Relevant bibliographies by topics / Switch pin

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Switch pin'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Switch pin"

1

Hou, Wang, Tang, and Zhang. "Design of a RF Switch Used in Redundant Atomic Clock Configurations." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102331.

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Atomic clocks provide frequency reference signals for communication, aerospace, satellite navigation and other systems. The redundant configuration of atomic clocks is necessary for ensuring the continuity and stability of the system. A radio frequency (RF) switch is usually used as a switching device in the switching system of the host atomic clock and the backup atomic clock. When the atomic clock fails, the switching between the host and the backup clock can be carried out quickly. Aiming at the fast switching requirements of atomic clock RF signals, this paper proposes a new series-shunt Positive Intrinsic Negative (PIN) switch design. In this paper, the evaluation of the RF switches is conducted by using the metrics of switching speed, insertion loss, isolation, return loss at on state and return loss at off state. Experimental result shows that the new PIN switch has better and more comprehensive performance metrics than the electromechanical switch, FET switch and conventional PIN switch. In particular, the switching speed is 53 ns faster than the conventional series-shunt PIN switch.
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Usanov, D. A., A. V. Skripal, and M. Yu Kulikov. "Microstrip PIN diode microwave switch." Radioelectronics and Communications Systems 54, no. 4 (April 2011): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0735272711040078.

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Thomas, L., A. Hing, E. Hughes, J. Beckerson, and K. Wilson. "GaAs MMIC broadband SPDT PIN switch." Electronics Letters 22, no. 22 (1986): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19860811.

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NURMANTRIS, DWI ANDI, HEROE WIJANTO, and BAMBANG SETIA NUGROHO. "Pattern Reconfigurable Patch Antenna menggunakan Edge Shorting Pin dan Symmetrical Control Pin." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v3i2.177.

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ABSTRAKMetode baru dalam mendesain suatu pattern reconfigurable antenna telah diteliti. Penelitian ini fokus pada optimasi antena patch lingkaran single layer pencatuan probe koaksial dengan mengintegrasikan 24 switch/shorting pin pada sisi patch yang disebut edge shorting pin dan 8 shorting pin membentuk lingkaran dengan radius tertentu dan selanjutnya disebut symmetrical control pin yang fungsinya sebagai metode penyepadan impedansi. Algoritma Genetika yang dikombinasikan dengan Finite Element Software digunakan untuk mengoptimasi kombinasi switch, radius lingkaran symmetrical control pin, dan radius patch untuk mendapatkan kemampuan pattern reconfigurability. Antena ini menghasilkan 8 kemungkinan arah radiasi azzimuth dengan resolusi 45o dan arah elevasi 30o pada frekuensi 2,4 Ghz. Optimasi, simulasi, fabrikasi, dan pengukuran dilakukan untuk memverifikasi hasil penelitian.Kata kunci: Patch Lingkaran, Edge Shorting Pin, Symmetrical Control Pin, Algoritma Genetika, Pattern Reconfigurable ABSTRACTNew method for desaining pattern reconfigurable antenna was studied. This study focuses on the optimization of a single layer circular patch antenna with probe feed by integrating the 24 switch / shorting pin on the side of the patch that called Edge Shorting Pins and 8 shorting pins form circular line in such radius that called Symmetrical Control Pins as a impedance matching method. Genetic algorithm combined with the Finite Element Software is used to optimize the switch combination, the radius of circular line of symmetrical control pins, and the patch radius to obtain a pattern reconfigurability capabilities. This antenna produces 8 possible directions of azimuth radiation with a resolution of 45o and 30o elevation direction at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. Optimization, simulation, fabrication, and measurement was done to verify the results.Keywords: Circular Patch, Edge Shorting Pin, Symmetrical Control Pin, Genetic Algorithm, Pattern Reconfigurable
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Jiang, Yun, Yuan Ye, Daotong Li, Zhaoyu Huang, Chao Wang, Jingjian Huang, and Naichang Yuan. "Design of W-band PIN Diode SPDT Switch with Low Loss." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 7 (August 19, 2021): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2021.aces.j.360712.

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A W-band PIN diode single pole double throw (SPDT) switch with low insertion loss (IL) was successfully developed using a hybrid integration circuit (HIC) of microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW) in this paper. In order to achieve low loss of the SPDT switch, the beam-lead PIN diode 3D simulation model was accurately established in Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and the W-band H-plane waveguide-microstrip transition was realized based on the principle of the magnetic field coupling. The key of the proposed method is to design the H-plane waveguide-microstrip transition, it not only realizes the low IL of the SPDT switch, but also the direct current (DC) bias of the PIN diode can be better grounded. In order to validate the proposed design method, a W-band PIN diode SPDT switch is fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that the IL of the SPDT switch is less than 2 dB in the frequency range of 85 to 95 GHz, while the isolation of the SPDT switch is greater than 15 dB in the frequency range of 89.5 to 94 GHz. In the frequency range of 92 to 93 GHz, the IL of the SPDT switch is less than 1.65 dB, and its isolation is higher than 22 dB. Switch rise time and switch fall time of the SPDT switch are smaller than 29ns and 19ns, respectively. Good agreement between the simulations and measurements validates the design method.
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Edward, N., N. A. Shairi, A. Othman, Z. Zakaria, and I. D. Saiful Bahri. "Reconfigurable modified wilkinson power divider using PIN diode switch." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i3.2174.

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In this paper, a reconfigurable modified Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) was proposed. The operating frequencies of the proposed design were either at 2.5 GHz or 3.5 GHz for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. This proposed design is reconfigurable in terms of its operating frequency by using PIN diode switches. PIN diode switch was used in this design to reconfigure the microstrip line length. By varying the bias voltage of the PIN diode to +5 V or -5 V, the proposed modified WPD can either operate at 2.5 GHz or 3.5 GHz. Rogers RO4350 (er=3.48, h=0.508 mm) was chosen as the substrate material and copper (thickness=0.035 mm) related to patch of design. Based on simulation results obtained from the Advanced Design System (ADS) software, the modified WPD shows good S-parameter performances at 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz. However, the measurement results exhibit frequency shifted. Even though there is a correlation between measurement results and simulation results, the resonant frequency was shifted due to parasitic reactance of the PIN diode.
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T R, Nischith, Namita Palecha, and John Alwyn. "Novel Approach to Measure Internal Power Domain PG Route Weakness." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (June 17, 2021): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05339.

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Grid weakness measurement is an extremely important process in the modern-day VLSI design flow. In designs that contain power gating switches, there are additional challenges. It is desirable to find the PG grid weakness of only the gated domain. The tools used in the industry typically measure the total voltage drops from the bump location to the transistor pin. This voltage drop is the summation of the voltage drops in the external domain, switch pin network, and internal domain. This paper explores the ways to measure the internal pin domain voltage exclusively. Ansys Totem tool is used for simulation. Finally, the simulation results are presented to propose the effectiveness and accuracy of the given solution.
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Wu, Wei, Yun-Bo Li, Rui-Yuan Wu, Chuan-Bo Shi, and Tie-Jun Cui. "Band-Notched UWB Antenna with Switchable and Tunable Performance." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9612987.

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A band-notched UWB antenna is presented, which can switch between two notch bands and tune the central frequency simultaneously. It is the first time that the switchable and tunable behaviours are combined together in band-notched UWB antennas. In the band-notched structure, PIN diodes are used to switch the lower and upper frequency bands, while varactors could vary the central frequency of each notch band continuously. Measurement results show that the notch bands could switch between 4.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz when the state of varactors is fixed, and the ranges of tuning are 4.2–4.8 GHz and 5.8–6.5 GHz when the state of PIN diodes is ON and OFF, respectively.
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Wu, Zhaoyang, Wei Lu, Xiangyang Bao, Fanbao Meng, Zhoubing Yang, Qian Sun, Fangzhou Zhao, and Yutian Wang. "Study on cut-off characteristics of sub-nanosecond silicon carbide PiN switch." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 07 (March 20, 2021): 2150107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221501071.

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In this paper, a simulation model of [Formula: see text] type PiN high voltage pulse open switch is established. The switch operates in “punch through” mode, with a 4 kA/cm2 cut-off current density and sub-nanosecond cut-off speed. The cut-off process of switch can be divided into three stages, that is, non-equilibrium carriers extraction stage, majority carriers drift stage and charging stage of junction capacitance by change of internal electric field and carrier concentration. Keeping injection current and cut-off current as 20 A and 40 A, the switch cut-off speed and “pedestal” voltage are reciprocally determined. Thus, optimizing the doping concentration and thickness of [Formula: see text] layer is a valid solution for the actual system design.
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Sun, P., and D. Heo. "Analysis of parasitic effects for pin diode SPDT switch." Electronics Letters 45, no. 10 (2009): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2009.0691.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Switch pin"

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Palomera-Arias, Rogelio 1972. "PIN diode switch circuit for short time high current pulse signal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47505.

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Vigano, Andre De Souza. "Simulation of an SP8T 18 GHz RF Switch Using SMT PIN Diodes." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2259.

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Radio frequency (RF) and microwave switches are widely used in several different applications including radar, measurement systems, telecommunications, and other areas. An RF switch can control a radar’s transmit vs. receive mode, select the operating band, or direct an RF signal to different paths. In this study, a single pole eight throw (SP8T) switch using only Surface Mount (SMT) components is designed and simulated in Keysight’s Advanced Design System (ADS). Single pole eight throw is defined as one input and eight possible outputs. A star network configuration with series-shunt PIN diode switches is used to create the 8-way RF switch. There are other commercially available SP8T switches from MACOM, Skyworks, Analog Devices, and other vendors that operate around this bandwidth. However, this design uses SMT components and series-shunt diode configurations to create a device in the GHz range and power handling in the high 20 to 30 dBm range. This study modeled components in ADS, including the PIN diodes and the bias tees. The project also analyzed multiple layouts, finalizing the optimal design to meet specifications. The insertion loss, bandwidth, isolation, return loss, power handling, and switching speed are analyzed in the final design. Key specifications for this design are determined by comparing to other commercially available SP4T and SP8T switches from MACOM, Skyworks, Analog Devices, and other vendors, as well as developing an operational switch over the 2-18 GHz bandwidth. Additional specifications include limiting insertion loss to 2.0 dB maximum and maximizing isolation to 30 dB minimum. Switching speed and power handling specifications are also set to 20 ns and 23 dBm, respectively. Future projects will work on design fabrication and improvements to the manufactured switch.
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Mikul, Alex Olegovich. "SPDT switch, attenuator and 3-bit passive phase shifter based on a novel SiGe PIN diode." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2009/a_mikul_111909.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in electrical engineering)--Washington State University, December 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 28, 2009). "School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51).
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Sickel, Thomas. "Tunable evanescent mode X-band waveguide switch." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1463.

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Thesis (PhD (Electric and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
A tunable X-band PIN diode switch, implemented in evanescent mode waveguide, is presented. To allow in-situ tuning of resonances after construction, a novel PIN diode mounting structure is proposed and verified, offering substantial advantages in assembly costs. Accurate and time-effective modelling of filter and limiter states of the proposed switch is possible, using an evanescent mode PIN diode and mount model. The model is developed by optimizing an AWR Microwave Office model of a first order switch prototype with embedded PIN diode, to simultaneously fit filter and limiter measurements of four first order prototypes. The model is then used in the design of a third order switch prototype, achieving isolation of 62 dB over a 8.5 to 10.5 GHz bandwidth in the limiting state, as well as reflection of 15.73 dB and insertion loss of 1.23±0.155 dB in the filtering state over the same bandwidth.
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Guzel, Kutlay. "X-band High Power Solid State Rf Switch." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614654/index.pdf.

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RF/Microwave switches are widely used in microwave measurement systems, telecommunication and radar applications. The main purposes of RF switches are Tx-Rx switching, band select and switching the signal between different paths. Thus, they are key circuits especially in T/R modules. Wideband operation is an important criterion in EW applications. High power handling is also a key feature especially for radars detecting long range. In this study, different types of high power solid state switches operating at X-Band are designed, fabricated and measured. The main objectives are small size and high power handling while keeping good return loss and low insertion loss. The related studies are investigated and analyzed. Solutions for increasing the power handling are investigated, related calculations are done. Better bias conditions are also analyzed. The measurement results are compared with simulations and analysis. Circuit designs and simulations are performed using AWR®
and CST®
.
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Koutný, Pavel. "Odstředivý vypínač vodní turbíny - modernizace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231474.

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This diploma thesis deals with the design of the centrifugal switch of water turbine. The centrifugal switch is the security feature that stops the unit when the permitted unit speed is exceeded. In the first part of this thesis, the currently used types of centrifugal switches are described. This section deals also with the new centrifugal switch design and dynamics analysis of individual switch pins.
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Dihissou, Akimu Ayan Niyi. "Système antennaire directif et reconfigurable pour réseaux de capteurs sans fil." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4013/document.

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Les études montrent généralement que la partie radio est l'une des plus grandes sources de consommation d'énergie dans un nœud de capteur. Cette source de consommation est directement liée au type d’antenne utilisé sur le module radio du nœud. Or, nombre de nœuds de capteurs sans fil sont généralement équipés d'antennes omnidirectionnelles provoquant ainsi un gaspillage de l'énergie dû à leur rayonnement. Face à un tel constat, ce mémoire présente des systèmes d'antennes directives et reconfigurables dédiés à ces nœuds capteurs en lieu et place des antennes omnidirectionnelles pour pallier à cette perte d’énergie. Il s’agit de petites antennes qui doivent respecter pleinement la gamme de fréquences nécessaire pour fonctionner correctement, mais aussi, dont le rayonnement peut être modifié en utilisant des composants actifs peu gourmands en énergie avec un contrôle actif qui doit également être simple. La première solution proposée est une solution antennaire directive inspirée d'une antenne imprimée Yagi/Uda dans la bande ISM-2,4 GHz. Elle offre, en simulation, un gain élevé avec une valeur de 7,3dB et un angle d’ouverture à -3dB de 57 ° dans le plan azimutal. La deuxième solution proposée est une antenne à plusieurs faisceaux (six) possibles dans le plan azimutal. Celle-ci se compose de six monopôles identiques, ayant chacun un port d’alimentation. De par la sélection du port alimenté, un diagramme directif de gain simulé de 4,6 dB et d’angle d’ouverture à -3dB de 55° est obtenu, permettant ainsi une couverture globale du plan azimutal. De plus, une carte électronique dotée d’un switch de type SP6T dédiée à cette antenne a été conçue pour contrôler ces six diagrammes de rayonnement de manière automatique. Afin de réduire le nombre d'éléments rayonnants tout en améliorant les performances radio électriques obtenues, une troisième solution a été proposée. Elle se compose d'un monopôle alimenté et d'un monopôle parasite chargé par une inductance de 9,6 nH. La nature et la valeur de la charge ont été obtenues en utilisant les équations d'Uzkov qui permettent de calculer les coefficients de pondérations dans le cas de deux antennes monopôles alimentées séparément afin de maximiser le gain et la directivité dans une direction privilégiée. Contrairement à l’usage de la carte électronique pour le contrôle de diagramme de rayonnement dans le cas de la structure antennaire à six monopôles, l’aspect reconfigurable en diagramme est obtenu dans ce cas en utilisant des éléments réflecteurs et directeurs activés par des diodes PIN. Elle procure en simulation un gain maximal de 5,2 dB en azimut pour un angle d’ouverture à -3dB de 52°, dans les directions 90° et 270° selon les diodes sélectionnées. Enfin, une application directe de cette structure est proposée pour couvrir plus de deux directions en azimut. Elle consiste en un ensemble de quatre monopôles dans lequel deux d’entre eux sont alimentés et les deux autres sont chargés par des inductances identiques. Il est capable de diriger son rayonnement dans le plan azimutal couvrant des directions sur 360 ° (0 °, 90 °, 180 ° et 270 °). Le gain total réalisé simulé est de 4 dB pour chaque diagramme de rayonnement dans le plan azimutal avec un angle d’ouverture à 3dB d’environ 60°. Des campagnes de mesures ont été effectuées pour chacune des antennes présentées dans ce mémoire. L’indicateur de la puissance du signal reçu (RSSI) a été la grandeur métrique utilisée pour quantifier les performances des antennes proposées. Suite à ces campagnes, nous avons pu remarquer que l’utilisation d’antennes directives seules, améliorant la portée de communication entre deux nœuds de capteurs s’avère insuffisante dans le cas d’un déploiement aléatoire de nœuds capteurs
Studies have shown that the communication subsystem is one of the greatest sources of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. This subsystem is directly bounded to the type of antenna used on the radio module. Several sensor nodes are equipped with omnidirectional antennas leading to a waste of energy due to the shape of their beam. Instead of using omnidirectional antennas, directive and reconfigurable antennas system dedicated to wireless sensor networks are presented in this work so as to alleviate the waste of energy. On one hand, such dedicated antennae should be small in size and particularly designed by taking into consideration the frequency bandwidth of the node. On the other hand, their radiation pattern should also be reconfigurable by using powerless active components with a simple active control. To reach these objectives, we have in a first time proposed a directive solution inspired of a Printed-Yagi antenna in the ISM band (2.4-2.485) GHz. It provides high gain with a value of 7.3dB and a half power beam width BW−3dB of 57° in the azimuth plane. Secondly, we have proposed a multiple directional antenna in the ISM band. This antenna consists of six identical monopole antennas arranged in the same structure, having each one feeding port. Due to the selection of each feeding port, the proposed antenna covers the whole azimuthal plane with a simulated beam of 4.6 dB along with a half power beam width BW−3dB of 55°. Moreover, an electronic card equipped with an SP6T switch dedicated to that antenna has been developed to control the radiation pattern of the six identical antennas automatically. Willing to reduce the number of radiating elements while enhancing the radio performance, a third antenna has been proposed. It consists of a fed monopole and a loaded parasitic one having an inductance component of 9.6nH. The nature and the value of this inductance are obtained using the Uzkov equations that calculate the current weighting coefficients in the case of two separately fed antennas to maximize the gain and the directivity in the desired direction. Contrary to the use of electronic card in the control of radiation pattern prior to the conception of the third antenna, the reconfigurable aspect is obtained by using reflectors and director’s elements activated by PIN diodes. It offers a maximum gain of 5.2 dB in simulation at 2.4GHz along with a half power beam width BW−3dB of 52°, in both the 270° and +90° azimuthal directions depending on the selection of the set of PIN diodes. Finally, a straight application of this structure has been proposed in order to cover more than two directions in the azimuth plane. It is an array of four monopole antennas in which two of them are fed and the two others are loaded. Such antenna is capable to steer its radiation pattern in the azimuth plane covering 360° directions (0°, 90°, 180° and 270°). The achieved simulated realized total gain is 4 dB for each radiation pattern in the azimuth plane along with a half power beam width of about 60°. Measurement campaign test has been carried out for each proposed antenna in this work. During these measurements, the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) has been the paramount value to estimate the antenna performance in connection with the sensor node. Following this measurement campaign, we have been able to notice that the use of only directive antennas is not sufficient in a random deployment of sensor nodes. Hence, the reconfigurable aspect of the beam pattern by use of powerless active components should be taken into consideration. Such kind of antennas provide an improvement of the RSSI, which is a key factor in the reduction of collisions drastically on one hand, and on the other hand related to a reduction of power consumption
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Havlín, Radomil. "Rekonfigurovatelná vícepásmová anténa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219126.

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This thesis deals with modeling and produce of reconfigurable multi-band planar antennas, which allow electrical shifting of frequency band. After antennas simulation with PIN diode and FET switch in a commercial program CST MW, another step is to optimize the antenna for a new substrate. The next step was to produce antennas. Finally, the optimized antennas are compared with the measurement on experimental antennas.
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Abusitta, M. M. "Design and modelling of beam steering antenna array for mobile and wireless applications using optimisation algorithms. Simulation and measrement of switch and phase shifter for beam steering antenna array by applying reactive loading and time modulated switching techniques, optimised using genetic algorithms and particle swarm methods." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5745.

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The objectives of this work were to investigate, design and implement beam steering antenna arrays for mobile and wireless applications using the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) techniques as optimisation design tools. Several antenna designs were implemented and tested: initially, a printed dipole antenna integrated with a duplex RF switch used for mobile base station antenna beam steering was investigated. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) to coplanar strip (CPS) transition was adopted to feed the printed dipole. A novel RF switch circuit, used to control the RF signal fed to the dipole antenna and placed directly before it, was proposed. The measured performance of the RF switch was tested and the results confirmed its viability. Then two hybrid coupled PIN diode phase shifters, using Branchline and Rat-Race ring coupler structures, were designed and tested. The generation of four distinct phase shifts was implemented and studied. The variations of the scattering parameters were found to be realistic, with an acceptable ±2 phase shift tolerance. Next, antenna beam steering was achieved by implementing RF switches with ON or OFF mode functions to excite the radiating elements of the antenna array. The switching control process was implemented using a genetic algorithm (GA) method, subject to scalar and binary genes. Anti-phase feeding of radiating elements was also investigated. A ring antenna array with reflectors was modelled and analysed. An antenna of this type for mobile base stations was designed and simulation results are presented. Following this, a novel concept for simple beam steering using a uniform antenna array operated at 2.4 GHz was designed using GA. The antenna is fed by a single RF input source and the steering elements are reactively tuned by varactor diodes in series with small inductors. The beam-control procedure was derived through the use of a genetic algorithm based on adjusting the required reactance values to obtain the optimum solution as indicated by the cost function. The GA was also initially used as an optimisation tool to derive the antenna design from its specification. Finally, reactive loading and time modulated switching techniques are applied to steer the beam of a circular uniformly spaced antenna array having a source element at its centre. Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) processes calculate the optimal values of reactances loading the parasitic elements, for which the gain can be optimised in a desired direction. For time modulated switching, GA and PSO also determine the optimal on and off times of the parasitic elements for which the difference in currents induced optimises the gain and steering of the beam in a desired direction. These methods were demonstrated by investigating a vertically polarised antenna configuration. A prototype antenna was constructed and experimental results compared with the simulations. Results showed that near optimal solutions for gain optimisation, sidelobe level reduction and beam steering are achievable by utilising these methods. In addition, a simple switching process is employed to steer the beam of a horizontally polarised circular antenna array. A time modulated switching process is applied through Genetic Algorithm optimisation. Several model examples illustrate the radiation beams and the switching time process of each element in the array.
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Abusitta, Musa M. "Design and modelling of beam steering antenna array for mobile and wireless applications using optimisation algorithms : simulation and measrement of switch and phase shifter for beam steering antenna array by applying reactive loading and time modulated switching techniques, optimised using genetic algorithms and particle swarm methods." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5745.

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The objectives of this work were to investigate, design and implement beam steering antenna arrays for mobile and wireless applications using the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) techniques as optimisation design tools. Several antenna designs were implemented and tested: initially, a printed dipole antenna integrated with a duplex RF switch used for mobile base station antenna beam steering was investigated. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) to coplanar strip (CPS) transition was adopted to feed the printed dipole. A novel RF switch circuit, used to control the RF signal fed to the dipole antenna and placed directly before it, was proposed. The measured performance of the RF switch was tested and the results confirmed its viability. Then two hybrid coupled PIN diode phase shifters, using Branchline and Rat-Race ring coupler structures, were designed and tested. The generation of four distinct phase shifts was implemented and studied. The variations of the scattering parameters were found to be realistic, with an acceptable ±2 phase shift tolerance. Next, antenna beam steering was achieved by implementing RF switches with ON or OFF mode functions to excite the radiating elements of the antenna array. The switching control process was implemented using a genetic algorithm (GA) method, subject to scalar and binary genes. Anti-phase feeding of radiating elements was also investigated. A ring antenna array with reflectors was modelled and analysed. An antenna of this type for mobile base stations was designed and simulation results are presented. Following this, a novel concept for simple beam steering using a uniform antenna array operated at 2.4 GHz was designed using GA. The antenna is fed by a single RF input source and the steering elements are reactively tuned by varactor diodes in series with small inductors. The beam-control procedure was derived through the use of a genetic algorithm based on adjusting the required reactance values to obtain the optimum solution as indicated by the cost function. The GA was also initially used as an optimisation tool to derive the antenna design from its specification. Finally, reactive loading and time modulated switching techniques are applied to steer the beam of a circular uniformly spaced antenna array having a source element at its centre. Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) processes calculate the optimal values of reactances loading the parasitic elements, for which the gain can be optimised in a desired direction. For time modulated switching, GA and PSO also determine the optimal on and off times of the parasitic elements for which the difference in currents induced optimises the gain and steering of the beam in a desired direction. These methods were demonstrated by investigating a vertically polarised antenna configuration. A prototype antenna was constructed and experimental results compared with the simulations. Results showed that near optimal solutions for gain optimisation, sidelobe level reduction and beam steering are achievable by utilising these methods. In addition, a simple switching process is employed to steer the beam of a horizontally polarised circular antenna array. A time modulated switching process is applied through Genetic Algorithm optimisation. Several model examples illustrate the radiation beams and the switching time process of each element in the array.
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Books on the topic "Switch pin"

1

Roald, Dahl. Switch Bitch. London: Penguin Group UK, 2009.

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Roald, Dahl. The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl: An omnibus volume containing Kiss, kiss, Over to you, Switch bitch, Someone like you, and eight further tales of the unexpected. London, England: M. Joseph, 1991.

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Roald, Dahl. The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl: An omnibus volume containing: ; Kiss, kiss ; Over to you ; Switch bitch ; Someone like you ; and eight further tales of the unexpected. London, England: Michael Joseph, 1991.

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Light Switch-Double-Pin. Not Avail, 1994.

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Light Switch Plate-Pink. Not Avail, 1994.

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N, Simons R., and Lewis Research Center, eds. Channelized coplanar waveguide pin-diode switches. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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Roald, Dahl. Switch Bitch. Penguin Books, Limited, 2011.

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Roald, Dahl. Switch Bitch. Tandem Library, 1989.

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Roald, Dahl. Switch Bitch. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987.

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Roald, Dahl. Switch Bitch. 5th ed. London: Penguin Books, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Switch pin"

1

Liu, Yuguang, Long Wang, and Lichen Shi. "Finite Element Analysis on Internal Locking Device of Switch Machines and Design of Profiled Pin Hole." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 15–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01273-5_2.

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Takeuchi, Daisuke, and Satoshi Koizumi. "Diamond PN/PIN Diode Type Electron Emitter with Negative Electron Affinity and Its Potential for the High Voltage Vacuum Power Switch." In Topics in Applied Physics, 237–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09834-0_8.

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Borowik, Bohdan. "LED turn on after pressing switch on RB4." In Interfacing PIC Microcontrollers to Peripherial Devices, 20–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1119-8_7.

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Zhang, Yihan, Zhidong Liu, Siming Wu, Jixin Wang, and Haoming Wang. "Design and Research of Push-Pull Switch Based on Improved PID Algorithm." In Application of Intelligent Systems in Multi-modal Information Analytics, 381–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74814-2_54.

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Xia, Chang-Liang, and Jie Xiu. "RBF ANN Nonlinear Prediction Model Based Adaptive PID Control of Switched Reluctance Motor Drive." In Neural Information Processing, 626–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11893295_69.

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Azar, Ahmad Taher, and Fernando E. Serrano. "Fractional Order Sliding Mode PID Controller/Observer for Continuous Nonlinear Switched Systems with PSO Parameter Tuning." In The International Conference on Advanced Machine Learning Technologies and Applications (AMLTA2018), 13–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74690-6_2.

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Shabeer, H. Abdul, and R. S. D. Wahidabanu. "A Novel Approach to Avoid Mobile Phone Accidents While Driving and Cost- Effective Fatalities." In Advancements and Innovations in Wireless Communications and Network Technologies, 179–89. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2154-1.ch014.

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This paper presents the results of mobile application which helps in preventing mobile phone accidents to the great extent. An electronic circuit (Transmitter and Receiver block) also designed to detect the driver’s mobile phone automatically once he or she starts the vehicle and the circuit will switch OFF and then ON the mobile phone without human intervention with the help of 5 pin relay in order to start the application automatically. The authors further extend the research by comparing the obtained results after installing this application with a recent study of the US National Safety Council, conducted on 2010. The authors also show how far this application helps in reducing economic losses in India.
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"Opioid Switch." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 2466. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_201537.

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Foo, Choong Khean. "Combining Technology with Tradition to Effect Superior Pain Management Strategies." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems, 231–37. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch032.

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Everybody knows what pain is but no one really knows how to switch it off especially when it becomes persistent and annoying. Have we lost sight of the real pathophysiology that underlies the phenomenon of pain? Are we concentrating on the end point rather than the cause of the malady? Drugs and physical therapies don’t have all the answers to pain management. Is there another way? Maybe we should take a broader look at why the pain started in the first place and then we can work out the solution to the health challenge!
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Smith, Jack R. "Reading Complex Input Switches." In Programming the PIC Microcontroller with MBASIC, 86–106. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-075067946-6/50008-0.

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Conference papers on the topic "Switch pin"

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Wei Hongtao, Gao Xuebang, Wu Hongjiang, Wei Bihua, and Lu Yanan. "W-band GaAs PIN diode SPST switch MMIC." In 2012 International Conference on Computational Problem-Solving (ICCP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccps.2012.6384329.

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Shu, Yonghui. "60 GHz microstrip-line SP4T pin diode switch." In 18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2298621.

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Kuznetsov, Sergey S., Alexey Yu Yushenko, and Vladimir G. Bozhkov. "High-speed driver for pin diode microwave switch." In 2010 IEEE 2nd Russia School and Seminar on Fundamental Problems of Micro/Nanosystems Technologies (MNST). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnst.2010.5687134.

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Qiang Chen, M. Kurahashi, and K. Sawaya. "Dual-mode patch antenna with PIN diode switch." In 6th International SYmposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory, 2003. Proceedings. 2003. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isape.2003.1276629.

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Ismail, M. F., M. K. A. Rahim, and H. A. Majid. "The Investigation of PIN diode switch on reconfigurable antenna." In 2011 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rfm.2011.6168737.

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Tanaka, S., N. Taguchi, T. Kimura, and Y. Atsumi. "Frequency-tunable PIN diode switch for software defined radio." In 2005 European Microwave Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eumc.2005.1610303.

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Caverly, Robert H. "PIN diode-based transmit-receive switch for 7 T MRI." In 2016 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biowireless.2016.7445574.

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Buiculescu, Valentin, and Alexandra Nicoloiu. "Substrate Integrated Waveguide SPST Switch with Single SMD PIN Diode." In 2018 48th European Microwave Conference (EuMC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eumc.2018.8541658.

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Yuan, Hao-Chih, Zhenqiang Ma, and George K. Celler. "Flexible RF/Microwave Switch-PIN Diodes Using Single-Crystal Si-Nanomembranes." In 2007 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2007.380232.

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Daly, M., D. Whitefield, Z. Bogan, D. Bartle, and J. Delconte. "Low-Loss High-Power Ka-Band Multipole Multithrow MMIC PIN Switch." In 27th European Microwave Conference, 1997. IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.1997.337839.

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Reports on the topic "Switch pin"

1

Bonica, R., I. Minei, M. Conn, D. Pacella, and L. Tomotaki. Label Switched Path (LSP) Self-Ping. RFC Editor, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7746.

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Bahadur, N., K. Kompella, and G. Swallow. Mechanism for Performing Label Switched Path Ping (LSP Ping) over MPLS Tunnels. RFC Editor, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6424.

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Chen, M., W. Cao, S. Ning, F. Jounay, and S. Delord. Return Path Specified Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping. RFC Editor, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7110.

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Akiya, N., G. Swallow, C. Pignataro, L. Andersson, and M. Chen. Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping and Traceroute Reply Mode Simplification. RFC Editor, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7737.

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Luo, J., L. Jin, T. Nadeau, and G. Swallow, eds. Relayed Echo Reply Mechanism for Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping. RFC Editor, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7743.

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Andersson, L., M. Chen, C. Pignataro, and T. Saad. Updating the MPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs) Ping Parameters IANA Registry. RFC Editor, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc9041.

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Boutros, S., and S. Aldrin. Definition of P2MP PW TLV for Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping Mechanisms. Edited by P. Jain. RFC Editor, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8339.

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Chen, M., P. Pan, C. Pignataro, and R. Asati. Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping for Pseudowire Forwarding Equivalence Classes (FECs) Advertised over IPv6. RFC Editor, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6829.

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Akiya, N., G. Swallow, S. Litkowski, B. Decraene, J. Drake, and M. Chen. Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping and Traceroute Multipath Support for Link Aggregation Group (LAG) Interfaces. RFC Editor, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8611.

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Gold, Saul L. Thyratron-PFN, IGBT Hybrid, and Direct Switched Modulator R and D As it Effects Klystron Protection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/763831.

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