Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Switching Angles'

Cette thèse porte sur le mélange des langues dans la conversation bilingue. Nous analysons les occurrences d’alternance codique dans deux corpus de conversation recueillis auprès de deux groupes de locuteurs bilingues : un corpus anglais-français de 50 000 mots, un corpus anglais-allemand de 95 000 mots. Nos analyses montrent que certains phénomènes bilingues émergent indépendamment des langues et des personnes, dans des proportions très similaires, tandis que d’autres, plus minoritaires, sont propres à l’un ou l’autre corpus, émergeant en fonction des langues, des groupes et/ou des situations. Nous nous penchons ensuite sur les manifestations syntaxiques et les finalités du changement de langue, présentant l’énonciateur comme un acteur et l’alternance codique comme un outil structurant pour la pensée et la parole. Nous proposons une typologie des motivations de l’alternance codique, en prenant en compte le fait qu’elle peut être volontaire ou non. Puis démontrons que l’émergence d’une parole bilingue découle d’un lien fort entre sens et forme et qu’elle peut être interprétée comme la trace de l’investissement des locuteurs dans la construction des références. En s’éloignant des normes monolingues, ils reconfigurent le sens des constructions en les faisant se détacher sur un fond nouveau<br>This dissertation bears on bilingual code-switching. It is based on the analysis of code-switched utterances in two bilingual corpora. One is a 50,000-word corpus of French-English conversation, the other a 95,000-word of German-English conversation. The cross analysis aims at showing that some bilingual phenomena are language- and context-independent and can be found in extremely close proportions in both corpora. Other not-so-frequent phenomena, on the other hand, do seem to be language- or context-dependent, appearing in one corpus but failing to do so in the other. Nevertheless, I attempt to demonstrate that both these types of phenomena are linked to similar semantic and pragmatic motivations — in other words, that different speakers can make different uses of the same tools to accomplish the same ends. I thus propose to view the speaker as a rational performer and code-switching as a structuring device for both speech and thought. I then analyze whether switching languages mid-sentence can or cannot always be determined to stem from a conscious decision. I argue that bilingual speech arises from a narrow bond between form and meaning and stems from the way individual speakers encapsulate references into words. By moving away from monolingual norms and using constructions against the backdrop of another language, bilingual speakers are thus able to give new pragmatic meaning to these constructions

Switching of surface composition and morphology of binary polymer brushes in response to changes in solvent selectivity, heating above glass transition temperatures, and contact with a rubbery stamp was studied. The binary brushes: polystyrene/poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (PS/P2VP), poly(styrene-co-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene)/poly(methyl (meth)acrylate) (PSF/P(M)MA), and PS/PMMA were synthesized via two-step surface-initiated radical polymerization. Wetting experiments show that switching of brushes? surface composition upon exposure to solvents of various thermodynamic quality occurs faster than in 6 s. It takes longer time (5-10 min), if rate of solvent diffusion into the brush film is low. Discontinuous switching of surface composition of binary brushes is found upon exposure to binary solvents with gradually changed selectivity. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) shows quantitatively that the top brush layer (1) is dominated by respective favourite polymers after exposure to solvents of opposite selectivity and (2) comprises both brush constituents in almost symmetric ratio after exposure to non-selective solvents. Morphologies of binary brushes obtained after exposure to the solvents were studied with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Local top layer composition was sensed with X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM). The morphologies are relevant to the particular solvents, reproducible, and independent on previous solvents. Phase segregation beneath the brush top layers was visualized with plasma etching. Qualitative agreement of the experimentally observed morphologies and predicted with self-consistent field theory is found. Enrichment of a binary brush top layer with the polymer providing lower surface energy takes place after annealing. Perpendicular segregation of binary brush constituents was sensed with XPEEM on perpendicular walls of imprinted elevations after wet microcontact printing.

Switching of surface composition and morphology of binary polymer brushes in response to changes in solvent selectivity, heating above glass transition temperatures, and contact with a rubbery stamp was studied. The binary brushes: polystyrene/poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (PS/P2VP), poly(styrene-co-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene)/poly(methyl (meth)acrylate) (PSF/P(M)MA), and PS/PMMA were synthesized via two-step surface-initiated radical polymerization. Wetting experiments show that switching of brushes? surface composition upon exposure to solvents of various thermodynamic quality occurs faster than in 6 s. It takes longer time (5-10 min), if rate of solvent diffusion into the brush film is low. Discontinuous switching of surface composition of binary brushes is found upon exposure to binary solvents with gradually changed selectivity. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) shows quantitatively that the top brush layer (1) is dominated by respective favourite polymers after exposure to solvents of opposite selectivity and (2) comprises both brush constituents in almost symmetric ratio after exposure to non-selective solvents. Morphologies of binary brushes obtained after exposure to the solvents were studied with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Local top layer composition was sensed with X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM). The morphologies are relevant to the particular solvents, reproducible, and independent on previous solvents. Phase segregation beneath the brush top layers was visualized with plasma etching. Qualitative agreement of the experimentally observed morphologies and predicted with self-consistent field theory is found. Enrichment of a binary brush top layer with the polymer providing lower surface energy takes place after annealing. Perpendicular segregation of binary brush constituents was sensed with XPEEM on perpendicular walls of imprinted elevations after wet microcontact printing.

Low power consumption is a critical requirement for all liquid crystal display (LCD) devices. A field sequential color (FSC) LCD was proposed by using red (R), green (G) and blue (B) LEDs and removing the lossy component of color filters which only transmits ~30% of the incoming white light. Without color filters, FSC LCDs exhibit a ~3X higher optical efficiency and 3X higher resolution density as compared to the conventional color filters-based LCDs. However, color breakup (CBU) is a most disturbing defect that degrades the image quality in FSC displays. CBU can be observed in stationary or moving images. It manifests in FSC LCDs when there is a relative speed between the images and observers* eyes, and the observer will see the color splitting patterns or rainbow effect at the boundary between two different colors. In Chapter 2, we introduce a five-primary display by adding additional yellow(Y) and cyan(C) colors. From the analysis and simulations, five primaries can provide wide color gamut and meanwhile the white brightness is increased, as compared to the three-primary. Based on the five-primary theorem, we propose a method to reduce CBU of FSC LCDs by using RGBYC LEDs instead of RGB LEDs in the second section. Without increasing the sub-frame rate as three-primary LCDs, we can reduce the CBU by utilizing proper color sequence and weighting ratios. In addition, the color gamut achieves 140% NTSC and the white brightness increases by more than 13%, as compared to the three-primary FSC LCDs. Another strategy to suppress CBU is using higher field frequency, such as 540 Hz or even up to 1000 Hz. However, this approach needs liquid crystals with a very fast response time (<1 ms). Recently, the polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal (PS-BPLC) draws great attentions because of improved temperature range which enables the applications for photonic devices and displays. PS-BPLC is a good candidate for FSC LCDs because of its submillisecond gray-to-gray response time, no need for alignment layer, and isotropic dark state. So far, almost all the BPLC devices utilize planar or protruded in-plane switching (IPS) electrode configuration. The structure of planar IPS is relatively simple, but the operating voltage is too high for thin-film transistor (TFT) addressing. Moreover, high voltage causes deformation of polymer network and induces a noticeable hysteresis. Protruded IPS is helpful for lowering the operating voltage, but the manufacturing process becomes more sophisticated. In Chapter 3, we propose a vertical field switching (VFS) mode for blue phase LCDs. The simple structure of VFS cell generates uniform vertical fields on the BPLC materials. From our experimental results, the operation voltage can be reduced to ~10Vrms while eliminating the hysteresis. We also defined a critical field below which hysteresis does not occur. Above critical field, lattice distortion and other irreversible phase transition processes would occur. As a result, the associated response time would be slower. Therefore, VFS mode also shows faster response time than IPS mode. The operating voltage can be further reduced by choosing an optimized cell gap and a larger oblique incident angle in VFS blue phase LCDs. In Chapter 4, we propose several compensation mechanisms to improve the viewing angle of VFS blue-phase LCDs. The compensation principles are analyzed and simulation results evaluated. Because VFS blue-phase LCD processes several advantages over IPS blue-phase LCD and conventional LCDs, it could become a strong contender for next-generation display technology.<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics

Adoptant une perspective sociolinguistique, cette étude a examiné les pratiques d’alternance des codes linguistiques chez cinq enseignants d’anglais langue seconde (ALS) du primaire 3ème cycle, dans des écoles francophones de la région de Québec. La recherche, qui a impliqué des études de cas, s’est centrée sur cinq questions : 1) le taux de français (L1) utilisé par les enseignants d’ALS; 2) les raisons pour lesquelles les enseignants ont utilisé la L1 dans leurs cours; 3) les points de vue des enseignants sur les facteurs qui ont influencé leur utilisation de la L1; 4) l’influence du choix de langue utilisée par les enseignants sur le choix de langue des élèves; 5) les perceptions des élèves sur leur propre utilisation des L1 et L2 ainsi que sur celle de leur enseignant. Les données ont été recueillies dans les classes à deux périodes d’observation au cours de l’année scolaire 2007-2008. Les données ont été obtenues à partir de quatre sources : les enregistrements vidéo des leçons observées, les rappels stimulés, un entretien final avec chaque enseignante et un questionnaire administré aux élèves. Les résultats suivants ressortent de cette recherche. D’abord, en contraste avec des études antérieures, celle-ci a opté pour une perspective de type emic dans laquelle on a demandé aux enseignantes d’identifier les raisons pour lesquelles elles utilisaient la langue première (L1), à partir des vidéo-clips de leurs leçons. Cette analyse fine a permis d’obtenir une compréhension plus nuancée de certaines raisons déjà invoquées dans les entretiens (ex : sauver du temps, fatigue, etc.), mais qui pourraient échapper à une analyse de type étic des leçons d’ALS. Entre autres, cette recherche a mis en évidence une stratégie non mentionnée auparavant dans d’autres études : c’est l’utilisation du time-out, qui remplissait une fonction de barrière symbolique pour préserver le caractère «anglais» de la classe d’ALS. Deuxièmement, cette étude étend la recherche à la variation individuelle d’usage de la L1 par les enseignants, peu fréquemment rapportée dans d’autres études. En contraste avec des études passées où la variation d’un enseignant à l’autre se limitait au facteur temps (Duff &amp; Polio, 1990; Edstrom, 2006; Nagy, 2009a), cette étude-ci a exploré les raisons sous-jacentes à cette variation, contribuant du même coup à confirmer les résultats de quelques autres études (De la Campa &amp; Nassaji, 2009; Rolin-Ianziti &amp; Brownlie, 2002). Troisièmement, comme dans la recherche de Carless (2004), une enseignante de notre étude, Kora, se démarque des autres par le faible et constant taux d’utilisation de la L1 (moins de 1%). Elle vient appuyer ainsi l’assertion de ce chercheur sur le fait que les expériences, les croyances et les compétences des enseignants pourraient être un facteur plus significatif d’utilisation de la langue-cible que le niveau de compétence langagière des élèves. Le cas de Kora accrédite ces enseignants et chercheurs qui, à partir d’une perspective pédagogique (Carless, 2004b ; Chambers, 1991 ; Nagy, 2009a ; Turnbull, 2006), ont fait valoir le besoin de conscientiser davantage les enseignants sur les stratégies à leur portée pour augmenter l’usage de la langue cible dans la classe d’ALS. Quatrièmement, quant à l’influence qu’a le choix de langue des enseignants sur le choix de langue de leurs élèves, cette étude-ci élargit les résultats obtenus par Liu et al (2004) à un contexte culturel et scolaire très différent, soit l’enseignement de l’ALS dans le système scolaire francophone du Québec. Cinquièmement, comme les résultats du questionnaire le révèlent, malgré les niveaux relativement élevés d’utilisation de l’anglais dans leur cours, les élèves du primaire 3e cycle ne se sentent pas stressés outre mesure. Par contraste avec d’autres études centrées sur les perceptions des élèves face à l’utilisation de la L1 et de la L2 (Levine, 2003 ; Macaro &amp; Lee, 2013 ; Rolin-Ianziti &amp; Varshney, 2009), cette étude-ci a aussi examiné la perception des élèves sur l’utilisation de stratégies dans leurs classes. Les résultats ont montré que les élèves percevaient chez leurs enseignants le recours à des stratégies jusqu’à un certain degré, particulièrement en rapport avec l’usage d’éléments visuels. Cependant, ce qui a émergé plus fortement a été la perception des élèves sur leur propre utilisation de stratégies pour communiquer dans la langue cible. Finalement, d’un point de vue méthodologique, cette étude-ci apparaît comme la première à avoir analysé les pourcentages d’utilisation de l’anglais et du français à l’aide de procédés d’analyse de type digital. En effet, dans les études antérieures les chercheurs avaient recours au décompte des mots ou du temps avec un chronomètre - des procédés potentiellement plus exigeants et mange-temps. L’étude discute aussi des implications de la pratique d’alternance des codes linguistiques dans la salle de classe. De plus, elle apporte des suggestions quant à la recherche future.<br>Drawing on a sociolinguistic perspective, this study examined the code-switching practices of five elementary core ESL teachers (3rd cycle) in French-medium schools in the Québec City area. The study, which involved case studies, focused on five research questions: (1) the amount of French, the L1, used by the ESL teachers, (2) the reasons why the teachers used the L1 in their classes, (3) the teachers’ views concerning the factors that influenced their L1 use, (4) the influence of the teachers’ language choice on students’ language choice, (5) the students’ perceptions of their teachers and their own L1/L2 use. Data were collected over two different periods of observation in the teachers’ classrooms during the 2007-2008 academic year. Four main sources of data were obtained: videotaped recordings of the lessons observed, stimulated recalls, an end-of study interview with each teacher, and a student questionnaire. Amongst the findings, the following are of particular note. First, in contrast to past studies, the present study opted for an emic perspective in which teachers themselves were asked to identify the reasons for which they used the target language based on video clips of their lessons. This fine-grained analysis brought to light a more nuanced analysis notably with respect to certain reasons (e.g., saving time, fatigue) which, even if previously evoked in interviews, could elude inclusion in research etic-based analyses of lessons. Amongst other things, the present study brought to light one reason not previously mentioned in other studies, i.e., the use of time-outs which performed a symbolic boundary maintaining function to preserve the “Englishness” of the ESL classroom. Secondly, the present study extends research which has infrequently reported on individual variation amongst teachers with respect to L1 use within their own lessons. In contrast to past studies, where individual variation within teachers’ lessons has typically been confined to time (Duff &amp; Polio, 1990; Edstrom, 2006; Nagy, 2009a), the present study contributes to those few studies (De la Campa &amp; Nassaji, 2009; Rolin-Ianziti &amp; Brownlie, 2002) which also pinpoint differences in the reasons for such variation amongst case study participants. Thirdly, as in Carless’ (2004) study, one teacher in the present study, Kora, stood out from the others in terms of having a consistently low rate of L1 use (less than 1%), thus thus underscoring his contention that the teacher’s experiences, beliefs and competencies may be a more significant factor in terms of target language use than the students’ level of language proficiency. The case of Kora lends credence to those teachers and researchers who have argued from a pedagogical perspective (Carless, 2004b; Chambers, 1991; Nagy, 2009a; Turnbull, 2006) for the need to enhance teachers’ awareness of the strategies which can be used to increase target language use in the second language classroom. Fourthly, with respect to the impact of the teacher's choice of language on that of the students', the present study extends Liu et al.’s (2004) findings through the analysis of a very different school cultural context involving ESL teaching in the French-medium school system within the province of Quebec. Fifthly, as revealed by the student questionnaire results, despite relatively high levels of English use in their classes, the Cycle 3 elementary grade students did not feel unduly stressed. In contrast to previous studies (Levine, 2003; Macaro &amp; Lee, 2013; Rolin-Ianziti &amp; Varshney, 2009) which have focused on students’ perceptions of teachers’ L1 and L2 use, the present study also examined the latter’s perception of strategy use within their classes. Results reveal that students perceived their teachers as using strategies to a certain degree, particularly in regard to the use of visuals. However, what emerged more strongly was students’ perception of themselves as using strategies to communicate in the target language. Finally, from a methodological point of view, this study appears to be the first to have analyzed percentages for the use of English and French using digital editing features. In past studies, researchers have typically resorted to word counts or timing with a stopwatch, procedures which can be more onerous and time-consuming. Implications for code-switching practices in the classroom as well as suggestions for future research are also discussed.

The world is slowly moving into increased human-robot interaction where both humans and robots can co-exist in the same domain. For the robot to be able to operate effectively in a man’s designed environment, it becomes necessary to model the robot with human capabilities as humans are seen as more capable. Replicating human becomes a huge challenge due to numerous degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) that human possess resulting into too many variables and nonlinear equations. Other challenges do occur like singularities.   In this thesis, the singularity challenge of a redundant humanoid arm is explored while maintaining a simple 7 DOF serial chain structure. As opposed to the 30 DOF human arm, a simpler 7 DOF humanoid arm is adopted and studied to eliminate the singularity challenges. The singularity problem mainly comes from the elbow and the spherical joints at the shoulder and wrist. A step-by-step review of available inverse kinematics techniques is made with more focus on the iterative Jacobian-based methods. A step-by-step approach is adopted so as to identify the source of singularities while using the iterative Jacobian-based techniques that are able to handle the nonlinearities of the equations.   The Singular Value Filtering (SVF) technique coupled with Selectively Damped Least Squares (SDLS) is employed. Without any restrictions to the stretch of the arm or end-effector pose, the method demonstrates, in conjunction with Euler angle singularity avoidance method, the elimination of singularity problems. This is achieved with no adjustment to kinematic model of the manipulator.

Cette thèse démontre le caractère fondamental du multilinguisme de Nabokov dans son écriture en anglais : après avoir été un auteur prolifique en russe, l’écrivain a opéré une transition linguistique et n’a plus composé ses romans qu’en langue anglaise. Cette dernière ne peut nullement être réduite à une langue seconde puisque Nabokov a su l’écrire avant le russe et la parlait depuis l’enfance. Il a par ailleurs bénéficié d’une éducation polyglotte puisqu’il maîtrisait parfaitement le français. Cette thèse étudie le style de Nabokov en soulignant sa créativité linguistique et en examinant le rôle fondateur que la traduction a joué dans le positionnement de ses différentes langues les unes par rapport aux autres. L’identité bilingue de Nabokov a pour conséquence que son écriture est déviante, mais aussi défiante : elle est marquée d’étrangeté (le caractère de ce qui est étrange) et d’étrangéité (ce qui est étranger). Dans ses romans, la langue anglaise voit surgir en son sein des mots étrangers qui, typographiquement et sémantiquement, déstabilisent la lecture : le phénomène de l’alternance codique (ou code-switching) est au cœur de cette thèse et interroge le rapport entre l’auteur tyrannique (Couturier) et son lecteur. La langue anglaise elle-même perd de sa familiarité et devient étrangère : le bilinguisme de Nabokov lui confère un statut d’étranger dans la langue, ce qui lui permet de voir la violence du langage (Lecercle) et de la faire apparaître, notamment grâce à des calembours et des néologismes. Nabokov est ce que Deleuze appelle un grand écrivain à l’aide d’une formule proustienne : ses livres « sont écrits dans une sorte de langue étrangère »<br>This thesis shows how central Nabokov’s multilingualism was to his prose in English: after authoring several works in Russian, the writer changed languages and then only wrote his novels in English. It was not merely a second language for him because Nabokov could write English before Russian and he had spoken it since childhood. Besides, he enjoyed a polyglot education and was fluent in French. This thesis studies Nabokov’s style in English by focusing on his linguistic creativity and by examining the founding role that translation played in how his several tongues were going to position themselves in relation to one another. Nabokov’s bilingual identity means that his writing both challenges and deviates from the norm: it is dappled with strangeness and foreignness. In his novels, foreign words irrupt in the midst of the English prose and, typographically and semantically, they destabilize the reading experience: code-switching is at the heart of this thesis and questions the relation between “the narrator’s tyranny” (Couturier) and his reader. English itself loses its familiarity and becomes a foreign language: Nabokov’s bilingualism means he is like a foreigner in this tongue; therefore he reveals the violence of language (Lecercle) and puts it into play through puns and neologisms. Nabokov is what Deleuze calls, thanks to a Proustian expression, a great writer: his books “are written in a kind of foreign language”

La variation intralocuteur se manifeste selon les usages à partir des conditions situationnelles de production du discours : le chenal oral / écrit, le cadre et la formalité de la situation, le sujet, le ton, les objectifs et enjeux identitaires des participants, et le contexte co-construit et reconstruit tout au long de l’interaction. Une distinction est établie entre formel institutionnel ou protocolaire, pratiqué par des professionnels de la parole publique dans des situations à enjeu sérieux ou médiatiques, et le formel des locuteurs individuels, pratiqué par tous, normalement dans des cadres transactionnels. Le bilinguisme caractérisant la situation linguistique à Malte est décrit comme caractérisé par une diglossie relative, socialement plutôt qu’institutionnellement établie, à partir de la répartition fonctionnelle de l’anglais et du maltais et du prestige associé avec l’anglais considéré par la communauté et le secteur privé comme variété H, contrebalancés par le fait que le maltais est privilégié comme variété H dans les situations protocolaires influencées par l’Etat.Un questionnaire concerne les usages et les attitudes linguistiques au niveau sociétal : il en ressort des attitudes ambivalentes vis-à-vis des dialectes, la vénération dont jouit le maltais sémitique, et les confrontations d’attitudes concernant l’emploi de l’anglais. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre la valeur sociolinguistique des données qui émergent d’un corpus ‘maltais’. Le corpus oral est obtenu à partir de huit locuteurs-clés (dont trois professionnels de la parole publique) enregistrés dans divers types de situations. Le corpus écrit se divise en écrit informel (emails et chat) et écrit formel (articles, prose littéraire, écrits administratifs).Le corpus montre qu’à Malte la variation se réalise par les différences de registre et par l’alternance codique et comprend ainsi les schémas de variation associées avec les situations monolingues comme avec les situations bilingues. Une étude de la distribution des adverbes et conjonctions maltais confirme leur sensibilité à la formalité, au chenal et au genre. La jonction propositionnelle et la dislocation varient également en fonction du style. L’alternance codique paraît motivée par la volonté d’apprendre l’anglais aux enfants, et, pour les adultes, par le prestige et les connotations d’éducation liés à cette langue. La situation linguistique française est connue pour l’écart important entre formes standard et non standard. Les causes en sont énumérées. En contexte maltais, la variation inhérente au maltais et la possibilité de recourir à l’alternance codique fournissent aussi une marge importante de possibilités variationnelles. Les processus de standardisation dans les deux situations diffèrent sur divers plans ; les attitudes linguistiques se ressemblent par une idée de purisme. Une analyse est faite des domaines linguistiques touchés par la variation dans les deux langues, avec des propositions concernant quels types de variation sont davantage tolérés. La variation stylistique domine le contexte non diglossique français ; l’hypothèse est avancée que la variation sociale prédomine en contexte maltais<br>Intraspeaker variation takes place according to relevant situational conditions of language use, such as the spoken/written order, the framework and degree of formality of the situation, topic, tone, participants’ aims and identity issues, and context, which is co-constructed and reconstructed throughout the interaction. A distinction is made between institutional or protocol formality, practised by public speech professionals in serious, public, sometimes mediatic situations, and individual speakers’ formality, practised by all, normally within transactional frameworks. The type of bilingualism which characterises the Maltese language situation is described as relatively diglossic, from a social rather than an institutional point of view. This characterisation is based on the functional distribution of Maltese and English, and on the prestige associated with English, considered by the community and the private sector as the H variety, whilst Maltese is the H variety chosen by government institutions for protocol situations.A questionnaire delves into language use and attitudes on a societal level. Ambivalent attitudes emerge regarding regional dialects, as well as veneration of Semitic Maltese, and conflicting attitudes regarding the use of English. These results allow a better understanding of the sociolinguistic value of data obtained from a Maltese corpus. The spoken corpus is obtained thanks to eight key speakers (among which three public speech professionals), recorded in a variety of situations ranging from the formal to the informal. The written corpus is divided into informal (emails, chat) and formal (articles, literary prose, administration texts) sections.The corpus shows that variation takes place in Malta through register shifts and code-switching, thus covering variation patterns associated with both monolingual and bilingual situations. A study of adverb and conjunction distribution in Maltese confirms their susceptibility to formality, channel and genre. Clause junction and dislocation also vary according to style. Code-switching appears motivated by a will to teach children English and, for adults, by the prestige and the connotations of education associated with this language. The language situation in France is known for the significant difference between standard and non-standard forms; its causes are mentioned. In the Maltese context, variation inherent to Maltese and the possibility to resort to code-switching also provide a wide margin of variation possibilities. The standardisation process in the two situations diverges on several levels; language attitudes converge through an idea of language purity. Language areas susceptible to variation are analyzed, and it is proposed that variation is mostly tolerated in Maltese at the syntactic level. Stylistic variation dominates the non-diglossic French context; a hypothesis is proposed that social variation dominates the Maltese context

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>物理學系研究所<br>99<br>In this study, a liquid crystal display (LCD) is proposed to have a capability of viewing-angle-switching in all directions. In the proposed LCD, a three-electrode structure is used to control the viewing angle of the LCD. By using a bi-direction slit type electrode, fringe fields with two different directions are generated. The fringe fields cause a light leakage of the dark state in all directions. Experimental results reveal that the proposed LCD has viewing angle within 40o in both vertical and horizontal directions when the area ratio of the vertical and horizontal slit is 1:1. Furthermore, contrast ratio (CR) of the proposed LCD increases as cell gap increases. When the angle between polarizer axis and LC is 0, the proposed LCD has the highest CR in the normal direction. The personal privacy is protected based on the proposed LCD due to the all-direction light leakage in the dark state.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>平面顯示技術碩士學位學程<br>104<br>Current LCD display is widely used in consumer electronics 3C and issue to consumer’s request of product characteristics become more tighten, so In-Plane Switching technology is the most common technology. Relative to the current vertical electrode design of in-plane switching (IPS) technology does not meet now diversification products, such as in automotive products for left and right side of the view angle requirements also are higher than Mobile phone products。 Suppose to develop a horizontal electrode design of In-plane switching display technology to change rubbing direction to meet different viewing angle characteristics request. This study focused on horizontal electrode design of In-plane switching technology. My research was to study the horizontal electrode design of In-Plane Switching (IPS) technology. We were try to change the ITO (indium tin oxide) electrode design direction from vertical to horizontal, and then comparing the viewing angle characteristics between these two designs. When ITO electrode designed by horizontal direction, then Liquid crystal can align by horizontal direction on panel glass. It makes the viewing angle of left and right side larger. The results of my research can be verified that by changing ITO electrode direction and let Liquid crystal distribute on panel glass vertically. The light direction is still followed the LC Short Axis, it had no effect on index of refraction and caused retardation, so the viewing angle of left or right side became larger indeed. According to reliability test results, there is no reliability issues occurred in this design, it can also maintain original characteristics.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>光電工程系研究所<br>105<br>Fringe-field-switching LCD with the electrodes tilted a angle is 10 ~ 15 degrees range in commercial displays. Because of its wide viewing angle and pressure-resistance it has been widely used in smart phones and flat. In this paper, we discuss the fringe-field-switching liquid crystal cell with the electrodes tilted a small angle (2°) and the FFS liquid crystal cell with the electrodes tilted a angle (10°) which has same tilted angle for commercial displays. Then, we use LCDMaster to calculate the FFS’s electro-optical properties, and compared with each other. In addition, we also discuss the simulation results that using a negative liquid crystal material (MLC-6608) and the positive liquid crystal (E7). The simulation results show that the liquid crystal cell with the electrodes tilted a small angle is superior in transmittance, response time, viewing angle and contrast ratio than the liquid crystal cell with the electrodes tilted 10°. In addition the electro-optical properties of the negative liquid crystal material is superior to the positive liquid crystal material. Finally, the liquid crystal cell with the electrodes tilted a small angle has improved the electro-optical properties. This results can be used in the cascaded LCD panel that will make more development potential.

L’alternance codique (Code-switching, CS) est l’un des comportements naturels les plus courants chez les bilingues. Les linguistes ont exploré les contraintes derrière l’alternance codique (CS) pour expliquer ce comportement. Au cours des dernières décennies, la recherche a plutôt été axée sur les contraintes syntaxiques et ce n’est que récemment que les contraintes prosodiques ont commencé à attirer l’attention des linguistes. Puisque la paire de langues choisie est moins étudiée dans le domaine de recherche sur la CS, les études sur la CS mandarin-anglais sont limitées en ce qui concerne les deux contraintes. Ainsi, cette étude explore à la fois les contraintes prosodiques et les schémas syntaxiques de cette paire de langues grâce à une base de données naturelle sur l’alternance codique. Prosodiquement, l’étude applique une approche fondée sur l’information (information-based approach) et utilise une unité fondamentale, l’unité d’intonation (Intonation Unit, IU), pour mener l’analyse. Le résultat de 10,6 % d’IU bilingue (BIU) se révèle fiable et offre des preuves solides que l’alternance codique a tendance à avoir lieu aux frontières de l’IU chez les bilingues. Les résultats soutiennent le travail précurseur de Shenk (2006) à partir d’une paire de langues inexplorée (mandarin-anglais). De plus, cette étude développe des solutions au problème de subjectivité et au problème d’adéquation de la base de données afin de renforcer la fiabilité des résultats. D’un point de vue syntaxique, l’étude examine les schémas syntaxiques aux points de CS de la paire de langues mandarin-anglais en utilisant des données recueillies auprès d’une communauté bilingue rarement étudiée. Un schéma syntaxique spécifique à cette paire de langues a été observé en fonction des résultats, mais l’étude suggère que ce schéma ait perturbé les résultats finaux. L’étude comporte une analyse avec les résultats de l’aspect prosodique et de l’aspect syntaxique. Lorsque les résultats divergents sont éliminés, on peut observer un résultat plus solide qui soutient davantage l’argument de la contrainte prosodique.<br>Code-switching (CS) is one of the most common natural behaviors among bilinguals. Linguists have been exploring the constraints behind CS to explain this behaviour, and while syntactic constraints have been the focus for decades, prosodic constraints were only studied more in depth recently. As a less common language pair in CS research, studies on Mandarin-English CS are limited for both constraints. Thus, this study explores the prosodic constraints and syntactic patterns of this language pair with a natural CS database. Prosodically, this study applies the information-based approach and its fundamental unit, Intonation Unit (IU), to conduct the analysis. The result of 10.6% bilingual IU (BIU) proves to be reliable and offers solid evidence that bilinguals tend to code-switch at IU boundaries. This supports the pioneer work of Shenk (2006) from the unexplored Mandarin-English language pair. In addition to this, the study develops solutions to deal with the subjectivity problem and the database appropriateness problem in this approach to strengthen the validity of the results. Syntactically, this study investigates the syntactic patterns at switching points on the Mandarin-English language pair using data collected from a rarely investigated bilingual community. Based on the results, a syntactic pattern specific to this language pair was observed and this study suggests it disrupted the final results. This study conducts an analysis with the results of both the prosodic aspect and the syntactic aspect. When the interfering results are eliminated, a more solid outcome can be observed which provides greater support to the prosodic constraint argument.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>光電工程系研究所<br>105<br>The purpose of this thesis is to improve the electro-optical properties of a conventional two-domain (2D) fringe field switching (FFS) mode with the chevron electrode structure. We simulate the electrode structure and analyze electro-optical properties by the commercially available software, LCD Master 3D. The study is based on the 2D FFS mode with the chevron electrode structure. First, we simulate the conventional 2D-chevron FFS mode whose oblique angle of the patterned electrodes (θ) with respect to the polarizer transmittance axis is usually around 10º and analyze electro-optical properties. In this study, we proposed the method which reduces the oblique angle of pixel electrode until 2º in an FFS with 2D-chevron electrode. As compared to the conventional 2D-chevron FFS cell, the proposed FFS cell not only decreases the operating voltage, but also shows the higher light transmittance, wider luminance viewing angle, and lower color shift.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>光電工程系研究所<br>101<br>LCD display with the development to the present day has various alignments. The different alignment method affects the driving mode of the liquid crystal cell and optical characteristics. The vertical alignment(VA) liquid crystal cell has a very good dark state and contrast. However, the negative-type liquid crystal used in VA cell has a high viscosity, resulting in a longer response time in comparison to other types of liquid crystal. In this thesis, the vertical aligned liquid crystal displays with in-plane switching(VA-IPS) are studied. Used in this structure, positive type liquid crystal with a low viscosity mixed with polymer, which can control pretilt angle of liquid crystal, improves the response time and retains a good dark state.