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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Swingle family

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Academic literature on the topic 'Swingle family'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Swingle family"

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Liu, Mengyu, Xiaofeng Liu, Junhua Hu, Yang Xue, and Xiaochun Zhao. "Genetic diversity of limonene synthase genes in Rongan kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia)." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 5 (2020): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19051.

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D-limonene is the main component of citrus essential oils. In the monoterpene biosynthetic pathway, geranyl diphosphate reacts with monoterpenes to form the prenyl-carbocation intermediate to produce d-limonene. In this study, d-limonene synthase (FcLS) genes were first isolated from Rongan kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle). Sequencing analysis revealed that the open reading frames of 18 FcLS genes contain 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms, which resulted in the variation of FcLS proteins, indicating that the limonene synthase genes are a large family in F. crassifolia. This phenomenon has not been reported in Citrus. The predicted FcLS proteins showed a high amino acid sequence identity with other Citrus limonene synthases and also had the typical structures of limonene synthase protein. FcLS1 was validated to be a functional d-limonene synthase by prokaryotic expression.

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Tomiyama, Kenichi, Kazutoshi Sakurai, Yoshihiro Yaguchi, and Yukihiro Kawakami. "Odor-Active Components of Luo Han Guo (Siraitia grosvenorii)." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 8 (2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100837.

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The volatile components of the dried fruit of Luo Han Guo ( Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle) belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae were analyzed by AROMASCOPE® technique using MonoTrap® DCC18 as an absorbent. A total of 124 volatile components were identified from the headspace aroma solvent extract. The major components were ethanol, butan-l-ol, pentanal, 2-methylbutanal, hexanal, furfural, pent-3-en-2-one, acetic acid, propionic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and so on. Among them, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5 H)-one (sotolon) strongly contributed to the overall aroma of the fruit. Besides, sotolon and 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methylfuran-2(5 H)-one (maple furanone) were responsible for the characteristic molasses-like aroma of the fruit.

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Roberto Chaves Neto, José, Silvanda de Melo Silva, and Luana Ferreira dos Santos. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO E QUALIDADE DE FRUTOS DE LIMÃO ‘GALEGO’." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 14, no. 4 (2018): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2018.v14.n4.a244.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical and physicochemical characteristics of lemon ‘Galego’(Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) in different maturation stages, from family farms in Matinhas, PB, Brazil. For the physical evaluations were considered, the length and diameter of the fruit; fresh fruit mass and juice yield; already for the physical-chemical evaluations of the pulp of the fruits was submitted to the determinations of the pH; soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA); soluble solids /titratable acidity ratio (SS/AT) and ascorbic acid. There was a significant difference between the maturation stages for the variables diameter, fresh mass and juice yield, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid. Lemon fruits presented increase in pulp diameter and yield, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid reduction. pH, soluble solids and SS/AT ratio did not vary with the advancement of maturation. Based on the aspects of quality evaluated, the lemon ‘Galego’from Matinhas, PB, Brazil presents satisfactory quality for the market.

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Ling, Peng, Fred G. Gmitter, Larry W. Duncan, and S. Y. Xiao. "363 INHERITANCE OF CITRUS NEMATODE RESISTANCE AND ITS LINKAGE WITH RAPD MARKERS IN CITRUS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 483a—483. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.483a.

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A family of 63 citrus intergenemic backcross hybrids was used for this study. The parents and hybrids were multiplied by rooted cuttings, with 6 uniform replicates selected per hybrid, and each plant was inoculated with citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) 5 times over 2 mo. The number of nematode female larvae per gram of fine fresh root was determind 2 mo after the last inoculation. The phenotypic variation of the hybrids was continuous and wide-ranged, from 8.0 females· g-1 of root tissue (resistant parent Swingle citrumelo=15.6) to 620.0 females· g-1 of root tissue (susceptible parent LB 6-2=540.5). Bulked segregant analysis (BSA), using RAPD fragments, was conducted with 2 DNA bulks of individuals from the extremes of the phenotypic distribution. Three hundred twenty primers were screened and 5 were found to generate repeatedly single RAPD fragments specific to the resistant bulk. The segregation of resistance-associated fragments among the individuals was examined, and the linkage between these markers and potential nematode resistance loci was estimated.

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Tesic, S., E. N. Pakina, and A. N. Ignatov. "Identification of Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle 1925) Stapp 1928 in hydroponic culture of lettuce in Russia." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2021-3-110-115.

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Relevance. Lettuce (Latin: Lactúca satíva) is a species of annual herbaceous plant in the genus Lettuce of the Asteraceae family. As a vegetable crop, it is cultivated everywhere in the world, and its hydroponic cultivation technology has received special development in recent years. One of the common pathogens of lettuce is Pseudomonas cichorii, causing bacterial diseases of several important cultivated plants. In this regard, the study of the occurrence of this pathogen is important.Material and methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Agrobiotechnology of the ATI of RUDN University. The samples were provided by a commercial manufacturer of lettuce grown on a flow-through hydroponic line under conditions of minimal microbial contamination. The study of phytopathogenic bacteria includes a number of stages: isolation of bacteria on semi-selective culture media and obtaining a pure culture of bacteria; setting a test for pathogenicity (virulence); studying the phenotypic properties of bacteria; determining the taxonomic position of the isolated strains by molecular methods. All studies were conducted in accordance with the standard methods of identification of phytopathogenic bacteria.Results. As a result of the work, the distribution of the species Pseudomonas cichorii in the hydroponic culture of lettuce in the Russian Federation was confirmed. Although, according to the EPPO database, P. cichorii was first described in Russia in 1965 by microbiological methods, but isolated bacteria are not available in microbiological collections to confirm this conclusion with appropriate diagnostic methods. Twelve isolates of P. cichoriiwere studied by a biochemical and phytopathological tests, and four isolates (01, 04, 06, and 12) that showed the greatest aggressiveness on host plants and tobacco leaves were identified by DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene fragment. The obtained DNA fragments showed a high similarity (99-100%) with the sequences of P. cichoriifrom the Genebank. Evaluation of the virulence of the isolated isolates on a number of other cultivated plants, and the uniformity of their biochemical characteristics showed that they represent a group of bacteria specialized in lettuce.

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Licciardello, Concetta, Biagio Torrisi, Maria Allegra, et al. "A Transcriptomic Analysis of Sensitive and Tolerant Citrus Rootstocks under Natural Iron Deficiency Conditions." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 6 (2013): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.6.487.

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Iron chlorosis is one of the most serious abiotic stresses affecting citrus (Citrus sp.) culture in the Mediterranean Basin. A trial was performed with potted tolerant and sensitive rootstocks that were grown in volcanic and calcareous soils. Microarray analysis allowed for the identification of differentially expressed genes putatively involved in iron (Fe) deficiency. Most of the differentially expressed genes isolated from the root tips were of unknown function; the remaining genes were related to the oxidative stress response (e.g., glutathione peroxidase), hormone metabolism and signaling (e.g., small auxin up RNA family protein genes), biological regulation, protein turnover, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (e.g., aconitase). Additionally, the majority of the Fe stress-related genes expressed in the sensitive Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) and tolerant Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis × P. trifoliata) rootstocks identified using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were related to regulation, the oxidative stress response, and hormone metabolism and signaling, thereby confirming the array data. Furthermore, validation of the differentially expressed genes in seven tolerant and sensitive rootstocks grown in a field trial under chlorotic conditions was performed. In general, the gene expression profiles reflect the different responses of rootstocks, possibly as a result of the various genetic mechanisms involved in the response to Fe deficiency. Moreover, the expression of aconitase was analyzed in the roots and juice to evaluate the implication of the different aconitase isoforms (Aco), which are derived from specific cellular compartments, in the different tissues. The involvement of the mitochondrial isoform (Aco2) was directly correlated with the acidity of the juice, whereas the cytosolic one (Aco3), which corresponds to the aconitase isolated during the microarray analysis, was found specifically in the roots.

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Fitzpatrick, Mike. "Swine flu panic." British Journal of General Practice 59, no. 563 (2009): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp09x421094.

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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti1, M. Scortichini, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot Caused by Pseudomonas cichorii on Phlox paniculata in Italy." Plant Disease 89, no. 8 (2005): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0912c.

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Phlox paniculata L. (fall phlox) is a perennial garden species belonging to the Polemoniaceae family. During the spring of 2003 and 2004, leaf spot symptoms were observed on fall phlox plants in some private gardens in the Biella area (northern Italy). Lesions were first observed on leaves at the collar level and later on the entire plant. Lesions started as water-soaked areas, which in few days developed on the upper side of the leaves into irregular, shrunken, reddish brown spots from 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Lesions on the lower surface sometimes had a translucent halo. In many cases, the leaves were completely withered. Disease was particularly severe during the spring and fall and its incidence ranged from 10 to 25%. No fungal structures were observed within the lesions. Small fragments of tissue from affected leaves were macerated in nutrient yeast dextrose broth (NYDA), and dilutions of the resulting suspension were streaked onto NYDA and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Isolations were made from at least 25 leaves. Plates were maintained at 22 ± 1°C for 48 h. No fungi were isolated from the spots on NYDA or PDA. Colonies typical of Pseudomonas species were consistently isolated on NYDA. Isolates were negative for levan, potato soft-rot (pectolytic activity), and arginine dehydrolase while positive for oxidase and hypersensitivity on tobacco leaves. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell protein analysis (1) indicated that the bacterium isolated was similar to Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp NCPPB 943 and 3283 strains. On King's medium B, (2) a typical fluorescent pigment was produced. The pathogen was identified as Pseudomonas cichoriii. Pathogenicity of 10 colonies was tested by growing inoculum in nutrient-broth shake cultures for 48 h, suspending bacterial cultures in water, diluting to 106 CFU/ml, and spraying 10 1-year-old healthy plants of P. paniculata. Ten control plants were sprayed with sterile nutrient broth. Inoculated and control plants were kept covered with plastic bags for 72 h. After 8 days in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1°C, leaf spots identical to those observed in the field developed on leaves of inoculated plants. Control plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was repeated once. Bacteria were reisolated from the spots and identified as P. cichoriii. To our knowledge, this is the first record of bacterial leaf spot of Phlox paniculata in Italy as well as in the world. References: (1) D. H. Bergey et al. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1994. (2) E. O. King et al. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 44:301, 1954.

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Fitzpatrick, Mike. "Swine Flu: Public Health has become a Public Nuisance." British Journal of General Practice 59, no. 565 (2009): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp09x453936.

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van Weel, Chris, and Walter W. Rosser. "Unquoted, unchallenged, general practice research will be casting pearls before swine." Family Practice 22, no. 5 (2005): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmi084.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Swingle family"

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Netherton, Christopher Lewis. "Studies on African swine fever virus multigene family 110." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390931.

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Fonseca, Patrícia Isabel Cuco da. "Estratégias de coping utilizadas por famílias portuguesas e espanholas para alcançar um equilíbrio trabalho-família." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18574.

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O estudo do equilíbrio trabalho-família não é recente. Em 1985, Greenhaus e Beutell definiram o conflito trabalho-família como um tipo de conflito originado na incompatibilidade da pressão exercida entre diferentes papéis de um indivíduo. Uma das formas de lidar com este é através de estratégias de coping. Assim, o presente estudo procurou comparar diferenças entre as estratégias utilizadas por famílias portuguesas e espanholas. Aplicaram-se as versões adaptadas dos instrumentos SWING e Brief COPE a uma amostra de 409 participantes portugueses e 158 espanhóis, de diferentes estruturas familiares, com ou sem dependentes. Foram corroboradas relações entre o Equilibrio e variáveis sociodemográficas, e foi comprovada a capacidade preditora do equilíbrio sobre as estratégias de coping utilizadas. É essencial que os estudos futuros considerem certos aspectos das variáveis sociodemográficas (ex.: duração do emprego, idade dos dependentes, etc.), e o desenvolvimento de modelos de coping relativos ao conflito trabalho-família; Coping Strategies used by Portuguese and Spanish Families to achieve a Work-Family Balance Abstract: The study of work-family balance is not recent. In 1985, Greenhaus & Beutell defined work-family conflict as a type of conflict originated in the incompatible pressure between the individual’s different social roles. One way to deal with this is through coping strategies. Hence, the present study has sought to compare differences between strategies used by Portuguese and Spanish families. The SWING and Brief COPE adaptations were applied to a sample of 409 Portuguese and 158 Spanish participants, from different family structures, with or without dependents. A relationship between Balance and sociodemographic variables was proven, and balance’s predictive capacity of the strategies used was found. It is essencial for future studies to consider certain aspects of the sociodemographic variables (eg.: duration of employement, dependents’ age, etc.), and the development of coping models directed at work-family conflict.

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Books on the topic "Swingle family"

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Cassedy, Jane. Swingle, Swengel, and Swingley: Descendants of Johann Nickel Schwingel, 1698-1786. Gateway Press, 1990.

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Buffett, Jimmy. Swine Not? Little, Brown and Company, 2008.

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Pigs on the family farm. Enslow, 2014.

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Mark, Baker, ed. Peppa Pig: Peppa Pig's family computer. Ladybird Books, 2014.

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Willis, Jeanne. The hard man of the swings. Faber and Faber, 2000.

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ill, Cohen Lisa 1963, ed. Little Lil and the swing-singing sax. Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1996.

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Martin, David. Five little piggies. Candlewick Press, 2000.

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Genechten, Guido van. The Von Hamm family: Alex and the tart. Tiger Tales, 2005.

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Buffett, Jimmy. Swine not?: A novel pig tale. Little, Brown and Co., 2008.

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Buffett, Jimmy. Swine not?: A novel pig tale. Little, Brown and Co., 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Swingle family"

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Cook, Moya, Cheryl A. Glass, and Jill C. Cash. "H1N1 Influenza A (Swine Flu)." In Family Practice Guidelines. Springer Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826153425.0016e.

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Pulsipher, Jenny Hale. "“The English Did Wrong Them About Their Lands”." In Swindler Sachem. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300214932.003.0009.

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This chapter details John Wompas's experience of returning home and finding an English family occupying his house, which was emblematic of the situation facing New England Indians in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, a situation dramatically accelerated by the recent war. Everywhere, the English had taken possession of Indian property, shutting Indians out with their fences, their livestock, and their laws. Not just barriers and deeds, but also colony-wide restrictions on Indian activity made what once had been Indian land off limits. This seems to have triggered a radical change in Wompas, turning him from a man who moved fluidly between Indian and English worlds in pursuit of his own interests to one who consistently represented himself as an Indian, championed Indian interests, and aspired to Indian leadership.

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Inyagwa, Charles Muleke, and Erick O. Mungube. "Control of African Swine Fever and Avian Spirochaetosis." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch015.

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Ticks are distributed worldwide and have an enormous medical and veterinary importance owing to the direct damage they cause and indirectly as vectors of a large variety of human and animal pathogens. The family Argasidae (soft ticks) comprises five genera and with about 193 species. Among all the argasid ticks, only four Argas and two Ornithodoros species are competent to transmit diseases. This chapter describes the various ticks of the argasidae family, diseases they transmit, and strategies for their control. A description of the two important genera, Ornithodorus and Argas, that belong to the family argasidae are provided. Emphasis is on the mammalian hosts affected, tick species involved, morphological features (with relevant pictorials), geographic distribution, life cycle, and economic importance. A detailed description of the two most important diseases transmitted by argasidae ticks namely African swine fever (ASF) and avian spirochaetosis is given. Emphasis is laid on the historical background, epidemiology, clinical signs, and strategies for their control.

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Costanzo, William V. "Film Comedy in South America." In When the World Laughs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190924997.003.0013.

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From Brazil’s Hello, Hello, Carnival! to Argentina’s Wild Tales, films from south of the US border have both adapted and defied Hollywood conventions for performing memorable comedy. Along the way, they have explored the region’s varied landscape and inhabitants through comic road movies (The Voyage, Rolling Family), satirical experiments in social consciousness (How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman, Stadium Coup), scheme-and-swindler flicks (Nine Queens, A Cab for Three), ironic commentaries on aging (The Last Train, Whisky), and sexy spoofs (Captain Pantoja and the Special Services, Destiny Has No Favorites), adding their own brand to the global stock of movie comedy.

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Booker, Vaughn A. "“Tears of Joy”." In Lift Every Voice and Swing. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479892327.003.0004.

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This chapter centers the jazz vocalist Ella Fitzgerald’s career as a racial crossover artist, whose early career was critical to securing jazz as a profession for race representation. After emerging as a popular vocalist for Chick Webb’s swing band, she became a symbol of a respectable African American woman to counter the negative characterizations of the jazz world as corrupting of youth. Her career in the late 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s became an effective vehicle for the desegregation of performance venues and the creation of integrated clubs, due to her popularity with black and white audiences. Fitzgerald’s race representation included her status as a wealthy African American woman who provided for her extended family and who made charitable investments in civil rights organizations, particularly the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Fitzgerald’s highly visible race representation entailed constant black and white press coverage and critical assessments that produced two major and recurring debates: whether Fitzgerald constituted a legitimate jazz singer, and whether her perceived lack of emotion in performance disqualified her as an authentic black jazz woman vocalist. Importantly, Fitzgerald showcased the jazz profession in several aspects as a non-religious vehicle for accomplishing the progressive, integrationist pursuits of religious race representatives.

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Kinealy, Christine, Gerard Moran, and Jason King. "Manner in which emigrants in Liverpool were swindled. Galway Vindicator, 5 April, 1848." In The History of the Irish Famine. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315513492-45.

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Deutscher, Penelope. "“This Death Which Is Not One”." In Foucault/Derrida Fifty Years Later. Columbia University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231171953.003.0010.

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In his recently published seminars, Derrida makes a number of comments about Foucauldian epistemes, ruptures, thresholds, blood, sex and biopolitics which suggest that he was always running late for Foucault. Despite being ideally suited to do so, Derrida failed to press Foucault on ghostly sovereignty or sexual difference. In ascribing to Foucault the view that sovereignty was replaced in importance by biopower, Derrida attributed to Foucault a taste for linearity thereby reducing his work to its least interesting reading. As a means of locating Foucault’s challenges to thresholds and linearities, Deutscher revisits the families of the History of Sexuality vol 1 and Foucault’s Collège de France lectures. Deutscher argues that the segmentations and multiple techniques of Foucault’s family spaces, their sex and their strange sovereignties, manifest the countering swings of Foucault’s oscillations, a resistance to the Derridean reading.

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Runyon, Randolph Paul. "Buckskin and Lace." In The Mentelles. University Press of Kentucky, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813175386.003.0004.

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In the spring of 1791,Waldemar joins the French colonists already at Gallipolis, Ohio Territory, hitching a ride on the boats transporting soldiers down the Ohio River to fight the Indians. He was fortunate not to continue the journey past Gallipolis, for it would culminate in the disaster known as St. Clair's Defeat, in which 97% of the Americans are killed or wounded. Unlike the other colonists, Waldemar owns no land at Gallipolis; in fact, they only thought they had ownership, having been swindled by Joel Barlow and company back in France. He is assigned to be an "Indian spy," tasked with scouring the woods daily for signs of Indian presence. Actually, the Indians intentionally spare the French but repeatedly attack the American settlers, including Daniel Boone and his family, at nearby Point Pleasant, Virginia (now West Virginia). Life is hard for Waldemar, as he waits for Charlotte to arrive. The travails of the colony are recorded in two newspaper and magazine articles the Mentelles later wrote, one of which has remained unknown to historians until now.

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Townsend, Peter. "Musical Changes Driven by Technology." In The Evolution of Music through Culture and Science. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848400.003.0007.

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This chapter explores how science and technology has revolutionized the sounds produced by different instruments. The main examples here are for the violin family and wind instruments. Some changes do not significantly alter the visual appearance, but allow different types of performance, more power, changes in tone, and totally new instruments (e.g. the saxophone). This has had an immense influence on composition, to exploit these new sounds, and of course an equally major swing in fashion from the audiences and players. Understanding of the science has been a key factor in the developments. Change is not always popular, and for example many players of early musical compositions believe they should be played with original sounding instruments and pitch. Unfortunately, the majority of audiences are now so accustomed to the new sounds that they find the earlier ones difficult to appreciate.

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Glazzard, Andrew. "That Secret History of a Nation." In The Case of Sherlock Holmes. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474431293.003.0019.

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‘The Bruce-Partington Plans’, in which the design of a new and devastating type of submarine is stolen from Woolwich Arsenal and sold to a foreign spy, came at an ominous moment in British history. When it was first published in the December 1908 issue of the Strand Magazine, the war that would consume Conan Doyle’s attention – and several members of his family – was still more than five years away. But Germany had already become Britain’s principal geopolitical adversary: Britain entered strategic ententes with France (1904) and Russia (1907), alliances which would endure into – and help precipitate – the First World War; a naval arms race, centred on Dreadnought-class battleships but including the new, disruptive technologies of submarines and torpedoes, was in full swing; and Germany was widely believed to be conducting espionage in Britain on an unprecedented scale.

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Conference papers on the topic "Swingle family"

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Chavan, Ameet, Eric MacDonald, Norman Liu, and Joseph Neff. "A novel floating gate circuit family with subthreshold voltage swing for ultra-low power operation." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2008.4542177.

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Pak, Wansoo, Daniel Grindle, and Costin Untaroiu. "The Influence of Gait Stance and Vehicle Type on Pedestrian Kinematics and Injury Risk." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22492.

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Abstract Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable road users. In 2018 the USA reported the highest number of pedestrian fatalities number in nearly three decades. Government safety agencies and car manufacturers have started paying greater attention towards pedestrian protection. The pre-impact conditions of Car-to-Pedestrian Collisions (CPC) varies significantly in terms of the characteristics of vehicles (e.g. front-end geometry, stiffness, etc.) and pedestrians (e.g. anthropometry, posture, etc.). The influence of vehicle type and pedestrian gait has not been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to numerically investigate the changes in pedestrian kinematics and injuries across various gait postures and two different car types. Five finite element (FE) human body models, representing 50th percentile male in gait cycle, were developed and used to perform CPC simulations with two generic vehicle FE models representing a family car (FCR), and a sport utility vehicle (SUV). In the impacts with the high-profile vehicle (SUV), the pedestrian models usually slide above the bonnet leading edge and report shorter wrap around distances (WAD) than in low-profile vehicle (FCR) impacts. The pedestrian postures influenced the post-impact rotation of the pedestrian and consequently, the impacted head region. The pedestrian posture also influenced the risk of injuries in the lower extremities. Higher risk of bone fractures was observed in the stance phase posture compared to the swing phase. The findings of this study should be taken into consideration when examining pedestrian protection protocols. In addition, the results of this study can be used to improve the design of active safety systems used to protect pedestrians in collisions.

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