<br>93<br>The purpose of this research is to develop a swing arm type autoloading apparatus for handling the shell type component. Design objectives based on the customer requirements were set first. After papers and patents review, three types of mechanisms were selected for further study. The Swing arm type mechanism was finally chosen for concept development by using the analytic hierarchy method.
Computer aided design technique was used to design the parts. In addition, stress analysis of the parts and motion simulation of the mechanism were also studied in detail for ensure the quality of the design. Finally, a small scale prototype was built to verify the design idea. It is found that the swing arm type autoloading apparatus developed is a feasible solution that meets the design requirements.
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Hayward, Juliene. "Ground reaction forces produced by two different hockey skating arm swing techniques." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/8120.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of this study was to measure the differences in ground reaction forces (GRFs) produced from an anteroposterior versus a mediolateral style hockey skating arm swing. Twenty four elite level female hockey players performed each technique while standing on a ground mounted force platform, all trials were filmed using two video cameras. Force data was assessed for peak scaled GRFs in the frontal and sagittal planes, and resultant GRF magnitude and direction. Upper limb kinematics were assessed from the video using Dartfish video analysis software, confirming that the subjects successfully performed two significantly distinct arm swing techniques. The mediolateral arm swing used a mean of 18.38° of glenohumeral flexion/extension and 183.68° of glenohumeral abduction/adduction while the anteroposterior technique used 214.17° and 28.97° respectively. The mediolateral arm swing produced 37% greater frontal plane and 33% lesser sagittal plane GRFs than the anteroposterior arm swing. The magnitudes of the resultant GRFs were not significantly different between the two techniques however the mediolateral technique produced a resultant GRF with a significantly larger angle from the direction of travel (44.44°) as compared to the anteroposterior technique (31.60°). The results of this study suggest that the direction of GRFs produced by the mediolateral arm swing more consistent with the direction of lower limb propulsion, perhaps resulting in a greater contribution to high velocity skating. Based on the findings from the present study ice hockey skaters should perform the mediolateral arm swing to maximize the effective GRFs produced with each stride.
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Tang, Wen-tzu. "Relationships among arm strength, wrist release, and joint torques during the golf downswing." 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3106603.
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PAN, XUAN-CHENG, and 潘宣丞. "Remote Control Tracked Explorating Car with Swing Arm and Deformed Body." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r295kh.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄科技大學<br>電機工程系<br>107<br>Typhoon and earthquake cause the road collapse and snap the highway,which stopped the food and medical supply and decrease the progress of disaster relief and endanger safety of resident.The special exploration robot could be designed to roam the rugged road and surmount an obstacle with self-adjusting deformed car body.It has a ST microprocessor to be controlling main unit and wireless camera system to identifying and tracking the target and important components of track and swing arm and jaw.The picture and data information by wireless transmission would be analyzed to control the robot to help exploration and rescuing while entering the rugged mountain area.Assisting personnel in tracking and rescue and collecting various data for analysis and utilization.
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Gin-chang, Liu, and 劉錦璋. "The Analysis of Arm-Swing of Volleyabll Spike --By Kinetics Chain Theory." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14035886128733625597.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立師範大學<br>體育學系<br>86<br>Sport is full of examples of motions with open-linked and multi-segment systems. The motions of segments participating in arm-swing (or throwing)skills are generally sequenced in a proximal-to-distal fashion. The prupose of segments during the action of arm-swing phase of volleyball spike. The arm-swing phase of volleyball spike is a multi-segment system withour any implement, so it was a basic example to help explain the proximal-to-distal sequential pattern of the motion by kinetics. The forward dynamicswas used to the modeling of the action, and the Lagrangian Equtions of Motion are applied on it. Assuming the motion system with two segments was moving in two-dimensional plane. The final differential equations of Lagrange''s equations were nonlinera, and could not be solved by exactly solution. The numerical method of Mathematica software was used to get the numerical solution. The initial conditions and segmental constants from the experimental motions that demonstrated by two male elite spikers from national team were used to substitute into the equations of motions. Then approximate to the borndary condition of impact event of arm-swing phase by changing the moments of each segment. After comparing modeling and real motion, the conclusions could be described as following:1.In modeling, the maximum angular velocity of distal segment（ｗd-max）and the maximum linear velocity of the endpoint of distal segment（Ｖd-max）are appear at the time when two segments get straight.2.In experimental process of the swing phase, ｗd-max and Ｖd-max both appeared prior to impact. But in modeling,ｗd-max and Ｖd-max both appeared after impact event.With the same initial conditional and boundary conditions, the process of the model exhibit more effective then that of experimental motion.
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Liu, Li-Fang, and 劉麗芳. "The Analysis of Timing of Arm swing motion in the air on volleyball spike." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28212594216189660354.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>體育學系<br>95<br>Arm swing is one of the main factors among the spiking techniques, not only decrease the weakness of jumping ability, body height and mis-setting, it can also increase the power and speed of the ball, directly.
Hitting ball, without ground reaction force, was performed by the balance of body segments in the air, including back-swing, turn-swing, and forward-swing should be within the duration of 0.5~ 0.8 second off the ground. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the suitable timing and coordination of body segments applied on spiking in the air.
Cinematography (500 frame/sec, sagittle plane) was used in this study, and software Kwon 3D was used to anal-yze the timing and coordination of arm swing motion in the air among top level and second level female volleyball athletes.
The results of this study indicated as following: the top level athlete efficiently performed the coordination of the balance of body segments. Although with longerback-swing duration, back-swing early could lead to better hit- ting point, and increase more range of motion of spiking. The conclusion was described as following: 1.the more early back-swing, the more completely arm sw- ing.2.the swing direction should be from lateral and up to lead to elbow turn-swing, like wipe motion, and execute more range of motion to spiking volleyball, and arm-trunk-leg performed as “line”shape at the hitting ball.
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Wu, Min-Ruei, and 吳敏瑞. "Feed-forward Robust Controller Design with ZPET-PDF Method for Seesaw Type Swing Arm Actuator." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09576675650311282357.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>機械工程學系<br>99<br>Because optical disk driver usually suffers the periodic disturbance or the perturbation when reading the data from disk. Therefore, this thesis presents a discrete control structure ZPET-PDF to improve the performance and disturbance rejection to stabilize the system. The proposed structure consists of two parts: the inner loop and the outer loop. First, the PDF control can be designed to reject external disturbances, including step disturbance and sine disturbance. Second, the ZPET-FF structure is capable to enhance disturbance rejection performance especially for periodic disturbance. Seeing that the stability is influenced by the model mismatch, and model mismatch will always exist in the process. In this thesis, small gain theorem was used to analyze the control structure of system, and raise the robustness of system to satisfy the robust stability. This paper shows that the response and disturbance rejection capacity of the ZPET-PDF controller is better than the PI controller by the result of the simulations.
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Lin, Wan-Ting, and 林婉婷. "An Analysis of Arm Swing Motion and Timing in the Air Spike on Volleyball Movement." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61244503695466871279.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>體育學系<br>95<br>The speed of the volleyball spikes decides the power of the spikes. The key factor which affects the speed of hitting a ball mainly is based on the entire pendulum arm opportunity with to wield the arm speed. The technical of airborne spikes is that human body loses the pivot and utilizes the balance of body segments in the air to complete back-swing, turn-swing, and forward-swing and further complete spike arm and the body assumes a straight line when hitting a ball. It’s most difficult point of technical segment to control. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the parameters of the inter-coordination of suspend the arm opportunity, speed of wielding arm and the balance of upper body segment of the ace attack player and quick attack player.
Ten elite college volleyball athletes, 5 ace attack players and 5 quick attack players, are selected as observation objects. The examinees have to complete 3 successful spikes. A camera (Redlake 125Hz) was used to film two dimensions of spikes and a software (Kwon 3D) was adopted for analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0. The research takes individual sample “t test” to accumulate and analyze the data correlations of the parameters of the hitting a ball of the ace attack players and quick attack players.
The main conclusion of this study is as following:
A. The percentage of timing action demonstrates that back-swing is lower that forward-swing, but using the faster swing speed to get the hitting timing and hit the ball at the best point.
B. The air spike of turn-swing and forward-swing action demonstrates that the effective action space tends to close.
C. The various articulations of swing arm could have function opportunity effectively and the articulations speed also can increase in turn. This action conforms to Kinetics Chain Theory.
D. Both spiking arms could complete the spike actions by crooking the arm but the variation of elbow articulation angles of non-dominant hand reaches the significant level, demonstrates that the using of non-dominant hand of ace attack players surpasses quick attack players.
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Hu, Cheng-Ming, and 胡正明. "The Exploration of the Mode of Arm Muscle Activation of Elite College Golfers During Swing." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26273688233499160047.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立體育學院<br>教練研究所<br>94<br>Abstract
The purpose of this study was exploring the elite male and female college golfers’ arm muscle activation pattern during golf swing. 12 male and 6 female elite college golfers were involved to this study. The electromyography (EMG) signal of extensor carpi radialis, flexorcarpi radialis, biceps, and triceps in leading and trail hand were recorded at a sampling frequency of 1200Hz, together with the pulse synchronize with the electronic trigger for 10 swings by each participant Besides, the motion system was used to capture the golf swing movement at the sampling frequency of 250Hz. The recorded electromyography (EMG) signal was used to explore the muscle activation of leading and trail hand in different phases and examine the significant of different genders. Besides, the ratio of agonistic and antagonistic of upper arm and forearm can be use to evaluate the trend of co-contraction. The t-test and one way ANOVA were used for statistic analysis. The result indicated that the college golf players presented the time domain firing pattern through take away to forward swing. The muscle activation of the muscle at wrist joint and elbow joint also presented the role of cocking wrist, releasing wrist, and maintaining the stability of moving arm. Besides, for male and feamle participants, the extensor carpi radialis and flexor carpi radialis of leading hand presented the trend of co-contraction during forward swing, and male participants’ biceps and triceps of leading hand presented the trend of co-contraction during acceleration which means that the extensor carpi radialis and flexor carpi radialis of leading hand managed the stability of wrist joint movement and the biceps and triceps of leading hand of male participants managed the stability of arm movement and resist the impact force while hitting the ball. In addition, the significant difference of the muscle activation between the male and female participants in forward swing and acceleration indicated that the difference of muscle activation between male and female participants is correspond with the characteristic of male participants’ faster swing velocity and delayed wrist releasing. The result indicated that the appropriate strength training of arm is important for elite college golf players. On the one hand, better muscle strength of arm can supply the swing better velocity and stability; on the other hand, it also can reduce the opportunity of sports injury of wrist and elbow joints.
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Yi-Chieh, Li, and 林義傑. "AGE AND GENDER DIFFENECE IN VERTICAL JUMP AS FUNCTION OF ARM SWING AND STRETCH SHORTENING CYCLE FOR CHILDREN." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24636551306504504527.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣體育大學<br>體育研究所<br>97<br>Motor development researchers always regard the proper use of limb swing or proper use of countermovement as the critical indexes for motor skill in child transition to the mature stage. The peak height during a vertical jump is actually enhanced through the effect of vigorous arm swing and the effect of stretch shortening cycle (SSC) that countermoves the lower extremities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender difference of the effect of arm swing and SSC in middle/later childhood. Ten boys and ten girls were recruited as the participants and were asked to perform squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) without arm swing, and countermovement jump with arm swing. A Kistler force platform system (type: 9287BA, 1000Hz) was used to acquire and to assess the performance of vertical jump. The results showed takeoff velocity in boys (SJ: 2.23 ± 0.21 m/s; CMJ-arms swing: 2.41 ± 0.22 m/s; CMJ-no arms: 2.31 ± 0.22 m/s) was higher than girls (SJ: 2.02 ± 0.13 m/s; CMJ-arms swing: 2.17 ± 0.14 m/s; CMJ-no arms: 2.12 ± 0.15 m/s) significantly (ps &lt; .05). The peak ground reaction force showed there were no gender difference in conditions of SJ, CMJ-no arms, and CMJ-arms swing (ps > .05). The lengthening force applied time was the main factor to increase jumping height for three kinds of jump (ps &lt; .05). This study calculated the enhanced rates of arm swing effect and SSC effect, and found there were no statistical differences between boys (SSC: 6.7 ± 9.1 %; Arm swing: 10.0 ± 9.4 %) and girls (SSC: 10.1 ± 8.8 %; Arm swing: 5.4 ± 7.9 %) (ps > .05). But the variability of enhanced rates within every gender group for SSC effect and arm swing effect were considerably large.